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Russian Armed Forces

April 13, 2024

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation,[a] commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia. In terms of active-duty personnel, they are the world's fifth-largest military force, with 1.15 million and at least two million reserve personnel.[10] According to the United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), "Russia plans to expand its active personnel force to 1.5 million by 2026, which will make it the third largest in the world, after China and India."[11] The country has three primary branches of service: the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Aerospace Forces, as well as two independent arms of service: the Strategic Rocket Forces and Airborne Forces.[12] In addition, the Special Operations Forces Command was established in 2013, with an estimated strength in 2022 of 1,000, possibly with additional supporting staff.[13]

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Вооружённые си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции
Emblem of the Russian Armed Forces
Banner of the Russian Armed Forces
Founded1721 (Imperial Russian Army)
Current form7 May 1992
Service branches Ground Forces
 Navy
Aerospace Forces
Strategic Rocket Forces
Airborne Forces
Special Operations Forces
HeadquartersMinistry of Defence, Moscow
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Putin
Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu
Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov
Personnel
Military age18[1]
Conscription12 months[2]
Active personnel1,320,000 (December Draft)[3] (ranked 4th)
Reserve personnelc. 2,000,000[4][Note 1]
Expenditures
BudgetUS$86.4 billion (2023)[5]
(ranked 3rd)
Percent of GDP4.1% (2023)[5]
Industry
Domestic suppliers
See list:
Foreign suppliers Belarus (MZKT)
 Italy (Iveco)[6][7]
 Iran (HESA)[8]
Annual importsUS$905 million (2010–2021)[9]
Annual exportsUS$74.535 billion (2010–2021)[9]
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of the Russian Federation
RanksArmy ranks
Navy ranks
Aerospace Forces ranks

In 2023, Russia had the world's third-highest military expenditure, allocating a budget of approximately US$86.4 billion to the military.[14][5] The Russian Armed Forces maintain the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons,[15] and possess the world's second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines;[16] they are also one of only three national militaries (alongside those of the United States and China) that operate strategic bombers.[17] With certain exceptions, Russian law mandates one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18–27.[1][18]

In spite of Russia's perceived military strength, as recorded in various assessments, deficiencies have been noted in the country's combat performance on both the tactical and operational scales. According to multiple reports, endemic corruption within the Russian Armed Forces has had a major impact on Russia's ability to effectively project hard power.[19][20][21] Amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, severe logistical failures have greatly impacted the operational performance of Russian troops, as different service branches have struggled to coordinate and work together. Continuous shortcomings have led Russia's war effort to suffer extensive setbacks since the initial invasion; the Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of occupied/annexed territory, the large-scale destruction and squandering of their equipment, and a notably high casualty rate.[22][23][24] Researchers from the US-funded RAND Corporation have observed that Russia continues to struggle with military professionalization.[25]

Directly controlled by the Security Council of Russia, the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country's defence services under Russian law, fulfilling this capacity alongside the Border Guard of the Federal Security Service, the National Guard, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Protective Service, the Foreign Intelligence Service, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Service branches

Armed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into:[citation needed]

There are additionally two further separate troop branches, the National Guard and the Border Service. These retain the legal status of "Armed Forces", while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Russia. The new structure has been detached from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a separate agency, directly subordinated to the President of Russia. The Border Service is a paramilitary organization of the Federal Security Service, the country's main internal intelligence agency. Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land, air and maritime units.

The number of personnel is specified by decree of the President of Russia. On 1 January 2008, a number of 2,019,629 units, including military of 1,134,800 units, was set.[26] In 2010 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated that the Russian Armed Forces numbered about 1,027,000 active troops and in the region of 2,035,000 reserves (largely ex-conscripts).[27] As opposed to personnel specified by decree, actual personnel numbers on the payroll was reported by the Audit Chamber of Russia as 766,000 in October 2013.[28]

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, between 2005–2009 and 2010–2014, Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent;[29] Russia spent $66.4 billion on arms in 2015,[30] then $69.2 billion in 2016, having taken 3rd place (after the U.S. and China).[31]

History

Main article: Military history of the Russian Federation
See also: Military history of the Russian Empire and Military history of the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 25 December 1991. For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) failed. Over time, some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments, while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military's assets.[32]

Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet Internal Troops and the KGB Border Troops, seemingly the only independent defence move the new Russian government made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a National Guard.[33] Until 1995, it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3,000 to 5,000 each, with a total of no more than 100,000. National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions, including in Moscow (three brigades), (two brigades), and a number of other important cities and regions. In Moscow alone 15,000 personnel expressed their desire to service in the new Russian Army, mostly former Soviet Armed Forces servicemen. In the end, President Yeltsin tabled a decree "On the temporary position of the Russian Guard", but it was not put into practice.[34]

After signing the Belavezha Accords on 21 December 1991, the countries of the newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory, including strategic nuclear forces. On 14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became Supreme Commander of the CIS Armed Forces. On 16 March 1992 a decree by Boris Yeltsin created the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the operational control of Allied High Command and the Ministry of Defence, which was headed by President.[citation needed] Finally, on 7 May 1992, Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander.[35]

In May 1992, General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence, and was made Russia's first Army General on assuming the post. By August or December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost.[36]

In the next few years, Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe, as well as from some newly independent post-Soviet republics. While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems, the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and in Transnistria. The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries, especially on territory of the former Soviet Republics.

In late 2000 Gazeta.ru reported that of 600,000 personnel planned to be dismissed from the various "power ministries," the Armed Forces would be reduced by 365,000.[37]

Both in Soviet and Russian times, corruption has been a significant impediment to the Armed Forces. "The change from Yeltsin to Putin ..had minimal effect on Russian military corruption. Putin, despite his desire to rebuild Russian strength, has not shown himself willing or able to seriously deal with" corruption.[38] From 1991-2001, Russian authorities uncovered at least 350 billion rubles' (11.5 billion USD) worth of corruption in the armed forces (with, for comparison, the total defence budget for 2001 being 214 billion rubles). Areas of particular concern identified by a researcher at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment in 2007 included the State Defence Order (perhaps 10-15% realised in 2004); "ghost soldiers," as "it is generally acknowledged that the number of actually serving personnel differs substantially from the authorized number of personnel," and officers at various levels can pocket excess money for themselves; and "the domestic purchases of goods and services, where corrupt officers overpay civilian providers in return for bribes."

