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Vlachs (social class)

January 01, 1970

This article is about the medieval Ottoman class. For the 20th-century Ottoman class, see Ullah millet.

Vlachs (Latin: Valachi; Ottoman Turkish: Eflak, pl. Eflakân; Serbo-Croatian: Vlah / Влах, pl. Vlasi / Власи) was a social and fiscal class in several late medieval states of Southeastern Europe, and also a distinctive social and fiscal class within the millet system of the Ottoman Empire, composed largely of Eastern Orthodox Christians who practiced nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle, including populations in various migratory regions, mainly composed of ethnic Vlachs, Serbs and Albanians.[1][2] From the middle decades of the 17th century the amalgamation of the process of sedentarization of the Orthodox Vlachs and their gradual fusion with Serbian rural population reached a high level and was officially recognized by the Ottoman authorities.[3][4]

Origins edit

Following the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, the Vlachs, being both Orthodox and Catholic,[5] and still a largely nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral non-Slavic-speaking[6] people, played a dual role in the relations with the new Ottoman ruler. Although a few of the Orthodox Vlachs and part of the Catholic Vlachs from Duklja and Bosnia fled before the invading Ottoman armies, to Christian lands in the West (i.e. Croatia and Ragusa);[5] the remaining of them, both Orthodox in the central Balkans and Catholics in Herzegovina and Duklja, welcomed with joy the new situation created, since the conquerors vouchsafed to them vast ranges for themselves and their cattle and promised to improve their social position.[5] It thus propitiated special arrangements between the Turks and the Vlachs,[7] who in turn, while preserving their religion (excepting some, largely high-ranking members of society, who converted to Islam in order to secure for themselves and their families special privileges and prominent administrative positions from the Ottoman authorities), placed themselves in the Sultan's service;[5] all this made possible that the Vlachs would come to form a considerably privileged class within the Millet system in the Ottoman Empire, compared to the class of the Reaya, for more than a century.[8] In medieval Serbia the term Vlachs had more meaning, primarily denote the inhabitants of Aromanian origin and also dependent shepherds in the medieval Serbian state.[9] In addition, with the beginning of Ottoman rule, within this social class also came to be included other Vlach-like (pastoral semi-nomad) populations,[10] such as cattle-breeding Orthodox Serbs;.[4] Serbs in Ottoman Hungary in great numbers served as Martolos, which were Christian origin members largely recruited from the Vlach and Vlach like population.[10]

Service edit

See also: Martolos

During the early history of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans, there was Vlach people members of military class living in Serbia and Macedonia which had the same rights as Muslims. They might have been the descendants of Christians but their origin is not entirely clear.[11]

Due to their experience in carrying goods and the skill and speed with which they crossed the mountain regions; the Turks began to take advantage of it by employing them as auxiliary troops (voynuk), thus entrusting to them the conveyance of military supplies, the carrying out of spying operations and quick looting-scorching raids in enemy Christian territory, and the patrol of mountain gorges and boundaries in general. In addition, they always accompanied the Ottoman armies in their expeditions throughout the Balkans, up to the North-West, in whole communities; being intended for populating the newly conquered territories as border military colonies, called katun or džemaat (which were composed of about 20 to 50 houses); at the head of which there was a katunar or primikur ("headman").[5] They also formed important as well as highly numbered Christian military garrisons (martolos) attached to the Ottoman army, in the newly conquered towns.[10] In exchange for their regular duties, they were granted privileges which were denied to all other Zimmîs by the Šerijat or Islamic Law; for example, as they served regularly as Ottoman auxiliary troops, they were allowed to bear arms and to ride horses.[7] This rewarding privileges were also extended to the economic sphere; these communities were largely exempted of paying any tax but only that of an annual rent of one gold 'ducat' or 'florin' to pay by each one of their households, hence coming to be called as "Florin" or "Ducat Vlachs" (Ottoman Turkish: Filurîci Eflakân).[5] At the same time, great Turkish and Slavic Muslim landholding military nobles (Sipahi and Timarli) often brought with them significant quantities of these Vlachs[12] (sometimes Serbs as well),[13] in order that they farmed their lands.[a]

