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Black Society for Salvation

April 12, 2024

The Black Society for Salvation (Albanian: Shoqëria e zezë për shpëtim)[1] was a secret Albanian nationalist society established in 1909.[2] Its main task was to organize uprisings in southern Albania and Macedonia struggling for the unification of the four Ottoman vilayets with the substantial Albanian population (Kosovo Vilayet, Scutari Vilayet, Monastir Vilayet and Janina Vilayet) into one autonomous political unit with its own government and parliament.[3] The members of the society considered the armed rebellions as legitimate means for achieving their aims.[4]

History edit

According to Nebi Dervishi, the society somehow dates back to 1878 in Istanbul. Dervishi explained that its seal contains a gun and dagger, with the name of the society on top, and number 18 and 78 (left and right), showing a connection with the League of Prizren period. The society got reorganized and got its real structure in 1909 in Monastir (today's Bitola in North Macedonia), in the same building which hosted the Alphabet Congress. Monastir was a cradle of irredentist movements, not only Albanian ones. The main contributor was Themistokli Gërmenji. The later, had several trips to visit the Albanian colonies, and found great support especially in the colonies of Sofia and Bucharest. Other main members of this were Thoma Avrami, Nikolla Ivanaj, and Pandeli Cale. The statute of the society (Albanian: Rregullore) was printed in a local print shop owned by the Qiriazi (Kyrias) family, and had 47 articles. The society established branches throughout the vilayets, in Korçë, Yannina, Gjirokastër, Vlorë, Filat, Delvinë, Përmet, Elbasan, Tiranë, Ohër, Strugë, Dibër, Shkup, Shkodër, as well as in diaspora. The branches used a similar seal, without the letter "Q" that was present in the Monastir's one for distincting the "headquarters" (Albanian: Qendra). The intended name from the beginning was "The Black Hand" (Albanian: Dora e Zezë), in resonance with other secret societies that carried similar name in Europe, but was shifted later for avoiding misunderstandings regarding the society's programme and activity. A correspondence of Fan Noli to one of the founders, Nikolla Ivanaj, shows Noli's disagreement with these naming convention which sounded to him like the Mano Nera. Despite the efforts of Ivanaj for changing the name to "National Organization of Albania" (Albanian: Organizacionit Kombëtar të Shqipërisë), the name did not change due to objections from the branches.[2]

The society had a secret character which conformed with that of the other secret societies throughout the world. Membership was allowed only to highly trusted persons. Only the initials were used instead of the real names. This makes its structure, membership, and activities more difficult to be study.[2]

Albanian revolts in 1911 and 1912 edit

The Albanian revolts in the period before the First Balkan War were organized mostly in the territory of the Kosovo vilayet. Isa Boletini, one of the leaders of the Albanian insurgents in Kosovo vilayet, wrote a proclamation on March 23, 1911 to the Albanians in the south to join the Albanians from the Kosovo vilayet in their uprising. He sent his emissaries on April 15, 1911 to pass his proclamation to the southern insurgents.[5] One of the main tasks of Black Society for Salvation was to organize uprisings in the southern territories.[6] The members of the society organized a meeting in Kolonjë. The meeting was attended by the emissaries from the Kosovo vilayet who brought the proclamation of Isa Boletini.[7] The leaders of the society decided in that meeting to organize groups of armed rebels and to launch the uprising in the south in early June 1911.[8] The society managed to establish committees in several towns including Korçë, Elbasan, Debar and Ohrid, but it failed to maintain control over them because each committee acted on its own direction.[9]

During 1911 the Ottoman representatives managed to deal with the leaders of Albanian rebels separately, because they were not united and lacked central control.[10] The Ottoman Empire first managed to pacify the northern Albanian malësorë (highlanders) from Scutari Vilayet reaching a compromise during a meeting in Podgorica. In order to resolve the problems in the south, the Ottoman representatives invited Albanian southern leaders to a meeting on August 18, 1911. They promised to meet most of their demands, like general amnesty, the opening of Albanian language schools, and the restriction that military service was to be performed only in the territory of the vilayets with substantial Albanian population. Other demands included requiring administrative officers to learn the Albanian language, and that the possession of weapons would be permitted.[11]

