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Wikipedia

S-400 missile system

February 16, 2024

"S-400" redirects here. For other uses, see S400.

The S-400 Triumf (Russian: C-400 Триумф – Triumf; translation: Triumph; NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler), previously known as the S-300 PMU-3,[4] is a mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed in the 1990s by Russia's NPO Almaz as an upgrade to the S-300 family of missiles. The S-400 was approved for service on 28 April 2007 and the first battalion of the systems assumed combat duty on 6 August 2007. The system complements its successor, the S-500.

S-400 Triumf
NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler
S-400 Triumf launch vehicle
TypeMobile long-range surface-to-air/anti-ballistic missile system
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service6 August 2007 – present
Used byPrimary user: Russia
See Operators section for others
Production history
DesignerAlmaz-Antey
ManufacturerFakel Machine-Building Design Bureau
Unit costDomestic: ~US$800 million for a battery and reserve missiles.
Export: US$500–625 million for a battery and reserve missiles (2021)[1][2]
Specifications
EngineYaMZ-8424.10 diesel V12
400 hp (300 kW)
TransmissionYaMZ
SuspensionLeaf spring
Ground clearance485 mm (19.1 in)
Operational
range
  • 400 km (250 mi) – 40N6E missile[3]
  • 150 km (93 mi) – 48N6(E) missile
  • 200 km (120 mi) – 48N6M(E2) missile
  • 240 km (150 mi) – 48N6DM(E3) missile
  • 40 km (25 mi) – 9M96 missile
  • 120 km (75 mi) – 9M96M(E2)) missile
Guidance
system
SARH with all missile model,and ARH in 40N6E, 9M96E2, 9M96E and 9M96 missiles

Development edit

 
The 48N6E3 missile used by the S-400

The development of the S-400 system began in the late 1980s and was announced by the Russian Air Force in January 1993.[5] On 12 February 1999 successful tests were reported at Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan, and the S-400 was scheduled for deployment by the Russian army in 2001.[6] Alexander Lemanskiy of Almaz-Antey was the Chief Engineer on the S-400 project.

In 2003, it became apparent that the system was not ready for deployment. In August, two high-ranking military officials expressed concern that the S-400 was being tested with older interceptors from the S-300P system and concluded that it was not ready for deployment.[6] The completion of the project was announced in February 2004. In April, a ballistic missile was successfully intercepted in a test of the upgraded 48N6DM missile.[7][8] The system was approved for service by the government on 28 April 2007.[9] Russia had accepted for service the 40N6 long-range missile for the S-400 air-defence system, a source in the domestic defense industry told TASS news agency in October 2018.[10]

The S-400 Triumf and Pantsir missile system can be integrated into a two-layer defense system.[11][12]

Structure edit

 
PBU 55K6E command centre

S-400 missile systems are organized around the 30K6E administration system, which can coordinate eight divizions (battalions).[13][14][15] The 55K6E is a command and control center based on the Ural-532301 vehicle. The 91N6E[13] is a panoramic radar detection system with a 340 km (210 mi) range and protection against jamming, and is mounted on an MZKT-7930 vehicle.[16] Six battalions of 98ZH6E surface-to-air missile systems (an independent combat system)[17] can track no more than six targets on their own,[18] with an additional two battalions if they are within a 40-kilometre (25 mi) range. The 92N6E (or 92N2E) is a multi-functional radar with a 340-kilometre (210 mi) range, which can track 20 targets.[19][20] The 5P85TE2 transporter-erector-launcher and the 5P85SE2 on a trailer (up to 12 launchers) are used for launch. The 48N6E, 48N6E2, 48N6E3, 48N6DM, 9M96E, 9M96E2, and the ultra-long-range 40N6E missiles have been authorized by a Russian presidential decree.[21]

 
S-400 92N2 radar and 5P85T2

Optional elements of the S-400 (98ZH6E)[17][22] include the 15I6ME–98ZH6E, which extends coverage 30, 60, and 90 km (19, 38, and 57 mi) from that provided by the 30K6E. The 96L6E[23] has a 300-kilometre (190 mi) detection range. The 40B6M is housing for the 92N6E or 96L6E radar. The Protivnik-GE is an anti-stealth UHF radar with a 400-kilometre (250 mi) range.[24] The Moscow-1 passive sensor is 2+1⁄2 times more effective than the Protivnik, with a 400-kilometre (250 mi) range[25] Orion[26] for a target-designation on-the-air defense system, and the Avtobaza-M[27] and Orion+ Avtobaza add high-precision detection. The 1RL220BE[17][28] versions were reportedly used for jamming.[29] The 400-kilometre (250 mi)-range S-200D Dubna (SA-5c) missiles and S-300 P-family radar systems can be used without additional command-and-control centers.[30] S-300 (SA-20A, SA-20B) missiles may also be guided.[31]A-50 and A-50U[13] aircraft provide early warning and command-and-control target designation.[32]

 
Protivnik-GE model at the 2013 MAKS Airshow

The 30К6Е control system can be integrated with the[17] S-400 Triumf 98ZH6E system; the S-300PMU2 (through the 83М6Е2 control system); the S-300PMU1 (through the 83М6Е control system); the Tor-M1 through the Ranzhir-M battery-command post; the Pantsir-S1 through the lead battery vehicle. The Protivnik-GE and Gamma-DE radars, integrated with the 92H6E radar system, enables communication between each battery with Baikal-E senior command posts and similar types; nearby 30К6Е, 83М6Е and 83М6Е2 administration systems; the Polyana-D4М1 command post; fighter-aircraft command post, and mobile long-range radars. The system's VHF component provides sector search-and-tracking, with the X- and L-band components providing fine-tracking capability. Good placement of the radars relative to the threat axis enables the L- and X-band components to illuminate the incoming target from angles where the target radar cross-section (RCS) is sub-optimal. The RLM-S and RLM-D have better elevation-tracking accuracy than the RLM-M, and the Nebo-M should be capable of producing high-quality tracks suitable for mid-course guidance of modern surface-to-air missiles and trajectory guidance of legacy SAMs.[33]

 
92N6A radar for S-400

The Gamma-C1E SHF mobile radar station has a 300-kilometre (190 mi) detection range.[34] The Nebo-M VHF mobile radar station and the Resonance-NE radar station have a detection range of 400 kilometres (250 mi), and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to a height of 500 metres (1,600 ft). All Nebo-family locators are doubled for army air defense.[35] During the 1970s, the long-range mobile UHF 5H87, and SHF 5H69 low-altitude locators were used.[36] A goal of the 1980s was detection at a height of 10 metres (33 ft) at a distance of 40 km (25 mi).[37] The Elbrus-90 computer is used to control the system.[38]

Components edit

According to the Almaz-Antey product brochure,[39] the 92N6E multi-function radar acts as the primary radar with an actual detection range of 340 km. An interceptor missile is highly dependent on 92N6E multi-function radar rather than Nebo-SVU high-altitude VHF radar.

The 91N6E panoramic radar[40] has a declared targeting range of 150 km (93 mi)[41] Maximum targeting ranges (detection ranges are wider) are:

  • For a ballistic target (speed of 4800 m/s and a RCS of 0.4 square metres): 200 km (120 mi)
  • For a target with RCS of 4 square metres: 340 km (210 mi)[42]
  • For targeting of strategic-bomber sized types: 340 km (210 mi)[43]
 
96L6 high-altitude radar

The 96L6 high-altitude detector (TSBS)[44][45] radar and equipment operates independently of the 96L6E low-level radar detector. The 96L6E2 export version can track a maximum of 20 targets,[46] and is resistant to false returns of clutter in mountainous terrain. It can perform the functions of a command post for battalions of S-300 (SA20/20A/20B)[47] or S-400. The 96L6-1[48] serves as command of S-400 and S-500 batteries.

  • PBU 55K6E command center[49] with a maximum distance between the command center and the battalion of 98ZH6E when re-transmitters are being used is 100 km (62 mi).

