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Satureja thymbra

Satureja thymbra, commonly known as savory of Crete, whorled savory, pink savory, and Roman hyssop (Arabic: za'atar rumi; za'atar franji),[1] is a perennial-green dwarf shrub of the family Lamiaceae, having strongly scented leaves, endemic to Libya, southeastern Europe from Sardinia to Turkey; Cyprus, Lebanon and Israel (Palestine). The plant is noted for its dark-green leaves which grow on numerous, closely compacted branches, reaching a height of 20–50 cm. The plant bears pink to purple flowers that blossom between March and June.

Satureja thymbra
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Satureja
Species:
S. thymbra
Binomial name
Satureja thymbra
Synonyms
  • Clinopodium thymbra (L.) (Kuntze)
  • Micromeria thymbra (L.) (Kostel.)
  • Satureja biroi (Jáv.)
  • Satureja collina (Salisb.)
  • Satureja hispida (Ehrh.)
  • Satureja thymbra var. calvescens (Pamp.)
  • Satureja tragoriganum (L.) (Tausch)
  • Thymbra hirsuta (Pers.)
  • Thymbra hirsutissima (Vent. ex Pers.)
  • Thymus hirsutissimus (Poir.)
  • Thymus tragoriganum L.

Habitat edit

The semi-shrub grows mainly in Mediterranean woodlands and scrubland, adapting well to higher elevations, but also seen on rocky limestone gullies as an undergrowth, and alongside dirt roads. In Israel, the plant is commonly found in the Mount Carmel region, south of Haifa, as well as in the mountainous district of Upper Galilee, in Samaria and in the Judean mountains, thriving in areas where the soils are mainly terra rossa and hard limestone, but also in chalk.[2] The plant is rarely found along the coastal plains, or in the Jordan valley.

Description edit

The leaves of the aromatic plant Satureja thymbra have numerous glandular trichomes of two morphologically distinct types: glandular hairs and glandular scales.[3] The leaves are opposite, entire and smooth. The flowers grow in whorls, and range from pink to purple. Its fruit pods are schizocarps. Satureja thymbra has a fuscous-brown bark, with many erect young shoots, somewhat tetragonal, gland-dotted and pubescent with short downy white hairs.

Its leaves are sessile, generally extending in condensed clusters of inflorescence, consisting of a pair of sessile cymes arranged around an axis and equally spaced, with numerous lanceolate bracts measuring about 5 mm long and 2 mm wide.[4]

Chemical composition edit

An analysis of the plant's chemical composition reveals that the Satureja thymbra, of the kind grown in Israel, contains a very high content of the chemicals γ-terpinene (15.9%), and p-cymene (12.4%), with the highest concentration being that of carvacrol (55.2%).[5] Other independent studies revealed the main compounds of the essential oil ranging at varying levels; carvacrol (34.6%), γ-terpinene (22.9%), p-cymene (13.0%) and thymol (12.8%).[6] Air dried aerial parts from S. thymbra collected in Lebanon and which were submitted to steam distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus to produce the essential oil were also tested. The extracted oil was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and stored at 4 °C. Analysis revealed that the Lebanese Satureja thymbra oil is characterized by high amounts of γ-terpinene (34.08%), carvacrol (23.07%) and thymol (18.82%).

The pesticidal property of the plant's volatile essential oil and other constituents were tested against an adult tick (Hyalomma marginatum), the result being that high concentrations of this oil resulted in the mortality of the tick.[7]

Culinary uses edit

The crushed leaves of this plant have more of a pungent taste and smell than the true hyssop (eizov), for which reason it is not commonly used today as a spice, except in Lebanon, where it is still used as a herbal tea in Lebanese traditional medicine. In ancient times, whorled savory was used as a spice in Anatolia and Greece. In Mishnaic times, the whorled savory was called sī'ah in Hebrew,[8][9][10] and is often mentioned in rabbinic literature along with eizov (marjoram) and qurnit (white-leaved savory), three herbal plants that grew naturally in the wild.[11] In ancient times in Palestine, water in which whorled savory had been steeped was used to flavor meats that had been skewered and placed over hot coals for roasting.[12] Dioscorides, in the Third Book of his De Materia Medica (3:44–45), alludes to the plant, bringing down its medicinal uses in his day.[13] In ceremonial usage, although it is related to the biblical hyssop, it was considered a different species, thus invalid to be brought in the purification ritual where true hyssop (eizov) was used in the preparation of the sprinkling water to purify those defiled by corpse uncleanness.