When the Albanian revolt broke out in 1912 the Black Society for Salvation issued a proclamation to the Albanians from the south of Albania and the Monastir inviting them to participate in the revolt.[12]

First Balkan War edit

When the First Balkan War broke out, some members of the society met in Skopje on October 14, 1912, and composed the declaration which was delivered to the consuls of the Great Powers on October 16. With this declaration they informed the Great Powers that Albanians were going to go against the Balkan allies not to protect the Ottoman Empire, but to protect territorial integrity of the Albanian vilayet.[13][14] They decided to send emissaries to malësorë in northern Albania, to organize the resistance in the whole region and to call for an Albanian national assembly. However, the fighting during the war prevented the emissaries from completing their tasks.

The Society's branch in Skopje also organized an unsuccessful assembly to declare the unification of the four vilayets on October 14, 1912. [15] Ismail Qemali–who authored Albania's Declaration of Independence a month and a half later–realized that the fate of Albania would be decided in Vienna.[16]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Pearson, Owen (2006), Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History. Volume III, Albania as dictatorship and democracy: From isolation to the Kosovo War, 1946–1998, I.B. Tauris, p. 29, ISBN 978-1-84511-105-2, ... national patriotic organization Shoqeria e Zeze per Shpetim (Black Society for Salvation)
  2. ^ a b c Nebi Dervishi (2012-05-12), Kontributi i "Shoqërisë së Zezë për Shpëtim" në kryengritjet e 1911-12 dhe në shpalljen e pavarsisë [Contribution of the Black Society for Salvation to the Revolts of 1911-1912 and declaration of independence] (in Albanian), YlliPress, retrieved 2013-12-16
  3. ^ Kolev, Valery; Christina Koulouri (2007), Balkanski ratovi (in Serbian), vol. III, Thessaloniki and Sarajevo: Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe (CDRSEE) i CPU, p. 94, ISBN 978-9958-9304-5-4, „Crno društvo za spas" (1911.-1912.) bilo je albansko revolucionarno i nacionalističko društvo .. Njegov primarni cilj bio je ujedinjenje vilejeta Skadar, Kosovo, Bitolj i Janjina u jednu autonomnu političku jedinicu s albanskomvladom i zasebnim parlamentom.
  4. ^ Kolev, Valery; Christina Koulouri (2007), Balkanski ratovi (in Serbian), vol. III, Thessaloniki and Sarajevo: Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe (CDRSEE) i CPU, p. 94, ISBN 978-9958-9304-5-4, je oružane ustanke smatralosredstvom za ostvarivanje svojih ciljeva..
  5. ^ Gazmend Shpuza (1984), "SHPËRTHIMI I KRYENGRITJES DHE VEPRIMET LUFTARAKE (MARS – FILLIMI I QERSHORIT 1911)", Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare, retrieved February 21, 2011, Më 15 prill 1911 përfaqësues të Kosovës çuan në viset jugore thirrjen që Isa Boletini e kishte lëshuar disa kohë më parë (më 23 mars) nga malet e Shqipërisë, në të cilën thuhej: "
  6. ^ [Preparation of the uprising] (in Albanian), Albanika.web, archived from the original on April 8, 2011, retrieved February 18, 2011, Këtu u vendos të shpejtohej organizimi i çetave dhe në fillim të qershorit të niste kryengritja edhe në jug të vendit.