 
 
Russian stamps honoring soldiers killed in the Russo-Ukrainian War. As of February 2023, the number of Russian soldiers killed and wounded in Ukraine was estimated at nearly 200,000.[39]

On 24 February 2022 Russian president Vladimir Putin gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[40][41] On 10 April 2022 General Aleksandr Dvornikov assumed command of the operation.[42] In July 2022, at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering severe casualties, the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the human shield benefit, ostensibly because Ukrainian HIMARS had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery.[43] Within hours after Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu's signature on the UN-brokered deal to resume Ukraine's Black Sea grain exports, Russia bombed the Port of Odesa.[44][45]

According to Forbes Moscow had committed, as of the end of July 2022, 10 of its Combined Arms Armies to the invasion.[46] The Wagner Group has made a name for itself as Putin's "private army."[47] In June 2023, Putin backed the Ministry of Defense's plan to make mercenary groups sign contracts, which Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin pushed against: these contracts would have placed the Wagner Group under the Ministry's command structure as subordinates and limited Prigozhin's own influence.[48] Later in June, the Wagner Group turned against the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defense[49][50] until a peace deal was reached. According to Prigozhin, part of the reason for his march against Russia was to stop the government from "[dismantling] PMC Wagner."[51]

Structure

 
Minister of Defence, General of the Army Sergei Shoigu
 
Chief of the General Staff, General of the Army Valery Gerasimov

The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces. "[T]he Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not."[52]

Other departments include the Main Intelligence Directorate, the personnel directorate as well as the Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces, Railway Troops, Signal Troops and Construction Troops. The Ministry of Defence incorporated the Main Directorate of the Military Police Since 1 December 2012. The Main Directorate of the Military Police oversees subordinated military districts regional directorates of military police.[53] The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Valery Gerasimov.

In July 2018, the Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces was created, restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the Soviet Armed Forces.[54]

The Russian military is divided into three services: the Russian Ground Forces, the Russian Navy, and the Russian Aerospace Forces. In addition there are two independent arms of service: the Strategic Missile Troops and the Russian Airborne Troops. The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as the Army (armiya), except in some cases, the Navy is specifically singled out.

Military districts

 
Military districts of Russia as of 2021.
  Western Military District
  Northern Military District
  Southern Military District
  Central Military District
  Eastern Military District

Since late 2010, the Ground Forces as well as the Aerospace Forces and Navy are distributed among four military districts: Western Military District, Southern Military District, Central Military District, and the Eastern Military District which also constitute four Joint Strategic Commands—West, South, Central, and East. Previously from 1992 to 2010, the Ground Forces were divided into six military districts: Moscow, Leningrad, North Caucausian, Privolzhsk-Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern, with the seventh military district: Kaliningrad formed in 1997; in service until 2010.

Russia's four naval fleets and one flotilla were organizations on par with the Ground Forces' Military Districts. These seven MDs were merged into the four new MDs, which now also incorporate the aerospace forces and naval forces. There is one remaining Russian military base, the 102nd Military Base, in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces and is incorporated into the Southern Military District.

In mid-2010 a reorganisation was announced which consolidated military districts and the navy's fleets into four Joint Strategic Commands (OSC).[55] In 2014 the Northern Fleet was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command. Since 1 January 2021, this Command has the status of military district.[56]

 
Army General Aleksandr Dvornikov, commander of the Southern Military District since 20 September 2016

Geographically divided, the five commands/districts are:

The plan was put in place on 1 December 2010 and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not implemented.[57] The four commands were set up by a decree of President Medvedev on 14 July 2010.[citation needed] In July 2011, an Operational-Strategic Command of Missile-Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force. A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new organisational structures.[58]

Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (now the National Guard of Russia's National Guard Forces Command), the Border Guard Service of Russia (part of the Federal Security Service), the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the country's civil defence service since 1995 and successor to earlier civil defence units.

Naval fleets

 
Mordovia, a Russian Navy Zubr-class LCAC
 
A map of naval bases, shipyards and spent fuel storage sites operated by the Northern Fleet

The Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla:

Personnel

 
Russian troops at the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade
 
Russian troops marching in the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade
 
Members of the 56th Guards Air Assault Brigade of the Russian Airborne Forces in 2018
 
Ratnik infantry combat system in reconnaissance variant and AFV crew individual protection kit Ratnik-ZK

Conscription is used in Russia; the term of service is 12 months; and the eligible age is between 18 and 27 years old.[1] Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students, men supporting disabled relatives, parents of at least two children and—upon Presidential proclamation—to some employees of military-oriented enterprises. Men holding a Ph.D., as well as sons and brothers of servicemen killed or disabled during their military service, are released from conscription.

There were widespread problems with hazing in the Army, known as dedovshchina, where first-year draftees are abused by second-year draftees, a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two-year service term in 1967.[59] According to Anna Politkovskaya, in 2002, "a complete battalion, more than five hundred men, had been killed not by enemy fire but by beatings".[60] Over a period of 9 months in 2003, 2,500 personnel were accused of dedovshchina, of which half were sentenced.[61] To combat this problem, a new decree was signed in March 2007, which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months. The term was cut further to one year on 1 January 2008.[62][63]

Thirty percent of Russian Armed Forces' personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005.[18] For the foreseeable future, the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract/conscript force.[18] The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing the permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own.[64]

Recruitment into the Russian military are also open to non-Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States, of which Russia is the largest member.[65] By December 2003, the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service[66] yet, up to 2010, foreigners could only serve in Russia's armed forces after getting a Russian passport. Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan, foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five-year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years.[67][68] The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast-track Russian citizenship, and counter the effects of Russia's demographic crisis on its army recruitment. Each soldier in duty receives an Identity Card of the Russian Armed Forces. On 20 September 2022 the State Duma passed a bill which would make Russian citizenship available to foreign soldiers upon 12 months service in the AFRF; previously the service requirement had been set at three years.[69]

Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at the Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation.