Missiles are launched from 5P85TE2 self-propelled launchers or 5P85SE2 trailer launchers operating in conjunction with a BAZ-64022 or MAZ-543M tractor-trailer. A new type of transporter was introduced in 2014 to improve mobility while reducing fuel consumption. The cost of transporters in 2014 is 8.7 million rubles.[50] The MAZ launcher chassis are reportedly of higher quality than the domestic equivalent.[51]

Missiles edit

 
9M100E SAM at the 2017 MAKS airshow

One system comprising eight divizion (battalions) can control 72 launchers, with a maximum of 384 missiles[52] (including missiles with a range of less than 250 km [160 mi]).[53][54][55] A gas system launches missiles from launch tubes. At 30 metres (98 ft) downrange rocket motor ignition activates.[31] In April 2015, a successful test firing of the missile was conducted at an airborne target at a range of 400 km (250 mi);[56][57] Transporter Erector Launchers (TELs) carrying the long-range 40N6 may only hold two missiles instead of the typical four due to their large size.[58] Another test recorded a 9M96 missile using an active radar homing head that reached a height of 56 km (35 mi).[59] All missiles are equipped with directed explosion warheads, which increases the probability of complete destruction of aerial targets but are less effective against ballistic targets.[60] In 2016, Russian anti-aircraft missile troops received upgraded guided missiles for S-300 and S-400 defense systems.[61] The anti-aircraft version of the missile system, designed to destroy aircraft, cruise, and ballistic missiles, can also be used against ground targets.[62] The S-400 is able to intercept cruise missiles at a range of only about 40 km (25 mi) due to their low-altitude flight paths.[63]

Missile specifications
GRAU index Range Altitude Maximum velocity Maximum target velocity Weight Warhead Guidance Notes
40N6E[64] 380 km (240 mi)[64] 30 km (98,000 ft)[64] 1,190 m/s (2,700 mph; Mach 3.5)[65] 4,800 m/s (11,000 mph; Mach 14)[64] 1,893 kg[66] Semi-active radar homing or
active radar homing 		With an active radar homing head, climbs to designated altitude then guidance switches to search & destroy mode.[31]

Effective against low-altitude targets at extremely long range (below the radio horizon).[67]

Only small amounts were manufactured.

48N6DM/
48N6E3 		240 km (150 mi)[68] 27 km (89,000 ft) 2,000 m/s (4,500 mph; Mach 5.9)[68] 4,800 m/s (11,000 mph; Mach 14)[68] 1,835 kg (4,045 lb)[68] 180 kg (400 lb)[68] Semi-active radar homing[17] Most common SA-20 missile in service
48N6E2 200 km (120 mi)[68] 27 km (89,000 ft) 2,000 m/s (4,500 mph; Mach 5.9)[68] 2,800 m/s (6,300 mph; Mach 8.2)[68] 1,835 kg (4,045 lb)[68] 180 kg (400 lb)[68] Semi-active radar homing[17]
9M96 and
9M96E2 		120 km (75 mi)[69] 30 km (98,000 ft)[69] 1,000 m/s (2,200 mph; Mach 2.9)[69] 420 kg (930 lb)[69] 24 kg (53 lb)[69] Active radar homing[69] High hit probability with one missile against fast, maneuvering targets. Aircraft = 0.9; UAV = 0.8; Cruise missile = 0.7.[13][69]
Load factor of more than 20 g at 30 km (19 mi) altitude greatly increases the probability to destroy short- to medium-range ballistic missiles.[30]Only small amounts were manufactured, not seen whether in combat, nor in service.
9M96E 40 km (25 mi)[69][70] 20 km (66,000 ft)[70] 900 m/s (2,000 mph; Mach 2.6)[71] 333 kg (734 lb)[70] 24 kg (53 lb)[70] Active radar homing[72] Targeting at the radio horizon, with homing action to aid interception of low-flying targets at long range.

Only small amounts were manufactured, not seen whether in combat, nor in service.

9M100E Not commissioned
  • The anti-ballistic missile (ABM) capabilities of the S-400 system are near the maximum allowed under the (now void) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
  • The new anti-ballistic missiles 77N6-N and 77N6-N1 to enter service in 2022 supposedly add inert/kinetic anti-ballistic capability to the S-500 system and are too large for SA-20.[73] The same missiles will also be used by the S-500, which has a clearly stated anti-BM role.[74]

Missile gallery edit

  •  
    9M96E2 SAM at the 2017 MAKS airshow
  •  
    9M96E2 SAM at the 2017 MAKS airshow
  •  
    9M96E2-1 at the 2017 MAKS airshow
  •  
    5P85TM TEL for S-400 missile system
  •  
    5P85SE2 TEL
  •  
    5P85TE2 TEL
  • S-400 firing in 2020 at the Ashuluk Training Ground
  • S-400 firing in 2013 at the Ashuluk Training Ground
  • S-400 firing during Kavkaz 2020 exercise

S-300 system family tree edit

S-300 family
S-300VS-300PS-300F
S-300V1S-300V2S-300PTS-300PSFortRif
S-300VMS-300PT-1S-300PMS-300PMUFort-MRif-M
Favorit-S
S-300VM1S-300VM2S-300PT-1AS-300PM1S-300PMU1
Antey 2500S-300PM2S-300PMU2Russian Ver.
S-300V4FavoritExport Ver.
S-300VMDS-400

Morpheus defence system edit

  • A separate independent air defense system, the 42S6 Morfey (Morpheus) is being developed. This system is designated as a short-range air defense system to protect the S-400 from various threats during its terminal phase, and will also act together with the S-350E as a supplement to the S-400. Together, these systems form part of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.[75]
  • Development of Morfey started in 2007 and was planned to be introduced in 2013, but was delayed until at least 2015, in 2023 the development is not completed.[76][77][78] The missile system consists of omnidirectional 29YA6 radar and 36 missiles.[75] The missiles have up to 10 km (6.2 mi) range and an altitude of up to 3500 m.[75][79]
  • An external independent target system is in the works (RLS "Niobium"). Mobility looks to be in the 5 minute range. It uses multiple frequency capability (band S and UHF) with a declared detection parameter of a 1 square meter RCS at 430 km (270 mi) including a target speed of 8000 km/h (4791 mph, Mach 6.35). The detection system requires the operator to transfer command of targeting to subordinate systems; in this application, the maximum target speed is obtained by use of the subordinate systems.[80]

Specifications edit

Main characteristics of the S-400[81]
Max. target speed 4.8 km/s (17,000 km/h; 11,000 mph; Mach 14)[22]or

lower than 850 metres per second (3,100 km/h; 1,900 mph; Mach 2.5)[82]

Target detection distance (km) 400
Range against aerodynamic target (km)
  • maximum
  • minimum
 400[83]
2[53]
Altitude limits for aerodynamic target (2015, km)
  • maximum
  • minimum
 27[22] (easily)/30[54]
Range against tactical ballistic targets (km)
  • maximum
  • minimum
 60
5[17]
The number of simultaneously engaged targets (full system) 36[84]
The number of simultaneously guided missiles (full system) 72, can use 2 missile to attack 1 target[85]
Ready for operation on a signal from driving on the march 5 min;[86] 10–15 min during development[87]
Ready for operation on a signal from standby ready and enabled 35 sec; ready 3 min[40]
Time between major overhauls 10,000 hours
Service life
  • ground facilities
  • anti-aircraft guided missiles
At least 20 years
10 years
  • Types of targets:[88]
    • Aerial targets
    • Ballistic missiles with low probability (range up to 3,500 km)[70][82]
  • All-purpose maximum radial velocity is 4.8 kilometres per second (17,000 km/h; 11,000 mph; Mach 14); absolute limit 5 kilometres per second (18,000 km/h; 11,000 mph; Mach 15),[70] the minimum target speed is zero.[17]
  • System response time 9–10 seconds.[89]
  • The complex can move on roads at 60 km/h (37 mph) and off-road at speeds up to 25 km/h (16 mph).[90]
  • According to the Pravda state newspaper, the price of one battalion (about 7–8 launchers) is US$200 million.[91]

Deployment history edit

Russia edit

 
S-400 crew on duty

A regular S-400 battalion consists of up to eight launchers with 32 missiles and a mobile command post.[citation needed]

On 21 May 2007[citation needed] the Russian Air Force announced that S-400 systems would be put on combat duty near the town of Elektrostal in Moscow Oblast, to defend Moscow and Central Russia, by 1 July 2007.[92] On 6 August 2007 the first regiment equipped with S-400 systems entered active service near Elektrostal, according to Channel One Russia. The regiment was the 606th Guards Anti-air Rocket Regiment, 9th PVO Division, 1st PVO Corps, of the Special Purpose Command.[93]

On 8 February 2008 Lt. Gen. Vladimir Sviridov announced that Russia would be replacing the S-300 systems in the northwest of Russia with the S-400. Military experts expect Russia's use of the system as a major component of their ballistic missile defense until 2020.[94]

In September 2006 Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov announced the purchase of 18 S-400 battalions for internal defense for the period 2007–2015.[95]

On 17 March 2009 Russia's defense minister announced that a second regiment equipped with advanced S-400 Triumf air defense missile systems had been put into combat service.[citation needed]