Decline edit

However, during the course of time, with centralisation and changes to state structure, the economic system and military organisation occurring, many of the services that the Vlachs used to provide for the Ottomans became superfluous. As a result, the 1520s saw the beginning of Vlach sedentarisation and a reduction of their privileges. By the end of the 16th century, these privileges resulted in the majority of Vlachs’ social standing being equalled to that of the filurîci, and later with ordinary reaya peasants.[8] Lastly, the sound Ottoman defeat at Sisak in 1593 triggered the beginning of loss of faith by these Vlachs, (both genuine Vlachs and Serbs) in those who until then had been their masters, and propitiated the passing of the Vlachs and the Serbs over to the Habsburg side (see Uprising in Banat).[14]

Tax edit

The Rüsûm-i Eflakiye was a tax on Vlachs in the Ottoman Empire. Vlachs in the Balkans were granted tax concessions under Byzantine and Serb rulers in return for military service; and this continued under Ottoman rule. Instead of some of the customary taxes, they paid a special "Vlach tax", Rüsûm-i Eflakiye: One sheep and one lamb from each household on St. Georges Day each year. Because Vlachs were taxed differently, they were listed differently in defters.[15]

See also edit

Annotations edit

  1. ^
    It is reported in the Turali-beg's Vakufname of 1562, that some great Turkish and Bosnian Muslim Timari Spahije brought with them Orthodox Vlach population from the Sandžak of Smederevo into Bosnia, expressly for that very purpose.[16]

References edit

  1. ^ Steven G. Ellis, Luďa Klusáková; (2007) Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities p. 145; Pisa University Press ISBN 8884924669
  2. ^ Karl Kaser; (2012) Household and Family in the Balkans: Two Decades of Historical Family Research at University of Graz p. 117-119; LIT Verlag, ISBN 3643504063
  3. ^ Kursar 2013, p. 115,126.
  4. ^ a b Gavrilović 2003, p. 720.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Dominik Mandić (1980). Hrvati i Srbi: dva stara, razlicita naroda. p. 256.
  6. ^ Vladimir Babić; dr. Vaso Čubrilović; dr. Branislav Đurđević; Nedim Filipović; Ferdo Gastrin; dr. Bogo Grafenauer; dr. Nada Klaić; Ljuben Lape; dr. Arpad Lebl; Mitra Mitrović; Fedor Moačanin; dr. Jorjo Tadić; dr. Fran Zwitter (1959). HISTORIJA NARODA JUGOSLAVIJE, Vol. II. Školska knjiga. p. 517.
  7. ^ a b Kursar 2013, p. 135.
  8. ^ a b Kursar 2013, p. 115.
  9. ^ Srđan Šarkić; ˙(2011) Правни положај странаца у средњовековној Србији (Legal position of foreigners in medieval Serbia) p. 54 ( footnote);[1]
  10. ^ a b c Kursar 2013, p. 134.
  11. ^ Sugar 1996, p. 39.
  12. ^ Dominik Mandić (1990). Hrvati i Srbi: dva stara, razlicita naroda. Nakladni zavod Matice Hrvatske. p. 201. ISBN 978-86-401-0081-6.