  7. ^ Gazmend Shpuza (1984), "SHPËRTHIMI I KRYENGRITJES DHE VEPRIMET LUFTARAKE (MARS – FILLIMI I QERSHORIT 1911)", Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare, retrieved February 21, 2011, Në Kolonjë u mbajt një mbledhje e udhëheqësve të lëvizjes, ku morën pjesë edhe emisarët kosovarë që sollën letrën e Isa Boletinit.
  8. ^ Gazmend Shpuza (1984), "SHPËRTHIMI I KRYENGRITJES DHE VEPRIMET LUFTARAKE (MARS – FILLIMI I QERSHORIT 1911)", Rilindja Kombëtare Shqiptare, retrieved February 21, 2011, Këtu u vendos të shpejtohej organizimi i çetave dhe në fillim të qershorit të niste kryengritja edhe në jug të vendit.
  9. ^ Ermenji, Abas (1968), VENDI QË ZË SKËNDERBEU NË HISTORINË E SHQIPERISË, retrieved February 22, 2011, Me këtë qëllim u formua në jugë një organizatë e fshehtë, e quajtur "Shoqëria e Zezë për Shpëtim", e cila desh të merrte drejtimin e lëvizjes, dhe krijoi disa degë aty-këtu, por nuk arriti dot t'a bashkonte as t'a kumandonte vepërimin e shpërndarë të çetavet
  10. ^ Ermenji, Abas (1968), VENDI QË ZË SKËNDERBEU NË HISTORINË E SHQIPERISË, retrieved February 22, 2011, Turqit të bënin marrëveshje krahinore të veçanta me kryengritësit si në vitin 1911.
  11. ^ Ermenji, Abas (1968), VENDI QË ZË SKËNDERBEU NË HISTORINË E SHQIPERISË, retrieved February 22, 2011, Por n'atë kohë u muarën vesh propozimet e reja që po iu bënte qeveria turke malësorëvet të Mbishkodrës t'arratisur në Podgoricë...Premtimet ishin pak më të gjera nga ato që iu qenë bërë malësorëvet të Mbishkodrës, sepse parashikohej një falje e përgjithshme, hapja e shkollave shqipe me ndihmën financiare të shtetit dhe mësimi i shqipes në shkollat turqishte. Taksat do të caktohëshin sipas gjendjes së popullit, shërbimi ushtarak do të kryhej në vilajetet shqiptare, nëpunësit e administratës duhej të dinin gjuhën dhe zakonet e vendit, armët mund të mbahëshin me lejë.
  12. ^ Ermenji, Abas (1968), VENDI QË ZË SKËNDERBEU NË HISTORINË E SHQIPERISË, retrieved February 22, 2011, "Shoqëria e Zezë për Shpëtim" nxori shpallje në Korçë dhe në të tjera qendra të vilajetit të Manastirit duke e shtytur popullin në luftë, gjersa t'i njihej Shqipërisë vetqeverimi.
  13. ^ Owen Pearson (2006-02-02). Albania in the Twentieth Century: A History. Vol. I: Albania and King Zog, 1908–39. I. B. Tauris. p. 29. ISBN 978-1845110130. Retrieved 2013-12-17.
  14. ^ Ermenji, Abas (1968), VENDI QË ZË SKËNDERBEU NË HISTORINË E SHQIPERISË, retrieved February 22, 2011, "Shoqëria e Zezë për Shpëtim". .... organizuan një mbledhje në Shkup, më 14 Tetor 1912. Të pranishmit u gjetën në një mendje se Turqia do t'a humbiste luftën, dhe mbledhja vendosi t'u a bënte të njohur fuqivet të mëdha që populli shqiptar po rrokte armët jo për të mbajtur sundimin e Turqisë në Ballkan, po për të mprojtur tërësinë tokësore dhe lirinë e Shqipërisë. Mbledhja kërkonte, n'emër të popullit shqiptar, bashkimin e të katër vilajetevet në një formë të vetëme qeverimi. Kjo shpallje iu dorëzua konsujvet të fuqivet të mëdha në Shkup, më 16 të Tetorit.
  15. ^ Ermenji, Abas (1968), VENDI QË ZË SKËNDERBEU NË HISTORINË E SHQIPERISË, retrieved February 22, 2011, Sado i drejtë dhe plot shpirt atdhetarie që kishte qënë vendimi i mbledhjes së "Shoqërisë së Zezë" në Shkup, Shqiptarët nuk kishin as organizimin, as numrin, as mjetet për t'i qëndruar rrebeshit me forcat e tyre
  16. ^ Ermenji, Abas (1968), VENDI QË ZË SKËNDERBEU NË HISTORINË E SHQIPERISË, retrieved February 22, 2011, Ismail Qemali e kuptoi se fati i Shqipërisë do të luhej në Vienë.