On 26 August 2009 the General Staff said S-400 systems had been deployed in the Russian Far East to counter possible North Korean missile tests and prevent fragments from falling onto Russian territory.[citation needed]

In February 2011 a second unit of S-400 missile systems was deployed at Dubrovki, north of Moscow. The 210th Air Defense Regiment consists of two battalions, each deploying eight launch points of four missiles.[citation needed] In February 2011, it was also announced that the missile system will be deployed in the southern Kuril Islands.[citation needed]

The Baltic Fleet in Kaliningrad received S-400 SAM systems which went into operational status in April 2012.[96] One S-400 divizion is deployed on combat duty in the Russian far east city of Nakhodka.[97]

As of 2012, one system (in Electrostal) was operational, with three more S-400 battalions being deployed. All 56 battalions will be delivered by 2020.[98][needs update] Russia is also setting up two regiments of S-400 in the Eastern Military district.[citation needed]

As of September 2013 the Russian Armed Forces had five S-400 regiments: two in Moscow, one in the Pacific fleet, one in the Baltic Fleet, and one in the Southern Military District. Starting in 2014, the army was to receive two to three sets of regimental units of S-400 systems every year.[citation needed] Another S-400 regiment was to be put on combat duty around Moscow by the end of 2013. Russia eventually plans to deploy 28 S-400 regiments by 2020, each comprising two or three battalions with four systems each.[citation needed]

Russia plans to recommission the Kirov-class battlecruiser Admiral Nakhimov in 2023. Plans called for the installation of the 48N6DMK anti-aircraft missile derived from the land-based S-400. This will extend the Kirov's air defense from 100 km (62 mi; 54 nmi) to 250 km (160 mi; 130 nmi).[99][needs update] Adm. Vladimir Korolev stated at that time that Russia's Northern Fleet's Coastal Forces had deployed S-400s.[100][101]

On 1 March 2016 the acting commander of the 14th Air Force and Air Defense Army, major general Vladimir Korytkov, said that six S-400 units had been activated at the air defense formation in Russia's Novosibirsk Oblast.[102] TASS also reported that as of the end of 2015, a total of eleven Russian missile regiments were armed with S-400, and by the end of 2016 their number was expected to increase to sixteen.[102]

In November 2023, the Russian publication Izvestia revealed an issue with the 40N6 missile after some 1,000 units have been ordered. The 40N6 missile relies on a high explosive fragmentation warhead to damage incoming ballistic missiles. The quote from Izvestia says that the 40N6 "hits with pellets of metal fragments and destroys the warhead of the enemy's weapon (ballistic missile)." The same issue also applies to the 9M96 missile. A similar issue arose with the Patriot missile's PAC-2 missiles during the First Gulf War leading to only a 9% destruction rate against Iraqi launched Scud missiles. The PAC-2 did not use hit-to-kill technology and was replaced in the role of intercepting ballistic missiles with the PAC-3 warhead.

2015 – Syria edit

Main article: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

It was reported in November 2015 that S-400s would be deployed to Syria along with the contingent of Russian troops and other military hardware in the course of the air campaign conducted by the Russian forces in support of the Syrian government.[103] However, those claims were refuted by Russia.[104] On 25 November 2015 the Russian government announced it would deploy S-400s in Syria as a response to the downing of its Su-24M jet by Turkey.[105] By the next day, deployment of S-400 air defense systems to Syria was underway.[106] The first S-400 unit was activated at the Khmeimim Air Base in Latakia Governorate.[107] In April and July 2017 a second S-400 unit was activated 13 km (8.1 mi) northwest of Masyaf, Hama Governorate.[107] Although these systems are located in Syria, they are under the command of the Russian military and not the Syrian (nor Iranian) military,[108] making the Russian government liable if used against another state (that is, its use would be considered an attack by Russia rather than Syria).

On 22 May 2018 Israeli Air Force commander, Major General Amikam Norkin, reported that Israel became the first country in the world to use the F-35I Adir in combat during recent clashes with Iran in Syria.[109] In mid-2020, several media outlets, including Turkish media, questioned the combat capability of the S-400 air defense system.[110] In late December 2021, the Israeli Air Force flew military jets over areas protected by S-400 and Pantsir SAM in Syria and bombed Iran-backed Hezbollah militia based in Latakia.[111] Russia operates a naval base in the port of Tartus, 85 km (53 mi) to the south near the port of Latakia.[112][113] Considering the engagement range advertised by the Russians, the S-400 could have engaged Israeli aircraft but did not. Neither Russian fighter jets nor the S-400 systems attempted to intercept the Israeli aircraft.[108] It is widely believed that Russia and Israel have an agreement that Israel will guarantee the safety of Russian personnel and assets during its strikes on non-Russian targets in Syria and in return, Russia will not target Israeli aircraft nor repel Israeli strikes.[108]

2022 – Ukraine edit

Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Initial Ukrainian sources claimed that, on 25 February 2022, the Su-27 of Ukrainian Colonel Oleksandr Oksanchenko was shot down by an S-400 over Kyiv.[114]

On 14 April 2022, the Russian Defence Ministry claimed that a Ukrainian Mi-8 was shot down by a S-400 near Horodnia, Chernihiv Oblast on its way to an air base following an attack on Russian territory near Klimovo, Bryansk Oblast.[115][116]

In August 2022, Ukraine claimed that a 92N6E radar used in the S-400 SAM system was destroyed in Kherson region.[117]

On 15 October 2022, a S-400 missile crashed or was shot down in the Grayvoronsky District of Belgorod Oblast, Russia.[118]

On 23 August 2023, GRU released a video of two alleged elements of an S-400 battery being destroyed in Olenivka, Crimea, 120 km (75 mi) south of Kherson, by a barrage of Ukrainian missiles.[119][120][121] Ukrainian forces, according to Ukrainian media, used a R-360 Neptune and a drone to destroy the missile’s radar.[122][123]

On 14 September 2023, Ukraine claimed to have destroyed a Russian S-400’s radar near Yevpatoria, Crimea.[124] On 4 October 2023, Ukrainian kamikaze drone destroyed one radar and a missile launcher of S-400 system in Belgorod region.[125]

In late October 2023, Russian sources claimed that the S-400 was used in conjunction with the Beriev A-50 flying radar to shoot at Ukrainian air targets with new warheads of anti-aircraft guided missiles.[126]

On 9 November 2023, the UK MoD intelligence assessment indicated that due to the destruction of "several" Russian S-400s in Ukraine, Russia may have to redeploy S-400 systems from "distant parts" of Russia's borders to Ukraine.[127]

Russians have been reported to use reprogrammed S-400 missiles to launch ballistic ground-to-ground attacks. In such an attack on 13 December 2023 out of 10 missiles fired at Kyiv, all were supposedly downed, but falling debris still caused some damage in residential regions. The missiles were most likely reprogrammed 48N6.[128][129]

Belarus edit

In 2011 State Secretary of the Union State of Russia and Belarus Pavel Borodin stated that Russia will supply the S-400 air defense system to Belarus.[130] On 1 December 2021 Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko, in response to a reporter's question, replied that a Belarusian training center already has S-400 systems. The president said: "Yes. We train our guys in this training center. I'd like to ask the president [of Russia] to leave this system here."[131] In May 2022 Lukashenko further announced the country bought an undisclosed number of S-400 air defense missile systems.[132]

China edit

In March 2014, it was announced that Russian President Vladimir Putin had given authorization to sell the S-400 system to China.[133] On 13 April 2015, the chief executive of the Russian state-run arms trader Rosoboronexport confirmed that China secured a contract for the purchase of the S-400 air defense system.[134] Delivery of the system began in January 2018.[135] China test fired Russian S-400 systems for the first time in early August 2018.[136][137] Deliveries were reportedly postponed after the delivery of two S-400 units.[138]

The acquisition of S-400, reported to initially consist of six batteries, improves China's air space defense. A reported 400 km (250 mi) coverage range would allow China's defense to cover all of the Taiwan Straits and the Diaoyu Islands. Taiwan plans countermeasures using signals intelligence units to locate and destroy S-400 systems before they can be used.[139]

