Kashta was an 8th century BCE king of the Kushite Dynasty in ancient Nubia and the successor of Alara. His nomen k3š-t3 (transcribed as Kashta, possibly pronounced /kuʔʃi-taʔ/[1]) "of the land of Kush" is often translated directly as "The Kushite".[2] He was succeeded by Piye, who would go on to conquer ancient Egypt and establish the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty there.
Kashta is thought to either have been the brother of his predecessor Alara, or to have been unrelated.[3] Both Alara and Kashta were thought to have married their sisters. These theories date back to the work of Dunham and Macadam, but Morkot points out that there is no clear evidence to support these assumptions.[4]
Kashta's only known wife was Pebatjma. Several children and possible children are recorded:
King Piye - Thought to be a son of Kashta. Possibly a son of Pebatjma
King Shabaka - Mentioned as a brother of Amenirdis I, and hence a son of Kashta and Pebatjma.[5][4]
Queen Khensa - Wife of Piye, thought to be a daughter of Kashta[4] and possibly Pebatjma.[5]
Queen Peksater (or Pekareslo) - She was married to Piye and was buried in Abydos. She may have died while accompanying Piye on a campaign to Egypt.[4] Laming and Macadam suggest she was an adopted daughter of Pebatjma.[6]
Neferukakashta - Thought to be a daughter of Kashta[4] and possibly Pebatjma.[5]
Kushite rule of Upper Egypt under Kashtaedit
While Kashta ruled Nubia from Napata, which is 400 km north of Khartoum, the modern capital of Sudan, he also exercised a strong degree of control over Upper Egypt by managing to install his daughter, Amenirdis I, as the presumptive God's Wife of Amun in Thebes in line to succeed the serving Divine Adoratrice of Amun, Shepenupet I, Osorkon III's daughter. This development was "the key moment in the process of the extension of Kushite power over Egyptian territories" under Kashta's rule since it officially legitimized the Kushite takeover of the Thebaid region.[7] The Hungarian Kushite scholar, László Török, notes that there were probably already Kushite garrisons stationed in Thebes itself during Kashta's reign both to protect this king's authority over Upper Egypt and to thwart a possible future invasion of this region from Lower Egypt.[8]
Török observes that Kashta's appearance as King of Upper and Lower Egypt and peaceful takeover of Upper Egypt is suggested both "by the fact that the descendants of Osorkon III, Takelot III and Rudamun continued to enjoy a high social status in Thebes in the second half of the 8th and in the first half of the 7th century" [BCE] as is shown by their burials in this city as well as the joint activity between the Divine Adoratrice Shepenupet I and the god's Wife of Amun Elect Amenirdis I, Kashta's daughter.[9] A stela from Kashta's reign has been found in Elephantine (modern day Aswan)--at the local temple dedicated to the god Khnum—which attests to his control of this region.[10] It bears his royal name or prenomen: Nimaatre. Egyptologists today believe that either he or more likely Piye was the Year 12 Nubian king mentioned in a well-known inscription at Wadi Gasus which associates the Adopted god's Adoratice of Amun, Amenirdis, Kashta's daughter together with Year 19 of the serving God's Wife of Amun, Shepenupet.[11] Kashta's reign length is unknown. Some sources credit Kashta as the founder of the 25th dynasty since he was the first Kushite king known to have expanded his kingdom's influence into Upper Egypt.[12] Under Kashta's reign, the native Kushite population of his kingdom, situated between the third and fourth Cataracts of the Nile, became rapidly 'Egyptianized' and adopted Egyptian traditions, religion and culture.[13] Kashta's successor was Piye.
Burialedit
The pyramids of el-Kurru contain the tombs of Kashta and several of his successors. The highest part of the cemetery contains 4 tumulus tombs (Tum.1,2,4 and 5). To the east of the tumulus tombs we find a row of at least eight pyramids. One of them partially intrudes on a tumulus tomb (Tum.19). The southernmost of this row of pyramids belong to Kashta (presumably to) his wife Pebatjma. Before this row is another row of pyramids which includes those of Piye, Shabaka and Tanutamani. To the south of the (presumed) pyramid of Pebatjma one has to cross the southern wadi to reach the southern pyramids. These are the pyramids of the Queens: Naparaye (K.3), Khensa (K.4), Qalhata (K.5), and Arty (K.6).[14]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kashta.
