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Shabaka

December 12, 2023

For the Arabic-language domain name, see .shabaka. For the Azerbaijani stained glass windows, see Shabaka (window).

Neferkare Shabaka, or Shabako (Egyptian: 𓆷𓃞𓂓 šꜣ bꜣ kꜣ, Assyrian: Sha-ba-ku-u) was the third Kushite pharaoh of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, who reigned from 705 to 690 BC.[3] The Greek sources called him Sabacon (Σαβακῶν) and is mentioned by both Herodotus and Manetho.[4][5]

Shabaka
Sphinx head of Shabaka, on display at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Pharaoh
Reign705–690 BC
PredecessorShebitku
SuccessorTaharqa
Royal titulary
ConsortQalhata, Mesbat, possibly Tabekenamun
ChildrenTantamani, Haremakhet, Piankharty, Isetemkheb[2]
FatherKashta
MotherPebatjma
Died690 BC
Burialel-Kurru
MonumentsShabaka Stone
Dynasty25th Dynasty
nomen or birth name
šȝ bȝ kȝ (Shabaka)
in hieroglyphs

Shabaka's timeline edit

The archaeological evidence now in 2016–2017 firmly favours a Shebitku-Shabaka succession. Gerard Broekman's GM 251 (2017) paper shows that Shebitku reigned before Shabaka since the upper edge of Shabaka's NLR #30's Year 2 Karnak quay inscription was carved over the left-hand side of the lower edge of Shebitku's NLR#33 Year 3 inscription.[6] This can only mean that Shabaka ruled after Shebitku. The Egyptologist Claus Jurman's personal re-examination of the Karnak quay inscriptions of Shebitku (or Shabataka) and Shabaka in 2016 and 2017 conclusively demonstrate that Shebitku ruled before Shabaka and corroborates Broekman's arguments that Shebitku's Nile Text inscription was carved before Shabaka's inscription; hence, Shebitku ruled before Shabaka.[7]

Critically, Frederic Payraudeau writes in French that "the Divine Adoratrix or God's Wife of Amun Shepenupet I, the last Libyan Adoratrix, was still alive during the reign of Shebitku because she is represented performing rites and is described as "living" in those parts of the Osiris-Héqadjet chapel built during his reign (wall and exterior of the gate)[8][3] In the rest of the room, it is Amenirdis I, Shabaka's sister), who is represented with the Adoratrix title and provided with a coronation name. The succession Shepenupet I—Amenirdis I as God's Wife of Amun or Divine Adoratrix thus took place during the reign of Shebitku. This detail in itself is sufficient to show that the reign of Shabaka cannot precede that of Shebitku.[9]

The construction of the tomb of Shebitku (Ku. 18) resembles that of Piye (Ku. 17) while that of Shabaka (Ku. 15) is similar to that of Taharqa (Nu. 1) and Tantamani (Ku. 16).[10][9] This also favours a Shebitku-Shabaka succession in the 25th dynasty. One of the strongest evidence that Shabaka ruled after Shebitku was demonstrated by the architectural features of the Kushite royal pyramids in El Kurru. Only in the pyramids of Piye (Ku 17) and Shebitku (Ku 18) are the burial-chambers open-cut structures with a corbelled roof, whereas fully tunnelled burial chamber substructures are found in the pyramids of Shabaka (Ku 15), Taharqa (Nu 1) and Tantamani (Ku 16), as well as with all subsequent royal pyramids in El Kurru and Nuri.[11] The fully tunnelled and once decorated burial chamber of Shabaka's pyramid was clearly an architectural improvement since it was followed by Taharqa and all his successors.[12] The pyramid design evidence also shows that Shabaka must have ruled after—and not before—Shebitku.

In the Cairo CG 42204 of the High Priest of Amun, Haremakhet—son of Shabaka—calls himself as "king's son of Shabaka, justified, who loves him, Sole Confidant of king Taharqa, justified, Director of the palace of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Tanutamun/Tantamani, may he live for ever."[13] However, no mention of Haremakhet's service under Shebitku is made; even if Haremakhet was only a youth under Shebitku, this king's absence is strange since the intent of the statue's text was to render a chronological sequence of kings who reigned during Horemakhet's life, each of their names being accompanied by a reference to the relationship that existed between the king mentioned and Horemakhet.[14] This implies that when Haremakhet was born, king Shebitku was already dead, which would favour a Shebitku-Shabaka succession.