Turkey edit

In late 2017 Turkish and Russian officials signed a US$2.5 billion agreement for delivery of the S-400 air defense system to Turkey.[140][141] The US Secretary of State raised concerns over the deal,[142] which were rebuffed by President Erdogan and other Turkish officials, citing the US refusal to sell the upgraded MIM-104 Patriot to Turkey, considered to be an important American ally by the US. Turkey received its first installment of the Russian S-400 missile defense system on 12 July 2019.[143] On 17 July 2019, Turkey was suspended from the F-35 program, the US stating "F-35 cannot coexist with a Russian intelligence collection platform that will be used to learn about its advanced capabilities"[144] and on December 14, 2020, the US imposed CAATSA sanctions on Turkey.[145] As of 2020, 4 batteries consisting of 36 fire units and 192 or more missiles were delivered to Turkey.[146]

Turkey has tested the S-400 air defense system against drones and F-16 fighter jets at low altitudes. According to Turkish media, the Turkish military has identified some deficiencies against a slow-moving object at low altitude.[147][148]  

India edit

On 15 October 2016, during the BRICS Summit, India and Russia signed an Inter-governmental Agreement (IGA) for the supply of five S-400 regiments to India.[149] The US$5.43 billion deal (₹40,000 crore) was formally signed on 5 October 2018, ignoring the threat of US sanctions.[150] The deliveries were expected to commence by the end of 2020[151][152][153] and brought into service in October 2020.[154]

In March 2021, U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin discussed India's planned purchase of Russia's S-400 air missile system and warned that the purchase of S-400 could trigger CAATSA sanctions.[155]

The first squadron of S-400 was received by India in December 2021 and deployed in the Punjab sector.[156] Delivery of the second S-400 squadron began from April 2022 onwards and the system deployed on the border facing China in the eastern part of India.[157]Alexander Mikheyev, Rosoboronexport CEO, said "The contract with India is being implemented successfully. In the near future, we will supply a second regiment. The first one has been provided already. More than 200 specialists have been trained. All five regiments will be supplied by the end of 2023".[158] While delivery of the third squadron was planned for November 2022,[159] the third squadron was finally delivered in February 2023.[160]

Delivery of the remaining two systems are likely to be dependent on the resolution of issues such as insurance and establishment of mechanism for balance payments which are delayed due to sanctions on Russia. However, it is expected that these will be resolved and delivery of balance squadrons completed by late 2023 or early 2024.[161]

Foreign interest edit

Saudi Arabia edit

In September 2009 the S-400 was reportedly part of a US$2 billion arms deal between Russia and Saudi Arabia.[162] The Saudis wanted to acquire the S-400, but Russia was only willing to sell S-300 air defense system at the time.[163] By November 2019 the deal had still not been finalized.[164] Saudi Arabia is no longer considering the Russian S-400 air defense system, following the kingdom's deal for an American alternative. The American Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system has been cleared for sale to the Saudis by the U.S. State Department cleared the THAAD estimated at $15 billion in 2017 dollars.[165]

Iran edit

In June 2019 some Iranian officials expressed interest in procuring the S-400 missile system to further improve its defense capabilities along with the previously purchased S-300PMU2. Russia stated at the time it was ready to sell the S-400 system to Iran if an official request was made.[citation needed]

Egypt edit

In February 2017 Sergey Chemezov, CEO of Rostec, stated that Egypt was interested in the S-400 air defense system. He explained that Russia offered to sell Egypt either the Antey-2500 or S-400. According to Chemezov, the negotiations were delayed due to Egypt's financial issues.[166]

Iraq edit

In February 2018 Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs Ibrahim al-Jaafari confirmed ongoing rumors that his country had shown interest in the S-400 and that negotiations with Russia were underway.[167][168][169] In May 2019 Iraq's ambassador to Russia, Haidar Mandour Hadi, said the Iraqi government had decided to procure the S-400 air defense system.[170]

Qatar edit

In January 2018 Russian state media TASS reported that Qatar was in an advanced state of talks to procure the S-400 air defense system.[171][172]

United States edit

In June 2020 United States senator John Thune proposed an amendment to the (ultimately unsuccessful) Senate version of the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act to allow the US Department of Defense to purchase Turkey's S-400 system with funds from the U.S. Army's missile procurement account,[173] thus negating Turkey's contravention of the CAATSA sanctions.[174] This was an attempt to allow Turkey to re-enter the F-35 Lightning II acquisition and ownership program.[174]

Serbia edit

Serbia has also expressed interest in the system.[175][176]

Foreign variant edit

South Korea edit

South Korea is developing the KM-SAM, a medium-range SAM system based on technology from the 9M96 missile, with assistance from NPO Almaz. The prime contractor is Hanwha Group (formerly Samsung-Thales, a defunct joint venture between South Korea's Samsung and France's Thales).[177] The KM-SAM will consist of an X-band multifunction radar vehicle built by Hanwha in technical cooperation with Almaz,[178] with fire control and TEL vehicles built by Doosan.[179] Missiles will be provided by LIG Nex1.[180]

Operators edit

  Current operators: Algeria,[181] Belarus,[131] China,[182] India,[183] Russia,[184] Turkey[185]

Current operators edit

  Algeria
  Belarus
  China
  India
  • Indian Air Force – A contract was signed in October 2018 during an official meeting between Russia's President Vladimir Putin and India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi. The deal, worth of $US5.43 billion, includes delivery of the 1st regiment of the S-400 beginning November 2021. India plans to deploy the 1st regiment of the S-400 by April 2022.
  Russia
  Turkey

Gallery edit

  •  
    S-400's 92N2 radar and 5P85T2
  •  
    The 96L6 high-altitude detector
  •  
    The 48N6E3 missile used by the S-400.
  •  
    S-400 Triumf launch vehicle
  •  
    22T6 loader for S-400 and S-300 systems
  •  
    5P85SM2-01 TEL launcher from the S-400 system
  •  
    ТЗМ 22Т6 on the Ashuluk proving ground in 2017
  •  
    S-400 surface-to-air missile systems during the Victory parade 2010
  •  
  •  
    S-400 system during a rehearsal for Russia's 2009 Victory Day parade in Moscow.
  •  
    Russian 15.00 rubles stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Obukhov State Plant
  •  
    9M83ME and 9M82ME SAM for S-300VM Antey-2500 missile system and 48N6E3 SAM for S-400 system
  •  
    The self-propelled launch vehicle 5P90S on a BAZ-6909-022 chassis for the S-400 system
  •  
    The all-altitude detection radar 96L6E of S-300/400 systems, mounted on the chassis of MZKT-7930
  •  
    The BAZ-69092-021 towing vehicle for the 5I57A power generator and the 63T6A power converter for the S-400 system
  •  
    76N6 Clam Shell FMCW acquisition radar is used to support the Flap Lid SA-10 fire control radar. NATO code name: "Clam Shell."
  •  
    The BAZ-69092-021 towing vehicle for the 5I57A power generator and the 63T6A power converter for the S-400 system
  •  
    Two 5P85SM surface-to-air missile launchers and a 92Н6 radar guidance at Russia's Khmeimim airbase in Syria
  •  
    Anti-access/area denial bubble created by Iskander-M and S-400 systems deployed at Russia's Khmeimim airbase in Syria. Red – ballistic missile range (700 km). Blue – maximum range of the S-400 system with 40N6 missile (400 km).

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to S-400 Triumf.
  • S-400 Triumf | CSIS Missile Threat
  • www.almaz-antey
  • Radar S-400 (basic and potential as Protivnik-GE, Gamma-DE) their exact specifications and photos, indicated target size, height and distance, resistance to interference and anti-stealth capabilities, time to deployment, and other details.
  • Almaz S-400 Triumf
  • German: S-400 at www.dtig.org
  • A lot of photos of all elements S-400 from various foreshortenings (copy prohibited). Photos can be enlarged fullscreen
  • www.ausairpower.net