Its medicinal use, when concocted into a tea, is said to aid against digestive problems, diarrhea, colic pains, flatulence, intestinal cramps and anorexia. In Israel, the plant Satureja thymbra has protected status, making it a criminal offence to harvest it.[2]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Meaning, "Roman hyssop" and "European hyssop," respectively.
  2. ^ a b Avi Shmida, MAPA's Dictionary of Plants and Flowers in Israel, Tel Aviv 2005, p. 349 (s.v. Satureja thymbra) (Hebrew) OCLC 716569354
  3. ^ A.M. Bosabalidis, "Glandular Trichomes in Satureja thymbra Leaves", in: Annals of Botany, vol. 65, issue no. 1, 1 January 1990, pp. 71–78
  4. ^ Mouterde, Paul (1983). Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie (in French). Vol. 1–3. Beirut. OCLC 742432106.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Fleisher, Alexander; Fleisher, Zhenia (1988). "Identification of Biblical Hyssop and Origin of the Traditional Use of Oregano-Group Herbs in the Mediterranean Region". Economic Botany. Springer on behalf of New York Botanical Garden Press. 42 (2): 235. doi:10.1007/BF02858924. JSTOR 4255069. S2CID 45220405.
  6. ^ Öztürk, Mehmet (September 2012). "Anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of Savoury (Satureja thymbra L.) with identified major terpenes of the essential oil". Food Chemistry. 134 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.054.
  7. ^ Cetin, H.; Cilek, J.E.; Oz, E.; Aydin, L.; Deveci, O.; Yanikoglu, A. (June 2010). "Acaricidal activity of Satureja thymbra L. essential oil and its major components, carvacrol and γ-terpinene against adult Hyalomma marginatum (Acari: Ixodidae)". Veterinary Parasitology. 170 (3–4): 287–290. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.031. PMID 20303667.
  8. ^ Faran, Mina; Tcherni, Anna (1997). Medicinal herbs in Modern Medicine (ṣimḥei marpé bir'fū'ah ha-modernīt) (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Akademon (Hebrew University of Jerusalem). p. 142. ISBN 965-350-068-6. OCLC 233179155., s.v. Satureja thymbra
  9. ^ Dalman, Gustaf Hermann (2013). Work and customs in Palestine. p. 565. ISBN 978-9950-385-00-9. OCLC 1040774903.
  10. ^ Sī'ah (Heb. סיאה) is explained in the Babylonian Talmud (Shabbat 128a) as having the connotation of the Aramaic word צתרי. This word, in turn, is explained by Payne Smith, J. (1903) in her Thesaurus Syriacus (p. 485, s.v. ܨܬܪܐ) as having the meaning of satureia thymbra, a view shared by Marcus Jastrow (Dictionary of the Targumim, s.v. צתרי), who, citing Immanuel Löw and William Smith, writes that the word has the meaning of Satureia (=savory).
  11. ^ Cf. Mishnah (Shevi'it 8:1; Ma'aserot 3:9; Uktzin 2:2), Tosefta (Kila'im 3:13; Shabbat 14:12; Shevi'it 5:14), Babylonian Talmud (Shabbat 128a; Niddah 51a), Jerusalem Talmud (Shevi'it 7:2 [37b])
  12. ^ Solomon Sirilio, Commentary on Jerusalem Talmud (Terumot 10:2 [52a]), s.v. מי צתרי. The discussion in the Jerusalem Talmud revolves around Terumah (heave-offering) which can only be eaten by Jewish priests in a state of ritual cleanness. In this case, whorly savory which was cultivated in one's garden and had been picked, its owner separated therefrom the designated tithes (heave-offering) meant for the priests, and when he had given the portion designated to the priests, the priest took water in which the same whorly savory had been steeped and sprinkled it over skewers of meat laid over hot coals in order to impart the plant's aroma and flavour to the meat. The question asked was whether a regular skewer of meat which lay alongside of it was permitted to be eaten by an outsider who was not of the priestly clan, although it too had absorbed the aroma of the other skewer belonging to the priest (P'nei Moshe Commentary and Sirilio's Commentary)
  13. ^ Ibn al-Baitar (1989). Ibrahim Ben Mrad (ed.). Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar Algharb Al'Islami. pp. 224–225. OCLC 957197903., where Ibn al-Baitar explains Dioscorides' entry of Thymbra as having the meaning of Satureia (=savory).