    [After the fall of Bihać in 1592 the Bosnian Beylerbey Hasan Pasha Predojević settled Orthodox Vlachs from Eastern Herzegovina, especially those of his own Predojević clan, in the central part of Pounje around Brekovica, Ripač, Ostrovica and Vrla Draga up to Sokolovac.]
  13. ^ Milan Vasić (1995). Bosna i Hercegovina od srednjeg veka do novijeg vremena: međunarodni naučni skup 13-15. decembar 1994. Istorijski institut SANU.
  14. ^ Ferdo Šišić: Povijest Hrvata; pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600 – 1918, p. 345, Zagreb ISBN 953-214-197-9
  15. ^ Malcolm, Noel (1996). Bosnia: A Short History. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-8147-5561-7.
  16. ^ Hamdija Kreševljaković (1914). Odakle su i sta su bili Bosne i Hercegovine Muslimani?. Hrvatska Svijest. p. 10.

Sources edit

  • Aleksić, Vladimir (2011). "Medieval vlach soldiers and the beginnings of Ottoman voynuks". Belgrade Historical Review. 2: 105–128.
  • Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.
  • Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
  • Dabić, Vojin S. (1992). "Wanderungen der Serben nach Kroatien und Slawonien vom Anfang des XVI bis Ende des XVII Jahrhunderts". Историјски часопис. 38 (1991): 43–76.
  • Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472081497.
  • Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.
  • Fodor, Pál; Dávid, Géza, eds. (2000). Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004119078.
  • Gavrilović, Danijela (2003). "Elements of Ethnic Identification of the Serbs" (PDF). Facta Universitatis. Series: Philosophy, Sociology and Psychology. 2 (10): 717–730.
  • Isailović, Neven (2017). "Legislation Concerning the Vlachs of the Balkans Before and After Ottoman Conquest: An Overview". State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule. Belgrade: The Institute of History. pp. 25–42. ISBN 9788677431259.
  • Kursar, Vjeran (2013). "Being an Ottoman Vlach: On Vlach Identity(ies), Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans (15th-18th Centuries)" (PDF). OTAM. 34. Ankara: 115–161.
  • Stavrianos, Leften (2000) [1958]. The Balkans Since 1453. London: Hurst. ISBN 9781850655510.
  • Sugar, Peter F. (1996) [1977]. Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295803630.

