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S-300 missile system

January 12, 2023

"SA-10" redirects here. For the DEC computer interface, see Systems Concepts. For the Saturn launch vehicle, see AS-105. For other uses, see SA10 (disambiguation).

The S-300 (NATO reporting name SA-10 Grumble) is a series of long-range surface-to-air missile systems developed and operated by the former Soviet Union, now fielded by the militaries of Russia, Ukraine, and other former Eastern Bloc countries. It was produced by NPO Almaz, based on the initial S-300P version. The S-300 system was developed to defend against air raids and cruise missiles for the Soviet Air Defence Forces. Subsequent variations were also developed to be able to intercept ballistic missiles. The S-300 system was first deployed by the Soviet Armed Forces in 1979, designed for the air defence of military bases and large industrial and administrative facilities, as well as control of airspace against enemy strike aircraft. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, military analysts have stated that Russia has modified a number of systems to perform surface-to-surface strikes.[5][6]

S-300 Family
NATO reporting name:
SA-10 Grumble, SA-12 Giant/Gladiator, SA-20 Gargoyle, SA-N-6 Grumble, (S-300FM SA-N-20)
S-300 air defense system at the 2009 Moscow Victory Day Parade rehearsal, Red Square, 28 April 2009.
TypeLong-range surface-to-air and anti-ballistic missile system
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1978–present
Used bySee list of operators
Production history
DesignerAlmaz-Antey:
NPO Almaz (lead designer)
NIIP (radars)
MKB Fakel (missile designer for S-300P series)
NPO Novator (missile designer for S-300V series)
MNIIRE Altair (Naval version designer)
Designed1967–2005[1]
ManufacturerMZiK[2]
Produced1975[3]–2011 (for PS and PM)[4]
Variantssee variants

The system is fully automated, though manual observation and operation are also possible.[3][7] Components may be near the central command post, or as distant as 40 km. Each radar provides target designation for the central command post. The command post compares the data received from the targeting radars up to 80 km apart, filtering false targets. The central command post features both active and passive target detection modes.[8][9]

The project-managing developer of the S-300 is Almaz-Antey. S-300 uses missiles developed by both MKB "Fakel" and NPO Novator design bureaus (separate government corporations, previously named "OKB-2" and "OKB-8").

The S-300 was still in 2006 regarded as one of the most potent anti-aircraft missile systems currently fielded.[10] It is mainly used in Asia and Eastern Europe, including NATO member countries Bulgaria and Greece. An evolved version of the S-300 system is the S-400 (NATO reporting name SA-21 Growler), which entered service on 28 April 2007.

Variations and upgrades

Serial production started in 1975.[3] The tests were completed in 1978 (for the S-300P variant), 1983 (for the S-300V), and 1987 (for the S-300V's anti-ballistic capabilities).[11] Numerous versions have since emerged with different missiles, improved radars, better resistance to countermeasures, longer range, and better capability against short-range ballistic missiles or targets flying at very low altitude. There are currently three main variations.

S-300 system family tree

S-300 Family
S-300VS-300PS-300F
S-300V1S-300V2S-300PTS-300PSFortRif
S-300VMS-300PT-1S-300PMS-300PMUFort-MRif-M
Favorit-S
S-300VM1S-300VM2S-300PT-1AS-300PM1S-300PMU1
Antey 2500S-300PM2S-300PMU2Domestic Version
S-300V4FavoritExport Version
S-300VMDS-400

S-300P

Land-based S-300P (SA-10)

 
Slovak S-300PMU TELs, ready to launch

The S-300PT (transliterated from Russian С-300П, NATO reporting name SA-10A Grumble) is the original version of the S-300 system which became operational in 1978.[1] In 1987, over 80 of these sites were active, mainly in the area around Moscow. The P suffix stands for PVO-Strany (country air defence system). An S-300PT unit consists of a 36D6 [uk] (NATO reporting name Tin Shield) surveillance radar, a 30N6 (FLAP LID) fire control system and 5P85-1 launch vehicles. The 5P85-1 vehicle is a semi-trailer truck. Usually a 76N6 (CLAM SHELL) low-altitude detection radar is also a part of the unit.[12]

The S-300PT included the use of a passive electronically scanned array radar and had the ability to engage multiple targets on a single fire-control system. Since the original system was semi-mobile, it took over one hour to set it up for firing and the missile hot launch system could scorch the transporter erector launcher (TEL).[13]

 
9S32 engagement radar

It[clarification needed] was originally intended to use the track-via-missile (TVM) guidance system. However, the TVM system had problems tracking targets below 500 m. To improve tracking of low-altitude targets, a command-guidance system was added to guide the missile for the initial part of the flight.[13] This allowed the minimum engagement altitude to be set at 25 m.

Improvements to the S-300P resulted in several sub-versions for both domestic and export markets. The S-300PT-1 (SA-10B) and S-300PT-1A (SA-10C) are incremental upgrades of the original S-300PT system using a new 5V55KD missile and the cold launch method thereafter employed. The time to readiness was reduced to 30 minutes and trajectory optimizations allowed the 5V55KD to reach a range of 75 km.[13]

 
Two S-300-PM missile TEL and a 'Flap Lid' radar

The S-300PS/S-300PM (Russian С-300ПC/С-300ПМ, NATO reporting name SA-10D/E Grumble) was introduced in 1985 and is the only version thought to have been fitted with a nuclear warhead. This model saw the introduction of the modern TEL and mobile radar and command-post vehicles that were all based on the MAZ-7910 8 × 8 truck.[1] This model also featured the new 5V55R missiles which increased the maximum engagement range to 90 km (56 mi) and introduced a terminal semi-active radar homing (SARH) guidance mode. The surveillance radar of these systems was designated 30N6. Also introduced with this version was the distinction between self-propelled and towed TELs. The towed TEL is designated 5P85T. Mobile TELs were the 5P85S and 5P85D. The 5P85D was a "slave" TEL, being controlled by a 5P85S "master" TEL. The "master" TEL is identifiable thanks to the large equipment container behind the cabin; in the "slave" TEL this area is not enclosed and is used for cable or spare tyre storage.

The next modernization, called the S-300PMU, (Russian С-300ПМУ, US DoD designation SA-10F Grumble) was introduced in 1992 for the export market and featured the upgraded 5V55U missile which still utilized the intermediate SARH terminal guidance method and smaller warhead of the 5V55R but increased the engagement envelope to give this missile roughly the same range and altitude capabilities as the newer 48N6 missile (max. range 150 km/93 mi). The radars were also upgraded, with the surveillance radar for the S-300PMU being designated 64N6 (BIG BIRD) and the illumination and guidance radar being designated 30N6-1 in the GRAU index.[14]

The total production for the S-300P systems was 3,000 launchers and 28,000 missiles through 2012.[15]

S-300PMU-1/2 (SA-20A/B)

 
S-300PMU-2 64N6E2 acquisition radar (part of 83M6E2 command post)

The S-300PMU-1 (Russian: С-300ПМУ-1, US DoD designation SA-20A, NATO reporting name SA-20 Gargoyle) was also introduced in 1993 with the new and larger 48N6 missiles for the first time in a land-based system and introduced all the same performance improvements from the S300PM version including the increased speed, range, TVM guidance and ABM capability.[16] The warhead is slightly smaller than the naval version at 143 kg (315 lb). This version also saw the introduction of the new and more capable 30N6E TOMB STONE radar.

The S-300PMU-1 was introduced in 1993 using different missile types in a single system for the first time. In addition to the 5V55R and 48N6E missiles, the S-300PMU-1 can utilise two new missiles, the 9M96E1 and 9M96E2. Both are significantly smaller than the previous missiles at 330 and 420 kg (730 and 930 lb) respectively, and carry a smaller 24 kg (53 lb) warhead. The 9M96E1 has an engagement range of 1–40 km (0.62–25 mi) and the 9M96E2 of 1–120 km (0.62–75 mi). They are still carried 4 per TEL. Rather than just relying on aerodynamic fins for manoeuvring, they use a gas-dynamic system which allows them to have an excellent probability of kill (Pk) despite the much smaller warhead. The Pk is estimated at 0.7 against a tactical ballistic missile for either missile. The S-300PMU-1 typically uses the 83M6E command and control system, although it is also compatible with the older Baikal-1E and Senezh-M1E CCS command and control systems. The 83M6E system incorporates the 64N6E (BIG BIRD) surveillance/detection radar. The fire control/illumination and guidance radar used is the 30N6E(1), optionally matched with a 76N6 low altitude detection radar and a 96L6E all altitude detection radar. The 83M6E command and control system can control up to 12 TELs, both the self-propelled 5P85SE vehicle and the 5P85TE towed launchers. Generally support vehicles are also included, such as the 40V6M tow vehicle, intended for lifting of the antenna post.[citation needed]

China developed its own version of the S-300PMU-1, called HQ-15. Previously, the missile was referred to in the Western think tank[which?] as the HQ-10, causing confusion with the unrelated HQ-10 short-range point defense missile system.[17]

 
S-300PMU-2 vehicles. From left to right: 64N6E2 detection radar, 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL.

The S-300PMU-2 Favorit (Russian: С-300ПМУ-2 Фаворит, DoD designation SA-20B), introduced in 1997 (presented ready 1996), is an upgrade to the S-300PMU-1 with a range of 195 km (121 mi) with the introduction of the 48N6E2 missile. This system is apparently capable against not just short-range ballistic missiles, but also medium-range ballistic missiles. It uses the 83M6E2 command and control system, consisting of the 54K6E2 command post vehicle and the 64N6E2 surveillance/detection radar. It employs the 30N6E2 fire control/illumination and guidance radar. Like the S-300PMU-1, 12 TELs can be controlled, with any mix of 5P85SE2 self-propelled and 5P85TE2 trailer launchers. Optionally it can make use of the 96L6E all-altitude detection radar and 76N6 low-altitude detection radar.[18][19]

S-300F

Sea-based S-300F (SA-N-6)

 
Close up view of SA-N-6 launchers on Marshal Ustinov

The S-300F Fort (Russian С-300Ф Форт, DoD designation SA-N-6, F suffix for Flot, Russian for fleet) was introduced in 1984 as the original ship-based (naval) version of the S-300P system developed by Altair with the new 5V55RM missile with range extended to 7–90 km (4.3–56 mi; 3.8–49 nmi) and maximum target speed up to Mach 4 while engagement altitude was reduced to 25–25,000 m (82–82,021 ft). The naval version utilises the TOP SAIL or TOP STEER, TOP PAIR and 3R41 Volna (TOP DOME) radar and utilises command guidance with a terminal SARH mode. Its first installation and sea trials were on a Kara-class cruiser and it is also installed on Slava-class cruisers and Kirov-class battlecruisers. It is stored in eight (Slava) or twelve (Kirov) 8-missile rotary launchers below decks. The export version of this system is known as Rif (Russian Риф – reef). The NATO name, found also in colloquial use, is "Grumble".

Sea-based S-300FM (SA-N-20)

The S-300FM Fort-M (Russian С-300ФМ, DoD designation SA-N-20) is another naval version of the system, installed only on the Kirov-class cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, and introduced the new 48N6 missile. It was introduced in 1990 and has a missile speed of approximately Mach 6 for a maximum target engagement speed of up to Mach 8.5, a warhead size of 150 kg (330 lb), an engagement range of 5–150 km (3.1–93 mi), and an altitude envelope of 10–27 km (6.2–16.8 mi). The new missiles also introduced a track-via-missile guidance method and brought with it the ability to intercept short-range ballistic missiles. This system makes use of the TOMB STONE MOD rather than TOP DOME radar. The export version is called the Rif-M. Two Rif-M systems were purchased by China in 2002 and installed on the Type 051C air-defence guided missile destroyers.