External links edit

  • Wild Flowers of Israel. Satureja thymbra

satureja, thymbra, commonly, known, savory, crete, whorled, savory, pink, savory, roman, hyssop, arabic, atar, rumi, atar, franji, perennial, green, dwarf, shrub, family, lamiaceae, having, strongly, scented, leaves, endemic, libya, southeastern, europe, from,. Satureja thymbra commonly known as savory of Crete whorled savory pink savory and Roman hyssop Arabic za atar rumi za atar franji 1 is a perennial green dwarf shrub of the family Lamiaceae having strongly scented leaves endemic to Libya southeastern Europe from Sardinia to Turkey Cyprus Lebanon and Israel Palestine The plant is noted for its dark green leaves which grow on numerous closely compacted branches reaching a height of 20 50 cm The plant bears pink to purple flowers that blossom between March and June Satureja thymbraScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder LamialesFamily LamiaceaeGenus SaturejaSpecies S thymbraBinomial nameSatureja thymbraL SynonymsClinopodium thymbra L Kuntze Micromeria thymbra L Kostel Satureja biroi Jav Satureja collina Salisb Satureja hispida Ehrh Satureja thymbra var calvescens Pamp Satureja tragoriganum L Tausch Thymbra hirsuta Pers Thymbra hirsutissima Vent ex Pers Thymus hirsutissimus Poir Thymus tragoriganum L Contents 1 Habitat 2 Description 3 Chemical composition 4 Culinary uses 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHabitat editThe semi shrub grows mainly in Mediterranean woodlands and scrubland adapting well to higher elevations but also seen on rocky limestone gullies as an undergrowth and alongside dirt roads In Israel the plant is commonly found in the Mount Carmel region south of Haifa as well as in the mountainous district of Upper Galilee in Samaria and in the Judean mountains thriving in areas where the soils are mainly terra rossa and hard limestone but also in chalk 2 The plant is rarely found along the coastal plains or in the Jordan valley Description editThe leaves of the aromatic plant Satureja thymbra have numerous glandular trichomes of two morphologically distinct types glandular hairs and glandular scales 3 The leaves are opposite entire and smooth The flowers grow in whorls and range from pink to purple Its fruit pods are schizocarps Satureja thymbra has a fuscous brown bark with many erect young shoots somewhat tetragonal gland dotted and pubescent with short downy white hairs Its leaves are sessile generally extending in condensed clusters of inflorescence consisting of a pair of sessile cymes arranged around an axis and equally spaced with numerous lanceolate bracts measuring about 5 mm long and 2 mm wide 4 Chemical composition editAn analysis of the plant s chemical composition reveals that the Satureja thymbra of the kind grown in Israel contains a very high content of the chemicals g terpinene 15 9 and p cymene 12 4 with the highest concentration being that of carvacrol 55 2 5 Other independent studies revealed the main compounds of the essential oil ranging at varying levels carvacrol 34 6 g terpinene 22 9 p cymene 13 0 and thymol 12 8 6 Air dried aerial parts from S thymbra collected in Lebanon and which were submitted to steam distillation using a Clevenger type apparatus to produce the essential oil were also tested The extracted oil was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and stored at 4 C Analysis revealed that the Lebanese Satureja thymbra oil is characterized by high amounts of g terpinene 34 08 carvacrol 23 07 and thymol 18 82 The pesticidal property of the plant s volatile essential oil and other constituents were tested against an adult tick Hyalomma marginatum the result being that high concentrations of this oil resulted in the mortality of the tick 7 Culinary uses editThe crushed leaves of this plant have more of a pungent taste and smell than the true hyssop eizov for which reason it is not commonly used today as a spice except in Lebanon where it is still used as a herbal tea in Lebanese traditional medicine In ancient times whorled savory was used as a spice in Anatolia and Greece In Mishnaic times the whorled savory was called si ah in Hebrew 8 9 10 and is often mentioned in rabbinic literature along with eizov marjoram and qurnit white leaved savory three herbal plants that grew naturally in the wild 11 In ancient times in Palestine water in which whorled savory had been steeped was used to flavor meats that had been skewered and placed over hot coals for roasting 12 Dioscorides in the Third Book