Bryansk Oblast
Bryansk Oblast (Russian: Бря́нская о́бласть, romanized: Bryanskaya oblast), also known as Bryanshchina (Брянщина, IPA: [ˈbrʲænʲɕːɪnə]), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Bryansk. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 1,169,161.[13]
Bryansk Oblast | |
|---|---|
| Брянская область | |
| Anthem: "The Bryansk Forest Sternly Stirred" [3] | |
| Coordinates: 52°57′N 33°24′E / 52.950°N 33.400°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal district | Central[1] |
| Economic region | Central[2] |
| Administrative center | Bryansk[4] |
| Government | |
| • Body | Oblast Duma[5] |
| • Governor[5] | Alexander Bogomaz[6] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 34,857 km2 (13,458 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 62nd |
| Population | |
| • Total | 1,169,161 |
| • Estimate (2018)[9] | 1,210,982 |
| • Rank | 40th |
| • Density | 34/km2 (87/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 69.5% |
| • Rural | 30.5% |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (MSK [10]) |
| ISO 3166 code | RU-BRY |
| License plates | 32 |
| OKTMO ID | 15000000 |
| Official languages | Russian[11] |
| Website | www.bryanskobl.ru |
Geography edit
Bryansk Oblast lies in western European Russia in the central to western parts of the East European Plain, on the divide between the Desna and Volga basins. The oblast borders with Smolensk Oblast in the north, Kaluga Oblast in the northeast, Oryol Oblast in the east, Kursk Oblast in the southeast, Chernihiv and Sumy Oblasts of Ukraine in the south, and with Gomel and Mogilev Oblasts of Belarus in the west.
The relief is a typical East European Plain landscape, with alternating rolling hills and shallow lowlands, although lowlands dominate in the western and central parts. A total of 125 rivers flow through Bryansk Oblast, with the longest one, at 1,187 kilometers (738 mi), being the Desna (a tributary of the Dnieper). Other major rivers include the Bolva, Navlya, Nerussa, Sudost (all tributaries of the Desna), Besed, and Iput. There are forty-nine major lakes, with Lake Kozhany being the largest.[citation needed]
Climate is temperate continental. The average temperature in January is −7 to −9 °C (19 to 16 °F). The average July temperature is 18 to 19 °C (64 to 66 °F). Average annual precipitation varies from 560 to 600 millimeters (22 to 24 in).[citation needed]
Natural resources include deposits of peat, sand, clay, chalk, marl, and other building materials, as well as phosphorite. About a quarter of the total area of the oblast is covered by forests, mainly coniferous, mixed, and deciduous, as well as forest-steppe.
Bryansky Les Nature Reserve is a biosphere reserve that protects, among other things, a limited population of European bison.
Ecology edit
As a result of the Chernobyl disaster on April 26, 1986, part of the territory of Bryansk Oblast has been contaminated with radionuclides (mainly Gordeyevsky, Klimovsky, Klintsovsky, Krasnogorsky, Surazhsky, and Novozybkovsky Districts). In 1999, some 226,000 people lived in areas with the contamination level above 5 Curie/km2, representing approximately 16% of the oblast's population.
History edit
The Venus of Eliseevichi is a piece of Paleolithic art (dated to 14,000 YBP) found in the region.[14] The Eliseevichi site is also associated with the earliest recognized dog remains, dating to 15,000 YBP.[15][16]
In the 9th to 11th centuries CE Slavic tribes lived along the banks of the Desna River and in the forests of the land between the Desna and the Oka. The city of Bryansk was established in 985.[17]
Bryansk remained poorly attested until the 1237-1242 Mongol invasion of Russia. It was the northernmost of the Severian cities in the possession of the Chernigov Rurikids and the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk. After the Mongols murdered Prince Mikhail of Chernigov in 1246 and his capital was destroyed, his son Roman Mikhailovich moved his seat to Bryansk. In 1310, when the Mongols sacked the town again, it belonged to the principality of Smolensk. After the Mongols took Chernigov, the Principality of Bryansk was formed. In 1356 Bryansk territory was under the authority of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The Great Duchy of Moscow conquered Bryansk following the Battle of Vedrosha in 1503. The town was turned into a fortress that played a major role during the Time of Troubles of 1598–1613. Bryansk became Moscow's south-western outpost in the fights against Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland, and Crimean Khanate. In 1618 the Deulino Armistice saw the southern and western area of the Bryansk region temporarily ceded to Poland.
