A raiyah or reaya (from Arabic: رعاياraʿāyā, a plural of رعيّةraʿiya "countryman, animal, sheep pasturing,[1] subjects,[1] nationals,[2] flock", also spelled raiya, raja, raiah, re'aya; Ottoman Turkish رعايا IPA:[ɾeˈʔaːjeː]; Modern Turkishrâiya[ɾaːˈja] or reaya; related to the Arabic word rā'ī راعي which means "shepherd, herdsman, patron"[3]) was a member of the tax-paying lower class of Ottoman society, in contrast to the askeri and kul. The raiyah made up over 90% of the general population in the millet communities. In the Muslim world, raiyah is literally subject of a government or sovereign. The raiyah (literally 'members of the flock') included Christians, Muslims, and Jews who were 'shorn' (i.e. taxed) to support the state and the associated 'professional Ottoman' class.[4]
Bosnian rayah paying tribute
However, both in contemporaneous and in modern usage, it refers to non-Muslim subjects in particular, also called zimmi.[5][6][7]
In the early Ottoman Empire, raiyah were not eligible for military service, but from the late 16th century, Muslim raiyah became eligible, to the distress of some of the ruling class.[8]
See alsoedit
Ryot: A land holding system developed during the Mughal rule in India.
^Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48, "Raiyah \Raee"yah\ (r[=a]"y[.a] or r[aum]"y[.a]), n. [Ar. ra'iyah a herd, a subject, fr. ra'a to pasture, guard.] A person not a Mohammedan (i. e. Muslim), who pays the capitation tax. (Turkey) (1913 Webster)"
^"Raiyahs,"--all who pay the capitation tax, called the "Haraç." "This tax was levied on the whole male unbelieving population," except children under ten, old men, Christian and Jewish priests. --Finlay, Greece under Ottoman and Venetian Domination, 2856, p. 26.
Molly Greene, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Princeton, 2000. ISBN0-691-00898-1
Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, series title A History of East Central Europe, volume V, University of Washington Press, 1983. ISBN0-295-96033-7.
January 01, 1970
rayah, raiyah, reaya, from, arabic, رعايا, raʿāyā, plural, رعي, raʿiya, countryman, animal, sheep, pasturing, subjects, nationals, flock, also, spelled, raiya, raja, raiah, ottoman, turkish, رعايا, ɾeˈʔaːjeː, modern, turkish, râiya, ɾaːˈja, reaya, related, ara. A raiyah or reaya from Arabic رعايا raʿaya a plural of رعي ة raʿiya countryman animal sheep pasturing 1 subjects 1 nationals 2 flock also spelled raiya raja raiah re aya Ottoman Turkish رعايا IPA ɾeˈʔaːjeː Modern Turkish raiya ɾaːˈja or reaya related to the Arabic word ra i راعي which means shepherd herdsman patron 3 was a member of the tax paying lower class of Ottoman society in contrast to the askeri and kul The raiyah made up over 90 of the general population in the millet communities In the Muslim world raiyah is literally subject of a government or sovereign The raiyah literally members of the flock included Christians Muslims and Jews who were shorn i e taxed to support the state and the associated professional Ottoman class 4 Bosnian rayah paying tribute However both in contemporaneous and in modern usage it refers to non Muslim subjects in particular also called zimmi 5 6 7 In the early Ottoman Empire raiyah were not eligible for military service but from the late 16th century Muslim raiyah became eligible to the distress of some of the ruling class 8 See also editRyot A land holding system developed during the Mughal rule in India Dhimmi Giaour Ottoman millet system Second class citizen Qara bodunReferences edit a b Google Translate translate google ca Retrieved 2020 02 07 Google Translate translate google ca Retrieved 2020 02 07 Google Translate translate google ca Retrieved 2020 02 07 Sugar p 33 Collaborative International Dictionary of English v 0 48 Raiyah Raee yah r a y a or r aum y a n Ar ra iyah a herd a subject fr ra a to pasture guard A person not a Mohammedan i e Muslim who pays the capitation tax Turkey 1913 Webster Dictionary com definition Raiyahs all who pay the capitation tax called the Harac This tax was levied on the whole male unbelieving population except children under ten old men Christian and Jewish priests Finlay Greece under Ottoman and Venetian Domination 2856 p 26 Greene p 41 quoting Halil InalcikSources editMolly Greene A Shared World Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean Princeton 2000 ISBN 0 691 00898 1 Peter F Sugar Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule 1354 1804 series title A History of East Central Europe volume V University of Washington Press 1983 ISBN 0 295 96033 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rayah amp oldid 1182878188, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