 
Portrait of Shabaqa

Payraudeau notes that Shebitku's shabtis are small (about 10 cm) and have a very brief inscription with only the king's birth name in a cartouche preceded by "the Osiris, king of Upper and Lower Egypt" and followed by mȝʿ-ḫrw.[15][9] They are thus very close to those of Piye/Piankhy [42 – D. Dunham, (see footnote 39), plate 44.]. However, Shabaka's shabtis are larger (about 15–20 cm) with more developed inscriptions, including the quotation from the Book of the Dead, which is also present on those Taharqo, Tanouetamani and Senkamanisken."[9] All this evidence suggests that Shebitku ruled before Shabaka. Finally, Payraudeau observes that in the traditional Shebitku-Shabaka chronology, the time span between the reign of Taharqa and Shabaka seems to be excessively long. He notes that Papyrus Louvre E 3328c from Year 2 or Year 6 of Taharqa mentions the sale of a slave by his owner who had bought him in Year 7 of Shabaka, that is 27 years earlier in the traditional chronology but if the reign of Shabaka is placed just before that of Taharqa (with no intervening reign of Shebitku), there is a gap of about 10 years which is much more credible.[16]

The German scholar Karl Jansen Winkeln also endorsed a Shebitku-Shabaka succession in a JEH 10 (2017) N.1 paper titled 'Beiträge zur Geschichte der Dritten Zwischenzeit', Journal of Egyptian History 10 (2017), pp. 23–42 when he wrote a postscript stating "Im Gegensatz zu meinen Ausführungen auf dem [2014] Kolloquium in Münster bin ich jetzt der Meinung, dass die (neue) Reihenfolge Schebitku—Schabako in der Tat richtig ist..." or 'In contrast to my exposition at the [2014] Munster colloquium, I am now of the opinion that the (new) succession Shebitku-Shabako is in fact correct...'[17]

Family edit

See also: Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree

Shabaka is thought to be the son of King Kashta and Pebatjma, although a text from the time of Taharqa could be interpreted to mean that Shabaka was a brother of Taharqa and hence a son of Piye.

Shabaka's Queen Consort was Qalhata, according to Assyrian records, a sister of Taharqa. Shabaka and Qalhata were the parents of King Tantamani and possibly the parents of King Shebitku as well, but this conflicts with evidence in favor of Shabaka ruling after Shebitku.[2]

It is possible that Queen Tabekenamun was a wife of Shabaka.[18] She is thought by some to be a wife of Taharqa.[2]

Shabaka's son Haremakhet became High Priest of Amun and is known from a statue and a fragment of a statue found in Karnak.[2] A lady named Mesbat is mentioned on the sarcophagus of Haremakhet and may be his mother.[18]

Shabaka is the father of at least two more children, but the identity of their mother is not known. Piankharty later became the wife of her (half-)brother Tantamani. She is depicted on the Dream Stela with him. Isetemkheb H likely married Tantamani as well. She was buried in Abydos, Egypt.[2]

Biography edit

 
Donation stela of Shabaka. Shabaka appears standing to the right, with the cartouche designating him.

Shabaka succeeded his uncle Shebitku on the throne, and adopted the throne name of the Sixth Dynasty ruler Pepi II Neferkare. Shabaka's reign was initially dated from 716 BC to 702 BC by Kenneth Kitchen. However, new evidence indicates that Shebitku died around 705 BC because Sargon II (722–705 BC) of Assyria states in an official inscription at Tang-i Var (in northwest Iran)—which is datable to 706 BC—that it was Shebitku, Shabaka's predecessor, who extradited Iamanni of Ashdod to Shebitku as king of Egypt.[19][20] This view has been accepted by many Egyptologists today such as Aidan Dodson,[21] Rolf Krauss, David Aston, and Karl Jansen-Winkeln[22] among others because there is no concrete evidence for coregencies or internal political/regional divisions in the Nubian kingdom during the Twenty-fifth Dynasty. This point was also stressed by Dan'el Kahn in a 2006 article.[23] All contemporary records suggest that the Nubian Pharaohs ruled Egypt with only a single king on the throne, while Taharqa states explicitly on one of his Kawa steles that he assumed power only after the death of his brother, Shebitku.[24]