After the annexation of the lands by the Tsardom of Russia in 1654, all the left bank of the Dnieper, including the south-western area of Bryansk, was divided into hundreds of administrative regiments. One of the largest was Starodub. In 1781, these regiments merged into districts and several territories.
Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725) incorporated Bryansk into the Kiev Governorate, but Empress Catherine the Great deemed it wise to transfer the town to the Oryol Governorate in 1779. She also promulgated the town's coat of arms.
In 1709, part of the Bryansk (Bryansky, Karachevsky, Sevsky, and Trubchevsky Uyezds) belonged to Kiev Governorate. In 1727, Sevsk Province became part of the newly formed Belgorod Governorate.
The 17th and 18th centuries saw a period of significant regional economic development. The industrial revolution began in the 18th century, particularly in the eastern part of Bryansk; due to its reserves of sand Bryansk saw the growth of the glass industry.
On April 1, 1920, Bryansk Oblast was established but on October 1, 1929 it was incorporated into the Western Oblast. On September 27, 1937, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union decided to abolish the Western Krai, dividing it into Smolensk and Oryol Oblasts. The current territory of Bryansk Oblast became a part of Oryol Oblast.
In August–October 1941 Axis troops took over the region. From the first days of occupation, the struggle against the invaders took on the character of a popular movement. In the Bryansk area about 60,000 guerrillas from the guerrilla units of Sydir Kovpak, Oleksiy Fedorov and Alexander Saburov operated. The fighting resulted in the destruction and burning of many towns and villages, affecting some 111,000 homes and many important industrial enterprises. After the Red Army liberated the area (August–September 1943), extensive restoration work commenced.
A decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR established the modern Bryansk Oblast on July 5, 1944.[12] On 4 July 1997, Bryansk, alongside Chelyabinsk, Magadan, Saratov, and Vologda, signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy.[18] The power-sharing would be abolished on 9 August 2002.[19]
On 2 March 2023, at around 11:30 MSK, a unit part of the International Legion of Territorial Defence of Ukraine called "Russian Volunteer Corps" made from Russian Neo-Nazi[20][21][22][23] volunteers who came to Ukraine to fight for the Azov Regiment and other units in 2014.[24] attacked Lyubechane and Sushany.[25] Ukraine called the attack a provocation.[26]
Administrative divisions edit
Economy edit
Transportation edit
A large railway junction is located in the capital of Bryansk. Most rail lines in the oblast are electrified, using AC power. In connection with the border situation, Bryansk there are several major customs terminals.
The oblast is crossed by the M3 Moscow—Kiev highway and the M13 Bryansk-Novozybkov-Boundary Belarus—(Kobrin), and fourteen kilometers from the administrative center of the oblast is the Bryansk International Airport.
Politics edit
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Bryansk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.
The Charter of Bryansk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Bryansk Oblast Duma is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter under the Constitution of Russia.