Both naval versions are believed[according to whom?] to include a secondary infrared terminal seeker, similar to the newer US Standard missile system, probably to reduce the system's vulnerability to saturation. This also allows the missile to engage contacts over the radar horizon, such as warships or sea-skimming anti-ship missiles.[citation needed]

S-300V (SA-12)

The S-300V, starting with the 9M83 missile, entered service in 1983, while it was fully integrated in 1988.[9][20][21]

 
S-300V (SA-12A Gladiator)

The 9K81 S-300V Antey-300 (Russian 9К81 С-300В Антей-300 – named after Antaeus, NATO reporting name SA-12 Gladiator/Giant) varies from the other designs in the series.[22] It was built by Antey rather than Almaz,[23] and its 9M82 and 9M83 missiles were designed by NPO Novator. The V suffix stands for Voyska (ground forces). It was designed to form the top tier army air defence system, providing a defence against ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and aircraft, replacing the 2K11 Krug. The 9M83 (SA-12A Gladiator) missiles have a maximum engagement range of around 75 km (47 mi), while the 9M82 (SA-12B Giant) missiles can engage targets out to 100 km (62 mi) and up to altitudes of around 32 km (20 mi). In both cases the warhead is around 150 kg (330 lb).

While it was created from the same project, hence sharing the common S-300 designation with the S-300P air defense family, the S-300V focused on different priorities resulting in a different design. The S-300V system is carried on tracked MT-T transporters, which gives it better cross-country mobility than the S-300Ps moving on 8 × 8 wheeled transporters. Its search, tracking, and command systems are more distributed than the S-300P's. For example, while both have mechanically scanning radar for target acquisition (9S15 BILL BOARD A), the battery level 9S32 GRILL PAN has an autonomous search ability and SARH delegated to illumination radar on TELARs. The early 30N6 FLAP LID on the S-300P handles tracking and illumination, but is not equipped with an autonomous search capability (later upgraded). 9S15 can simultaneously carry out active (3 coordinates) and passive (2 positions) search for targets.[9]

 
S-300V high altitude surface-to-air missile systems
 
9S15M Obzor-3 acquisition radar

The S-300V places a greater emphasis on the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) mission, with a dedicated 9M82 (SA-12B Giant) anti-ballistic missile. This missile is larger and only two can be held on each TELAR. It also has a dedicated ABM radar: the 9S19 HIGH SCREEN phased array radar at battalion level. A typical S-300V battalion is made up out of a target detection and designation unit, a guidance radar, and up to 6 TELARs. The detection and designation unit consists of the 9S457-1 command post, a 9S15MV or 9S15MT BILL BOARD all-round surveillance radar, and a 9S19M2 HIGH SCREEN sector surveillance radar.[24] The S-300V uses the 9S32-1 GRILL PAN multi-channel guidance radar. Four types of missile-launcher vehicles can be used with the system:[25]

  • Transporter erector and radar (TELAR) vehicles, which not only transport the missiles, but also fire and guide them (includes radar illumination and targeting as well[26]). There are two models: the 9A83-1 TELAR holding four 9M83 Gladiator missiles and the 9A82 TELAR holding two 9M82 Giant missiles.[25]
  • Launcher/loader vehicles (LLV), which transport the missiles and can reload the TELARs, and also fire missiles under the control of a TELAR. There are two models: the 9A84 LLV holding two 9M83 Gladiator missiles and the 9A85 LLV holding two 9M82 Giant missiles.[25]

The target detection ranges for each radar vary based on the radar cross-section of the target:[27]

  • 9S15M – 330 km for 10 m2 and 240 km for 3 m2.
  • 9S19M2 – 175 km (unknown cross-section); it contains two passive electronically scanned arrays with a very high resistance to interference.
  • 9S32M (TELAR 9A82/9A83) – range is limited to 200 km, can work independently, or target designation from the S-300V, or a variety of other target designation data systems (AWACS aircraft and various ground-based radar). Targets with a radar cross-section of 0.1 m2 are detected at ranges up to 140 km and are locked on at 120 km. Alogically, 9S32 detection range – MGM-52 Lance 60 km, aircraft missiles 80 km, fighter or ballistic missile MGM-31 Pershing (all of which the U.S. removed from service in 1991) 140 km.[28][29]
  • Size of 0.05 m2 at a distance of 30 km (aiming system in the rocket (10/3 seconds before the missiles hit the target)).[citation needed] In addition, the guidance system inside the rocket supplements for missile guidance systems on commands from the 9A82 / 9A83 and 9S32, and missile guidance systems to passively on the radar illumination and radiation of 9A82 / 9A83.[citation needed]

A S-300V system may be controlled by an upper level command post system 9S52 Polyana-D4 integrating it with the Buk missile system into a brigade.

China has built its own version of the S-300V called HQ-18.[30]

S-300VM (SA-23)

Main article: S-300VM

The system is available abroad (1996)

The S-300VM (Antey 2500) is an upgrade to the S-300V. It consists of a new command post vehicle, the 9S457ME and a selection of new radars. These consist of the 9S15M2, 9S15MT2E, and 9S15MV2E all-round surveillance radars, and the 9S19ME sector surveillance radar. The upgraded guidance radar has the Grau index 9S32ME. The system can still employ up to six TELARs, the 9A84ME launchers (up to 4 × 9M83ME missile), and up to 6 launcher/loader vehicles assigned to each launcher (2 × 9M83ME missile each). An upgraded version, dubbed S-300V4, will be delivered to the Russian army in 2011.[31]

The Antey-2500 complex is the export version developed separately from the S-300 family and has been exported to Venezuela for an estimated export price of US$1 billion. The system has one type of missile in two versions, basic and amended with a sustainer stage that doubles the range (up to 200 km (120 mi), according to other data up to 250 km (160 mi)) and can simultaneously engage up to 24 aircraft or 16 ballistic targets in various combinations.

  • It became the first system in the world capable of simultaneously engaging cruise missiles, aircraft, and ballistic targets. It also contains a private sector radar for countering areas affected by interference.[32]

S-300V4

The S-300V4 is also called S-300VMD.[citation needed] It is developed to target high-value airborne targets such as AWACS aircraft at long distances.[33][34] Different versions of the NPO Novator 9M82MD[35] S-300V4 missiles have a range of 400 km at Mach 7.5 or a range of 350 km at Mach 9 and can destroy maneuvering targets even at very high altitudes.[36][37] An export version exists, marketed as the Antey-4000.[38]

S-400 (SA-21)

Main article: S-400 missile system

The S-400 Triumf (Russian С-400 «Триумф», formerly known as the S-300PMU-3/С-300ПМУ-3, NATO reporting name SA-21 Growler) was introduced in 1999 and featured a new, larger missile and several substantial upgrades and new features. The project encountered delays since its original announcement and deployment only began on a small scale in 2006. With an engagement range of up to 400 km (250 mi), depending on the missile variant used, and specifically designed to counter stealth[dubious – discuss], it is by far the most advanced version, incorporating the ability to survive PGM threats and counter advanced jammers by using automatic frequency hopping.[39]

Specifications

The family of S-300 variants will work together in various combinations. Interworking with different variants is limited. Various higher level mobile command can coordinate into a single battery any quantity, variants, location and so on including integrating other air defence systems.[40]

Variants can engage ballistic missiles as well as aircraft. It is a multi-channel anti-aircraft missile system, able to allocate up to 12 missiles to up to 6 different targets. The system can destroy ground targets at a range of 120 km.[11][41] When launched on a ballistic trajectory, the range reaches up to 400 km.[41]

A management system consisting of combat control and radar detection allows for fully automatic initiation and effective management of up to one hundred goals located up to 30–40 km from the base station. All tasks – detection, tracking, target setting, target designation, development of target designation, target acquisition, maintenance, capture, tracking and missile guidance, and assessment of results of firing system – are capable of being dealt with automatically.

The operator functions are to control the target detection and implementation of the launch of rockets. In a complex environment, you can manually intervene in the course of combat operation. None of the previous systems possessed these qualities.

Vertical launch missiles allow engagement of flying targets in any direction without traversing the launcher.[32][42]

Missiles are guided by the 30N6 FLAP LID or naval 3R41 Volna (TOP DOME) radar using command guidance with terminal semi-active radar homing. Later versions use the 30N6 FLAP LID B or TOMB STONE radar to guide the missiles via command guidance/seeker-aided ground guidance (SAGG). SAGG is similar to the U.S.-made Patriot's TVM guidance scheme. The earlier 30N6 FLAP LID A can guide up to four missiles at a time to up to four targets, and can track up to 24 targets at once. The 30N6E FLAP LID B can guide up to two missiles per target to up to six targets simultaneously. Targets flying at up to Mach 2.5 can be successfully engaged or around Mach 8.5 for later models. One missile can be launched every three seconds. The mobile control centre is able to manage up to 12 TELs simultaneously.

The original warhead weighed 100 kg (220 lb), intermediate warheads weighed 133 kg (293 lb), and the latest warhead weighs 143 kg (315 lb). All are equipped with a proximity fuse and contact fuse. A warhead will have from 19,000[41] to 36,000 metal fragments, depending on missile type. The missiles themselves weigh between 1,450 and 1,800 kg (3,200 and 3,970 lb). Missiles are catapulted clear of the launching tubes before their rocket motor fires, and can accelerate at up to 100 g (1 km/s2). They launch straight upwards and then tip over towards their target, removing the need to aim the missiles before launch. The missiles are steered with a combination of control fins and thrust vectoring vanes. The sections below give exact specifications of the radar and missiles in the different S-300 versions. Since the S-300PM, most vehicles are interchangeable across variations.

Radar

The 30N6 FLAP LID A is mounted on a small trailer. The 64N6 BIG BIRD is mounted on a large trailer along with a generator and typically towed with the now familiar 8-wheeled truck. The 76N6 CLAM SHELL (5N66M[43] etc.) is mounted on a large trailer with a mast which is between 24 and 39 m (79 and 128 ft) tall. Usually is used with a mast. Target detection range of 90 km if altitude of the target of 500 meters above the ground (with a mast).[43]

The original S-300P utilises a combination of the 5N66M continuous-wave radar Doppler radar for target acquisition and the 30N6 FLAP LID A I/J-band phased array digitally steered tracking and engagement radar. Both are mounted on trailers. In addition there is a trailer-mounted command centre and up to twelve trailer-mounted erector/launchers with four missiles each. The S-300PS/PM is similar but uses an upgraded 30N6 tracking and engagement radar with the command post integrated and has truck-mounted TELs.

If employed in an anti-ballistic missile or anti-cruise missile role, the 64N6 BIG BIRD E/F-band radar would also be included with the battery. It is capable of detecting ballistic missile class targets up to 1,000 km (620 mi) away travelling at up to 10,000 km/h (6,200 mph) and cruise missile class targets up to 300 km (190 mi) away. It also employs electronic beam steering and performs a scan once every twelve seconds.

The 36D6 TIN SHIELD radar can also be used to augment the S-300 system to provide earlier target detection than the FLAP LID radar allows. It can detect a missile-sized target flying at an altitude of 60 metres (200 ft) at least 20 km (12 mi) away, at an altitude of 100 m (330 ft) at least 30 km (19 mi) away, and at high altitude up to 175 km (109 mi) away. In addition a 64N6 BIG BIRD E/F band target acquisition radar can be used which has a maximum detection range of 300 km (190 mi).

The S-300 FC Radar Flap Lid can be mounted on a standard pylon.