of his De Materia Medica 3 44 45 alludes to the plant bringing down its medicinal uses in his day 13 In ceremonial usage although it is related to the biblical hyssop it was considered a different species thus invalid to be brought in the purification ritual where true hyssop eizov was used in the preparation of the sprinkling water to purify those defiled by corpse uncleanness Its medicinal use when concocted into a tea is said to aid against digestive problems diarrhea colic pains flatulence intestinal cramps and anorexia In Israel the plant Satureja thymbra has protected status making it a criminal offence to harvest it 2 See also editThymus capitatus syn Coridothymus capitatus References edit Meaning Roman hyssop and European hyssop respectively a b Avi Shmida MAPA s Dictionary of Plants and Flowers in Israel Tel Aviv 2005 p 349 s v Satureja thymbra Hebrew OCLC 716569354 A M Bosabalidis Glandular Trichomes in Satureja thymbra Leaves in Annals of Botany vol 65 issue no 1 1 January 1990 pp 71 78 Mouterde Paul 1983 Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie in French Vol 1 3 Beirut OCLC 742432106 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Fleisher Alexander Fleisher Zhenia 1988 Identification of Biblical Hyssop and Origin of the Traditional Use of Oregano Group Herbs in the Mediterranean Region Economic Botany Springer on behalf of New York Botanical Garden Press 42 2 235 doi 10 1007 BF02858924 JSTOR 4255069 S2CID 45220405 Ozturk Mehmet September 2012 Anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of Savoury Satureja thymbra L with identified major terpenes of the essential oil Food Chemistry 134 1 48 54 doi 10 1016 j foodchem 2012 02 054 Cetin H Cilek J E Oz E Aydin L Deveci O Yanikoglu A June 2010 Acaricidal activity of Satureja thymbra L essential oil and its major components carvacrol and g terpinene against adult Hyalomma marginatum Acari Ixodidae Veterinary Parasitology 170 3 4 287 290 doi 10 1016 j vetpar 2010 02 031 PMID 20303667 Faran Mina Tcherni Anna 1997 Medicinal herbs in Modern Medicine ṣimḥei marpe bir fu ah ha modernit in Hebrew Vol 1 Jerusalem Akademon Hebrew University of Jerusalem p 142 ISBN 965 350 068 6 OCLC 233179155 s v Satureja thymbra Dalman Gustaf Hermann 2013 Work and customs in Palestine p 565 ISBN 978 9950 385 00 9 OCLC 1040774903 Si ah Heb סיאה is explained in the Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 128a as having the connotation of the Aramaic word צתרי This word in turn is explained by Payne Smith J 1903 in her Thesaurus Syriacus p 485 s v ܨܬܪܐ as having the meaning of satureia thymbra a view shared by Marcus Jastrow Dictionary of the Targumim s v צתרי who citing Immanuel Low and William Smith writes that the word has the meaning of Satureia savory Cf Mishnah Shevi it 8 1 Ma aserot 3 9 Uktzin 2 2 Tosefta Kila im 3 13 Shabbat 14 12 Shevi it 5 14 Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 128a Niddah 51a Jerusalem Talmud Shevi it 7 2 37b Solomon Sirilio Commentary on Jerusalem Talmud Terumot 10 2 52a s v מי צתרי The discussion in the Jerusalem Talmud revolves around Terumah heave offering which can only be eaten by Jewish priests in a state of ritual cleanness In this case whorly savory which was cultivated in one s garden and had been picked its owner separated therefrom the designated tithes heave offering meant for the priests and when he had given the portion designated to the priests the priest took water in which the same whorly savory had been steeped and sprinkled it over skewers of meat laid over hot coals in order to impart the plant s aroma and flavour to the meat The question asked was whether a regular skewer of meat which lay alongside of it was permitted to be eaten by an outsider who was not of the priestly clan although it too had absorbed the aroma of the other skewer belonging to the priest P nei Moshe Commentary and Sirilio s Commentary Ibn al Baitar 1989 Ibrahim Ben Mrad ed Tafsir Kitab Diasquridus in Arabic Beirut Dar Algharb Al Islami pp 224 225 OCLC 957197903 where Ibn al Baitar explains Dioscorides entry of Thymbra as having the meaning of Satureia savory External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Satureja thymbra nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Satureja thymbra Wild Flowers of Israel Satureja thymbra Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Satureja thymbra amp oldid 1203673350, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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