April 12, 2024
black, society, salvation, albanian, shoqëria, zezë, për, shpëtim, secret, albanian, nationalist, society, established, 1909, main, task, organize, uprisings, southern, albania, macedonia, struggling, unification, four, ottoman, vilayets, with, substantial, al. The Black Society for Salvation Albanian Shoqeria e zeze per shpetim 1 was a secret Albanian nationalist society established in 1909 2 Its main task was to organize uprisings in southern Albania and Macedonia struggling for the unification of the four Ottoman vilayets with the substantial Albanian population Kosovo Vilayet Scutari Vilayet Monastir Vilayet and Janina Vilayet into one autonomous political unit with its own government and parliament 3 The members of the society considered the armed rebellions as legitimate means for achieving their aims 4 Contents 1 History 2 Albanian revolts in 1911 and 1912 3 First Balkan War 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory editAccording to Nebi Dervishi the society somehow dates back to 1878 in Istanbul Dervishi explained that its seal contains a gun and dagger with the name of the society on top and number 18 and 78 left and right showing a connection with the League of Prizren period The society got reorganized and got its real structure in 1909 in Monastir today s Bitola in North Macedonia in the same building which hosted the Alphabet Congress Monastir was a cradle of irredentist movements not only Albanian ones The main contributor was Themistokli Germenji The later had several trips to visit the Albanian colonies and found great support especially in the colonies of Sofia and Bucharest Other main members of this were Thoma Avrami Nikolla Ivanaj and Pandeli Cale The statute of the society Albanian Rregullore was printed in a local print shop owned by the Qiriazi Kyrias family and had 47 articles The society established branches throughout the vilayets in Korce Yannina Gjirokaster Vlore Filat Delvine Permet Elbasan Tirane Oher Struge Diber Shkup Shkoder as well as in diaspora The branches used a similar seal without the letter Q that was present in the Monastir s one for distincting the headquarters Albanian Qendra The intended name from the beginning was The Black Hand Albanian Dora e Zeze in resonance with other secret societies that carried similar name in Europe but was shifted later for avoiding misunderstandings regarding the society s programme and activity A correspondence of Fan Noli to one of the founders Nikolla Ivanaj shows Noli s disagreement with these naming convention which sounded to him like the Mano Nera Despite the efforts of Ivanaj for changing the name to National Organization of Albania Albanian Organizacionit Kombetar te Shqiperise the name did not change due to objections from the branches 2 The society had a secret character which conformed with that of the other secret societies throughout the world Membership was allowed only to highly trusted persons Only the initials were used instead of the real names This makes its structure membership and activities more difficult to be study 2 Albanian revolts in 1911 and 1912 editThe Albanian revolts in the period before the First Balkan War were organized mostly in the territory of the Kosovo vilayet Isa Boletini one of the leaders of the Albanian insurgents in Kosovo vilayet wrote a proclamation on March 23 1911 to the Albanians in the south to join the Albanians from the Kosovo vilayet in their uprising He sent his emissaries on April 15 1911 to pass his proclamation to the southern insurgents 5 One of the main tasks of Black Society for Salvation was to organize uprisings in the southern territories 6 The members of the society organized a meeting in Kolonje The meeting was attended by the emissaries from the Kosovo vilayet who brought the proclamation of Isa Boletini 7 The leaders of the society decided