Demographics edit
Population: 1,169,161 (2021 Census);[13] 1,278,217 (2010 Census);[27] 1,378,941 (2002 Census);[28] 1,474,785 (1989 Census).[29]
Vital statistics for 2022:[30][31]
- Births: 8,330 (7.2 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 18,182 (15.6 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[32]
1.20 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[33]
Total — 68.67 years (male — 63.57, female — 73.88)
Settlements edit
Largest cities or towns in Bryansk Oblast 2010 Russian Census | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
| Bryansk Klintsy | 1 | Bryansk | City of oblast significance of Bryansk | 415,721 | Novozybkov Dyatkovo | ||||
| 2 | Klintsy | Town of oblast significance of Klintsy | 62,510 | ||||||
| 3 | Novozybkov | Town of oblast significance of Novozybkov | 40,553 | ||||||
| 4 | Dyatkovo | Dyatkovsky District | 29,439 | ||||||
| 5 | Unecha | Unechsky District | 26,197 | ||||||
| 6 | Karachev | Karachevsky District | 19,715 | ||||||
| 7 | Starodub | Town of oblast significance of Starodub | 19,010 | ||||||
| 8 | Zhukovka | Zhukovsky District | 18,269 | ||||||
| 9 | Seltso | Town of oblast significance of Seltso | 17,934 | ||||||
| 10 | Pochep | Pochepsky District | 17,161 | ||||||
Ethnic composition edit
- Russians - 96.7%
- Ukrainians - 1.1%
- Belarusians - 0.4%
- Armenians - 0.4%
- Romani people - 0.3%
- Jews - 0.1%
- Others - 1%
- 26,825 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[34]
Source:[27]
Religion edit
According to a 2012 survey[35] 49.5% of the population of Bryansk Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4.7% are unaffiliated Christians, 0.8% are Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, and 0.7% are adherents of Rodnovery (Slavic folk religion). In addition, 36% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 5.4% is atheist, and 2.6% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[35]
Culture edit
There are seventeen museums in Bryansk Oblast.[17] The main cities have many major architectural and archeological monuments. In Bryansk is the Svenski monastery, Chashin mound (the birthplace of Bryansk), the ancient Kremlin of Bryansk on Pokrovskaya Mountain, Peter and Paul monastery etc.[17] Main churches include the Voksresenskaya, Vvedenskaya, and Spaso-Grobovskaya, Pokrovskaya and Gorne-Nikolskaya.
Klintsy is the second-largest city of Bryansk oblast. It was one of the Old Believers' centers, now known for its textile industry and ancient temples. Trubchevsk is noted for its archeological and architectural monuments, in particular the Trinity Cathedral of the 13th-19th centuries with its tomb.[17] The museum contains some valuable items dated to the 6th-7th centuries.[17]
Sights edit
"'Church of the Ascension in the village of Veliky Bor'"
The supplier on the hill of intermediaries is the compositional center of his development. Year of construction of the church (by order of Count Bezborodko) - 1809. By now, the side porticos and the top of the bell tower have been lost. An interesting example of a cross-shaped manor church in the style of mature classicism. Around the building were comparatively short sidearms, which were slightly protruding rectangular altars ending in a lowered semicircular apse.
The originality of the composition is given by a large light quadrangle towering over the center with a tetrahedral dome cover and a small dome on a cubic pedestal. A small refectory with one window on the side facades is adjoined by a preserved quadrangle of the bell tower. A profiled belt bypasses all facades of the building at the level of the apse cornice. Four Tuscan pilasters decorating the ends of the side arms correspond to the columns of the lost porticoes.
Between them, in the center, there are side entrances marked with triangular sandrids, and on the sides - rectangular windows. Above the openings, there are, respectively, an oval and two round niches. A large semicircular three-part Empire-type window is cut in the upper part of each quadrangle facet. The tier of the bell tower is decorated with large flat-arched niches in the center of the facets, rusticated corner parts to the waist, and round niches-medallions above it. In the interior, all the side parts are completely open into the high central one, forming a single space of the temple.
The central part is covered with a four-lane closed vault, the altar is covered with a conch, and the altar vima, the side arms, and the refectory are covered with cylindrical vaults. The lower tier of the bell tower with rounded inner corners has a corrugated vault along the north–south axis. On the sides of the trapezoidal passage to the refectory, there are small rooms with a staircase in the southern one. Only the plaster cornices at the base of the vaults and at the top of the main quadrangle, as well as pilasters between the windows on the north and south walls, have survived from the interior decoration.