Shabaka's reign is significant because he consolidated the Nubian Kingdom's control over all of Egypt from Nubia down to the Delta region. It also saw an enormous amount of building work undertaken throughout Egypt, especially at the city of Thebes, which he made the capital of his kingdom. In Karnak he erected a pink granite statue of himself wearing the twin crowns of Egypt. Shabaka succeeded in preserving Egypt's independence from outside foreign powers—especially the Neo-Assyrian Empire of Sargon II. The most famous relic from Shabaka's reign is the Shabaka Stone which records several Old Kingdom documents that the king ordered preserved.[25]

Also notable is the Shabaka Gate, a large stone door unearthed by archeologists in 2011 and believed to have guarded the room where the king's treasures were stored. Despite being relative newcomers to Egypt, Shabaka and his family were immensely interested in Egypt's past and the art of the period reflects their tastes which harked back to earlier periods.

Death edit

Shabaka is assumed to have died in his 15th regnal year based on BM cube statue 24429, which is dated to Year 15, II Shemu day 11 of Shabaka's reign.[26] Shabaka was buried in a pyramid at el-Kurru and was succeeded by Taharqa, who would be his nephew if Shabaka was indeed a son of Kashta.

Image gallery edit

  •  

    Shabaka

  •  

    Statue of Shabaka from the Louvre

  •  

    Statue head from Munich

  •  

    Large commemorative scarab of Shabaka

  •  

    Cartouche with the name of pharaoh Shabaka

References edit

  1. ^ [1] King Shabako
  2. ^ a b c d e Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2004, ISBN 0-500-05128-3 p.237
  3. ^ a b F. Payraudeau, Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo, Nehet 1, 2014, p. 115-127 online here
  4. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Sabacon
  5. ^ Jack Finegan (1979). Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East. Westview Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0891581642.
  6. ^ GPF Broekman, Genealogical considerations regarding the kings of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty in Egypt, GM 251 (2017), p.13
  7. ^ Claus Jurman, PDF The Order of the Kushite Kings According to Sources from the Eastern Desert and Thebes. Or: Shabataka was here first!, Journal of Egyptian History 10 (2017), pp.124-151
  8. ^ [45 – G. Legrain, “Le temple et les chapelles d’Osiris à Karnak. Le temple d’Osiris-Hiq-Djeto, partie éthiopienne”, RecTrav 22 (1900) 128; JWIS III, 45.]
  9. ^ a b c d F. Payraudeau, pp.115-127
  10. ^ [39 – D. Dunham, El-Kurru, The Royal Cemeteries of Kush, I, (1950) 55, 60, 64, 67; also D. Dunham, Nuri, The Royal Cemeteries of Kush, II, (1955) 6-7; J. Lull, Las tumbas reales egipcias del Tercer Periodo Intermedio (dinastías XXI-XXV). Tradición y cambios, BAR-IS 1045 (2002) 208.]
  11. ^ Dows D. Dunham, El Kurru; The Royal Cemeteries of Kush (Cambridge, Massachusetts 1950)
  12. ^ G.P.F. Broekman, The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka. A different view on the chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, GM 245, (2015), pp.21-22
  13. ^ G.P.F. Broekman, The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka. A different view on the chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, GM 245, (2015), p.23
  14. ^ G.P.F. Broekman, GM 245 (2015), p.24
  15. ^ [41 – JWIS III, 51, number 9; D. Dunham, (see footnote 39), 69, plate 45A-B.].
  16. ^ Payraudeau, Nehet I, 2014, p.119
  17. ^ Jansen-Winkeln, Journal of Egyptian History 10 (2017), N.1, p.40
  18. ^ a b R. Morkot: The Black Pharaohs, Egypt's Nubian Rulers, London 2000, p. 205 ISBN 0-948695-24-2
  19. ^ G. Frame, The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var, Orientalia 68 (1999), pp. 31-57
  20. ^ Dan'el Kahn, "The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang-i Var and the Chronology of Dynasty 25," Orientalia 70 (2001), pp. 1–3
  21. ^ Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 88 (2002) p.182
  22. ^ Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "The Third Intermediate Period" in Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill, 2006. pp. 258–259
  23. ^ Kahn, Dan'el., Divided Kingdom, Co-regency, or Sole Rule in the Kingdom(s) of Egypt-and-Kush?, Egypt and Levant 16 (2006), pp. 275–291 online PDF
  24. ^ Kawa Stela V, line 15
  25. ^ Shabaka stone
  26. ^ Kitchen, Kenneth A. (1996).The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC), 3rd edition (Warminster: Aris & Phillips), pp. 153-54