On 17 November 2011, General Nikolai Makarov said that Russia had reached a crisis in the conscript service where there simply were not sufficient able bodied men to draft and was forced to halve its conscription.[citation needed]

In March 2013, Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu promised that all army quarters would have showers by the end of the year.[70]

In 2013, it was reported that:[71] "Compared to 2007, the number of female officers and warrant-officers has dropped by nearly two thirds. There were over 30,000 women serving under a contract [with the armed forces] in 2007, and now there are only slightly more than 11,000 of them, including 4,300 officers of various rank." Lt. Col. Yelena Stepanova, the chief of the social processes monitoring department at the Russian armed forces' sociological research center, said. This trend [was] "not ..special" but correspond[ed] with the general .. reduction of the Russian armed forces."

A new uniform for hot climates was introduced in mid-2018.[72]

On 28 May 2022, on the background of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine, Vladimir Putin signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of voluntary military service (earlier this limit was 40 years old).[73][74]

Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces (males)[1]
Military rank Conscript service Voluntary service
Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit for signing first contract Upper age limit for signing first contract General upper age limit for tenure Final upper age limit for tenure
Marshal of the Russian Federation None None 18 None 65 70
Army general/Admiral of the fleet
Colonel general/Admiral
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral 60 65
Major general/Counter admiral
Colonel/Captain 1st rank 55
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank 50
Major/Captain 3rd rank
Captain/Captain lieutenant
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior lieutenant
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman
Praporshchik/Michman
Starshina/Chief ship starshina
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class
Gefreiter/Senior seaman
Private/Seaman 18 27
Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces (females)[1]
Military rank Conscript service Voluntary service
Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit for signing first contract Upper age limit for signing first contract General upper age limit for tenure Final upper age limit for tenure
Marshal of the Russian Federation None None 18 None 45 70
Army general/Admiral of the fleet
Colonel general/Admiral
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral 65
Major general/Counter admiral
Colonel/Captain 1st rank
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank
Major/Captain 3rd rank
Captain/Captain lieutenant
Senior lieutenant
Lieutenant
Junior lieutenant
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman
Praporshchik/Michman
Starshina/Chief ship starshina
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class
Gefreiter/Senior seaman
Private/Seaman

Military education

 
Release of officers of the Air Force Academy in Voronezh
 
Female students of the Krasnodar Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots

The Russian military education system, inherited from the Soviet Union, trains officer-specialists in narrowly-defined military occupational specialties. In this it differs greatly from the American military education system in which newly-qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their "career branch" only after graduation from a military academy or the ROTC.[75] Students of Russian civilian institutions of higher education wishing to join the reserve officer training program cannot choose a military occupational specialty, because each civilian specialty taught by civilian university is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the military training center of the same university by the rector's order. It also differs from the American military education system in which students can choose between available types of ROTC.

The Russian military education system includes:

  • Warrant officer schools, which prepare career warrant officers for active duty service.
  • Higher military schools, which prepare career commissioned officers for active duty service as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
  • Military training centers within civilian institutions of higher education, which prepare reserve commissioned officers who can serve as platoon/company commanders and at equivalent positions (tactical level).
  • Military academies, which improve the military occupational specialty knowledge of commissioned officers to allow them to be appointed to battalion/regiment/brigade commander or equivalent positions (operational-tactical level).
  • Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia, which improves skills of officers graduated from military academies to allow them to become highest ranking military officers (strategic level).
  • Adjunctura is a military analogue of civilian graduate school, which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of candidate of sciences in military oriented specialties and be appointed to a teaching positions in military academies, military schools, military training centers.
Age limits for admission to military educational institutions[1][76]
Type of military educational institution Persons who have not been on active duty service Persons who are on conscript active duty service or are demobbed from this service Persons who are on voluntary active duty service
Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit Upper age limit
Military school 16 22 18 24 18 27
Military training center (active duty officer program) 16 24 — — — —
Military training center (reserve officer program) 16 30 — — — —
Russian military academies and adjunctura entry requirements[76][77]
Type of military educational institution Reached educational level Years of active duty service as commissioned officer Military rank (no lower than) Military position
(years of experience) 		Expected number of years of active duty service after graduation until general upper age limit for tenure
Military academy Military school or Military training center no less than 7 years Captain/Captain lieutenant Major's/Captain 3rd rank's positions
(1 year at least) 		5 years at least
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia Military academy — Major/Captain 3rd rank Colonel's/Captain 1st rank's positions
(1 year at least) 		5 years at least
Adjunctura Military school or Military training center no less than 2 years Lieutenant — 5 years at least

Reserve components

Russian Armed Forces have reserves (Russian: запас; transliteration: zapas) which includes 2 components:[1]

  • Active reserve – Mobilization human reserve (Russian: мобилизационный людской резерв; transliteration: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy reserv)
  • Inactive reserve – Mobilization human resource (Russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс; transliteration: mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy resurs)

By default, at the end of active duty each military personnel is enrolled as a mobilization human resource. This applies equally to conscripts and volunteers regardless of ranks. Furthermore, graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the military training centers of their almae matres, trained under reserve officer program, are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their promotion to officer's rank (unlike graduates of such centers, trained under active duty officer program, who are due to be enrolled for active duty after their promotion to officer's rank). Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach the age of 27 years old and were not in military service for any reason.

Enrolling in the mobilization human reserve is voluntary and implies the special contract. This possibility is available for each persons, who is in the mobilization human resource already.[78] The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period. Military personnel of mobilization human reserve (reservists) perform part-time duties in military units.[79] Reservists are appointed to a military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units. As a rule, in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2–3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days.[80]

The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the Presidential Decree[81] which determines the number of reserve troops is classified. The military units manned by reservists are determined by General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and this information is classified too.