Sitting statue of the Divine Adoratrice of Amun, Amenardis I, daughter of pharaoh Kashta and queen Pebatjma. Cairo Museum (CG 42198)
Egyptian - Situla Bearing the names of Kashta and Amenirdis
Scarab Inscribed With the Cartouches of Kashta and Amenirdis MET EG124
Referencesedit
^Allen, James P. (2013-07-11). The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781107032460. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
^Nicholas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Blackwell Books), 1992. p.334
^Török, László (2015). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. BRILL. pp. 123–124. ISBN978-90-04-29401-1.
^ abcdeMorkot, Robert G., The Black Pharaohs: Egypt's Nubian Rulers, The Rubicon Press, 2000, ISBN0-948695-24-2
^ abcAidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, 2004, ISBN0-500-05128-3, p.234-240
^Dows Dunham and M. F. Laming Macadam, Names and Relationships of the Royal Family of Napata, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 35 (Dec., 1949), pp. 139-149, JSTOR
^László Török, The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. (Handbuch der Orientalistik 31), Brill 1997. pp.148-49
^Boardman, John The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1982 ISBN978-0-521-22496-3 p.570 [1]
^The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia, Vol.8, 15th edition, 2003. p.817
kashta, dairy, product, qishta, century, king, kushite, dynasty, ancient, nubia, successor, alara, nomen, k3š, transcribed, possibly, pronounced, kuʔʃi, taʔ, land, kush, often, translated, directly, kushite, succeeded, piye, would, conquer, ancient, egypt, est. For the dairy product see Qishta Kashta was an 8th century BCE king of the Kushite Dynasty in ancient Nubia and the successor of Alara His nomen k3s t3 transcribed as Kashta possibly pronounced kuʔʃi taʔ 1 of the land of Kush is often translated directly as The Kushite 2 He was succeeded by Piye who would go on to conquer ancient Egypt and establish the Twenty Fifth Dynasty there KashtaKushite King of NapataBronze situla with the names of Kashta and Amenirdis I Walters Art Museum PredecessorAlaraSuccessorPiyeBurialel KurruSpousePebatjmaIssuePiye Shabaka sons Khensa Peksater Amenirdis I Neferukakashta daughters prenomenM3ˁ Rˁ Maa Ra Ra is justnomenk3s t3 Kashta Contents 1 Family 2 Kushite rule of Upper Egypt under Kashta 3 Burial 4 ReferencesFamily editKashta is thought to either have been the brother of his predecessor Alara or to have been unrelated 3 Both Alara and Kashta were thought to have married their sisters These theories date back to the work of Dunham and Macadam but Morkot points out that there is no clear evidence to support these assumptions 4 Kashta s only known wife was Pebatjma Several children and possible children are recorded King Piye Thought to be a son of Kashta Possibly a son of Pebatjma King Shabaka Mentioned as a brother of Amenirdis I and hence a son of Kashta and Pebatjma 5 4 Queen Khensa Wife of Piye thought to be a daughter of Kashta 4 and possibly Pebatjma 5 Queen Peksater or Pekareslo She was married to Piye and was buried in Abydos She may have died while accompanying Piye on a campaign to Egypt 4 Laming and Macadam suggest she was an adopted daughter of Pebatjma 6 God s Wife of Amun Amenirdis I A statue of Amenirdis mentions she is the daughter of Kashta and Pebatjma Neferukakashta Thought to be a daughter of Kashta 4 and possibly Pebatjma 5 Kushite rule of Upper Egypt under Kashta editWhile Kashta ruled Nubia from Napata which is 400 km north of Khartoum the modern capital of Sudan he also exercised a strong degree of control over Upper Egypt by managing to install his daughter Amenirdis I as the presumptive God s Wife of Amun in Thebes in line to succeed the serving Divine Adoratrice of Amun Shepenupet I Osorkon III s daughter This development was the key moment in the process of the extension of Kushite power over Egyptian territories under Kashta s rule since it officially legitimized the Kushite takeover of the Thebaid region 7 The Hungarian Kushite scholar Laszlo Torok notes that there were probably already Kushite garrisons stationed in Thebes itself during Kashta s reign both to protect this king s authority