February 16, 2024
missile, system, redirects, here, other, uses, s400, triumf, russian, Триумф, triumf, translation, triumph, nato, reporting, name, growler, previously, known, mobile, surface, missile, system, developed, 1990s, russia, almaz, upgrade, family, missiles, approve. S 400 redirects here For other uses see S400 The S 400 Triumf Russian C 400 Triumf Triumf translation Triumph NATO reporting name SA 21 Growler previously known as the S 300 PMU 3 4 is a mobile surface to air missile SAM system developed in the 1990s by Russia s NPO Almaz as an upgrade to the S 300 family of missiles The S 400 was approved for service on 28 April 2007 and the first battalion of the systems assumed combat duty on 6 August 2007 The system complements its successor the S 500 S 400 TriumfNATO reporting name SA 21 GrowlerS 400 Triumf launch vehicleTypeMobile long range surface to air anti ballistic missile systemPlace of originRussiaService historyIn service6 August 2007 presentUsed byPrimary user Russia See Operators section for othersProduction historyDesignerAlmaz AnteyManufacturerFakel Machine Building Design BureauUnit costDomestic US 800 million for a battery and reserve missiles Export US 500 625 million for a battery and reserve missiles 2021 1 2 SpecificationsEngineYaMZ 8424 10 diesel V12400 hp 300 kW TransmissionYaMZSuspensionLeaf springGround clearance485 mm 19 1 in Operationalrange400 km 250 mi 40N6E missile 3 150 km 93 mi 48N6 E missile200 km 120 mi 48N6M E2 missile240 km 150 mi 48N6DM E3 missile40 km 25 mi 9M96 missile120 km 75 mi 9M96M E2 missileGuidancesystemSARH with all missile model and ARH in 40N6E 9M96E2 9M96E and 9M96 missiles Contents 1 Development 2 Structure 2 1 Components 2 2 Missiles 2 2 1 Missile gallery 2 3 S 300 system family tree 2 4 Morpheus defence system 3 Specifications 4 Deployment history 4 1 Russia 4 1 1 2015 Syria 4 1 2 2022 Ukraine 4 2 Belarus 4 3 China 4 4 Turkey 4 5 India 5 Foreign interest 5 1 Saudi Arabia 5 2 Iran 5 3 Egypt 5 4 Iraq 5 5 Qatar 5 6 United States 5 7 Serbia 6 Foreign variant 6 1 South Korea 7 Operators 7 1 Current operators 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksDevelopment edit nbsp The 48N6E3 missile used by the S 400The development of the S 400 system began in the late 1980s and was announced by the Russian Air Force in January 1993 5 On 12 February 1999 successful tests were reported at Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan and the S 400 was scheduled for deployment by the Russian army in 2001 6 Alexander Lemanskiy of Almaz Antey was the Chief Engineer on the S 400 project In 2003 it became apparent that the system was not ready for deployment In August two high ranking military officials expressed concern that the S 400 was being tested with older interceptors from the S 300P system and concluded that it was not ready for deployment 6 The completion of the project was announced in February 2004 In April a ballistic missile was successfully intercepted in a test of the upgraded 48N6DM missile 7 8 The system was approved for service by the government on 28 April 2007 9 Russia had accepted for service the 40N6 long range missile for the S 400 air defence system a source in the domestic defense industry told TASS news agency in October 2018 10 The S 400 Triumf and Pantsir missile system can be integrated into a two layer defense system 11 12 Structure edit nbsp PBU 55K6E command centreS 400 missile systems are organized around the 30K6E administration system which can coordinate eight divizions battalions 13 14 15 The 55K6E is a command and control center based on the Ural 532301 vehicle The 91N6E 13 is a panoramic radar detection system with a 340 km 210 mi range and protection against jamming and is mounted on an MZKT 7930 vehicle 16 Six battalions of 98ZH6E surface to air missile systems an independent combat system 17 can track no more than six targets on their own 18 with an additional two battalions if they are within a 40 kilometre 25 mi range The 92N6E or 92N2E is a multi functional radar with a 340 kilometre 210 mi range which can track 20 targets 19 20 The 5P85TE2 transporter erector launcher and the 5P85SE2 on a trailer up to 12 launchers are used for launch The 48N6E 48N6E2 48N6E3 48N6DM 9M96E 9M96E2 and the ultra long range 40N6E missiles have been authorized by a Russian presidential decree 21 nbsp S 400 92N2 radar and 5P85T2Optional elements of the S 400 98ZH6E 17 22 include the 15I6ME 98ZH6E which extends coverage 30 60 and 90 km 19 38 and 57 mi from that provided by the 30K6E The 96L6E 23 has a 300 kilometre 190 mi detection range The 40B6M is housing for the 92N6E or 96L6E radar The Protivnik GE is an anti stealth UHF radar with a 400 kilometre 250 mi range 24 The Moscow 1 passive sensor is 2 1 2 times more effective than the Protivnik with a 400 kilometre 250 mi range 25 Orion 26 for a target designation on the air defense system and the Avtobaza M 27 and Orion Avtobaza add high precision detection The 1RL220BE 17 28 versions were reportedly used for jamming 29 The 400 kilometre 250 mi range S 200D Dubna SA 5c missiles and S 300 P family radar systems can be used without additional command and control centers 30 S 300 SA 20A SA 20B missiles may also be guided 31 A 50 and A 50U 13 aircraft provide early warning and command and control target designation 32 nbsp Protivnik GE model at the 2013 MAKS AirshowThe 30K6E control system can be integrated with the 17 S 400 Triumf 98ZH6E system the S 300PMU2 through the 83M6E2 control system the S 300PMU1 through the 83M6E control system the Tor M1 through the Ranzhir M battery command post the Pantsir S1 through the lead battery vehicle The Protivnik GE and Gamma DE radars integrated with the 92H6E radar system enables communication between each battery with Baikal E senior command posts and similar types nearby 30K6E 83M6E and 83M6E2 administration systems the Polyana D4M1 command post fighter aircraft command post and mobile long range radars The system s VHF component provides sector search and tracking with the X and L band components providing fine tracking capability Good placement of the radars relative to the threat axis enables the L and X band components to illuminate the incoming target from angles where the target radar cross section RCS is sub optimal The RLM S and RLM D have better elevation tracking accuracy than the RLM M and the Nebo M should be capable of producing high quality tracks suitable for mid course guidance of modern surface to air missiles and trajectory guidance of legacy SAMs 33 nbsp 92N6A radar for S 400The Gamma C1E SHF mobile radar station has a 300 kilometre 190 mi detection range 34 The Nebo M VHF mobile radar station and the Resonance NE radar station have a detection range of 400 kilometres 250 mi and 40 kilometres 25 mi to a height of 500 metres 1 600 ft All Nebo family locators are doubled for army air defense 35 During the 1970s the long range mobile UHF 5H87 and SHF 5H69 low altitude locators were used 36 A goal of the 1980s was detection at a height of 10 metres 33 ft at a distance of 40 km 25 mi 37 The Elbrus 90 computer is used to control the system 38 Components edit According to the Almaz Antey product brochure 39 the 92N6E multi function radar acts as the primary radar with an actual detection range of 340 km An interceptor missile is highly dependent on 92N6E multi function radar rather than Nebo SVU high altitude VHF radar The 91N6E panoramic radar 40 has a declared targeting range of 150 km 93 mi 41 Maximum targeting ranges detection ranges are wider are For a ballistic target speed of 4800 m s and a RCS of 0 4 square metres 200 km 120 mi For a target with RCS of 4 square metres 340 km 210 mi 42 For targeting of strategic bomber sized types 340 km 210 mi 43 nbsp 96L6 high altitude radarThe 96L6 high altitude detector TSBS 44 45 radar and equipment operates independently of the 96L6E low level radar detector The 96L6E2 export version can track a maximum of 20 targets 46 and is resistant to false returns of clutter in mountainous terrain It can perform the functions of a command post for battalions of S 300 SA20 20A 20B 47 or S 400 The 96L6 1 48 serves as command of S 400 and S 500 batteries PBU 55K6E command center 49 with a maximum distance between the command center and the battalion of 98ZH6E when re transmitters are being used is 100 km 62 mi Missiles are launched from 5P85TE2 self propelled launchers or 5P85SE2 trailer launchers operating in conjunction with a BAZ 64022 or MAZ 543M tractor trailer A new type of transporter was introduced in 2014 to improve mobility while reducing fuel consumption The cost of transporters in 2014 is 8 7 million rubles 50 The MAZ launcher chassis are reportedly of higher quality than the domestic equivalent 51 Missiles edit nbsp 9M100E SAM at the 2017 MAKS airshowOne system comprising eight divizion battalions can control 72 launchers with a maximum of 384 missiles 52 including missiles with a range of less than 250 km 160 mi 53 54 55 A gas system launches missiles from launch tubes At 30 metres 98 ft downrange rocket motor ignition activates 31 In April 2015 a successful test firing of the missile was conducted at an airborne target at a range of 400 km 250 mi 56 57 Transporter Erector Launchers TELs carrying the long range 40N6 may only hold two missiles instead of the typical four due to their large size 58 Another test recorded a 9M96 missile using an active radar homing head that reached a height of 56 km 35 mi 59 All missiles are equipped with directed explosion warheads which increases the probability of complete destruction of aerial targets but are less effective against ballistic targets 60 In 2016 Russian anti aircraft missile troops received