The persons who are in mobilization human resource (non-reservists) may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime. The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months, herewith the total duration of such trainings for the entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months, and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years.[82]

As of 2009, the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million.[83]

Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all. Non-reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily. The mobilization of non-reservists is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998, No.53-FZ "About military duty and military service": in order from first category to third category.[84][85]

The first category includes: 1) the persons at the any military rank below that of a commissioned officer (enlisted personnel) and not reached the age of 35 years old; 2) the persons at the any rank from junior lieutenant to captain (captain-lieutenant in naval service) inclusively (junior commissioned officers) and not reached the age of 50 years old; 3) the persons at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively and not reached the age of 55 years old; 4) the persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) and not reached the age of 60 years old; 5) the persons at the rank of major general (counter admiral in naval service) or higher (supreme officers) and not reached the age of 65 years old.[84][85]

The second category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in age from 35 but less than 45; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 50 but less than 55; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 55 but less than 60; 4) commissioned officers at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) in the age from 60 but less than 65; 5) supreme officers in age from 65 but less than 70.[84][85]

The third category includes: 1) enlisted personnel in the age from 45 but less than 50; 2) junior commissioned officers in the age from 55 but less than 60; 3) commissioned officers at the any rank from major (captain 3rd rank in naval service) to lieutenant colonel (captain 2nd rank in naval service) inclusively in the age from 60 but less than 65; 4) all females in the age less than 45 for enlisted personnel and less than 50 for commissioned officers. The person who has reached the age limit, established for the third category (the second category for persons at the rank of colonel (captain 1st rank in naval service) or higher), is retired and is not subject to mobilization.[84][85]

Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (males)[1]
Military rank Mobilization human reserve Mobilization human resource
Age limit for signing first contract Age limit for tenure First grade
Age limit 		Second grade
Age limit 		Third grade
Age limit
Marshal of the Russian Federation — — 65 70 —
Army general/Admiral of the fleet — — 65 70 —
Colonel general/Admiral — — 65 70 —
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral — — 65 70 —
Major general/Counter admiral — — 65 70 —
Colonel/Captain 1st rank 57 65 60 65 —
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank 52 60 55 60 65
Major/Captain 3rd rank 52 60 55 60 65
Captain/Captain lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60
Senior lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60
Lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60
Junior lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman 42 45 35 45 50
Praporshchik/Michman 42 45 35 45 50
Starshina/Chief ship starshina 42 45 35 45 50
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina 42 45 35 45 50
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class 42 45 35 45 50
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class 42 45 35 45 50
Gefreiter/Senior seaman 42 45 35 45 50
Private/Seaman 42 45 35 45 50
Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces (females)[1]
Military rank Mobilization human reserve Mobilization human resource
Age limit for signing first contract Age limit for tenure First grade
Age limit 		Second grade
Age limit 		Third grade
Age limit
Marshal of the Russian Federation — — — — 50
Army general/Admiral of the fleet — — — — 50
Colonel general/Admiral — — — — 50
Lieutenant general/Vice admiral — — — — 50
Major general/Counter admiral — — — — 50
Colonel/Captain 1st rank 47 50 — — 50
Lieutenant colonel/Captain 2nd rank 47 50 — — 50
Major/Captain 3rd rank 47 50 — — 50
Captain/Captain lieutenant 47 50 — — 50
Senior lieutenant 47 50 — — 50
Lieutenant 47 50 — — 50
Junior lieutenant 47 50 — — 50
Senior praporshchik/Senior michman 42 45 — — 45
Praporshchik/Michman 42 45 — — 45
Starshina/Chief ship starshina 42 45 — — 45
Senior sergeant/Chief starshina 42 45 — — 45
Sergeant/Starshina 1st class 42 45 — — 45
Junior sergeant/Starshina 2nd class 42 45 — — 45
Gefreiter/Senior seaman 42 45 — — 45
Private/Seaman 42 45 — — 45

2005–2008 reform of the reserve officer training system

The reserve officer training system, inherited from the Soviet Union, involved selective conscription of graduates of civilian institutions of higher education, who have graduated the military departments of their almae matres and received a commission as an officer. Such person could be conscripted from the reserve of armed forces to active duty, up until the age of 27. The period of active duty of such an officer was several years, and at the end of that period he was due to be enlisted in the reserve of armed forces again. Such officers were called "blazers" in the army's slang (for example, Anatoly Kvashnin was a "blazer").[86]

In 2005, Minister of Defence Sergei Ivanov announced a significant reduction in the number of military departments carrying out the training commissioned officers from students of civilian institutions of higher education.[87] By March 2008, 168 of 235 civilian universities, academies and institutions which previously had military departments had lost these units.[88] 37 of 67 civilian universities, academies and institutions which retained military departments became the basis for the establishment of new military training centers.[88] The military training centers focused on training officers for active duty, whilst the military departments focused on training officers for the reserve.[89]

In 2006 the conscription of reserve officers was abolished. Graduates of military departments were not subject to conscription to active duty anymore (with the exception of a wartime mobilization). All graduates of military training centers were due to be enrolled for 3 years active duty upon their university graduation.[90]

2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force

In 2018, Russia started a full-scale formation of a military reserve force based upon volunteers selected from among those who retired from active duty.[80] The Russian military reserve force (Russian: мобилизационный людской резерв) is a set of citizens who have signed a contract to perform military service as a reservist. They are appointed to a military position in a particular military unit. They are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these military units, unlike other citizens who haven't signed such contracts and who can be used for a mobilization deployment of armed forces on an involuntary basis only in cases stipulated by law (Russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс).[91]

The deployment of military units composed of reservists, takes minimum time and does not requires any retraining of military personnel. The military units composed of reservists use the same weapons as used by military units, composed of active duty military personnel. Military units staffed by reservists are 100% manned up to wartime standards just like military units staffed by active duty military personnel only. There is no possibility to define by military units designation what we're dealing with - reserve or not reserve military unit. The number of reservists is not presented in open sources and is not among the number of active duty military volunteers which is published by Ministry of Defence. This makes it difficult for establish real troop strength of new Russian military units and formations.

2019 reform of the reserve officer training system

In 2018 the military departments and the military training centers were abolished.[92] From that moment on, students of civilian institutions of higher education were trained under both officers training programmes (for reserve and for active duty) in the Military Training Centers.[93] In 2019, there were training military centers in 93 civilian institutions of higher education.[94][95]

Mobilization

The first mobilization of citizens being in mobilization human resource, conducted on a compulsory basis, in the Russian Federation's history was announced by Presidential Decree of 21 September 2022 №647 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[96]

Budget

See also: Military budget of the Russian Federation and List of countries in Europe by military expenditures
 
Soviet and Russian military expenditures in billions of 2015 US dollars
 
The facade of the National Defense Management Center
 
The conference room of the National Defense Management Center

Between 1991 and 1997 newly independent Russia's defence spending fell by a factor of eight in real prices.[97] In 1998, when Russia experienced a severe financial crisis, its military expenditure in real terms reached its lowest point—barely one-quarter of the USSR's in 1991, and two-fifths of the level of 1992, the first year of Russia's independent existence.