External links edit

  •   Media related to Shabaka at Wikimedia Commons

December 12, 2023
shabaka, arabic, language, domain, name, shabaka, azerbaijani, stained, glass, windows, window, neferkare, shabako, egyptian, 𓆷𓃞𓂓, šꜣ, bꜣ, kꜣ, assyrian, third, kushite, pharaoh, twenty, fifth, dynasty, egypt, reigned, from, greek, sources, called, sabacon, Σαβ. For the Arabic language domain name see shabaka For the Azerbaijani stained glass windows see Shabaka window Neferkare Shabaka or Shabako Egyptian 𓆷𓃞𓂓 sꜣ bꜣ kꜣ Assyrian Sha ba ku u was the third Kushite pharaoh of the Twenty fifth Dynasty of Egypt who reigned from 705 to 690 BC 3 The Greek sources called him Sabacon Sabakῶn and is mentioned by both Herodotus and Manetho 4 5 ShabakaSphinx head of Shabaka on display at the Egyptian Museum CairoPharaohReign705 690 BCPredecessorShebitkuSuccessorTaharqaRoyal titularyConsortQalhata Mesbat possibly TabekenamunChildrenTantamani Haremakhet Piankharty Isetemkheb 2 FatherKashtaMotherPebatjmaDied690 BCBurialel KurruMonumentsShabaka StoneDynasty25th Dynastynomen or birth namesȝ bȝ kȝ Shabaka in hieroglyphs Contents 1 Shabaka s timeline 2 Family 3 Biography 4 Death 5 Image gallery 6 References 7 External linksShabaka s timeline editThe archaeological evidence now in 2016 2017 firmly favours a Shebitku Shabaka succession Gerard Broekman s GM 251 2017 paper shows that Shebitku reigned before Shabaka since the upper edge of Shabaka s NLR 30 s Year 2 Karnak quay inscription was carved over the left hand side of the lower edge of Shebitku s NLR 33 Year 3 inscription 6 This can only mean that Shabaka ruled after Shebitku The Egyptologist Claus Jurman s personal re examination of the Karnak quay inscriptions of Shebitku or Shabataka and Shabaka in 2016 and 2017 conclusively demonstrate that Shebitku ruled before Shabaka and corroborates Broekman s arguments that Shebitku s Nile Text inscription was carved before Shabaka s inscription hence Shebitku ruled before Shabaka 7 Critically Frederic Payraudeau writes in French that the Divine Adoratrix or God s Wife of Amun Shepenupet I the last Libyan Adoratrix was still alive during the reign of Shebitku because she is represented performing rites and is described as living in those parts of the Osiris Heqadjet chapel built during his reign wall and exterior of the gate 8 3 In the rest of the room it is Amenirdis I Shabaka s sister who is represented with the Adoratrix title and provided with a coronation name The succession Shepenupet I Amenirdis I as God s Wife of Amun or Divine Adoratrix thus took place during the reign of Shebitku This detail in itself is sufficient to show that the reign of Shabaka cannot precede that of Shebitku 9 The construction of the tomb of Shebitku Ku 18 resembles that of Piye Ku 17 while that of Shabaka Ku 15 is similar to that of Taharqa Nu 1 and Tantamani Ku 16 10 9 This also favours a Shebitku Shabaka succession in the 25th dynasty One of the strongest evidence that Shabaka ruled after Shebitku was demonstrated by the architectural features of the Kushite royal pyramids in El Kurru Only in the pyramids of Piye Ku 17 and Shebitku Ku 18 are the burial chambers open cut structures with a corbelled roof whereas fully tunnelled burial chamber substructures are found in the pyramids of Shabaka Ku 15 Taharqa Nu 1 and Tantamani Ku 16 as well as with all subsequent royal pyramids in El Kurru and Nuri 11 The fully tunnelled and once decorated burial chamber of Shabaka s pyramid was clearly an architectural improvement since it was followed by Taharqa and all his successors 12 The pyramid design evidence also shows that Shabaka must have ruled after and not before Shebitku In the Cairo CG 42204 of the High Priest of Amun Haremakhet son of Shabaka calls himself as king s son of Shabaka justified who loves him Sole Confidant of king Taharqa justified Director of the palace of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Tanutamun Tantamani may he live for ever 13 However no mention of Haremakhet s service under Shebitku is made even if Haremakhet was only a youth under Shebitku this king s absence is strange since the intent of the statue s text was to render a chronological sequence of kings who reigned during Horemakhet s life each of their names being accompanied by a reference to the