in that meeting to organize groups of armed rebels and to launch the uprising in the south in early June 1911 8 The society managed to establish committees in several towns including Korce Elbasan Debar and Ohrid but it failed to maintain control over them because each committee acted on its own direction 9 During 1911 the Ottoman representatives managed to deal with the leaders of Albanian rebels separately because they were not united and lacked central control 10 The Ottoman Empire first managed to pacify the northern Albanian malesore highlanders from Scutari Vilayet reaching a compromise during a meeting in Podgorica In order to resolve the problems in the south the Ottoman representatives invited Albanian southern leaders to a meeting on August 18 1911 They promised to meet most of their demands like general amnesty the opening of Albanian language schools and the restriction that military service was to be performed only in the territory of the vilayets with substantial Albanian population Other demands included requiring administrative officers to learn the Albanian language and that the possession of weapons would be permitted 11 When the Albanian revolt broke out in 1912 the Black Society for Salvation issued a proclamation to the Albanians from the south of Albania and the Monastir inviting them to participate in the revolt 12 First Balkan War editWhen the First Balkan War broke out some members of the society met in Skopje on October 14 1912 and composed the declaration which was delivered to the consuls of the Great Powers on October 16 With this declaration they informed the Great Powers that Albanians were going to go against the Balkan allies not to protect the Ottoman Empire but to protect territorial integrity of the Albanian vilayet 13 14 They decided to send emissaries to malesore in northern Albania to organize the resistance in the whole region and to call for an Albanian national assembly However the fighting during the war prevented the emissaries from completing their tasks The Society s branch in Skopje also organized an unsuccessful assembly to declare the unification of the four vilayets on October 14 1912 15 Ismail Qemali who authored Albania s Declaration of Independence a month and a half later realized that the fate of Albania would be decided in Vienna 16 See also editAlbanian National Awakening Albanian Vilayet Secret societyReferences edit Pearson Owen 2006 Albania in the Twentieth Century A History Volume III Albania as dictatorship and democracy From isolation to the Kosovo War 1946 1998 I B Tauris p 29 ISBN 978 1 84511 105 2 national patriotic organization Shoqeria e Zeze per Shpetim Black Society for Salvation a b c Nebi Dervishi 2012 05 12 Kontributi i Shoqerise se Zeze per Shpetim ne kryengritjet e 1911 12 dhe ne shpalljen e pavarsise Contribution of the Black Society for Salvation to the Revolts of 1911 1912 and declaration of independence in Albanian YlliPress retrieved 2013 12 16 Kolev Valery Christina Koulouri 2007 Balkanski ratovi in Serbian vol III Thessaloniki and Sarajevo Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe CDRSEE i CPU p 94 ISBN 978 9958 9304 5 4 Crno drustvo za spas 1911 1912 bilo je albansko revolucionarno i nacionalisticko drustvo Njegov primarni cilj bio je ujedinjenje vilejeta Skadar Kosovo Bitolj i Janjina u jednu autonomnu politicku jedinicu s albanskomvladom i zasebnim parlamentom Kolev Valery Christina Koulouri 2007 Balkanski ratovi in Serbian vol III Thessaloniki and Sarajevo Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in Southeast Europe CDRSEE i CPU p 94 ISBN 978 9958 9304 5 4 je oruzane ustanke smatralosredstvom za ostvarivanje svojih ciljeva Gazmend Shpuza 1984 SHPERTHIMI I KRYENGRITJES DHE VEPRIMET LUFTARAKE MARS FILLIMI I QERSHORIT 1911 Rilindja Kombetare Shqiptare retrieved February 21 2011 Me 15 prill 1911 perfaqesues te