In the early 2000s, defence spending increased by at least a minimum of one-third year-on-year, leading to overall defence expenditure almost quadrupling over the past six years, and according to Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, this rate is to be sustained through 2010.[98] Official government military spending for 2005 was US$32.4 billion, though various sources, have estimated Russia's military expenditures to be considerably higher than the reported amount.[99]

Estimating Russian military expenditure is beset with difficulty; the annual IISS Military Balance has underscored the problem numerous times within its section on Russia.[99] The IISS Military Balance comments, "By simple observation ... [the military budget] would appear to be lower than is suggested by the size of the armed forces or the structure of the military–industrial complex, and thus neither of the figures is particularly useful for comparative analysis."[100] By some estimates, overall Russian defence expenditure is now at the second highest in the world after the USA.[101] According to Alexander Kanshin, Chairman of the Public Chamber of Russia on affairs of veterans, military personnel, and their families, the Russian military is losing up to US$13 billion to corruption every year.[102]

On 16 September 2008 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that in 2009, Russia's defence budget would be increased to a record amount of $50 billion.[103][104]

On 16 February 2009 Russia's deputy defence minister said state defence contracts would not be subject to cuts this year despite the ongoing financial crisis, and that there would be no decrease in 2009.[105] The budget would still be 1.376 trillion rubles and in the current exchange rates this would amount to $41.5 billion.

Later in February 2009, due to the world financial crisis, the Russian Parliament's Defence Committee stated that the Russian defence budget would instead be slashed by 15 percent, from $40 billion to $34 billion, with further cuts to come.[106] On 5 May 2009, First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the defence budget for 2009 will be 1.3 trillion rubles (US$39.4 billion). 322 billion rubles are allocated to purchase weapons, and the rest of the fund will be spent on construction, fuel storage and food supply.

According to the head of the Defence Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Komoyedov, Russia plans to spend 101.15 billion rubles on nuclear weapons in 2013–2015. "The budget provisions under 'The Nuclear Weapons Complex' section in 2013-2015 will amount to 29.28 billion rubles, 33.3 billion rubles and 38.57 billion rubles respectively," Komoyedov said, Vechernaya Moskva reports.

Komoyedov added that in 2012 the spending on nuclear weapons made up 27.4 billion rubles. The draft law "On the Federal Budget for 2013 and for the planning period of 2014 and 2015" will be discussed in the first reading on 19 October 2012, The Voice of Russia reports.[107]

 
Pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2018, in US$ billions, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies

The Russian government's published 2014 military budget is about 2.49 trillion rubles (approximately US$69.3 billion), the fourth largest in the world behind the US, China and Saudi Arabia. The official budget is set to rise to 3.03 trillion rubles (approximately US$83.7 billion) in 2015, and 3.36 trillion rubles (approximately US$93.9 billion) in 2016.[108] As of 2014, Russia's military budget is higher than any other European nation, and approximately 1/7th (14 percent) of the US military budget.[29]

In 2015, SIPRI found that Russia was the world's second biggest exporter of major weapons for the period 2010–14, increasing exports by 37 per cent. India, China and Algeria accounted for almost 60 percent of total Russian exports. Asia and Oceania received 66 percent of Russian arms exports in 2010–14, Africa 12 percent and the Middle East 10 percent.[29]

In 2017, Russia was reported to have slashed its defense spending by 20%, due to calls by Vladimir Putin to spend money on other initiatives such as healthcare and education. The cut decreased Russia's military spending to $66.3 billion, in which Russia slumped to being the fourth-highest military spender.[109] Russia's 2019 defense budget was US$48 billion and the 2020 figure was $61.7 billion.[110]

However, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 24 February 2022, the Russian government has dramatically increased military spending to over 85+ billion dollars, returning to third position as the highest military spender in the world. The increase in military spending was needed to recoup losses in the war and reorientate Russia into a war economy.[5] On 5 October 2023, Vladimir Putin stated that Russia's spending on defense and security now equals to 6% of its GDP.[111]

Procurement

See also: Defence industry of Russia and List of countries by military expenditures
 
The Sukhoi PAK FA is one of the latest procurement projects of the Russian Armed Forces.

About 70 percent of the former Soviet Union's defence industries are located in the Russian Federation.[112] Many defence firms have been privatised; some have developed significant partnerships with firms in other countries.

The recent steps towards modernization of the Armed Forces have been made possible by Russia's economic resurgence based on oil and gas revenues as well a strengthening of its own domestic market. Currently[when?] the military is in the middle of a major equipment upgrade, with the government in the process of spending about $200 billion (what equals to about $400 billion in PPP dollars) on development and production of military equipment between 2006 and 2015 under the State Armament Programme for 2007–2015 (GPV – госпрограмма вооружения).[113]

Mainly as a result of lessons learned during the Russo-Georgian War, the State Armament Programme for 2011–2020 was launched in December 2010. Prime Minister Putin announced that 20–21.5 trillion rubles (over $650 billion) will be allocated to purchase new hardware in the next 10 years. The aim is to have a growth of 30% of modern equipment in the army, navy and air force by 2015, and of 70% by 2020.[114][115][116][117] In some categories, the proportion of new weapon systems will reach 80% or even 100%.[118]

As of 2011, Russia's chief military prosecutor said that 20 percent of the defence budget was being stolen or defrauded yearly.[119] It is suspected that equipment is not properly maintained due to the resulting lack of funds, which may have contributed to equipment failures observed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[23][120]

In 2018, RF Armed Forces adopted 35 types of weapons and military equipment and completed state tests of 21 more.[121] The Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) was procured the YeSU TZ (Yedinaya Sistema Upravleniya Takticheskogo Zvena) battlefield management system that same year. The YeSU TZ battlefield management system incorporates 11 subsystems that control artillery, electronic warfare systems, ground vehicles, air defence assets, engineering equipment, and logistics support, among other things.[122]

Twelve missile regiments have been rearmed with Yars ICBMs, 10 missile brigades with Iskander tactical ballistic missile systems, 13 aviation regiments with MiG-31BM, Su-35S, Su-30SM, and Su-34 combat aircraft, three army aviation brigades and six helicopter regiments with Mi-28N and Ka-52 combat helicopters, 20 surface-to-air missile (SAM) regiments with S-400 Triumf SAM systems, 23 batteries with Pantsir-S self-propelled anti-aircraft gun-missile systems, and 17 batteries with Bal and Bastion mobile coastal defence missile systems [MCDMSs] since 2012 and as of March 2019.[122]