January 01, 1970
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This article is about the medieval Ottoman class For the 20th century Ottoman class see Ullah millet Vlachs Latin Valachi Ottoman Turkish Eflak pl Eflakan Serbo Croatian Vlah Vlah pl Vlasi Vlasi was a social and fiscal class in several late medieval states of Southeastern Europe and also a distinctive social and fiscal class within the millet system of the Ottoman Empire composed largely of Eastern Orthodox Christians who practiced nomadic and semi nomadic pastoral lifestyle including populations in various migratory regions mainly composed of ethnic Vlachs Serbs and Albanians 1 2 From the middle decades of the 17th century the amalgamation of the process of sedentarization of the Orthodox Vlachs and their gradual fusion with Serbian rural population reached a high level and was officially recognized by the Ottoman authorities 3 4 Contents 1 Origins 2 Service 3 Decline 4 Tax 5 See also 6 Annotations 7 References 8 SourcesOrigins editFollowing the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans the Vlachs being both Orthodox and Catholic 5 and still a largely nomadic and semi nomadic pastoral non Slavic speaking 6 people played a dual role in the relations with the new Ottoman ruler Although a few of the Orthodox Vlachs and part of the Catholic Vlachs from Duklja and Bosnia fled before the invading Ottoman armies to Christian lands in the West i e Croatia and Ragusa 5 the remaining of them both Orthodox in the central Balkans and Catholics in Herzegovina and Duklja welcomed with joy the new situation created since the conquerors vouchsafed to them vast ranges for themselves and their cattle and promised to improve their social position 5 It thus propitiated special arrangements between the Turks and the Vlachs 7 who in turn while preserving their religion excepting some largely high ranking members of society who converted to Islam in order to secure for themselves and their families special privileges and prominent administrative positions from the Ottoman authorities placed themselves in the Sultan s service 5 all this made possible that the Vlachs would come to form a considerably privileged class within the Millet system in the Ottoman Empire compared to the class of the Reaya for more than a century 8 In medieval Serbia the term Vlachs had more meaning primarily denote the inhabitants of Aromanian origin and also dependent shepherds in the medieval Serbian state 9 In addition with the beginning of Ottoman rule within this social class also came to be included other Vlach like pastoral semi nomad populations 10 such as cattle breeding Orthodox Serbs 4 Serbs in Ottoman Hungary in great numbers served as Martolos which were Christian origin members largely recruited from the Vlach and Vlach like population 10 Service editSee also Martolos During the early history of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans there was Vlach people members of military class living in Serbia and Macedonia which had the same rights as Muslims They might have been the descendants of Christians but their origin is not entirely clear 11 Due to their experience in carrying goods and the skill and speed with which they crossed the mountain regions the Turks began to take advantage of it by employing them as auxiliary troops voynuk thus entrusting to them the conveyance of military supplies the carrying out of spying operations and quick looting scorching raids in enemy Christian territory and the patrol of mountain gorges and boundaries in general In addition they always accompanied the Ottoman armies in their expeditions throughout the Balkans up to the North West in whole communities being intended for populating the newly conquered territories as border military colonies called katun or dzemaat which were composed of about 20 to 50 houses at the head of which there was a katunar or primikur headman 5 They also formed important as well as highly numbered Christian military garrisons martolos attached to the Ottoman army in the newly conquered towns 10 In exchange for their regular duties they were granted privileges which were denied to all other Zimmis by the Serijat or Islamic Law for example as they served regularly as Ottoman auxiliary troops they were allowed to bear arms and to ride horses 7 This rewarding privileges were also extended to the economic sphere these communities were largely exempted of paying any tax but only that of an annual rent of one gold ducat or florin to pay by each one of their households hence coming to be called as Florin or Ducat Vlachs Ottoman Turkish Filurici Eflakan 5 At the same time great Turkish and Slavic Muslim landholding military nobles Sipahi and Timarli often brought with them significant quantities of these Vlachs 12 sometimes Serbs as well 13 in order that they farmed their lands a Decline editHowever during the course of time with centralisation and changes to state structure the economic system and military organisation occurring many of the services that the Vlachs used to provide for the Ottomans became superfluous As a result the 