Surveillance radar
GRAU index NATO reporting name Specialisation Target detection range Simultaneously detected targets NATO frequency band First used with Notes
36D6 TIN SHIELD – 180–360 km (110–220 mi) 120 E/F S-300P Industrial designation: ST-68UM
350 kW to 1.23 MW power
76N6 CLAM SHELL Low altitude detection I S-300P
76N6 CLAM SHELL Low altitude detection 120 km (75 mi) 180 I S-300PMU 1.4 kW FM continuous wave
64N6 BIG BIRD Regiment radar 300 km (190 mi) 300 C S-300PMU-1
96L6E CHEESE BOARD All altitude detection 300 km 100 S-300PMU-1
9S15 BILL BOARD – 250 km (160 mi) 250 S S-300V
9S19 HIGH SCREEN Sector tracking 16 S-300V
MR-75[44] TOP STEER Naval 300 km D/E S-300F
MR-800 Voskhod[44] TOP PAIR Naval 200 km (120 mi) C/D/E/F S-300F
Target tracking/missile guidance
GRAU index NATO reporting name NATO frequency band Target detection range Simultaneously tracked targets Simultaneously engaged targets First used with Notes
30N6 FLAP LID A I/J 4 4 S-300P
30N6E(1) FLAP LID B H-J 200 km (120 mi) 6 6 S-300PMU Phased array
30N6E2 FLAP LID B I/J 200 km 6 6 S-300PMU-2
9S32-1 GRILL PAN Multi-band 140–150 km (87–93 mi) 6 6 S-300V
3R41 Volna TOP DOME I/J 100 km (62 mi) S-300F

Missiles

 
Two types of missiles for the Russian SA-20 anti-air complex
Missile specifications
GRAU index Year Range Maximum velocity Maximum target Speed Length Diameter Weight Warhead Guidance First used with
5V55K[45]/ 5V55R[46] 1978/1982[47] 47 km (29 mi) 75 km 1,900 m/s (4,250 mph) 1,150 m/s (2,572 mph) 7 m (23 ft) 450mm 1,450 kg (3,200 lb) 100 kg (220 lb) Command
5V55R/5V55KD[citation needed] after 1982[46] 75/90 km (/56mile) 1,900 m/s (4,250 mph) 1,150 m/s (2,572 mph) 7 m (23 ft) 450mm 1,450 kg (3,200 lb) 133 kg (293 lb) SARH
5V55U 1992 150 km (93 mi) 2,000 m/s (4,470 mph) 7 m (23 ft) 450mm 1,470 kg (3,240 lb) 133 kg (293 lb) SARH
48N6 accepted on arms 1993[48] 150 km (93 mi) 2,000 m/s (4,470 mph) 2,800 m/s (6,415 mph) 7.5 m (25 ft) 500mm 1,780 kg (3,920 lb) ≈150 kg (330 lb) Track-via-missile (TVM)
48N6P-01 1992 195 km (121 mi) 2,000 m/s (4,470 mph) 2,800 m/s (6,415 mph) 7.5 m (25 ft) 500mm 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) 150 kg (330 lb) TVM
9M82 1984 13–100 km (8.1–62.1 mi)
30 km (98,000 ft) alt		 2,400 m/s (5,400 mph) 420 kg (930 lb) 150 kg (330 lb) SARH by TELAR S-300V
9M83 1984 6–75 km (3.7–46.6 mi)
25 km (82,000 ft) alt		 1,700 m/s (3,800 mph) 150 kg (330 lb) SARH by TELAR S-300V
9M83ME 1990 200 km (120 mi) SARH by TELAR S-300VM
9M96E1 1999 40 km (25 mi) 900 m/s[49] (2,010 mph) 4,800–5,000 m/s
(10,737–11,185 mph)		 330 kg (730 lb) 24 kg (53 lb) Active radar homing S-400
9M96E2 1999 120 km (75 mi) 1,000 m/s[49] (2,240 mph) 4,800–5,000 m/s
(10,737–11,185 mph)		 420 kg (930 lb) 24 kg (53 lb) Active radar homing S-400
40N6 2000 400 km (250 mi) Active radar homing S-400

Means of camouflage and protection

Additional means of masking are used, such as camouflage nets and placement of components of the S-300 in trenches that considerably complicates detection from long range. Station interference with radar enemy, SPN-30, Veil-1.[40]

  • Protection. Additional elements of protection are the placement of components of S-300 in the trenches (practiced as placing on the hills for a better view and more rapid care of the horizon, and in the trenches for stealth and protection against fragments of explosions).

Composite element to counter the radar missile program is for S-300 system Paperboy-E,[40][51] the likelihood of intercepting missiles PIS type of HARM is 0.85 for missiles with active radar-guided, heat or body-managed system pointing the probability of interception of 0.85–0.99. Under the interception perceived inability of the object to cause harm because of his hit miss the target.

Comparison with other systems

Official designation of unit S-300PMU[52] S-300PMU1[53] S-300PMU2 [40] S-300VM[40]/S-300V4[54] Patriot PAC-2[citation needed] Patriot PAC-3[citation needed]
Range of,
km 		aerodynamic target 5–90 5–150 3–200 200 (400)[55] 3–160 15, at most 20[56] / 0.3–20[57]
ballistic targets at most 35 at most 40 5–40 40 20 15–45[citation needed] (20)[58] possible max 50[57]
Height defeat,
km 		aerodynamic target 0.025–27 0.01–27 0.01–27 0.025–30 /?-37 0.06–24 15[58][better source needed]
ballistic targets (?) (?) 2–25 1–30 3–12[59] 15(?).[58] 15, possible max 20.[56]
Maximum target speed, m/s 1,150, at most 1,300 (for the escort 3000)[59] at most 2,800 (for the escort 10000 km/hr)[53][59] at most 2,800 4,500 of ballistic targets[40] at most 2,200[59] at most 1,600[58][better source needed]
Maximum speed of the rocket complex, m/s at most 2,000[52][better source needed] 2000[53] 1,900 2,600 and 1,700[58]/7.5M or 9M (more 3000) and (?) 1,700[60] (?) approximately 1,500[57][citation needed]
Number of simultaneously guided anti-aircraft missiles by one unit at most 12 at most 12 at most 72[61] at most 48[citation needed] at most 9[citation needed]
Number of simultaneously engaged targets by one unit at most 6 at most 6 at most 36[61] at most 24[62] at most 9[citation needed] at most 9
Mass of a rocket, kg 1,400–1,600 (?) 330–1,900 (?) 900 312
Warhead weight, kg 150 (?) 180[63] (?) 91 74
Minimum time between missile launches, seconds 3–5 3–5 3 (0 at start from different

CARRIERS MISSILES)

1.5 (0 at start from different

CARRIERS MISSILES)

3–4 (1[60] at start from different

CARRIERS MISSILES)

(?)
Set up time and clotting time of starting complex, minutes 5 5 5 5 15/30[59] 15/30(?)
Means of transportation Wheeled Wheeled Wheeled tracked semi trailer semi trailer

Operational history

Russian officials stated that the system has performed well in real-world exercises.[64] In 1991, 1992, and 1993, various versions of the S-300 destroyed ballistic missiles and other objects in exercises, with a high success rate (90% or more if 1 missile interceptor is used), according to Russian sources.[64][65][66][67] In 1995, it was the first system in the world to destroy a R-17 Elbrus Scud missile in the air.[67] China is to test the S-300PMU2 effectiveness in destroying targets in real exercises. The planned targets include a UAV (4.6 km), a simulated strategic bomber (186 km), tactical missiles (range of the system to the point of interception 34 km and a height of 17.7 km), and pinpoint missiles. In April 2005, NATO held a combat exercise in France and Germany called Trial Hammer 05 to practice Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses missions.[68][69] Participating countries were pleased that the Slovak Air Force brought an S-300PMU along, providing a unique opportunity for NATO to become familiar with the system.[citation needed]

Israel's purchase of F-35 Lightning II fighters was allegedly intended in part to nullify the threat of S-300 missiles that were, at the time the fighters were initially sought, subject to a potential arms sale to Iran.[70][71]

In 2010, Russia announced that its military had deployed the S-300 systems in breakaway Abkhazia in 2008, leading to condemnation from the government of Georgia.[72]

Syria

Main article: Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war

After a Russian Sukhoi Su-24 was shot down over Syria in November 2015, Russia deployed S-300 and S-400 systems to the region – some to the Khmeimim Air Base, some with the Russian cruiser Moskva.[73]

On 17 September 2018, a Syrian S-200 system downed a Russian military plane, killing 15 Russian service members. Moscow accused Israel of indirectly causing this incident, and announced that to keep its troops safe, it would supply Syria with modern S-300 anti-missile rocket systems.[74][75] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu objected to the move in a telephone call with Russian president Vladimir Putin, stating that the delivery of S-300 anti-missile rocket systems to "irresponsible players" would be dangerous for the region.[76]

In 2020, Syrian military officials criticized the S-300 air defense systems supplied by Russia, saying they failed to protect Syrian sites from the Israeli strikes.[77] One official criticized the detection abilities of the system's radar.[78]

On 17 May 2022, Israel said that a Russian-operated S-300 missile system is said to have fired a missile at a F-16 operated by the IAF. If confirmed, it would be the first time Russian forces have fired on Israeli jets.[79] According to Channel 13 news, Russia fired 13 missiles at an Israeli F-16, but none of the jets were intercepted by the missile salvos.[80][81] On 26 July, Israeli Defence Minister Benny Gantz confirmed the initial report of one missile being fired by a Russian operated S-300 system. However, he downplayed the incident as a "one-off", further stating that "Our jets weren’t even in the area". As the missile had not locked on, it was no threat to Israeli jets. It still remains the first use of a S-300 against the Israeli Air Force.[82]

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Main article: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the S-300 system took active part in an armed conflict for the first time, being listed in the active inventory of both sides in different versions. The Armenian systems were initially deployed around Yerevan. On 29 September 2020, Azerbaijan reported that Armenia was moving its S-300 systems closer to the conflict zone,[83] and vowed their destruction.[84] On 30 September 2020, Azerbaijani Armed Forces claimed the destruction of an Armenian S-300 system without providing further details.[85][86] The first alleged combat firing of the S-300 happened during the night between 1 and 2 October when the Armenian Ministry of Defense claimed that Armenian S-300s had downed three Azerbaijani drones (not missiles as initially claimed) bound for Yerevan.[87][88]

On 17 October 2020, Azerbaijani Armed Forces claimed the destruction of two radar elements[89] part of an active Armenian S-300 SAM site being hit by a Bayraktar TB2 UCAV.[90][91]

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Main article: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

At the time Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Ukraine had around 100 active S-300 batteries with as many as 300 launchers inherited upon the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. By 8 April the Russians had knocked out at least 21 of the S-300 launchers that outside analysts confirmed with photos or videos, with the actual total of destroyed launchers likely higher. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, in his 16 March message to the U.S. Congress, had consequently asked specifically for help acquiring more of the long-range missiles. "You know what kind of defense systems we need: S-300 and other similar systems", Zelenskyy said.

As the United States and its allies tried to figure out how to deliver S-300s to Ukraine, one plan was for Slovakia to transfer to Ukraine its single battery of S-300s in exchange for the United States or some other country backfilling Slovakia's arsenal with a new air-defense system such as the American-made Patriot. A few days after Zelenskyy asked for S-300s, Germany agreed to deploy some of its Patriots to Slovakia as part of a NATO battlegroup.[92]

On 30 March, Prime Minister Eduard Heger of Slovakia said that he supported sending some of its own S-300s to Ukraine "because this is the equipment that Ukraine needs the most", he told CNN. On 8 April, U.S. President Joe Biden confirmed that Slovakia transferred a Soviet-era S-300 system to Ukraine and said that the U.S. would reposition an American Patriot missile system to Slovakia in return.[93] It appears that it was only one battery that was donated. This was a system that Slovakia inherited from the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993.[94]

On 11 April, the Associated Press reported Russia's claims to have destroyed several air defense systems in Ukraine over the previous two days, indicating a renewed push to gain air superiority and take out weapons Kyiv described as crucial ahead of a broad new offensive in the east. Moscow claimed to have hit four S-300 missile launchers provided by a European country it did not name, but never showed any concrete evidence of that. Slovakia had given Ukraine such a system the previous week, but denied it had been destroyed. Russia previously reported two strikes on similar systems in other places.