In early 2023, there were reports that the Russian Defense Ministry purchased more than a thousand tablets with a domestic software for higher ranking officials and also begun receiving a new line of gliding bombs with a range of tens of kilometers.[123][124]

The New York Times reported on 13 September 2023, citing US and European officials, that Russia overcomes the international sanctions and its missile production now exceeded pre-war levels. It was also reported that Russia now produces more ammunitions than the United States and Europe and it can manufacture 200 tanks and two million units of ammunition in a year.[125] CNN also reported in September 2023 that Russia produces ammunition seven times cheaper and eight times faster than Europe.[126]

In September 2023, various Russian regions launched the production of suicide drones at their own initiatives.[127][128] Vladimir Putin also claimed that the production of main armored vehicles has increased by four times in comparison with the past year and the production of the especially important destruction means by three times.[129]

According to the Russian Ministry of Defense,[130] the Russian Armed Forces received in 2023 several hundreds of thousands of small arms, new and repaired weapon systems, military vehicles and equipment, artillery systems, air defense systems, missiles and bombs, aircraft and helicopters, drones, and also over a million individual armor protection and equipment means.[131][132][133] CNN reported on 11 March 2024 that Russia currently produces about 250,000 artillery shells a month or about 3 million a year which is nearly three times the quantity the US and Europe produce for Ukraine. CNN cited Western intelligence officials and also said that Russia imports ammunition from Iran and North Korea.[134]

Nuclear weapons

Main article: Russia and weapons of mass destruction
 
A mobile version of the RS-24 Yars
 
The Borei-class submarine Alexander Nevsky

As of January 2017, the Federation of American Scientists estimated that Russia has approximately 1,765 deployed strategic warheads, and another 2,700 non-deployed strategic and deployed and non-deployed tactical warheads, plus an additional 2,510 warheads awaiting dismantlement.[135] Russia's Strategic Rocket Forces controls its land-based nuclear warheads, while the Navy controls the submarine based missiles and the Aerospace Forces the air-launched warheads. Russia's nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas:

  1. Land-based immobile (silos), like R-36 and its replacement RS-28 Sarmat.
  2. Land-based mobile, like RT-2PM2 Topol-M and new RS-24 Yars.
  3. Submarine based, like R-29RMU2 Layner and RSM-56 Bulava.
  4. Air-launched warheads of the Russian Aerospace Forces' Long Range Aviation Command

The military doctrine of Russia sees NATO expansion as one of the threats for the Russian Federation and reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a conventional aggression that can endanger the existence of the state. In keeping with this, the country's nuclear forces received adequate funding throughout the late 1990s. The number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads on active duty has declined over the years, in part in keeping with arms limitation agreements with the U.S. and in part due to insufficient spending on maintenance, but this is balanced by the deployment of new missiles as proof against missile defences.[136]

Russia has developed the new RT-2PM2 Topol-M (SS-27) missiles that a Russian general claimed to be able to penetrate any missile defence, including the planned U.S. National Missile Defence. The missile can change course in both air and space to avoid countermeasures. It is designed to be launched from land-based, mobile TEL units.[136]

Because of international awareness of the danger that Russian nuclear technology might fall into the hands of terrorists or rogue officers who it was feared might want to use nuclear weapons to threaten or attack other countries, the federal government of the United States and many other countries provided considerable financial assistance to the Russian nuclear forces in the early 1990s.[citation needed] This money went in part to finance decommissioning of warheads under international agreements, such the Cooperative Threat Reduction programme, but also to improve security and personnel training in Russian nuclear facilities.

In the late evening of 11 September 2007 the fuel-air explosive AVBPM or "Father of All Bombs" was successfully field-tested.[137]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Russian: Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции, Vooružjonnyje Síly Rossíjskoj Federácii
  1. ^ The potential reserve personnel of Russia may be as high as 20 million, depending on how the figures are counted. However, an est. 2 million have seen military service within the last 5 years.

Citations

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References

  • Austin, Greg; Muraviev, Alexey (2000). The Armed Forces of Russia in Asia. London; New York: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-485-6.
  • Andrew Bowen, "Russian Armed Forces: Capabilities" ( 23 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine), Congressional Research Service, 30 June 2020.
  • Keir Giles (May 2007), Military Service in Russia: No New Model Army, Conflict Studies Research Centre, ISBN 1905962169
  • "How Are the Mighty Fallen". The Economist. 2–8 July 2005. pp. 45–46.
  • IISS (25 February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278. from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  • International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance, various editions
  • Massicot, Dara. "What Russia Got Wrong" ( 9 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine), Foreign Affairs, 2023
  • Odom, William E. (1998). The Collapse of the Soviet Military. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07469-7.
  • RNS, November 2016
  • "The United States leads upward trend in arms exports, Asian and Gulf states arms imports up, says SIPRI". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 16 March 2015. from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2017.

Further reading

  • Bowen, Andrew (2017). "Coercive Diplomacy and the Donbas: Explaining Russian Strategy in Eastern Ukraine". Journal of Strategic Studies. 42 (3–4): 312–343. doi:10.1080/01402390.2017.1413550. S2CID 158522112.
  • Galeotti, Mark, "Organised crime and Russian security forces: mafiya, militia and militar", Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, issue 1:2, 2001.
  • Ivanov, Henry, "Country Briefing: Russia—Austere Deterrence", Jane's Defence Weekly, 28 April 2006
  • Lehrke, Jesse Paul (2013). The Transition to National Armies in the Former Soviet Republics, 1988-2005. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-10886-1.
  • Pynnöniemi, K., "Russia's Defence Reform: Assessing the real 'Serdyukov heritage'" ( 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine), FIIA Briefing Paper 126, 26 March 2013, Finnish Institute of International Affairs.
  • Tian, Nan; Fleurant, Aude; Kuimova, Alexandra; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T. (27 April 2020). "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  • Turbiville, G., "Organized crime and the Russian Armed Forces", Transnational Organized Crime, vol. 1, issue 4, 1995, pp. 55–73. OCLC 4769433034.
  • Waters, T., "Crime in the Russian Military", CSRC Paper C90, Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1996.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
  • Russian Ministry of Defense 4 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in English)