1520s saw the beginning of Vlach sedentarisation and a reduction of their privileges By the end of the 16th century these privileges resulted in the majority of Vlachs social standing being equalled to that of the filurici and later with ordinary reaya peasants 8 Lastly the sound Ottoman defeat at Sisak in 1593 triggered the beginning of loss of faith by these Vlachs both genuine Vlachs and Serbs in those who until then had been their masters and propitiated the passing of the Vlachs and the Serbs over to the Habsburg side see Uprising in Banat 14 Tax editThe Rusum i Eflakiye was a tax on Vlachs in the Ottoman Empire Vlachs in the Balkans were granted tax concessions under Byzantine and Serb rulers in return for military service and this continued under Ottoman rule Instead of some of the customary taxes they paid a special Vlach tax Rusum i Eflakiye One sheep and one lamb from each household on St Georges Day each year Because Vlachs were taxed differently they were listed differently in defters 15 See also editVlachs Morlachs Vlachs in medieval Serbia Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina Vlachs in the history of Croatia Statuta Valachorum Voynuks Martolos Dervendjis Ottoman army in the 15th 19th centuriesAnnotations edit It is reported in the Turali beg s Vakufname of 1562 that some great Turkish and Bosnian Muslim Timari Spahije brought with them Orthodox Vlach population from the Sandzak of Smederevo into Bosnia expressly for that very purpose 16 References edit Steven G Ellis Luda Klusakova 2007 Imagining Frontiers Contesting Identities p 145 Pisa University Press ISBN 8884924669 Karl Kaser 2012 Household and Family in the Balkans Two Decades of Historical Family Research at University of Graz p 117 119 LIT Verlag ISBN 3643504063 Kursar 2013 p 115 126 a b Gavrilovic 2003 p 720 a b c d e f Dominik Mandic 1980 Hrvati i Srbi dva stara razlicita naroda p 256 Vladimir Babic dr Vaso Cubrilovic dr Branislav Đurđevic Nedim Filipovic Ferdo Gastrin dr Bogo Grafenauer dr Nada Klaic Ljuben Lape dr Arpad Lebl Mitra Mitrovic Fedor Moacanin dr Jorjo Tadic dr Fran Zwitter 1959 HISTORIJA NARODA JUGOSLAVIJE Vol II Skolska knjiga p 517 a b Kursar 2013 p 135 a b Kursar 2013 p 115 Srđan Sarkic 2011 Pravni polozhaј stranaca u sredњovekovnoј Srbiјi Legal position of foreigners in medieval Serbia p 54 footnote 1 a b c Kursar 2013 p 134 Sugar 1996 p 39 Dominik Mandic 1990 Hrvati i Srbi dva stara razlicita naroda Nakladni zavod Matice Hrvatske p 201 ISBN 978 86 401 0081 6 After the fall of Bihac in 1592 the Bosnian Beylerbey Hasan Pasha Predojevic settled Orthodox Vlachs from Eastern Herzegovina especially those of his own Predojevic clan in the central part of Pounje around Brekovica Ripac Ostrovica and Vrla Draga up to Sokolovac Milan Vasic 1995 Bosna i Hercegovina od srednjeg veka do novijeg vremena međunarodni naucni skup 13 15 decembar 1994 Istorijski institut SANU Ferdo Sisic Povijest Hrvata pregled povijesti hrvatskog naroda 600 1918 p 345 Zagreb ISBN 953 214 197 9 Malcolm Noel 1996 Bosnia A Short History pp 77 78 ISBN 978 0 8147 5561 7 Hamdija Kresevljakovic 1914 Odakle su i sta su bili Bosne i Hercegovine Muslimani Hrvatska Svijest p 10 Sources editAleksic Vladimir 2011 Medieval vlach soldiers and the beginnings of Ottoman voynuks Belgrade Historical Review 2 105 128 Batakovic Dusan T ed 2005 Histoire du peuple serbe History of the Serbian People in French Lausanne L Age d Homme ISBN 9782825119587 Cirkovic Sima 2004 The Serbs Malden Blackwell Publishing ISBN 9781405142915 Dabic Vojin S 1992 Wanderungen der Serben nach Kroatien und Slawonien vom Anfang des XVI bis Ende des XVII Jahrhunderts Istoriјski chasopis 38 1991 43 76 Fine John Van Antwerp Jr 1991 1983 The Early Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 0472081497 Fine John Van Antwerp Jr 1994 1987 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest Ann Arbor Michigan University of Michigan Press ISBN 0472082604 Fodor Pal David Geza eds 2000 Ottomans Hungarians and Habsburgs in Central Europe The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest Leiden Brill ISBN 9004119078 Gavrilovic Danijela 2003 Elements of Ethnic Identification of the Serbs PDF Facta Universitatis Series Philosophy Sociology and Psychology 2 10 717 730 Isailovic Neven 2017 Legislation Concerning the Vlachs of the Balkans Before and After Ottoman Conquest An Overview State and Society in the Balkans Before and After Establishment of Ottoman Rule Belgrade The Institute of History pp 25 42 ISBN 9788677431259 Kursar Vjeran 2013 Being an Ottoman Vlach On Vlach Identity ies Role and Status in Western Parts of the Ottoman Balkans 15th 18th Centuries PDF OTAM 34 Ankara 115 161 Stavrianos Leften 2000 1958 The Balkans Since 1453 London Hurst ISBN 9781850655510 Sugar Peter F 1996 1977 Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule 1354 1804 Seattle University of Washington Press ISBN 9780295803630 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vlachs social class amp oldid 1154938493, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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