over Upper Egypt and to thwart a possible future invasion of this region from Lower Egypt 8 Torok observes that Kashta s appearance as King of Upper and Lower Egypt and peaceful takeover of Upper Egypt is suggested both by the fact that the descendants of Osorkon III Takelot III and Rudamun continued to enjoy a high social status in Thebes in the second half of the 8th and in the first half of the 7th century BCE as is shown by their burials in this city as well as the joint activity between the Divine Adoratrice Shepenupet I and the god s Wife of Amun Elect Amenirdis I Kashta s daughter 9 A stela from Kashta s reign has been found in Elephantine modern day Aswan at the local temple dedicated to the god Khnum which attests to his control of this region 10 It bears his royal name or prenomen Nimaatre Egyptologists today believe that either he or more likely Piye was the Year 12 Nubian king mentioned in a well known inscription at Wadi Gasus which associates the Adopted god s Adoratice of Amun Amenirdis Kashta s daughter together with Year 19 of the serving God s Wife of Amun Shepenupet 11 Kashta s reign length is unknown Some sources credit Kashta as the founder of the 25th dynasty since he was the first Kushite king known to have expanded his kingdom s influence into Upper Egypt 12 Under Kashta s reign the native Kushite population of his kingdom situated between the third and fourth Cataracts of the Nile became rapidly Egyptianized and adopted Egyptian traditions religion and culture 13 Kashta s successor was Piye Burial editThe pyramids of el Kurru contain the tombs of Kashta and several of his successors The highest part of the cemetery contains 4 tumulus tombs Tum 1 2 4 and 5 To the east of the tumulus tombs we find a row of at least eight pyramids One of them partially intrudes on a tumulus tomb Tum 19 The southernmost of this row of pyramids belong to Kashta presumably to his wife Pebatjma Before this row is another row of pyramids which includes those of Piye Shabaka and Tanutamani To the south of the presumed pyramid of Pebatjma one has to cross the southern wadi to reach the southern pyramids These are the pyramids of the Queens Naparaye K 3 Khensa K 4 Qalhata K 5 and Arty K 6 14 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kashta nbsp Sitting statue of the Divine Adoratrice of Amun Amenardis I daughter of pharaoh Kashta and queen Pebatjma Cairo Museum CG 42198 nbsp Egyptian Situla Bearing the names of Kashta and Amenirdis nbsp Scarab Inscribed With the Cartouches of Kashta and Amenirdis MET EG124References edit Allen James P 2013 07 11 The Ancient Egyptian Language An Historical Study Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781107032460 Retrieved 2015 04 15 Nicholas Grimal A History of Ancient Egypt Oxford Blackwell Books 1992 p 334 Torok Laszlo 2015 The Kingdom of Kush Handbook of the Napatan Meroitic Civilization BRILL pp 123 124 ISBN 978 90 04 29401 1 a b c d e Morkot Robert G The Black Pharaohs Egypt s Nubian Rulers The Rubicon Press 2000 ISBN 0 948695 24 2 a b c Aidan Dodson amp Dyan Hilton The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt Thames amp Hudson 2004 ISBN 0 500 05128 3 p 234 240 Dows Dunham and M F Laming Macadam Names and Relationships of the Royal Family of Napata The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Vol 35 Dec 1949 pp 139 149 JSTOR Laszlo Torok The Kingdom of Kush Handbook of the Napatan Meroitic Civilization Handbuch der Orientalistik 31 Brill 1997 pp 148 49 Torok p 150 Torok p 149 Grimal p 335 Boardman John The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 1 The Prehistory of the Balkans the Middle East and the Aegean World Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC Cambridge University Press 2nd edition 1982 ISBN 978 0 521 22496 3 p 570 1 The New Encyclopaedia Britannica Micropaedia Vol 8 15th edition 2003 p 817 Britannica p 817 D M Dixon The Origin of the Kingdom of Kush Napata Meroe The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Vol 50 Dec 1964 pp 121 132 Preceded byAlara Kushite king25th Dynasty Succeeded byPiye Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kashta amp oldid 1177824445, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