April 13, 2024
russian, armed, forces, armed, forces, russian, federation, commonly, referred, military, russia, terms, active, duty, personnel, they, world, fifth, largest, military, force, with, million, least, million, reserve, personnel, according, united, states, centra. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation a commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces are the military of Russia In terms of active duty personnel they are the world s fifth largest military force with 1 15 million and at least two million reserve personnel 10 According to the United States Central Intelligence Agency CIA Russia plans to expand its active personnel force to 1 5 million by 2026 which will make it the third largest in the world after China and India 11 The country has three primary branches of service the Ground Forces the Navy and the Aerospace Forces as well as two independent arms of service the Strategic Rocket Forces and Airborne Forces 12 In addition the Special Operations Forces Command was established in 2013 with an estimated strength in 2022 of 1 000 possibly with additional supporting staff 13 Armed Forces of the Russian FederationVooruzhyonnye si ly Rossi jskoj Federa ciiEmblem of the Russian Armed ForcesBanner of the Russian Armed ForcesFounded1721 Imperial Russian Army Current form7 May 1992Service branches Ground Forces Navy Aerospace Forces Strategic Rocket Forces Airborne Forces Special Operations ForcesHeadquartersMinistry of Defence MoscowLeadershipSupreme Commander in ChiefVladimir PutinMinister of DefenceSergei ShoiguChief of the General StaffValery GerasimovPersonnelMilitary age18 1 Conscription12 months 2 Active personnel1 320 000 December Draft 3 ranked 4th Reserve personnelc 2 000 000 4 Note 1 ExpendituresBudgetUS 86 4 billion 2023 5 ranked 3rd Percent of GDP4 1 2023 5 IndustryDomestic suppliersSee list RostecRosatomUnited Aircraft CorporationUnited Shipbuilding CorporationRussian HelicoptersTactical Missiles CorporationAlmaz AnteyHigh Precision SystemsMoscow Institute of Thermal TechnologyKalashnikov ConcernMilitary Industrial CompanyUralvagonzavodKurganmashzavodKAMAZForeign suppliers Belarus MZKT Italy Iveco 6 7 Iran HESA 8 Annual importsUS 905 million 2010 2021 9 Annual exportsUS 74 535 billion 2010 2021 9 Related articlesHistoryMilitary history of the Russian FederationRanksArmy ranksNavy ranksAerospace Forces ranksIn 2023 Russia had the world s third highest military expenditure allocating a budget of approximately US 86 4 billion to the military 14 5 The Russian Armed Forces maintain the world s largest stockpile of nuclear weapons 15 and possess the world s second largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines 16 they are also one of only three national militaries alongside those of the United States and China that operate strategic bombers 17 With certain exceptions Russian law mandates one year of military service for all male citizens aged 18 27 1 18 In spite of Russia s perceived military strength as recorded in various assessments deficiencies have been noted in the country s combat performance on both the tactical and operational scales According to multiple reports endemic corruption within the Russian Armed Forces has had a major impact on Russia s ability to effectively project hard power 19 20 21 Amidst the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine severe logistical failures have greatly impacted the operational performance of Russian troops as different service branches have struggled to coordinate and work together Continuous shortcomings have led Russia s war effort to suffer extensive setbacks since the initial invasion the Russian Armed Forces have experienced successive losses of occupied annexed territory the large scale destruction and squandering of their equipment and a notably high casualty rate 22 23 24 Researchers from the US funded RAND Corporation have observed that Russia continues to struggle with military professionalization 25 Directly controlled by the Security Council of Russia the Russian Armed Forces form part of the country s defence services under Russian law fulfilling this capacity alongside the Border Guard of the Federal Security Service the National Guard the Ministry of Internal Affairs the Federal Protective Service the Foreign Intelligence Service and the Ministry of Emergency Situations Contents 1 Service branches 2 History 3 Structure 3 1 Military districts 3 2 Naval fleets 4 Personnel 4 1 Military education 5 Reserve components 5 1 2005 2008 reform of the reserve officer training system 5 2 2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force 5 3 2019 reform of the reserve officer training system 5 4 Mobilization 6 Budget 6 1 Procurement 7 Nuclear weapons 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksService branchesArmed forces under the Ministry of Defence are divided into citation needed The three branches of Armed Forces the Ground Forces Aerospace Forces and Navy The two separate troop branches the Strategic Rocket Forces and Airborne Forces The special forces of Armed Forces the Special Operations Forces The Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces which has a separate status of its ownThere are additionally two further separate troop branches the National Guard and the Border Service These retain the legal status of Armed Forces while falling outside of the jurisdiction of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation The National Guard is formed on the basis of the former Internal Troops of Russia The new structure has been detached from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a separate agency directly subordinated to the President of Russia The Border Service is a paramilitary organization of the Federal Security Service the country s main internal intelligence agency Both organizations have significant wartime tasks in addition to their main peacetime activities and operate their own land air and maritime units The number of personnel is specified by decree of the President of Russia On 1 January 2008 a number of 2 019 629 units including military of 1 134 800 units was set 26 In 2010 the International Institute for Strategic Studies IISS estimated that the Russian Armed Forces numbered about 1 027 000 active troops and in the region of 2 035 000 reserves largely ex conscripts 27 As opposed to personnel specified by decree actual personnel numbers on the payroll was reported by the Audit Chamber of Russia as 766 000 in October 2013 28 According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute between 2005 2009 and 2010 2014 Russian exports of major weapons increased by 37 percent 29 Russia spent 66 4 billion on arms in 2015 30 then 69 2 billion in 2016 having taken 3rd place after the U S and China 31 HistoryMain article Military history of the Russian Federation See also Military history of the Russian Empire and Military history of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 25 December 1991 For the next year various attempts to keep its unity and to transform it into the military of the Commonwealth of Independent States CIS failed Over time some units stationed in the newly independent republics swore loyalty to their new national governments while a series of treaties between the newly independent states divided up the military s assets 32 Apart from assuming control of the bulk of the former Soviet Internal Troops and the KGB Border Troops seemingly the only independent defence move the new Russian government made before March 1992 involved announcing the establishment of a National Guard 33 Until 1995 it was planned to form at least 11 brigades numbering 3 000 to 5 000 each with a total of no more than 100 000 National Guard military units were to be deployed in 10 regions including in Moscow three brigades two brigades and a number of other important cities and regions In Moscow alone 15 000 personnel expressed their desire to service in the new Russian Army mostly former Soviet Armed