Heraldry edit
The Flag of Bryansk Oblast represents a panel burgundy with a ratio of 1:1,5. In the center of the cloth is placed the coat of arms of the Bryansk region and includes a hammer and sickle up top. The coat of arms is a blue shield representing Slavic unity between the states of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. In the upper part of the shield is a stylized golden spruce with a three-tiered crown representing the forests of Bryansk. The flag is burgundy in color, representing the color of the banners under which the army and guerrillas fought for the liberation of Bryansk.
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Law #47-Z
- ^ Charter of Bryansk Oblast, Article 2
- ^ a b Charter of Bryansk Oblast, Article 39
- ^ Official website of Bryansk Oblast. Alexander Vasilyevich Bogomaz, Governor of Bryansk Oblast (in Russian)
- ^ . Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ a b Decree of July 5, 1944
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Venus of Eliseevichi
- ^ Sablin, M. (2002). "The earliest Ice Age dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi I". Current Anthropology. 43 (5): 795–799. doi:10.1086/344372. S2CID 144574445.
- ^ Thalmann, O. (2013). "Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs". Science. 342 (6160): 871–4. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..871T. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. PMID 24233726. S2CID 1526260.
- ^ a b c d e "Bryansk Oblast". Chernobyl Info. Retrieved May 31, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Moscow Signs Power-Sharing Agreements With Five More Regions". Jamestown. July 7, 1997. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Chuman, Mizuki. (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ "Российские власти сообщили о проникновении «украинских диверсантов» в Брянскую область. Главное". novayagazeta.eu. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ "RDK claims responsibility for the attack on villages in the Bryansk region of Russia". antifascist-europe.org. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ "'Fear your partisans' A volunteer unit led by a Russian neo-Nazi raided a small town and crossed back into Ukraine. Meduza explains the bizarre incursion and what it could mean for the war". meduza.io. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ "Kremlin accuses Ukraine of violent attack in western Russia". Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
- ^ "Российская оппозиция начинает вооруженное сопротивление Путину: подписано декларацию". Главком | Glavcom (in Ukrainian). August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ Brennan, David (March 2, 2023). "What is the Russian Volunteer Corps? Hostages reportedly taken in Russia". Newsweek. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- ^ "Ukraine live briefing: Blinken and Lavrov meet in New Delhi". Washington Post. March 2, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ . ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ . ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
- ^ [Total fertility rate]. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved June 1, 2022.
- ^ . www.perepis-2010.ru. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. .
Sources edit
- Брянская областная Дума. №91-З 20 декабря 2012 г. «Устав Брянской области», в ред. Закона №25-З от 6 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 45 Устава Брянской области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования (1 января 2013 г.). Опубликован: Информационный бюллетень "Официальная Брянщина", №20, 21 декабря 2012 г. (Bryansk Oblast Duma. Law #91-Z of December 20, 2012 Charter of Bryansk Oblast, as amended by the Law #25-Z of April 6, 2015 On Amending Article 45 of the Charter of Bryansk Oblast. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication (January 1, 2013).).
- Брянская областная Дума. Закон №47-З от 20 ноября 1998 г. «О символах Брянской области», в ред. Закона №5-З от 9 февраля 2009 г. «О внесении изменения в Закон Брянской области "О символах Брянской области"». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования (28 ноября 1998 г.). Опубликован: "Брянский рабочий", №303, 25 ноября 1998 г. (Bryansk Oblast Duma. Law #47-Z of November 20, 1998 On the Symbols of Bryansk Oblast, as amended by the Law #5-Z of February 9, 2009 On Amending the Law of Bryansk Oblast "On the Symbols of Bryansk Oblast". Effective as of the moment of official publication (November 28, 1998).).
- Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 5 июля 1944 г. «Об образовании Брянской области в составе РСФСР». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of July 5, 1944 On Establishing Bryansk Oblast Within the RSFSR. ).