upgraded guided missiles for S 300 and S 400 defense systems 61 The anti aircraft version of the missile system designed to destroy aircraft cruise and ballistic missiles can also be used against ground targets 62 The S 400 is able to intercept cruise missiles at a range of only about 40 km 25 mi due to their low altitude flight paths 63 Missile specifications GRAU index Range Altitude Maximum velocity Maximum target velocity Weight Warhead Guidance Notes40N6 E 64 380 km 240 mi 64 30 km 98 000 ft 64 1 190 m s 2 700 mph Mach 3 5 65 4 800 m s 11 000 mph Mach 14 64 1 893 kg 66 Semi active radar homing oractive radar homing With an active radar homing head climbs to designated altitude then guidance switches to search amp destroy mode 31 Effective against low altitude targets at extremely long range below the radio horizon 67 Only small amounts were manufactured 48N6DM 48N6E3 240 km 150 mi 68 27 km 89 000 ft 2 000 m s 4 500 mph Mach 5 9 68 4 800 m s 11 000 mph Mach 14 68 1 835 kg 4 045 lb 68 180 kg 400 lb 68 Semi active radar homing 17 Most common SA 20 missile in service48N6E2 200 km 120 mi 68 27 km 89 000 ft 2 000 m s 4 500 mph Mach 5 9 68 2 800 m s 6 300 mph Mach 8 2 68 1 835 kg 4 045 lb 68 180 kg 400 lb 68 Semi active radar homing 17 9M96 and 9M96E2 120 km 75 mi 69 30 km 98 000 ft 69 1 000 m s 2 200 mph Mach 2 9 69 420 kg 930 lb 69 24 kg 53 lb 69 Active radar homing 69 High hit probability with one missile against fast maneuvering targets Aircraft 0 9 UAV 0 8 Cruise missile 0 7 13 69 Load factor of more than 20 g at 30 km 19 mi altitude greatly increases the probability to destroy short to medium range ballistic missiles 30 Only small amounts were manufactured not seen whether in combat nor in service 9M96E 40 km 25 mi 69 70 20 km 66 000 ft 70 900 m s 2 000 mph Mach 2 6 71 333 kg 734 lb 70 24 kg 53 lb 70 Active radar homing 72 Targeting at the radio horizon with homing action to aid interception of low flying targets at long range Only small amounts were manufactured not seen whether in combat nor in service 9M100E Not commissionedThe anti ballistic missile ABM capabilities of the S 400 system are near the maximum allowed under the now void Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty The new anti ballistic missiles 77N6 N and 77N6 N1 to enter service in 2022 supposedly add inert kinetic anti ballistic capability to the S 500 system and are too large for SA 20 73 The same missiles will also be used by the S 500 which has a clearly stated anti BM role 74 Missile gallery edit nbsp 9M96E2 SAM at the 2017 MAKS airshow nbsp 9M96E2 SAM at the 2017 MAKS airshow nbsp 9M96E2 1 at the 2017 MAKS airshow nbsp 5P85TM TEL for S 400 missile system nbsp 5P85SE2 TEL nbsp 5P85TE2 TEL source source source source source source source source S 400 firing in 2020 at the Ashuluk Training Ground source source source source source source source source S 400 firing in 2013 at the Ashuluk Training Ground source source source source source source source source S 400 firing during Kavkaz 2020 exerciseS 300 system family tree edit S 300 familyS 300VS 300PS 300FS 300V1S 300V2S 300PTS 300PSFortRifS 300VMS 300PT 1S 300PMS 300PMUFort MRif MFavorit SS 300VM1S 300VM2S 300PT 1AS 300PM1S 300PMU1Antey 2500S 300PM2S 300PMU2Russian Ver S 300V4FavoritExport Ver S 300VMDS 400Morpheus defence system edit A separate independent air defense system the 42S6 Morfey Morpheus is being developed This system is designated as a short range air defense system to protect the S 400 from various threats during its terminal phase and will also act together with the S 350E as a supplement to the S 400 Together these systems form part of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces 75 Development of Morfey started in 2007 and was planned to be introduced in 2013 but was delayed until at least 2015 in 2023 the development is not completed 76 77 78 The missile system consists of omnidirectional 29YA6 radar and 36 missiles 75 The missiles have up to 10 km 6 2 mi range and an altitude of up to 3500 m 75 79 An external independent target system is in the works RLS Niobium Mobility looks to be in the 5 minute range It uses multiple frequency capability band S and UHF with a declared detection parameter of a 1 square meter RCS at 430 km 270 mi including a target speed of 8000 km h 4791 mph Mach 6 35 The detection system requires the operator to transfer command of targeting to subordinate systems in this application the maximum target speed is obtained by use of the subordinate systems 80 Specifications editMain characteristics of the S 400 81 Max target speed 4 8 km s 17 000 km h 11 000 mph Mach 14 22 or lower than 850 metres per second 3 100 km h 1 900 mph Mach 2 5 82 Target detection distance km 400Range against aerodynamic target km maximum minimum 400 83 2 53 Altitude limits for aerodynamic target 2015 km maximum minimum 27 22 easily 30 54 Range against tactical ballistic targets km maximum minimum 605 17 The number of simultaneously engaged targets full system 36 84 The number of simultaneously guided missiles full system 72 can use 2 missile to attack 1 target 85 Ready for operation on a signal from driving on the march 5 min 86 10 15 min during development 87 Ready for operation on a signal from standby ready and enabled 35 sec ready 3 min 40 Time between major overhauls 10 000 hoursService life ground facilities anti aircraft guided missiles At least 20 years10 yearsTypes of targets 88 Aerial targets Ballistic missiles with low probability range up to 3 500 km 70 82 All purpose maximum radial velocity is 4 8 kilometres per second 17 000 km h 11 000 mph Mach 14 absolute limit 5 kilometres per second 18 000 km h 11 000 mph Mach 15 70 the minimum target speed is zero 17 System response time 9 10 seconds 89 The complex can move on roads at 60 km h 37 mph and off road at speeds up to 25 km h 16 mph 90 According to the Pravda state newspaper the price of one battalion about 7 8 launchers is US 200 million 91 Deployment history editRussia edit nbsp S 400 crew on dutyA regular S 400 battalion consists of up to eight launchers with 32 missiles and a mobile command post citation needed On 21 May 2007 citation needed the Russian Air Force announced that S 400 systems would be put on combat duty near the town of Elektrostal in Moscow Oblast to defend Moscow and Central Russia by 1 July 2007 92 On 6 August 2007 the first regiment equipped with S 400 systems entered active service near Elektrostal according to Channel One Russia The regiment was the 606th Guards Anti air Rocket Regiment 9th PVO Division 1st PVO Corps of the Special Purpose Command 93 On 8 February 2008 Lt Gen Vladimir Sviridov announced that Russia would be replacing the S 300 systems in the northwest of Russia with the S 400 Military experts expect Russia s use of the system as a major component of their ballistic missile defense until 2020 94 In September 2006 Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov announced the purchase of 18 S 400 battalions for internal defense for the period 2007 2015 95 On 17 March 2009 Russia s defense minister announced that a second regiment equipped with advanced S 400 Triumf air defense missile systems had been put into combat service citation needed On 26 August 2009 the General Staff said S 400 systems had been deployed in the Russian Far East to counter possible North Korean missile tests and prevent fragments from falling onto Russian territory citation needed In February 2011 a second unit of S 400 missile systems was deployed at Dubrovki north of Moscow The 210th Air Defense Regiment consists of two battalions each deploying eight launch points of four missiles citation needed In February 2011 it was also announced that the missile system will be deployed in the southern Kuril Islands citation needed The Baltic Fleet in Kaliningrad received S 400 SAM systems which went into operational status in April 2012 96 One S 400 divizion is deployed on combat duty in the Russian far east city of Nakhodka 97 As of 2012 one system in Electrostal was operational with three more S 400 battalions being deployed All 56 battalions will be delivered by 2020 98 needs update Russia is also setting up two regiments of S 400 in the Eastern Military district citation needed As of September 2013 the Russian Armed Forces had five S 400 regiments two in Moscow one in the Pacific fleet one in the Baltic Fleet and one in the Southern Military District Starting in 2014 the army was to receive two to three sets of regimental units of S 400 systems every year citation needed Another S 400 regiment was to be put on combat duty around Moscow by the end of 2013 Russia eventually plans to deploy 28 S 400 regiments by 2020 each comprising two or three battalions with four systems each citation needed Russia plans to recommission the Kirov class battlecruiser Admiral Nakhimov in 2023 Plans called for the installation of the 48N6DMK anti aircraft missile derived from the land based S 400 This will extend the Kirov s air defense from 100 km 62 mi 54 nmi to 250 km 160 mi 130 nmi 99 needs update Adm Vladimir Korolev stated at that time that Russia s Northern Fleet s Coastal Forces had deployed S 400s 100 101 On 1 March 2016 the acting commander of the 14th Air Force and Air Defense Army major general Vladimir Korytkov said that six S 400 units had been activated at the air defense formation in Russia s Novosibirsk Oblast 102 TASS also reported that as of the end of 2015 a total of eleven Russian missile regiments were armed with S 400 and by the end of 2016 their number was expected to increase to sixteen 102 In November 2023 the Russian publication Izvestia revealed an issue with the 40N6 missile after some 1 000 units have been ordered The 40N6 