relationship that existed between the king mentioned and Horemakhet 14 This implies that when Haremakhet was born king Shebitku was already dead which would favour a Shebitku Shabaka succession nbsp Portrait of ShabaqaPayraudeau notes that Shebitku s shabtis are small about 10 cm and have a very brief inscription with only the king s birth name in a cartouche preceded by the Osiris king of Upper and Lower Egypt and followed by mȝʿ ḫrw 15 9 They are thus very close to those of Piye Piankhy 42 D Dunham see footnote 39 plate 44 However Shabaka s shabtis are larger about 15 20 cm with more developed inscriptions including the quotation from the Book of the Dead which is also present on those Taharqo Tanouetamani and Senkamanisken 9 All this evidence suggests that Shebitku ruled before Shabaka Finally Payraudeau observes that in the traditional Shebitku Shabaka chronology the time span between the reign of Taharqa and Shabaka seems to be excessively long He notes that Papyrus Louvre E 3328c from Year 2 or Year 6 of Taharqa mentions the sale of a slave by his owner who had bought him in Year 7 of Shabaka that is 27 years earlier in the traditional chronology but if the reign of Shabaka is placed just before that of Taharqa with no intervening reign of Shebitku there is a gap of about 10 years which is much more credible 16 The German scholar Karl Jansen Winkeln also endorsed a Shebitku Shabaka succession in a JEH 10 2017 N 1 paper titled Beitrage zur Geschichte der Dritten Zwischenzeit Journal of Egyptian History 10 2017 pp 23 42 when he wrote a postscript stating Im Gegensatz zu meinen Ausfuhrungen auf dem 2014 Kolloquium in Munster bin ich jetzt der Meinung dass die neue Reihenfolge Schebitku Schabako in der Tat richtig ist or In contrast to my exposition at the 2014 Munster colloquium I am now of the opinion that the new succession Shebitku Shabako is in fact correct 17 Family editSee also Twenty fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree Shabaka is thought to be the son of King Kashta and Pebatjma although a text from the time of Taharqa could be interpreted to mean that Shabaka was a brother of Taharqa and hence a son of Piye Shabaka s Queen Consort was Qalhata according to Assyrian records a sister of Taharqa Shabaka and Qalhata were the parents of King Tantamani and possibly the parents of King Shebitku as well but this conflicts with evidence in favor of Shabaka ruling after Shebitku 2 It is possible that Queen Tabekenamun was a wife of Shabaka 18 She is thought by some to be a wife of Taharqa 2 Shabaka s son Haremakhet became High Priest of Amun and is known from a statue and a fragment of a statue found in Karnak 2 A lady named Mesbat is mentioned on the sarcophagus of Haremakhet and may be his mother 18 Shabaka is the father of at least two more children but the identity of their mother is not known Piankharty later became the wife of her half brother Tantamani She is depicted on the Dream Stela with him Isetemkheb H likely married Tantamani as well She was buried in Abydos Egypt 2 Biography edit nbsp Donation stela of Shabaka Shabaka appears standing to the right with the cartouche designating him Shabaka succeeded his uncle Shebitku on the throne and adopted the throne name of the Sixth Dynasty ruler Pepi II Neferkare Shabaka s reign was initially dated from 716 BC to 702 BC by Kenneth Kitchen However new evidence indicates that Shebitku died around 705 BC because Sargon II 722 705 BC of Assyria states in an official inscription at Tang i Var in northwest Iran which is datable to 706 BC that it was Shebitku Shabaka s predecessor who extradited Iamanni of Ashdod to Shebitku as king of Egypt 19 20 This view has been accepted by many Egyptologists today such as Aidan Dodson 21 Rolf Krauss David Aston and Karl Jansen Winkeln 22 among others because there is no concrete evidence for coregencies or internal political regional divisions in the Nubian kingdom during the Twenty fifth Dynasty This point was also stressed by Dan el Kahn in a 2006 article 23 All contemporary records suggest that the Nubian Pharaohs ruled Egypt with only a single king on the throne while Taharqa states explicitly on one of his Kawa steles that he assumed power only after the death of his brother Shebitku 24 Shabaka s reign is significant because