Kosoves cuan ne viset jugore thirrjen qe Isa Boletini e kishte leshuar disa kohe me pare me 23 mars nga malet e Shqiperise ne te cilen thuhej Pergatitja e kryengritjes Preparation of the uprising in Albanian Albanika web archived from the original on April 8 2011 retrieved February 18 2011 Ketu u vendos te shpejtohej organizimi i cetave dhe ne fillim te qershorit te niste kryengritja edhe ne jug te vendit Gazmend Shpuza 1984 SHPERTHIMI I KRYENGRITJES DHE VEPRIMET LUFTARAKE MARS FILLIMI I QERSHORIT 1911 Rilindja Kombetare Shqiptare retrieved February 21 2011 Ne Kolonje u mbajt nje mbledhje e udheheqesve te levizjes ku moren pjese edhe emisaret kosovare qe sollen letren e Isa Boletinit Gazmend Shpuza 1984 SHPERTHIMI I KRYENGRITJES DHE VEPRIMET LUFTARAKE MARS FILLIMI I QERSHORIT 1911 Rilindja Kombetare Shqiptare retrieved February 21 2011 Ketu u vendos te shpejtohej organizimi i cetave dhe ne fillim te qershorit te niste kryengritja edhe ne jug te vendit Ermenji Abas 1968 VENDI QE ZE SKENDERBEU NE HISTORINE E SHQIPERISE retrieved February 22 2011 Me kete qellim u formua ne juge nje organizate e fshehte e quajtur Shoqeria e Zeze per Shpetim e cila desh te merrte drejtimin e levizjes dhe krijoi disa dege aty ketu por nuk arriti dot t a bashkonte as t a kumandonte veperimin e shperndare te cetavet Ermenji Abas 1968 VENDI QE ZE SKENDERBEU NE HISTORINE E SHQIPERISE retrieved February 22 2011 Turqit te benin marreveshje krahinore te vecanta me kryengritesit si ne vitin 1911 Ermenji Abas 1968 VENDI QE ZE SKENDERBEU NE HISTORINE E SHQIPERISE retrieved February 22 2011 Por n ate kohe u muaren vesh propozimet e reja qe po iu bente qeveria turke malesorevet te Mbishkodres t arratisur ne Podgorice Premtimet ishin pak me te gjera nga ato qe iu qene bere malesorevet te Mbishkodres sepse parashikohej nje falje e pergjithshme hapja e shkollave shqipe me ndihmen financiare te shtetit dhe mesimi i shqipes ne shkollat turqishte Taksat do te caktoheshin sipas gjendjes se popullit sherbimi ushtarak do te kryhej ne vilajetet shqiptare nepunesit e administrates duhej te dinin gjuhen dhe zakonet e vendit armet mund te mbaheshin me leje Ermenji Abas 1968 VENDI QE ZE SKENDERBEU NE HISTORINE E SHQIPERISE retrieved February 22 2011 Shoqeria e Zeze per Shpetim nxori shpallje ne Korce dhe ne te tjera qendra te vilajetit te Manastirit duke e shtytur popullin ne lufte gjersa t i njihej Shqiperise vetqeverimi Owen Pearson 2006 02 02 Albania in the Twentieth Century A History Vol I Albania and King Zog 1908 39 I B Tauris p 29 ISBN 978 1845110130 Retrieved 2013 12 17 Ermenji Abas 1968 VENDI QE ZE SKENDERBEU NE HISTORINE E SHQIPERISE retrieved February 22 2011 Shoqeria e Zeze per Shpetim organizuan nje mbledhje ne Shkup me 14 Tetor 1912 Te pranishmit u gjeten ne nje mendje se Turqia do t a humbiste luften dhe mbledhja vendosi t u a bente te njohur fuqivet te medha qe populli shqiptar po rrokte armet jo per te mbajtur sundimin e Turqise ne Ballkan po per te mprojtur teresine tokesore dhe lirine e Shqiperise Mbledhja kerkonte n emer te popullit shqiptar bashkimin e te kater vilajetevet ne nje forme te veteme qeverimi Kjo shpallje iu dorezua konsujvet te fuqivet te medha ne Shkup me 16 te Tetorit Ermenji Abas 1968 VENDI QE ZE SKENDERBEU NE HISTORINE E SHQIPERISE retrieved February 22 2011 Sado i drejte dhe plot shpirt atdhetarie qe kishte qene vendimi i mbledhjes se Shoqerise se Zeze ne Shkup Shqiptaret nuk kishin as organizimin as numrin as mjetet per t i qendruar rrebeshit me forcat e tyre Ermenji Abas 1968 VENDI QE ZE SKENDERBEU NE HISTORINE E SHQIPERISE retrieved February 22 2011 Ismail Qemali e kuptoi se fati i Shqiperise do te luhej ne Viene Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Black Society for Salvation amp oldid 1193322253, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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