missile relies on a high explosive fragmentation warhead to damage incoming ballistic missiles The quote from Izvestia says that the 40N6 hits with pellets of metal fragments and destroys the warhead of the enemy s weapon ballistic missile The same issue also applies to the 9M96 missile A similar issue arose with the Patriot missile s PAC 2 missiles during the First Gulf War leading to only a 9 destruction rate against Iraqi launched Scud missiles The PAC 2 did not use hit to kill technology and was replaced in the role of intercepting ballistic missiles with the PAC 3 warhead 2015 Syria edit Main article Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War It was reported in November 2015 that S 400s would be deployed to Syria along with the contingent of Russian troops and other military hardware in the course of the air campaign conducted by the Russian forces in support of the Syrian government 103 However those claims were refuted by Russia 104 On 25 November 2015 the Russian government announced it would deploy S 400s in Syria as a response to the downing of its Su 24M jet by Turkey 105 By the next day deployment of S 400 air defense systems to Syria was underway 106 The first S 400 unit was activated at the Khmeimim Air Base in Latakia Governorate 107 In April and July 2017 a second S 400 unit was activated 13 km 8 1 mi northwest of Masyaf Hama Governorate 107 Although these systems are located in Syria they are under the command of the Russian military and not the Syrian nor Iranian military 108 making the Russian government liable if used against another state that is its use would be considered an attack by Russia rather than Syria On 22 May 2018 Israeli Air Force commander Major General Amikam Norkin reported that Israel became the first country in the world to use the F 35I Adir in combat during recent clashes with Iran in Syria 109 In mid 2020 several media outlets including Turkish media questioned the combat capability of the S 400 air defense system 110 In late December 2021 the Israeli Air Force flew military jets over areas protected by S 400 and Pantsir SAM in Syria and bombed Iran backed Hezbollah militia based in Latakia 111 Russia operates a naval base in the port of Tartus 85 km 53 mi to the south near the port of Latakia 112 113 Considering the engagement range advertised by the Russians the S 400 could have engaged Israeli aircraft but did not Neither Russian fighter jets nor the S 400 systems attempted to intercept the Israeli aircraft 108 It is widely believed that Russia and Israel have an agreement that Israel will guarantee the safety of Russian personnel and assets during its strikes on non Russian targets in Syria and in return Russia will not target Israeli aircraft nor repel Israeli strikes 108 2022 Ukraine edit Main article 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Initial Ukrainian sources claimed that on 25 February 2022 the Su 27 of Ukrainian Colonel Oleksandr Oksanchenko was shot down by an S 400 over Kyiv 114 On 14 April 2022 the Russian Defence Ministry claimed that a Ukrainian Mi 8 was shot down by a S 400 near Horodnia Chernihiv Oblast on its way to an air base following an attack on Russian territory near Klimovo Bryansk Oblast 115 116 In August 2022 Ukraine claimed that a 92N6E radar used in the S 400 SAM system was destroyed in Kherson region 117 On 15 October 2022 a S 400 missile crashed or was shot down in the Grayvoronsky District of Belgorod Oblast Russia 118 On 23 August 2023 GRU released a video of two alleged elements of an S 400 battery being destroyed in Olenivka Crimea 120 km 75 mi south of Kherson by a barrage of Ukrainian missiles 119 120 121 Ukrainian forces according to Ukrainian media used a R 360 Neptune and a drone to destroy the missile s radar 122 123 On 14 September 2023 Ukraine claimed to have destroyed a Russian S 400 s radar near Yevpatoria Crimea 124 On 4 October 2023 Ukrainian kamikaze drone destroyed one radar and a missile launcher of S 400 system in Belgorod region 125 In late October 2023 Russian sources claimed that the S 400 was used in conjunction with the Beriev A 50 flying radar to shoot at Ukrainian air targets with new warheads of anti aircraft guided missiles 126 On 9 November 2023 the UK MoD intelligence assessment indicated that due to the destruction of several Russian S 400s in Ukraine Russia may have to redeploy S 400 systems from distant parts of Russia s borders to Ukraine 127 Russians have been reported to use reprogrammed S 400 missiles to launch ballistic ground to ground attacks In such an attack on 13 December 2023 out of 10 missiles fired at Kyiv all were supposedly downed but falling debris still caused some damage in residential regions The missiles were most likely reprogrammed 48N6 128 129 Belarus edit In 2011 State Secretary of the Union State of Russia and Belarus Pavel Borodin stated that Russia will supply the S 400 air defense system to Belarus 130 On 1 December 2021 Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko in response to a reporter s question replied that a Belarusian training center already has S 400 systems The president said Yes We train our guys in this training center I d like to ask the president of Russia to leave this system here 131 In May 2022 Lukashenko further announced the country bought an undisclosed number of S 400 air defense missile systems 132 China edit In March 2014 it was announced that Russian President Vladimir Putin had given authorization to sell the S 400 system to China 133 On 13 April 2015 the chief executive of the Russian state run arms trader Rosoboronexport confirmed that China secured a contract for the purchase of the S 400 air defense system 134 Delivery of the system began in January 2018 135 China test fired Russian S 400 systems for the first time in early August 2018 136 137 Deliveries were reportedly postponed after the delivery of two S 400 units 138 The acquisition of S 400 reported to initially consist of six batteries improves China s air space defense A reported 400 km 250 mi coverage range would allow China s defense to cover all of the Taiwan Straits and the Diaoyu Islands Taiwan plans countermeasures using signals intelligence units to locate and destroy S 400 systems before they can be used 139 Turkey edit In late 2017 Turkish and Russian officials signed a US 2 5 billion agreement for delivery of the S 400 air defense system to Turkey 140 141 The US Secretary of State raised concerns over the deal 142 which were rebuffed by President Erdogan and other Turkish officials citing the US refusal to sell the upgraded MIM 104 Patriot to Turkey considered to be an important American ally by the US Turkey received its first installment of the Russian S 400 missile defense system on 12 July 2019 143 On 17 July 2019 Turkey was suspended from the F 35 program the US stating F 35 cannot coexist with a Russian intelligence collection platform that will be used to learn about its advanced capabilities 144 and on December 14 2020 the US imposed CAATSA sanctions on Turkey 145 As of 2020 4 batteries consisting of 36 fire units and 192 or more missiles were delivered to Turkey 146 Turkey has tested the S 400 air defense system against drones and F 16 fighter jets at low altitudes According to Turkish media the Turkish military has identified some deficiencies against a slow moving object at low altitude 147 148 India edit On 15 October 2016 during the BRICS Summit India and Russia signed an Inter governmental Agreement IGA for the supply of five S 400 regiments to India 149 The US 5 43 billion deal 40 000 crore was formally signed on 5 October 2018 ignoring the threat of US sanctions 150 The deliveries were expected to commence by the end of 2020 151 152 153 and brought into service in October 2020 154 In March 2021 U S Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin discussed India s planned purchase of Russia s S 400 air missile system and warned that the purchase of S 400 could trigger CAATSA sanctions 155 The first squadron of S 400 was received by India in December 2021 and deployed in the Punjab sector 156 Delivery of the second S 400 squadron began from April 2022 onwards and the system deployed on the border facing China in the eastern part of India 157 Alexander Mikheyev Rosoboronexport CEO said The contract with India is being implemented successfully In the near future we will supply a second regiment The first one has been provided already More than 200 specialists have been trained All five regiments will be supplied by the end of 2023 158 While delivery of the third squadron was planned for November 2022 159 the third squadron was finally delivered in February 2023 160 Delivery of the remaining two systems are likely to be dependent on the resolution of issues such as insurance and establishment of mechanism for balance payments which are delayed due to sanctions on Russia However it is expected that these will be resolved and delivery of balance squadrons completed by late 2023 or early 2024 161 Foreign interest editSaudi Arabia edit In September 2009 the S 400 was reportedly part of a US 2 billion arms deal between Russia and Saudi Arabia 162 The Saudis wanted to acquire the S 400 but Russia was only willing to sell S 300 air defense system at the time 163 By November 2019 the deal had still not been finalized 164 Saudi Arabia is no longer considering the Russian S 400 air defense system following the kingdom s deal for an American alternative The American Terminal High Altitude Area Defense THAAD system has been cleared for sale to the Saudis by the U S State Department cleared the THAAD estimated at 15 billion in 2017 dollars 165 Iran edit In June 2019 some Iranian officials expressed