Russia's initial invasion was stalled on several fronts by stiff resistance from Ukrainian forces, which prevented the Russians from taking the capital and other cities. Failing to win full control of Ukraine's skies diminished Russia's ability to provide air cover for troops on the ground, limiting their advances while increasing exposure to greater losses.[95] This was effectively proof of the essential value of Ukraine's S-300 defenses in place of the repeatedly requested no-fly zone rejected by NATO early in March as potentially risking escalation into World War III.[96]

In early April, Iran also reportedly returned a large number of S-300 systems for use against Ukraine which it had purchased from Russia in 2007, along with a quantity of its own Iranian-made version, the Bavar-373, which has similar capabilities.[97] Iran Foreign Minister Amir Abdolhainnan refuted allegations of arms transfers to Russia in a call with Ukraine Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba.[98]

On 8 July, the governor of the Mykolaiv Oblast, Vitaly Kim, claimed that Russia has been using S-300 missiles in a land attack role by fitting them with GPS guidance and that some 12 missiles were fired this way.[99] On 30 September, The Wall Street Journal reported the claim of Kyrylo Tymoshenko, an adviser to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, that 16 Russian S-300 missiles configured for ground attack struck near Zaporizhzhia, killing at least 30 civilians and wounding 50 others.[6] Debris from S-300 missiles was found after having struck buildings in Kharkiv on 8 October.[5] Analysts from McKenzie Intelligence Services and the Center for Strategic and International Studies said that these missiles were likely from Russian systems repurposed for ground attack due to the dwindling stock of more precise dedicated anti-surface missiles.[5]

However, some of the reported surface–surface missile strikes by S-300 missiles may actually be instances of Ukrainian S-300s failing to intercept targets, and subsequently falling onto civilian areas on the ground. The most notable case of such unintentional strikes occurred on 15 November 2022, when a stray S-300 missile on a ballistic trajectory fell near the village of Przewodow in Poland, killing 2.[100][101]

On 22 December, President Putin addressed the Security Council. He made a number of comments, including about the Patriot missiles being sent to Ukraine: "In regards to Patriots, this is quite an old system and it doesn't work as well as our S-300 (missile system)."[102]

Operators and other versions

 
Map with S-300 operators in blue and former operators in red
 
An S-300 of the Armenian Air Force during the parade in 2016
 
An S-300 of the Bulgarian Air Force
 
Russian S-300PMU2 during the Victory Day Parade 2009

The S-300 is mainly used in Eastern Europe and Asia, although sources are inconsistent about which countries possess the system.[103]

  •   Algeria – 8 regiments of S-300PMU2[104][105]
  •   Armenia – S-300PS (SA-10D) 50 systems[106]
  •   Azerbaijan bought two S-300PMU2 (SA-20B) SAM battalions in 2010[107]
  •   Belarus – S-300PS systems delivered from Russia in 2007 to replace older S-300 model in Belarusian inventory.[108] Four divisions of S-300 missiles to be delivered in 2014.[citation needed]
  •   Bulgaria – 10 S-300 launchers, divided into two units with five launchers each.[109]
  •   People's Republic of China – China first acquired the S-300PMU-1 in 1993, and later became the first customer of S-300PMU-2 in 2004.[110][111] China also built the HQ-15 with the maximum range upgraded from 150 to 200 km (93 to 124 mi). The total number of the S-300PMU/1/2 and HQ-15/18 batteries in PLA are approximately 40 and 60 respectively, as of 2008. The total number of the missiles is well above 1,600, with about 300 launcher platforms.[112] Five such SAM battalions are deployed and in active duty around Beijing region, six battalions in Taiwan strait region and the rest in major cities like Shanghai, Chengdu and Dalian. Two Rif (SA-N-6) systems were purchased in 2002 for the Chinese Navy for the Type 051C destroyers. By 2011, it had obtained 15 battalions (4 systems) of the S-300PMU-2.[113]
  •   Egypt – The S-300VM "Antey-2500" missile system was ordered in 2014, as part of a multi-billion Egyptian-Russian arms deal signed later that year.[114][115] The $1 billion contract comprises 4 batteries, a command post and other external elements.[116][117] In 2015, Russia started delivering the system components, Egyptian soldiers began their training in Russian training centers.[citation needed] By the end of 2017, all batteries were delivered to Egypt.[118] Russia is in talks with Egypt on the delivery of additional Antey-2500 systems.[119]
  •   Greece[120] – S-300 PMU1 system acquired after the Cyprus Missile Crisis and operated by HAF on Crete consisting of 1 regiment/4 systems/8 fire units/32 launchers / 175 missiles.[121] Greece first fired an S-300 during the White Eagle 2013 military exercise, which was the first time it was used since it had been bought 14 years earlier.[citation needed] Greece is prepared to transfer its S-300 system to Ukraine in exchange for PAC-3 Patriot missile system. If agreed, the PAC-3 system would be based on Crete. The Greek defence minister Nikos Panagiotopoulos has extended this offer to any other Russian equipment that "The same procedure applies to any other Russian-made air defense system that they may want to send to Ukraine." [122]
  •   India – India has procured 6 regiments of S-300, which were later upgraded to S-300VM, which are in use as an 'anti-tactical ballistic missile screen'. However, it isn't clearly announced by Government of India, but some Russian officials and Chinese media have said that India operates the S-300.[123][124]
  •   Iran – Originally purchased by Iran in 2007, Russia maintained a self-imposed ban on its sale until the easing of some US sanctions as part of the Iran nuclear deal framework in April 2015 and subsequent Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Iran received four S-300PMU2 batteries from Russia in 2016, each consisting of a 96L6E target acquisition radar, a 30N6E2 target engagement radar, and four 5P85TE2 towed transporter-erector-launchers (TELs).[125] The systems are supported by two 64N6E2 battle management radars and linked using FL-95 antenna masts. Iran also operates an unknown number of the domestically produced Bavar 373 systems, which began development during the Russian embargo and entered service in 2019. The S-300s are operated by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force.
  •   Kazakhstan[15][126] – 10 battalions after the refurbishment (PS – version)[127] (2009 or later), 5 free of charge (2014),[128] and 5 free of charge (2015).[129]
  •   North Korea – North Korea has conducted tests with a system called 'KN-06'.[130]
  •   Russia – All variations. (1900 (S-300PT/PS/PMU, 200 S-300V/S-300V1 in 2010 year)),[131] 2000 in total launchers.[132] All production in 1994 (actually 1990) or older, all the complexes S-300PM have been repairing and upgrading (Favorit-S).[133] S-300P/PT have been retired before 2008, some S-300PS in service, but were to be retired in 2012–2013. Modernization of all units of the version S-300P to the version S-300PM1 was to end in 2014. Resource of each taken increased by 5 years. PM 1 continued to version PM 2. By 2015 S-300V4 was to have been delivered. Modernization of all S-300V to the version S-300V4 was to end in 2012.[134][135]
  •   Syria – An order for 6 systems was signed in 2010.[136] Syrian crews underwent training in Russia and some of the S-300 components were delivered to Syria in 2013. Later, due to the weapons trade embargo against Syria and on request of Israel, the deliveries were halted.[a] After the Russian Su-24 shootdown in November 2015, batteries of the S-300 missile system were officially deployed in the Latakia province for protection of the Russian naval base and warships in Tartus. These are operated by Russian crews.[citation needed] Russia was reconsidering the deliveries of the S-300 to Syria after the missile strikes against Syria in April 2018, but this did not happen.[citation needed] Following the Syrian military's downing of a Russian Il-20 aircraft in Syria in September 2018 using a S-200 system (for which Russia held Israel responsible), Russian defense minister Sergei Shoigu on 24 September said that within two weeks, the Syrian Army will receive S-300 systems. Though the variant was not specified, the stated range of the system is to be 250 km.[140][141][142][143][144] On 2 October 2018, Shoigu told President Putin during a meeting broadcast that the delivery of the S-300 system to Syria had been completed a day prior.[145][146] On 8 October 2018, Russian news agency TASS reported that three S-300PM battalions had been given to Syria free of charge, citing "On 1 October three battalion sets of S-300PM systems of eight launchers each were delivered to Syria". According to the source, the deliveries also included more than 100 surface-to-air missiles for each battalion.[147] It is operated by the Syrian Air Defense Force.
  •   Ukraine – S-300PT, S-300PS, S-300PMU, S-300V1.[148] Only six systems were kept in working conditions between 2004 and 2014; as a result, only 40% of Ukrainian S-300 systems were in good condition prior to 2014.[149] Due to the war with Russia, Ukraine started repairing and pushing back to service several armaments, including several S-300 batteries,[150] with at least 4 batteries overhauled in the period of 2014–15. 34 launchers remained in Crimea after the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea.[151] Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the country had around 100 batteries.[152][153] It received an additional battery from Slovakia in April 2022.[154]
  •   Venezuela – Ordered 2 battalions of S-300VM "Antey-2500", delivered in May 2012.[155][156]
  •   Vietnam – Bought two S-300PMU-1 systems (12 launchers) for nearly $300 million[157] and RLS 96L6 after 2009.[158] Bought S-300 PMU-2 in 2012.[159]

Former operators

Evaluation-only operators

  •   United States – S-300P purchased from Belarus (1994). The system was devoid of electronics.[162] S-300V was purchased in Russia officially in the 1990s[clarification needed] (complete set (except for 9S32 GRILL PAN multi-channel guidance radar)).[163]

Cancelled

Related

Gallery

  •  

    S-300V with 9M83 rockets.

  •  

    5P85-1 launcher for the S-300PT.

  •  

    S-300PS surface-to-air missile launcher.

  •  

    A U.S. military photo of the S-300PS (SA-10).

  •  

    S-300 at the 2009 Victory Day parade in Moscow.

  •  

    S-300 system operated by the Bulgarian military.

  •  

    KrAZ-260 tractor-trailer of an S-300PMU2 SAM system.

  •  

    S-300VM during a 2014 display in Caracas, Venezuela.

  •  

    The 5P85TE2 of an S-300PMU2 SAM on parade in Baku in 2011.

  •  

    S-300PS displayed in a Ukrainian Air Force museum in Vinnitsa.

  •  

    Transport-launch container with a 5V55 surface-to-air missile for the S-300P.

  •  

    The 5P85-1 launcher for S-300PT displayed at the Air Defense History Museum in Zarya[disambiguation needed], Moscow Oblast.

  •  

    A view of the deck area housing the S-300F vertical missile launchers on the Slava-class guided missile cruiser Marshal Ustinov.

  •  

    Installing inflatable decoys of the S-300 during a Russian army exercise by the Guards Engineer Brigade and the Engineer Camouflage Regiment.

S-300PMU2 during rehearsal for the 2009 Victory Day parade on April 28 and 30:
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
  •  
The main components of the S-300V in the 2012 Technologies in Mechanical Engineering exhibition in Russia:
  •  

    9A83 TELAR.

  •  

    S-300V air defense system.

  •  

    9S19M2 Imbir acquisition radar.

  •  

    9S15M Obzor-3 round sight acquisition radar.

  •  

    9S457 self-propelled command post.