he consolidated the Nubian Kingdom s control over all of Egypt from Nubia down to the Delta region It also saw an enormous amount of building work undertaken throughout Egypt especially at the city of Thebes which he made the capital of his kingdom In Karnak he erected a pink granite statue of himself wearing the twin crowns of Egypt Shabaka succeeded in preserving Egypt s independence from outside foreign powers especially the Neo Assyrian Empire of Sargon II The most famous relic from Shabaka s reign is the Shabaka Stone which records several Old Kingdom documents that the king ordered preserved 25 Also notable is the Shabaka Gate a large stone door unearthed by archeologists in 2011 and believed to have guarded the room where the king s treasures were stored Despite being relative newcomers to Egypt Shabaka and his family were immensely interested in Egypt s past and the art of the period reflects their tastes which harked back to earlier periods Death editShabaka is assumed to have died in his 15th regnal year based on BM cube statue 24429 which is dated to Year 15 II Shemu day 11 of Shabaka s reign 26 Shabaka was buried in a pyramid at el Kurru and was succeeded by Taharqa who would be his nephew if Shabaka was indeed a son of Kashta Image gallery edit nbsp Shabaka nbsp Statue of Shabaka from the Louvre nbsp Statue head from Munich nbsp Large commemorative scarab of Shabaka nbsp Cartouche with the name of pharaoh ShabakaReferences edit 1 King Shabako a b c d e Aidan Dodson amp Dyan Hilton The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt Thames amp Hudson 2004 ISBN 0 500 05128 3 p 237 a b F Payraudeau Retour sur la succession Shabaqo Shabataqo Nehet 1 2014 p 115 127 online here A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology Sabacon Jack Finegan 1979 Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East Westview Press p 137 ISBN 978 0891581642 GPF Broekman Genealogical considerations regarding the kings of the Twenty fifth Dynasty in Egypt GM 251 2017 p 13 Claus Jurman PDF The Order of the Kushite Kings According to Sources from the Eastern Desert and Thebes Or Shabataka was here first Journal of Egyptian History 10 2017 pp 124 151 45 G Legrain Le temple et les chapelles d Osiris a Karnak Le temple d Osiris Hiq Djeto partie ethiopienne RecTrav 22 1900 128 JWIS III 45 a b c d F Payraudeau pp 115 127 39 D Dunham El Kurru The Royal Cemeteries of Kush I 1950 55 60 64 67 also D Dunham Nuri The Royal Cemeteries of Kush II 1955 6 7 J Lull Las tumbas reales egipcias del Tercer Periodo Intermedio dinastias XXI XXV Tradicion y cambios BAR IS 1045 2002 208 Dows D Dunham El Kurru The Royal Cemeteries of Kush Cambridge Massachusetts 1950 G P F Broekman The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka A different view on the chronology of the Twenty fifth Dynasty GM 245 2015 pp 21 22 G P F Broekman The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka A different view on the chronology of the Twenty fifth Dynasty GM 245 2015 p 23 G P F Broekman GM 245 2015 p 24 41 JWIS III 51 number 9 D Dunham see footnote 39 69 plate 45A B Payraudeau Nehet I 2014 p 119 Jansen Winkeln Journal of Egyptian History 10 2017 N 1 p 40 a b R Morkot The Black Pharaohs Egypt s Nubian Rulers London 2000 p 205 ISBN 0 948695 24 2 G Frame The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang i Var Orientalia 68 1999 pp 31 57 Dan el Kahn The Inscription of Sargon II at Tang i Var and the Chronology of Dynasty 25 Orientalia 70 2001 pp 1 3 Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 88 2002 p 182 Karl Jansen Winkeln The Third Intermediate Period in Erik Hornung Rolf Krauss amp David Warburton editors Ancient Egyptian Chronology Handbook of Oriental Studies Brill 2006 pp 258 259 Kahn Dan el Divided Kingdom Co regency or Sole Rule in the Kingdom s of Egypt and Kush Egypt and Levant 16 2006 pp 275 291 online PDF Kawa Stela V line 15 Shabaka stone Kitchen Kenneth A 1996 The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt 1100 650 BC 3rd edition Warminster Aris amp Phillips pp 153 54External links edit nbsp Media related to Shabaka at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shabaka amp oldid 1181002212, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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