interest in procuring the S 400 missile system to further improve its defense capabilities along with the previously purchased S 300PMU2 Russia stated at the time it was ready to sell the S 400 system to Iran if an official request was made citation needed Egypt edit In February 2017 Sergey Chemezov CEO of Rostec stated that Egypt was interested in the S 400 air defense system He explained that Russia offered to sell Egypt either the Antey 2500 or S 400 According to Chemezov the negotiations were delayed due to Egypt s financial issues 166 Iraq edit In February 2018 Iraqi Minister of Foreign Affairs Ibrahim al Jaafari confirmed ongoing rumors that his country had shown interest in the S 400 and that negotiations with Russia were underway 167 168 169 In May 2019 Iraq s ambassador to Russia Haidar Mandour Hadi said the Iraqi government had decided to procure the S 400 air defense system 170 Qatar edit In January 2018 Russian state media TASS reported that Qatar was in an advanced state of talks to procure the S 400 air defense system 171 172 United States edit In June 2020 United States senator John Thune proposed an amendment to the ultimately unsuccessful Senate version of the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act to allow the US Department of Defense to purchase Turkey s S 400 system with funds from the U S Army s missile procurement account 173 thus negating Turkey s contravention of the CAATSA sanctions 174 This was an attempt to allow Turkey to re enter the F 35 Lightning II acquisition and ownership program 174 Serbia edit Serbia has also expressed interest in the system 175 176 Foreign variant editSouth Korea edit South Korea is developing the KM SAM a medium range SAM system based on technology from the 9M96 missile with assistance from NPO Almaz The prime contractor is Hanwha Group formerly Samsung Thales a defunct joint venture between South Korea s Samsung and France s Thales 177 The KM SAM will consist of an X band multifunction radar vehicle built by Hanwha in technical cooperation with Almaz 178 with fire control and TEL vehicles built by Doosan 179 Missiles will be provided by LIG Nex1 180 Operators editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Current operators Algeria 181 Belarus 131 China 182 India 183 Russia 184 Turkey 185 Current operators edit nbsp AlgeriaAlgerian People s National Army First S 400 units delivered in September 2021 186 nbsp BelarusBelarusian Armed Forces Contract signed in May 2022 and executed in December 132 187 nbsp ChinaPeople s Liberation Army Air Force Contract signed in September 2014 deliveries of units began in January 2018 and are being introduced 188 189 182 nbsp IndiaIndian Air Force A contract was signed in October 2018 during an official meeting between Russia s President Vladimir Putin and India s Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi The deal worth of US5 43 billion includes delivery of the 1st regiment of the S 400 beginning November 2021 India plans to deploy the 1st regiment of the S 400 by April 2022 nbsp RussiaRussian Aerospace Forces There were 57 battalions batteries comprising 456 Transporter erector launchers deployed with at least 25 regiments as of September 2019 184 Western Military District 3 battalions of the 210th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Dmitrov 190 191 192 3 battalions of the 606th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Elektrostal 193 194 2 battalions of the 93rd Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Zvenigorod 195 2 battalions of the 549th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Podolsk 196 2 battalions of the 584th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Zelenograd 197 2 battalions of the 500th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Gostilitsy 198 2 battalions of the 1488th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Zelenogorsk 197 2 battalions of the 1489th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Vaganovo 199 4 battalions of the 1490th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Ulyanovka 200 2 battalions of the 1544th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Luga 201 2 battalions of the 183rd Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Kaliningrad 202 2 battalions of the 1545th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Kaliningrad Oblast 203 Eastern Military District 2 battalions of the 589th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Nakhodka 204 3 battalions of the 1532nd Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Petropavlovsk Kamchatsky 205 206 207 2 battalions of the 1533th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Vladivostok 208 2 battalions of the 1530th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Khabarovsk 209 2 battalions of the 1724th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Yuzhno Sakhalinsk 210 Southern Military District 2 battalions of the 1536th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Rostov on Don 184 2 battalions of the 1537th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Novorossiysk 211 2 battalions of the 18th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Feodosia Crimea 197 2 battalions of the 12th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Sevastopol Crimea Central Military District 2 battalions of the 590th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Novosibirsk citation needed 2 battalions of the 511th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Engels 212 1 battalion of the 507th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Saratov 212 2 battalions of the 568th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Samara 213 2 battalions of the 185th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Yekaterinburg 214 Northern Military District 2 battalions of the 33th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Rogachevo 184 2 battalions of the 531st Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Murmansk 215 216 2 battalions of the 1528th Anti Aircraft Regiment Arkhangelsk Oblast citation needed 3 battalions of the 414th Anti Aircraft Rocket Regiment Tiksi citation needed nbsp TurkeyTurkish Air Force Air Defense Command Hava Savunma Komutanligi 185 S 400 Group Command S400 Grup Komutanligi Akinci Ankara 217 15th Missile Base Command 15 Fuze Us Komutanligi Alemdag Istanbul 218 20th Missile Base Command 20 Fuze Us Komutanligi Birecik Sanliurfa 219 Possible future base in Anamur Mersin 220 Gallery edit nbsp S 400 s 92N2 radar and 5P85T2 nbsp The 96L6 high altitude detector nbsp The 48N6E3 missile used by the S 400 nbsp S 400 Triumf launch vehicle nbsp 22T6 loader for S 400 and S 300 systems nbsp 5P85SM2 01 TEL launcher from the S 400 system nbsp TZM 22T6 on the Ashuluk proving ground in 2017 nbsp S 400 surface to air missile systems during the Victory parade 2010 nbsp nbsp S 400 system during a rehearsal for Russia s 2009 Victory Day parade in Moscow nbsp Russian 15 00 rubles stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Obukhov State Plant nbsp 9M83ME and 9M82ME SAM for S 300VM Antey 2500 missile system and 48N6E3 SAM for S 400 system nbsp The self propelled launch vehicle 5P90S on a BAZ 6909 022 chassis for the S 400 system nbsp The all altitude detection radar 96L6E of S 300 400 systems mounted on the chassis of MZKT 7930 nbsp The BAZ 69092 021 towing vehicle for the 5I57A power generator and the 63T6A power converter for the S 400 system nbsp 76N6 Clam Shell FMCW acquisition radar is used to support the Flap Lid SA 10 fire control radar NATO code name Clam Shell nbsp The BAZ 69092 021 towing vehicle for the 5I57A power generator and the 63T6A power converter for the S 400 system nbsp Two 5P85SM surface to air missile launchers and a 92N6 radar guidance at Russia s Khmeimim airbase in Syria nbsp Anti access area denial bubble created by Iskander M and S 400 systems deployed at Russia s Khmeimim airbase in Syria Red ballistic missile range 700 km Blue maximum range of the S 400 system with 40N6 missile 400 km See also editList of surface to air missiles S 300 missile system S 300VM missile system S 350 missile system S 500 missile system KM SAM L SAM Medium Extended Air Defense System THAAD MIM 104 PatriotReferences edit Russia is luring international arms buyers with a missile system that costs much less than models made by American companies CNBC 19 November 2018 Turkey Russia sign deal on supply of S 400 missiles Reuters 29 December 2017 S 400 missile system Bryen Stephen 17 October 2017 Russia s S 400 Is a Game Changer in the Middle East and America Should Worry Archived from 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3 December 2015 ABD liler S 400 leri uydudan izleyecek etraftaki tarlalar satin alinacak www aydinlik com tr 7 October 2019 S 400 ler bakin nereye yerlestirilecek odatv S 400 hazirligi basladi S 400 ler nereye kurulacak Ahaber S 400 nereye konuslanacak Iste one cikan 3 yer www aydinlik com tr 7 August 2019 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to S 400 Triumf S 400 Triumf CSIS Missile Threat www almaz antey Radar S 400 basic and potential as Protivnik GE Gamma DE their exact specifications and photos indicated target size height and distance resistance to interference and anti stealth capabilities time to deployment and other details Almaz S 400 Triumf German S 400 at www dtig org A lot of photos of all elements S 400 from various foreshortenings copy prohibited Photos can be enlarged fullscreen www ausairpower net Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title S 400 missile system amp oldid 1205035029, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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