  •  

    9S32 multichannel missile engagement guidance radar.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the acceleration of highly advanced Russian weapons supplies to Syria. Referring to S-300 anti-air systems and the nuclear-capable 9K720 Iskander (NATO reporting name SS-26 Stone) surface missiles. Since Syrian Air Defense Force teams have already trained in the Russian Federation on the handling of the S-300 interceptor batteries, they can go into service as soon as they are landed by one of Russia's daily airlifts to Syria. Russian air defence officials will supervise their deployment and prepare them for operation.[137] According to President Vladimir Putin, components of the S-300 have been delivered to Syria but the delivery has not been completed.[138] 2 SA-20B (4 batalions), contract 2010, fully prepared in 2012. Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade (armstrade.org/english.shtml) SA-20B actually received in 2013[139]

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to S-300.
  • S-300 | CSIS Missile Threat
  • (in English language) in the Russia (official developer site).
  • Australian Air Power: and
  • detailed overview of the S-300P & S-300V family.
  • Soviet/Russian Missile Designations
  • S-300PMU2 Favorit EnemyForces.com
  • Almaz S-300P/PT/PS/PMU/PMU-1/PMU-2
  • 76N6 Clam Shell Acquisition Radar
  • "Antey 9K81 S-300V – SA-12A/B Gladiator/Giant". ausairpower.net: 1. 23 December 2006.
  • Matching of the Patriot (1/2/3) against the S-300 (v/ Antey 2500). In English. Used 8 parameters. Admonition. This test is not officially authenticated but not refuted.
  • Aviation Week S-300 Surface-To-Air Missile System 8 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine

January 12, 2023
missile, system, redirects, here, computer, interface, systems, concepts, saturn, launch, vehicle, other, uses, sa10, disambiguation, this, article, require, copy, editing, grammar, style, cohesion, tone, spelling, assist, editing, april, 2022, learn, when, re. SA 10 redirects here For the DEC computer interface see Systems Concepts For the Saturn launch vehicle see AS 105 For other uses see SA10 disambiguation This article may require copy editing for grammar style cohesion tone or spelling You can assist by editing it April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The S 300 NATO reporting name SA 10 Grumble is a series of long range surface to air missile systems developed and operated by the former Soviet Union now fielded by the militaries of Russia Ukraine and other former Eastern Bloc countries It was produced by NPO Almaz based on the initial S 300P version The S 300 system was developed to defend against air raids and cruise missiles for the Soviet Air Defence Forces Subsequent variations were also developed to be able to intercept ballistic missiles The S 300 system was first deployed by the Soviet Armed Forces in 1979 designed for the air defence of military bases and large industrial and administrative facilities as well as control of airspace against enemy strike aircraft During the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 military analysts have stated that Russia has modified a number of systems to perform surface to surface strikes 5 6 S 300 FamilyNATO reporting name SA 10 Grumble SA 12 Giant Gladiator SA 20 Gargoyle SA N 6 Grumble S 300FM SA N 20 S 300 air defense system at the 2009 Moscow Victory Day Parade rehearsal Red Square 28 April 2009 TypeLong range surface to air and anti ballistic missile systemPlace of originSoviet UnionService historyIn service1978 presentUsed bySee list of operatorsProduction historyDesignerAlmaz Antey NPO Almaz lead designer NIIP radars MKB Fakel missile designer for S 300P series NPO Novator missile designer for S 300V series MNIIRE Altair Naval version designer Designed1967 2005 1 ManufacturerMZiK 2 Produced1975 3 2011 for PS and PM 4 Variantssee variantsThe system is fully automated though manual observation and operation are also possible 3 7 Components may be near the central command post or as distant as 40 km Each radar provides target designation for the central command post The command post compares the data received from the targeting radars up to 80 km apart filtering false targets The central command post features both active and passive target detection modes 8 9 The project managing developer of the S 300 is Almaz Antey S 300 uses missiles developed by both MKB Fakel and NPO Novator design bureaus separate government corporations previously named OKB 2 and OKB 8 The S 300 was still in 2006 regarded as one of the most potent anti aircraft missile systems currently fielded 10 It is mainly used in Asia and Eastern Europe including NATO member countries Bulgaria and Greece An evolved version of the S 300 system is the S 400 NATO reporting name SA 21 Growler which entered service on 28 April 2007 Contents 1 Variations and upgrades 1 1 S 300 system family tree 1 2 S 300P 1 2 1 Land based S 300P SA 10 1 2 2 S 300PMU 1 2 SA 20A B 1 3 S 300F 1 3 1 Sea based S 300F SA N 6 1 3 2 Sea based S 300FM SA N 20 1 4 S 300V SA 12 1 5 S 300VM SA 23 1 6 S 300V4 1 7 S 400 SA 21 2 Specifications 2 1 Radar 2 2 Missiles 2 3 Means of camouflage and protection 3 Comparison with other systems 4 Operational history 4 1 Syria 4 2 2020 Nagorno Karabakh conflict 4 3 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5 Operators and other versions 5 1 Former operators 5 2 Evaluation only operators 5 3 Cancelled 6 Related 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksVariations and upgrades EditSerial production started in 1975 3 The tests were completed in 1978 for the S 300P variant 1983 for the S 300V and 1987 for the S 300V s anti ballistic capabilities 11 Numerous versions have since emerged with different missiles improved radars better resistance to countermeasures longer range and better capability against short range ballistic missiles or targets flying at very low altitude There are currently three main variations S 300 system family tree Edit S 300 FamilyS 300VS 300PS 300FS 300V1S 300V2S 300PTS 300PSFortRifS 300VMS 300PT 1S 300PMS 300PMUFort MRif MFavorit SS 300VM1S 300VM2S 300PT 1AS 300PM1S 300PMU1Antey 2500S 300PM2S 300PMU2Domestic VersionS 300V4FavoritExport VersionS 300VMDS 400S 300P Edit Land based S 300P SA 10 Edit Slovak S 300PMU TELs ready to launch The S 300PT transliterated from Russian S 300P NATO reporting name SA 10A Grumble is the original version of the S 300 system which became operational in 1978 1 In 1987 over 80 of these sites were active mainly in the area around Moscow The P suffix stands for PVO Strany country air defence system An S 300PT unit consists of a 36D6 uk NATO reporting name Tin Shield surveillance radar a 30N6 FLAP LID fire control system and 5P85 1 launch vehicles The 5P85 1 vehicle is a semi trailer truck Usually a 76N6 CLAM SHELL low altitude detection radar is also a part of the unit 12 The S 300PT included the use of a passive electronically scanned array radar and had the ability to engage multiple targets on a single fire control system Since the original system was semi mobile it took over one hour to set it up for firing and the missile hot launch system could scorch the transporter erector launcher TEL 13 9S32 engagement radar It clarification needed was originally intended to use the track via missile TVM guidance system However the TVM system had problems tracking targets below 500 m To improve tracking of low altitude targets a command guidance system was added to guide the missile for the initial part of the flight 13 This allowed the minimum engagement altitude to be set at 25 m Improvements to the S 300P resulted in several sub versions for both domestic and export markets The S 300PT 1 SA 10B and S 300PT 1A SA 10C are incremental upgrades of the original S 300PT system using a new 5V55KD missile and the cold launch method thereafter employed The time to readiness was reduced to 30 minutes and trajectory optimizations allowed the 5V55KD to reach a range of 75 km 13 Two S 300 PM missile TEL and a Flap Lid radar The S 300PS S 300PM Russian S 300PC S 300PM NATO reporting name SA 10D E Grumble was introduced in 1985 and is the only version thought to have been fitted with a nuclear warhead This model saw the introduction of the modern TEL and mobile radar and command post vehicles that were all based on the MAZ 7910 8 8 truck 1 This model also featured the new 5V55R missiles which increased the maximum engagement range to 90 km 56 mi and introduced a terminal semi active radar homing SARH guidance mode The surveillance radar of these systems was designated 30N6 Also introduced with this version was the distinction between self propelled and towed TELs The towed TEL is designated 5P85T Mobile TELs were the 5P85S and 5P85D The 5P85D was a slave TEL being controlled by a 5P85S master TEL The master TEL is identifiable thanks to the large equipment container behind the cabin in the slave TEL this area is not enclosed and is used for cable or spare tyre storage The next modernization called the S 300PMU Russian S 300PMU US DoD designation SA 10F Grumble was introduced in 1992 for the export market and featured the upgraded 5V55U missile which still utilized the intermediate SARH terminal guidance method and smaller warhead of the 5V55R but increased the engagement envelope to give this missile roughly the same range and altitude capabilities as the newer 48N6 missile max range 150 km 93 mi The radars were also upgraded with the surveillance radar for the S 300PMU being designated 64N6 BIG BIRD and the illumination and guidance radar being designated 30N6 1 in the GRAU index 14 The total production for the S 300P systems was 3 000 launchers and 28 000 missiles through 2012 15 S 300PMU 1 2 SA 20A B Edit S 300PMU 2 64N6E2 acquisition radar part of 83M6E2 command post The S 300PMU 1 Russian S 300PMU 1 US DoD designation SA 20A NATO reporting name SA 20 Gargoyle was also introduced in 1993 with the new and larger 48N6 missiles for the first time in a land based system and introduced all the same performance improvements from the S300PM version including the increased speed range TVM guidance and ABM capability 16 The warhead is slightly smaller than the naval version at 143 kg 315 lb This version also saw the introduction of the new and more capable 30N6E TOMB STONE radar The S 300PMU 1 was introduced in 1993 using different missile types in a single system for the first time In addition to the 5V55R and 48N6E missiles the S 300PMU 1 can utilise two new missiles the 9M96E1 and 9M96E2 Both are significantly smaller than the previous missiles at 330 and 420 kg 730 and 930 lb respectively and carry a smaller 24 kg 53 lb warhead The 9M96E1 has an engagement range of 1 40 km 0 62 25 mi and the 9M96E2 of 1 120 km 0 62 75 mi They are still carried 4 per TEL Rather than just relying on aerodynamic fins for manoeuvring they use a gas dynamic system which allows them to have an excellent probability of kill Pk despite the much smaller warhead The Pk is estimated at 0 7 against a tactical ballistic missile for either missile The S 300PMU 1 typically uses the 83M6E command and control system although it is also compatible with the older Baikal 1E and Senezh M1E CCS command and control systems The 83M6E system incorporates the 64N6E BIG BIRD surveillance detection radar The fire control illumination and guidance radar used is the 30N6E 1 optionally matched with a 76N6 low altitude detection radar and a 96L6E all altitude detection radar The 83M6E command and control system can control up to 12 TELs both the self propelled 5P85SE vehicle and the 5P85TE towed launchers Generally support vehicles are also included such as the 40V6M tow vehicle intended for lifting of the antenna post citation needed China developed its own version of the S 300PMU 1 called HQ 15 Previously the missile was referred to in the Western think tank which as the HQ 10 causing confusion with the unrelated HQ 10 short range point defense missile system 17 S 300PMU 2 vehicles From left to right 64N6E2 detection radar 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL The S 300PMU 2 Favorit Russian S 300PMU 2 Favorit DoD designation SA 20B introduced in 1997 presented ready 1996 is an upgrade to the S 300PMU 1 with a range of 195 km 121 mi with the introduction of the 48N6E2 missile This system is apparently capable against not just short range ballistic missiles but also medium range ballistic missiles It uses the 83M6E2 command and control system consisting of the 54K6E2 command post vehicle and the 64N6E2 surveillance detection radar It employs the 30N6E2 fire control illumination and guidance radar Like the S 300PMU 1 12 TELs can be controlled with any mix of 5P85SE2 self propelled and 5P85TE2 trailer launchers Optionally it can make use of the 96L6E all altitude detection radar and 76N6 low altitude detection radar 18 19 S 300F Edit Sea based S 300F SA N 6 Edit Close up view of SA N 6 launchers on Marshal Ustinov The S 300F Fort Russian S 300F Fort DoD designation SA N 6 F suffix for Flot Russian for fleet was introduced in 1984 as the original ship based naval version of the S 300P system developed by Altair with the new 5V55RM missile with range extended to 7 90 km 4 3 56 mi 3 8 49 nmi and maximum target speed up to Mach 4 while engagement altitude was reduced to 25 25 000 m 82 82 021 ft The naval version utilises the TOP SAIL or TOP STEER TOP PAIR and 3R41 Volna TOP DOME radar and utilises command guidance with a terminal SARH mode Its first installation and sea trials were on a Kara class cruiser and it is also installed on Slava class cruisers and Kirov class battlecruisers It is stored in eight Slava or twelve Kirov 8 missile rotary launchers below decks The export version of this system is known as Rif Russian Rif reef The NATO name found also in colloquial use is Grumble Sea based S 300FM SA N 20 Edit The S 300FM Fort M Russian S 300FM DoD designation SA N 20 is another naval version of the system installed only on the Kirov class cruiser Pyotr Velikiy and introduced the new 48N6 missile It was introduced in 1990 and has a missile speed of approximately Mach 6 for a maximum target engagement speed of up to Mach 8 5 a warhead size of 150 kg 330 lb an engagement range of 5 150 km 3 1 93 mi and an altitude envelope of 10 27 km 6 2 16 8 mi The new missiles also introduced a track via missile guidance method and brought with it the ability to intercept short range ballistic missiles This system makes use of the TOMB STONE MOD rather than TOP DOME radar The export version is called the Rif M Two Rif M systems were purchased by China in 2002 and installed on the Type 051C air defence guided missile destroyers Both naval versions are believed according to whom to include a secondary infrared terminal seeker similar to the newer US Standard missile system probably to reduce the system s vulnerability to saturation This also allows the missile to engage contacts over the radar horizon such as warships or sea skimming anti ship missiles citation needed S 300V SA 12 Edit The S 300V starting with the 9M83 missile entered service in 1983 while it was fully integrated in 1988 9 20 21 S 300V SA 12A Gladiator The 9K81 S 300V Antey 300 Russian 9K81 S 300V Antej 300 named after Antaeus NATO reporting name SA 12 Gladiator Giant varies from the other designs in the series 22 It was built by Antey rather than Almaz 23 and its 9M82 and 9M83 missiles were designed by NPO Novator The V suffix stands for Voyska ground forces It was designed to form the top tier army air defence system providing a defence against ballistic missiles cruise missiles and aircraft replacing the 2K11 Krug The 9M83 SA 12A Gladiator missiles have a maximum engagement range of around 75 km 47 mi while the 9M82 SA 12B Giant missiles can engage targets out to 100 km 62 mi and up to altitudes of around 32 km 20 mi In both cases the warhead is around 150 kg 330 lb While it was created from the same project hence sharing the common S 300 designation with the S 300P air defense family the S 300V focused on different priorities resulting in a different design The S 300V system is carried on tracked MT T transporters which gives it better cross country mobility than the S 300Ps moving on 8 8 wheeled transporters Its search tracking and command systems are more distributed than the S 300P s For example while both have mechanically scanning radar for target acquisition 9S15 BILL BOARD A the battery level 9S32 GRILL PAN has an autonomous search ability and SARH delegated to illumination radar on TELARs The early 30N6 FLAP LID on the S 300P handles tracking and illumination but is not equipped with an autonomous search capability later upgraded 9S15 can simultaneously carry out active 3 coordinates and passive 2 positions search for targets 9 S 300V high altitude surface to air missile systems 9S15M Obzor 3 acquisition radar The S 300V places a greater emphasis on the anti ballistic missile ABM mission with a dedicated 9M82 SA 12B Giant anti ballistic missile This missile is larger and only two can be held on each TELAR It also has a dedicated ABM radar the 9S19 HIGH SCREEN phased array radar at battalion level A typical S 300V battalion is made up out of a target detection and designation unit a guidance radar and up to 6 TELARs The detection and designation unit consists of the 9S457 1 command post a 9S15MV or 9S15MT BILL BOARD all round surveillance radar and a 9S19M2 HIGH SCREEN sector surveillance radar 24 The S 300V uses the 9S32 1 GRILL PAN multi channel guidance radar Four types of missile launcher vehicles can be used with the system 25 Transporter erector and radar TELAR vehicles which not only transport the missiles but also fire and guide them includes radar illumination and targeting as well 26 There are two models the 9A83 1 TELAR holding four 9M83 Gladiator missiles and the 9A82 TELAR holding two 9M82 Giant missiles 25 Launcher loader vehicles LLV which transport the missiles and can reload the TELARs and also fire missiles under the control of a TELAR There are two models the 9A84 LLV holding two 9M83 Gladiator missiles and the 9A85 LLV holding two 9M82 Giant missiles 25 The target detection ranges for each radar vary based on the radar cross section of the target 27 9S15M 330 km for 10 m2 and 240 km for 3 m2 9S19M2 175 km unknown cross section it contains two passive electronically scanned arrays with a very high resistance to interference 9S32M TELAR 9A82 9A83 range is limited to 200 km can work independently or target designation from the S 300V or a variety of other target designation data systems AWACS aircraft and various ground based radar Targets with a radar cross section of 0 1 m2 are detected at ranges up to 140 km and are locked on at 120 km Alogically 9S32 detection range MGM 52 Lance 60 km aircraft missiles 80 km fighter or ballistic missile MGM 31 Pershing all of which the U S removed from service in 1991 140 km 28 29 Size of 0 05 m2 at a distance of 30 km aiming system in the rocket 10 3 seconds before the missiles hit the target citation needed In addition the guidance system inside the rocket supplements for missile guidance systems on commands from the 9A82 9A83 and 9S32 and missile guidance systems to passively on the radar illumination and radiation of 9A82 9A83 citation needed A S 300V system may be controlled by an upper level command post system 9S52 Polyana D4 integrating it with the Buk missile system into a brigade China has built its own version of the S 300V called HQ 18 30 S 300VM SA 23 Edit Main article S 300VM The system is available abroad 1996 The S 300VM Antey 2500 is an upgrade to the S 300V It consists of a new command post vehicle the 9S457ME and a selection of new radars These consist of the 9S15M2 9S15MT2E and 9S15MV2E all round surveillance radars and the 9S19ME sector surveillance radar The upgraded guidance radar has the Grau index 9S32ME The system can still employ up to six TELARs the 9A84ME launchers up to 4 9M83ME missile and up to 6 launcher loader vehicles assigned to each launcher 2 9M83ME missile each An upgraded version dubbed S 300V4 will be delivered to the Russian army in 2011 31 The Antey 2500 complex is the export version developed separately from the S 300 family and has been exported to Venezuela for an estimated export price of US 1 billion The system has one type of missile in two versions basic and amended with a sustainer stage that doubles the range up to 200 km 120 mi according to other data up to 250 km 160 mi and can simultaneously engage up to 24 aircraft or 16 ballistic targets in various combinations It became the first system in the world capable of simultaneously engaging cruise missiles aircraft and ballistic targets It also contains a private sector radar for countering areas affected by interference 32 S 300V4 Edit The S 300V4 is also called S 300VMD citation needed It is developed to target high value airborne targets such as AWACS aircraft at long distances 33 34 Different versions of the NPO Novator 9M82MD 35 S 300V4 missiles have a range of 400 km at Mach 7 5 or a range of 350 km at Mach 9 and can destroy maneuvering targets even at very high altitudes 36 37 An export version exists marketed as the Antey 4000 38 S 400 SA 21 Edit Main article S 400 missile system This article contains weasel words vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information Such statements should be clarified or removed November 2021 The S 400 Triumf Russian S 400 Triumf formerly known as the S 300PMU 3 S 300PMU 3 NATO reporting name SA 21 Growler was introduced in 1999 and featured a new larger missile and several substantial upgrades and new features The project encountered delays since its original announcement and deployment only began on a small scale in 2006 With an engagement range of up to 400 km 250 mi depending on the missile variant used and specifically designed to counter stealth dubious discuss it is by far the most advanced version incorporating the ability to survive PGM threats and counter advanced jammers by using automatic frequency hopping 39 Specifications EditThis article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is the section is full of incomplete and run on sentences Please help improve this article if you can March 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The family of S 300 variants will work together in various combinations Interworking with different variants is limited Various higher level mobile command can coordinate into a single battery any quantity variants location and so on including integrating other air defence systems 40 Variants can engage ballistic missiles as well as aircraft It is a multi channel anti aircraft missile system able to allocate up to 12 missiles to up to 6 different targets The system can destroy ground targets at a range of 120 km 11 41 When launched on a ballistic trajectory the range reaches up to 400 km 41 A management system consisting of combat control and radar detection allows for fully automatic initiation and effective management of up to one hundred goals located up to 30 40 km from the base station All tasks detection tracking target setting target designation development of target designation target acquisition maintenance capture tracking and missile guidance and assessment of results of firing system are capable of being dealt with automatically The operator functions are to control the target detection and implementation of the launch of rockets In a complex environment you can manually intervene in the course of combat operation None of the previous systems possessed these qualities Vertical launch missiles allow engagement of flying targets in any direction without traversing the launcher 32 42 Missiles are guided by the 30N6 FLAP LID or naval 3R41 Volna TOP DOME radar using command guidance with terminal semi active radar homing Later versions use the 30N6 FLAP LID B or TOMB STONE radar to guide the missiles via command guidance seeker aided ground guidance SAGG SAGG is similar to the U S made Patriot s TVM guidance scheme The earlier 30N6 FLAP LID A can guide up to four missiles at a time to up to four targets and can track up to 24 targets at once The 30N6E FLAP LID B can guide up to two missiles per target to up to six targets simultaneously Targets flying at up to Mach 2 5 can be successfully engaged or around Mach 8 5 for later models One missile can be launched every three seconds The mobile control centre is able to manage up to 12 TELs simultaneously The original warhead weighed 100 kg 220 lb intermediate warheads weighed 133 kg 293 lb and the latest warhead weighs 143 kg 315 lb All are equipped with a proximity fuse and contact fuse A warhead will have from 19 000 41 to 36 000 metal fragments depending on missile type The missiles themselves weigh between 1 450 and 1 800 kg 3 200 and 3 970 lb Missiles are catapulted clear of the launching tubes before their rocket motor fires and can accelerate at up to 100 g 1 km s2 They launch straight upwards and then tip over towards their target removing the need to aim the missiles before launch The missiles are steered with a combination of control fins and thrust vectoring vanes The sections below give exact specifications of the radar and missiles in the different S 300 versions Since the S 300PM most vehicles are interchangeable across variations Radar Edit The 30N6 FLAP LID A is mounted on a small trailer The 64N6 BIG BIRD is mounted on a large trailer along with a generator and typically towed with the now familiar 8 wheeled truck The 76N6 CLAM SHELL 5N66M 43 etc is mounted on a large trailer with a mast which is between 24 and 39 m 79 and 128 ft tall Usually is used with a mast Target detection range of 90 km if altitude of the target of 500 meters above the ground with a mast 43 The original S 300P utilises a combination of the 5N66M continuous wave radar Doppler radar for target acquisition and the 30N6 FLAP LID A I J band phased array digitally steered tracking and engagement radar Both are mounted on trailers In addition there is a trailer mounted command centre and up to twelve trailer mounted erector launchers with four missiles each The S 300PS PM is similar but uses an upgraded 30N6 tracking and engagement radar with the command post integrated and has truck mounted TELs If employed in an anti ballistic missile or anti cruise missile role the 64N6 BIG BIRD E F band radar would also be included with the battery It is capable of detecting ballistic missile class targets up to 1 000 km 620 mi away travelling at up to 10 000 km h 6 200 mph and cruise missile class targets up to 300 km 190 mi away It also employs electronic beam steering and performs a scan once every twelve seconds The 36D6 TIN SHIELD radar can also be used to augment the S 300 system to provide earlier target detection than the FLAP LID radar allows It can detect a missile sized target flying at an altitude of 60 metres 200 ft at least 20 km 12 mi away at an altitude of 100 m 330 ft at least 30 km 19 mi away and at high altitude up to 175 km 109 mi away In addition a 64N6 BIG BIRD E F band target acquisition radar can be used which has a maximum detection range of 300 km 190 mi The S 300 FC Radar Flap Lid can be mounted on a standard pylon Surveillance radar GRAU index NATO reporting name Specialisation Target detection range Simultaneously detected targets NATO frequency band First used with Notes36D6 TIN SHIELD 180 360 km 110 220 mi 120 E F S 300P Industrial designation ST 68UM350 kW to 1 23 MW power76N6 CLAM SHELL Low altitude detection I S 300P76N6 CLAM SHELL Low altitude detection 120 km 75 mi 180 I S 300PMU 1 4 kW FM continuous wave64N6 BIG BIRD Regiment radar 300 km 190 mi 300 C S 300PMU 196L6E CHEESE BOARD All altitude detection 300 km 100 S 300PMU 19S15 BILL BOARD 250 km 160 mi 250 S S 300V9S19 HIGH SCREEN Sector tracking 16 S 300VMR 75 44 TOP STEER Naval 300 km D E S 300FMR 800 Voskhod 44 TOP PAIR Naval 200 km 120 mi C D E F S 300FTarget tracking missile guidance GRAU index NATO reporting name NATO frequency band Target detection range Simultaneously tracked targets Simultaneously engaged targets First used with Notes30N6 FLAP LID A I J 4 4 S 300P30N6E 1 FLAP LID B H J 200 km 120 mi 6 6 S 300PMU Phased array30N6E2 FLAP LID B I J 200 km 6 6 S 300PMU 29S32 1 GRILL PAN Multi band 140 150 km 87 93 mi 6 6 S 300V3R41 Volna TOP DOME I J 100 km 62 mi S 300FMissiles Edit Two types of missiles for the Russian SA 20 anti air complex Missile specifications GRAU index Year Range Maximum velocity Maximum target Speed Length Diameter Weight Warhead Guidance First used with5V55K 45 5V55R 46 1978 1982 47 47 km 29 mi 75 km 1 900 m s 4 250 mph 1 150 m s 2 572 mph 7 m 23 ft 450mm 1 450 kg 3 200 lb 100 kg 220 lb Command5V55R 5V55KD citation needed after 1982 46 75 90 km 56mile 1 900 m s 4 250 mph 1 150 m s 2 572 mph 7 m 23 ft 450mm 1 450 kg 3 200 lb 133 kg 293 lb SARH5V55U 1992 150 km 93 mi 2 000 m s 4 470 mph 7 m 23 ft 450mm 1 470 kg 3 240 lb 133 kg 293 lb SARH48N6 accepted on arms 1993 48 150 km 93 mi 2 000 m s 4 470 mph 2 800 m s 6 415 mph 7 5 m 25 ft 500mm 1 780 kg 3 920 lb 150 kg 330 lb Track via missile TVM 48N6P 01 1992 195 km 121 mi 2 000 m s 4 470 mph 2 800 m s 6 415 mph 7 5 m 25 ft 500mm 1 800 kg 4 000 lb 150 kg 330 lb TVM9M82 1984 13 100 km 8 1 62 1 mi 30 km 98 000 ft alt 2 400 m s 5 400 mph 420 kg 930 lb 150 kg 330 lb SARH by TELAR S 300V9M83 1984 6 75 km 3 7 46 6 mi 25 km 82 000 ft alt 1 700 m s 3 800 mph 150 kg 330 lb SARH by TELAR S 300V9M83ME 1990 200 km 120 mi SARH by TELAR S 300VM9M96E1 1999 40 km 25 mi 900 m s 49 2 010 mph 4 800 5 000 m s 10 737 11 185 mph 330 kg 730 lb 24 kg 53 lb Active radar homing S 4009M96E2 1999 120 km 75 mi 1 000 m s 49 2 240 mph 4 800 5 000 m s 10 737 11 185 mph 420 kg 930 lb 24 kg 53 lb Active radar homing S 40040N6 2000 400 km 250 mi Active radar homing S 400Means of camouflage and protection Edit Masking components of S 300 systems are used in full scale inflatable layouts citation needed equipped with additional devices to simulate electromagnetic radiation in the infrared optical and radar 50 Additional means of masking are used such as camouflage nets and placement of components of the S 300 in trenches that considerably complicates detection from long range Station interference with radar enemy SPN 30 Veil 1 40 Protection Additional elements of protection are the placement of components of S 300 in the trenches practiced as placing on the hills for a better view and more rapid care of the horizon and in the trenches for stealth and protection against fragments of explosions Composite element to counter the radar missile program is for S 300 system Paperboy E 40 51 the likelihood of intercepting missiles PIS type of HARM is 0 85 for missiles with active radar guided heat or body managed system pointing the probability of interception of 0 85 0 99 Under the interception perceived inability of the object to cause harm because of his hit miss the target Comparison with other systems EditOfficial designation of unit S 300PMU 52 S 300PMU1 53 S 300PMU2 40 S 300VM 40 S 300V4 54 Patriot PAC 2 citation needed Patriot PAC 3 citation needed Range of km aerodynamic target 5 90 5 150 3 200 200 400 55 3 160 15 at most 20 56 0 3 20 57 ballistic targets at most 35 at most 40 5 40 40 20 15 45 citation needed 20 58 possible max 50 57 Height defeat km aerodynamic target 0 025 27 0 01 27 0 01 27 0 025 30 37 0 06 24 15 58 better source needed ballistic targets 2 25 1 30 3 12 59 15 58 15 possible max 20 56 Maximum target speed m s 1 150 at most 1 300 for the escort 3000 59 at most 2 800 for the escort 10000 km hr 53 59 at most 2 800 4 500 of ballistic targets 40 at most 2 200 59 at most 1 600 58 better source needed Maximum speed of the rocket complex m s at most 2 000 52 better source needed 2000 53 1 900 2 600 and 1 700 58 7 5M or 9M more 3000 and 1 700 60 approximately 1 500 57 citation needed Number of simultaneously guided anti aircraft missiles by one unit at most 12 at most 12 at most 72 61 at most 48 citation needed at most 9 citation needed Number of simultaneously engaged targets by one unit at most 6 at most 6 at most 36 61 at most 24 62 at most 9 citation needed at most 9Mass of a rocket kg 1 400 1 600 330 1 900 900 312Warhead weight kg 150 180 63 91 74Minimum time between missile launches seconds 3 5 3 5 3 0 at start from different CARRIERS MISSILES 1 5 0 at start from different CARRIERS MISSILES 3 4 1 60 at start from different CARRIERS MISSILES Set up time and clotting time of starting complex minutes 5 5 5 5 15 30 59 15 30 Means of transportation Wheeled Wheeled Wheeled tracked semi trailer semi trailerOperational history EditRussian officials stated that the system has performed well in real world exercises 64 In 1991 1992 and 1993 various versions of the S 300 destroyed ballistic missiles and other objects in exercises with a high success rate 90 or more if 1 missile interceptor is used according to Russian sources 64 65 66 67 In 1995 it was the first system in the world to destroy a R 17 Elbrus Scud missile in the air 67 China is to test the S 300PMU2 effectiveness in destroying targets in real exercises The planned targets include a UAV 4 6 km a simulated strategic bomber 186 km tactical missiles range of the system to the point of interception 34 km and a height of 17 7 km and pinpoint missiles In April 2005 NATO held a combat exercise in France and Germany called Trial Hammer 05 to practice Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses missions 68 69 Participating countries were pleased that the Slovak Air Force brought an S 300PMU along providing a unique opportunity for NATO to become familiar with the system citation needed Israel s purchase of F 35 Lightning II fighters was allegedly intended in part to nullify the threat of S 300 missiles that were at the time the fighters were initially sought subject to a potential arms sale to Iran 70 71 In 2010 Russia announced that its military had deployed the S 300 systems in breakaway Abkhazia in 2008 leading to condemnation from the government of Georgia 72 Syria Edit Main article Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war After a Russian Sukhoi Su 24 was shot down over Syria in November 2015 Russia deployed S 300 and S 400 systems to the region some to the Khmeimim Air Base some with the Russian cruiser Moskva 73 On 17 September 2018 a Syrian S 200 system downed a Russian military plane killing 15 Russian service members Moscow accused Israel of indirectly causing this incident and announced that to keep its troops safe it would supply Syria with modern S 300 anti missile rocket systems 74 75 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu objected to the move in a telephone call with Russian president Vladimir Putin stating that the delivery of S 300 anti missile rocket systems to irresponsible players would be dangerous for the region 76 In 2020 Syrian military officials criticized the S 300 air defense systems supplied by Russia saying they failed to protect Syrian sites from the Israeli strikes 77 One official criticized the detection abilities of the system s radar 78 On 17 May 2022 Israel said that a Russian operated S 300 missile system is said to have fired a missile at a F 16 operated by the IAF If confirmed it would be the first time Russian forces have fired on Israeli jets 79 According to Channel 13 news Russia fired 13 missiles at an Israeli F 16 but none of the jets were intercepted by the missile salvos 80 81 On 26 July Israeli Defence Minister Benny Gantz confirmed the initial report of one missile being fired by a Russian operated S 300 system However he downplayed the incident as a one off further stating that Our jets weren t even in the area As the missile had not locked on it was no threat to Israeli jets It still remains the first use of a S 300 against the Israeli Air Force 82 2020 Nagorno Karabakh conflict Edit Main article 2020 Nagorno Karabakh conflict During the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh conflict the S 300 system took active part in an armed conflict for the first time being listed in the active inventory of both sides in different versions The Armenian systems were initially deployed around Yerevan On 29 September 2020 Azerbaijan reported that Armenia was moving its S 300 systems closer to the conflict zone 83 and vowed their destruction 84 On 30 September 2020 Azerbaijani Armed Forces claimed the destruction of an Armenian S 300 system without providing further details 85 86 The first alleged combat firing of the S 300 happened during the night between 1 and 2 October when the Armenian Ministry of Defense claimed that Armenian S 300s had downed three Azerbaijani drones not missiles as initially claimed bound for Yerevan 87 88 On 17 October 2020 Azerbaijani Armed Forces claimed the destruction of two radar elements 89 part of an active Armenian S 300 SAM site being hit by a Bayraktar TB2 UCAV 90 91 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Edit Main article 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine At the time Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022 Ukraine had around 100 active S 300 batteries with as many as 300 launchers inherited upon the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 By 8 April the Russians had knocked out at least 21 of the S 300 launchers that outside analysts confirmed with photos or videos with the actual total of destroyed launchers likely higher Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in his 16 March message to the U S Congress had consequently asked specifically for help acquiring more of the long range missiles You know what kind of defense systems we need S 300 and other similar systems Zelenskyy said As the United States and its allies tried to figure out how to deliver S 300s to Ukraine one plan was for Slovakia to transfer to Ukraine its single battery of S 300s in exchange for the United States or some other country backfilling Slovakia s arsenal with a new air defense system such as the American made Patriot A few days after Zelenskyy asked for S 300s Germany agreed to deploy some of its Patriots to Slovakia as part of a NATO battlegroup 92 On 30 March Prime Minister Eduard Heger of Slovakia said that he supported sending some of its own S 300s to Ukraine because this is the equipment that Ukraine needs the most he told CNN On 8 April U S President Joe Biden confirmed that Slovakia transferred a Soviet era S 300 system to Ukraine and said that the U S would reposition an American Patriot missile system to Slovakia in return 93 It appears that it was only one battery that was donated This was a system that Slovakia inherited from the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 94 On 11 April the Associated Press reported Russia s claims to have destroyed several air defense systems in Ukraine over the previous two days indicating a renewed push to gain air superiority and take out weapons Kyiv described as crucial ahead of a broad new offensive in the east Moscow claimed to have hit four S 300 missile launchers provided by a European country it did not name but never showed any concrete evidence of that Slovakia had given Ukraine such a system the previous week but denied it had been destroyed Russia previously reported two strikes on similar systems in other places Russia s initial invasion was stalled on several fronts by stiff resistance from Ukrainian forces which prevented the Russians from taking the capital and other cities Failing to win full control of Ukraine s skies diminished Russia s ability to provide air cover for troops on the ground limiting their advances while increasing exposure to greater losses 95 This was effectively proof of the essential value of Ukraine s S 300 defenses in place of the repeatedly requested no fly zone rejected by NATO early in March as potentially risking escalation into World War III 96 In early April Iran also reportedly returned a large number of S 300 systems for use against Ukraine which it had purchased from Russia in 2007 along with a quantity of its own Iranian made version the Bavar 373 which has similar capabilities 97 Iran Foreign Minister Amir Abdolhainnan refuted allegations of arms transfers to Russia in a call with Ukraine Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba 98 On 8 July the governor of the Mykolaiv Oblast Vitaly Kim claimed that Russia has been using S 300 missiles in a land attack role by fitting them with GPS guidance and that some 12 missiles were fired this way 99 On 30 September The Wall Street Journal reported the claim of Kyrylo Tymoshenko an adviser to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy that 16 Russian S 300 missiles configured for ground attack struck near Zaporizhzhia killing at least 30 civilians and wounding 50 others 6 Debris from S 300 missiles was found after having struck buildings in Kharkiv on 8 October 5 Analysts from McKenzie Intelligence Services and the Center for Strategic and International Studies said that these missiles were likely from Russian systems repurposed for ground attack due to the dwindling stock of more precise dedicated anti surface missiles 5 However some of the reported surface surface missile strikes by S 300 missiles may actually be instances of Ukrainian S 300s failing to intercept targets and subsequently falling onto civilian areas on the ground The most notable case of such unintentional strikes occurred on 15 November 2022 when a stray S 300 missile on a ballistic trajectory fell near the village of Przewodow in Poland killing 2 100 101 On 22 December President Putin addressed the Security Council He made a number of comments including about the Patriot missiles being sent to Ukraine In regards to Patriots this is quite an old system and it doesn t work as well as our S 300 missile system 102 Operators and other versions Edit Map with S 300 operators in blue and former operators in red An S 300 of the Armenian Air Force during the parade in 2016 An S 300 of the Bulgarian Air Force Russian S 300PMU2 during the Victory Day Parade 2009 The S 300 is mainly used in Eastern Europe and Asia although sources are inconsistent about which countries possess the system 103 Algeria 8 regiments of S 300PMU2 104 105 Armenia S 300PS SA 10D 50 systems 106 Azerbaijan bought two S 300PMU2 SA 20B SAM battalions in 2010 107 Belarus S 300PS systems delivered from Russia in 2007 to replace older S 300 model in Belarusian inventory 108 Four divisions of S 300 missiles to be delivered in 2014 citation needed Bulgaria 10 S 300 launchers divided into two units with five launchers each 109 People s Republic of China China first acquired the S 300PMU 1 in 1993 and later became the first customer of S 300PMU 2 in 2004 110 111 China also built the HQ 15 with the maximum range upgraded from 150 to 200 km 93 to 124 mi The total number of the S 300PMU 1 2 and HQ 15 18 batteries in PLA are approximately 40 and 60 respectively as of 2008 The total number of the missiles is well above 1 600 with about 300 launcher platforms 112 Five such SAM battalions are deployed and in active duty around Beijing region six battalions in Taiwan strait region and the rest in major cities like Shanghai Chengdu and Dalian Two Rif SA N 6 systems were purchased in 2002 for the Chinese Navy for the Type 051C destroyers By 2011 it had obtained 15 battalions 4 systems of the S 300PMU 2 113 Egypt The S 300VM Antey 2500 missile system was ordered in 2014 as part of a multi billion Egyptian Russian arms deal signed later that year 114 115 The 1 billion contract comprises 4 batteries a command post and other external elements 116 117 In 2015 Russia started delivering the system components Egyptian soldiers began their training in Russian training centers citation needed By the end of 2017 all batteries were delivered to Egypt 118 Russia is in talks with Egypt on the delivery of additional Antey 2500 systems 119 Greece 120 S 300 PMU1 system acquired after the Cyprus Missile Crisis and operated by HAF on Crete consisting of 1 regiment 4 systems 8 fire units 32 launchers 175 missiles 121 Greece first fired an S 300 during the White Eagle 2013 military exercise which was the first time it was used since it had been bought 14 years earlier citation needed Greece is prepared to transfer its S 300 system to Ukraine in exchange for PAC 3 Patriot missile system If agreed the PAC 3 system would be based on Crete The Greek defence minister Nikos Panagiotopoulos has extended this offer to any other Russian equipment that The same procedure applies to any other Russian made air defense system that they may want to send to Ukraine 122 India India has procured 6 regiments of S 300 which were later upgraded to S 300VM which are in use as an anti tactical ballistic missile screen However it isn t clearly announced by Government of India but some Russian officials and Chinese media have said that India operates the S 300 123 124 Iran Originally purchased by Iran in 2007 Russia maintained a self imposed ban on its sale until the easing of some US sanctions as part of the Iran nuclear deal framework in April 2015 and subsequent Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Iran received four S 300PMU2 batteries from Russia in 2016 each consisting of a 96L6E target acquisition radar a 30N6E2 target engagement radar and four 5P85TE2 towed transporter erector launchers TELs 125 The systems are supported by two 64N6E2 battle management radars and linked using FL 95 antenna masts Iran also operates an unknown number of the domestically produced Bavar 373 systems which began development during the Russian embargo and entered service in 2019 The S 300s are operated by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force Kazakhstan 15 126 10 battalions after the refurbishment PS version 127 2009 or later 5 free of charge 2014 128 and 5 free of charge 2015 129 North Korea North Korea has conducted tests with a system called KN 06 130 Russia All variations 1900 S 300PT PS PMU 200 S 300V S 300V1 in 2010 year 131 2000 in total launchers 132 All production in 1994 actually 1990 or older all the complexes S 300PM have been repairing and upgrading Favorit S 133 S 300P PT have been retired before 2008 some S 300PS in service but were to be retired in 2012 2013 Modernization of all units of the version S 300P to the version S 300PM1 was to end in 2014 Resource of each taken increased by 5 years PM 1 continued to version PM 2 By 2015 S 300V4 was to have been delivered Modernization of all S 300V to the version S 300V4 was to end in 2012 134 135 Syria An order for 6 systems was signed in 2010 136 Syrian crews underwent training in Russia and some of the S 300 components were delivered to Syria in 2013 Later due to the weapons trade embargo against Syria and on request of Israel the deliveries were halted a After the Russian Su 24 shootdown in November 2015 batteries of the S 300 missile system were officially deployed in the Latakia province for protection of the Russian naval base and warships in Tartus These are operated by Russian crews citation needed Russia was reconsidering the deliveries of the S 300 to Syria after the missile strikes against Syria in April 2018 but this did not happen citation needed Following the Syrian military s downing of a Russian Il 20 aircraft in Syria in September 2018 using a S 200 system for which Russia held Israel responsible Russian defense minister Sergei Shoigu on 24 September said that within two weeks the Syrian Army will receive S 300 systems Though the variant was not specified the stated range of the system is to be 250 km 140 141 142 143 144 On 2 October 2018 Shoigu told President Putin during a meeting broadcast that the delivery of the S 300 system to Syria had been completed a day prior 145 146 On 8 October 2018 Russian news agency TASS reported that three S 300PM battalions had been given to Syria free of charge citing On 1 October three battalion sets of S 300PM systems of eight launchers each were delivered to Syria According to the source the deliveries also included more than 100 surface to air missiles for each battalion 147 It is operated by the Syrian Air Defense Force Ukraine S 300PT S 300PS S 300PMU S 300V1 148 Only six systems were kept in working conditions between 2004 and 2014 as a result only 40 of Ukrainian S 300 systems were in good condition prior to 2014 149 Due to the war with Russia Ukraine started repairing and pushing back to service several armaments including several S 300 batteries 150 with at least 4 batteries overhauled in the period of 2014 15 34 launchers remained in Crimea after the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea 151 Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the country had around 100 batteries 152 153 It received an additional battery from Slovakia in April 2022 154 Venezuela Ordered 2 battalions of S 300VM Antey 2500 delivered in May 2012 155 156 Vietnam Bought two S 300PMU 1 systems 12 launchers for nearly 300 million 157 and RLS 96L6 after 2009 158 Bought S 300 PMU 2 in 2012 159 Former operators Edit Czechoslovakia One battalion created in 1990 Passed to Slovakia in 1993 citation needed Slovakia One battery S 300PMU and 48 missiles type 5V55R inherited from Czechoslovakia 3 missiles were fired during exercise in Bulgaria in 2015 160 The battery was donated to Ukraine in April 2022 in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 161 East Germany Returned to the USSR before re unification with West Germany Evaluation only operators Edit United States S 300P purchased from Belarus 1994 The system was devoid of electronics 162 S 300V was purchased in Russia officially in the 1990s clarification needed complete set except for 9S32 GRILL PAN multi channel guidance radar 163 Cancelled Edit Cyprus S 300 PMU1 system transferred to Greece after the Cyprus Missile Crisis and operated by HAF on Crete Related EditBavar 373 164 Gallery Edit S 300V with 9M83 rockets 5P85 1 launcher for the S 300PT S 300PS surface to air missile launcher A U S military photo of the S 300PS SA 10 S 300 at the 2009 Victory Day parade in Moscow S 300 system operated by the Bulgarian military KrAZ 260 tractor trailer of an S 300PMU2 SAM system S 300VM during a 2014 display in Caracas Venezuela The 5P85TE2 of an S 300PMU2 SAM on parade in Baku in 2011 S 300PS displayed in a Ukrainian Air Force museum in Vinnitsa Transport launch container with a 5V55 surface to air missile for the S 300P The 5P85 1 launcher for S 300PT displayed at the Air Defense History Museum in Zarya disambiguation needed Moscow Oblast A view of the deck area housing the S 300F vertical missile launchers on the Slava class guided missile cruiser Marshal Ustinov Installing inflatable decoys of the S 300 during a Russian army exercise by the Guards Engineer Brigade and the Engineer Camouflage Regiment S 300PMU2 during rehearsal for the 2009 Victory Day parade on April 28 and 30 The main components of the S 300V in the 2012 Technologies in Mechanical Engineering exhibition in Russia 9A83 TELAR S 300V air defense system 9S19M2 Imbir acquisition radar 9S15M Obzor 3 round sight acquisition radar 9S457 self propelled command post 9S32 multichannel missile engagement guidance radar See also EditList of medium range and long range SAMs HQ 9 HQ 22 S 350E Vityaz 50R6 S 400 missile system S 500 missile systemNotes Edit Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the acceleration of highly advanced Russian weapons supplies to Syria Referring to S 300 anti air systems and the nuclear capable 9K720 Iskander NATO reporting name SS 26 Stone surface missiles Since Syrian Air Defense Force teams have already trained in the Russian Federation on the handling of the S 300 interceptor batteries they can go into service as soon as they are landed by one of Russia s daily airlifts to Syria Russian air defence officials will supervise their deployment and prepare them for operation 137 According to President Vladimir Putin components of the S 300 have been delivered to Syria but the delivery has not been completed 138 2 SA 20B 4 batalions contract 2010 fully prepared in 2012 Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade armstrade org english shtml SA 20B actually received in 2013 139 References Edit a b c Almaz Antei Concern of Air Defence S 300P NATO SA 10 Grumble family of low to high altitude surface to air missile systems Jane s 16 January 2008 Retrieved 4 August 2008 Big Russian flotilla led by Admiral Kuznetsov carrier heads for Syrian port DEBKAfile 21 August 2008 Archived from the original on 23 August 2008 Retrieved 22 August 2008 a b c Kreml oproverg informaciyu o gotovnosti RF postavit Iranu S 300 KM RU Novosti novosti dnya novosti Rossii poslednie novosti i kommentarii Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 Retrieved 1 April 2015 CAMTO Novosti Prekrashenie proizvodstva ZRS S 300 kasaetsya sistem S 300PS i S 300PM armstrade org 23 August 2011 Archived from the original on 8 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August 2018 Retrieved 22 August 2018 Solo na organe iz raketnyh trub Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 18 August 2015 Three Iranian long range air defense systems Mashregh News Agancy Archived from the original on 20 November 2014 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to S 300 S 300 CSIS Missile Threat S 300 and various other system in English language in the Russia official developer site Australian Air Power Part 1 and Part 2 www dtig org detailed overview of the S 300P amp S 300V family Almaz S 300 China s Offensive Air Defence Soviet Russian Missile Designations S 300PMU2 Favorit EnemyForces com Almaz S 300P PT PS PMU PMU 1 PMU 2 76N6 Clam Shell Acquisition Radar Antey 9K81 S 300V SA 12A B Gladiator Giant ausairpower net 1 23 December 2006 Matching of the Patriot 1 2 3 against the S 300 v Antey 2500 In English Used 8 parameters Admonition This test is not officially authenticated but not refuted Aviation Week S 300 Surface To Air Missile System Archived 8 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title S 300 missile system amp oldid 1132532478, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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