Forces servicemen In the end President Yeltsin tabled a decree On the temporary position of the Russian Guard but it was not put into practice 34 After signing the Belavezha Accords on 21 December 1991 the countries of the newly formed CIS signed a protocol on the temporary appointment of Marshal of Aviation Yevgeny Shaposhnikov as Minister of Defence and commander of the armed forces in their territory including strategic nuclear forces On 14 February 1992 Shaposhnikov formally became Supreme Commander of the CIS Armed Forces On 16 March 1992 a decree by Boris Yeltsin created the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation the operational control of Allied High Command and the Ministry of Defence which was headed by President citation needed Finally on 7 May 1992 Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the armed forces and Yeltsin assumed the duties of the Supreme Commander 35 In May 1992 General Colonel Pavel Grachev became the Minister of Defence and was made Russia s first Army General on assuming the post By August or December 1993 CIS military structures had become CIS military cooperation structures with all real influence lost 36 In the next few years Russian forces withdrew from central and eastern Europe as well as from some newly independent post Soviet republics While in most places the withdrawal took place without any problems the Russian Armed Forces remained in some disputed areas such as the Sevastopol naval base in the Crimea as well as in Abkhazia South Ossetia and in Transnistria The Armed Forces have several bases in foreign countries especially on territory of the former Soviet Republics In late 2000 Gazeta ru reported that of 600 000 personnel planned to be dismissed from the various power ministries the Armed Forces would be reduced by 365 000 37 Both in Soviet and Russian times corruption has been a significant impediment to the Armed Forces The change from Yeltsin to Putin had minimal effect on Russian military corruption Putin despite his desire to rebuild Russian strength has not shown himself willing or able to seriously deal with corruption 38 From 1991 2001 Russian authorities uncovered at least 350 billion rubles 11 5 billion USD worth of corruption in the armed forces with for comparison the total defence budget for 2001 being 214 billion rubles Areas of particular concern identified by a researcher at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment in 2007 included the State Defence Order perhaps 10 15 realised in 2004 ghost soldiers as it is generally acknowledged that the number of actually serving personnel differs substantially from the authorized number of personnel and officers at various levels can pocket excess money for themselves and the domestic purchases of goods and services where corrupt officers overpay civilian providers in return for bribes nbsp nbsp Russian stamps honoring soldiers killed in the Russo Ukrainian War As of February 2023 the number of Russian soldiers killed and wounded in Ukraine was estimated at nearly 200 000 39 On 24 February 2022 Russian president Vladimir Putin gave the execute order to for the Armed Forces to begin the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 40 41 On 10 April 2022 General Aleksandr Dvornikov assumed command of the operation 42 In July 2022 at the same time as the Armed Forces began suffering severe casualties the Ground Forces began to site ammunition in or near structures which are frequented by civilians due to the human shield benefit ostensibly because Ukrainian HIMARS had tilted the odds of his strategy of attrition by artillery 43 Within hours after Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu s signature on the UN brokered deal to resume Ukraine s Black Sea grain exports Russia bombed the Port of Odesa 44 45 According to Forbes Moscow had committed as of the end of July 2022 10 of its Combined Arms Armies to the invasion 46 The Wagner Group has made a name for itself as Putin s private army 47 In June 2023 Putin backed the Ministry of Defense s plan to make mercenary groups sign contracts which Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin pushed against these contracts would have placed the Wagner Group under the Ministry s command structure as subordinates and limited Prigozhin s own influence 48 Later in June the Wagner Group turned against the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Ministry of Defense 49 50 until a peace deal was reached According to Prigozhin part of the reason for his march against Russia was to stop the government from dismantling PMC Wagner 51 Structure nbsp Minister of Defence General of the Army Sergei Shoigu nbsp Chief of the General Staff General of the Army Valery GerasimovThe Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces Since Soviet times the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces T he Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable but the MoD without the General Staff is not 52 Other departments include the Main Intelligence Directorate the personnel directorate as well as the Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces Railway Troops Signal Troops and Construction Troops The Ministry of Defence incorporated the Main Directorate of the Military Police Since 1 December 2012 The Main Directorate of the Military Police oversees subordinated military districts regional directorates of military police 53 The Chief of the General Staff is currently General of the Army Valery Gerasimov In July 2018 the Main Military Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces was created restoring a responsibility for ideological training that had been done away with in the Soviet Armed Forces 54 The Russian military is divided into three services the Russian Ground Forces the Russian Navy and the Russian Aerospace Forces In addition there are two independent arms of service the Strategic Missile Troops and the Russian Airborne Troops The Armed Forces as a whole are traditionally referred to as the Army armiya except in some cases the Navy is specifically singled out Military districts nbsp Military districts of Russia as of 2021 Western Military District Northern Military District Southern Military District Central Military District Eastern Military DistrictSince late 2010 the Ground Forces as well as the Aerospace Forces and Navy are distributed among four military districts Western Military District Southern Military District Central Military District and the Eastern Military District which also constitute four Joint Strategic Commands West South Central and East Previously from 1992 to 2010 the Ground Forces were divided into six military districts Moscow Leningrad North Caucausian Privolzhsk Ural Siberian and Far Eastern with the seventh military district Kaliningrad formed in 1997 in service until 2010 Russia s four naval fleets and one flotilla were organizations on par with the Ground Forces Military Districts These seven MDs were merged into the four new MDs which now also incorporate the aerospace forces and naval forces There is one remaining Russian military base the 102nd Military Base in Armenia left of the former Transcaucasus Group of Forces and is incorporated into the Southern Military District In mid 2010 a reorganisation was announced which consolidated military districts and the navy s fleets into four Joint Strategic Commands OSC 55 In 2014 the Northern Fleet was reorganized in separate Joint Strategic Command Since 1 January 2021 this Command has the status of military district 56 nbsp Army General Aleksandr Dvornikov commander of the Southern Military District since 20 September 2016Geographically divided the five commands districts are Joint Strategic Command West Western Military District HQ in St Petersburg includes the Baltic Fleet Joint Strategic Command North Northern Military District HQ in Severomorsk includes the Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command South Southern Military District HQ in Rostov on Don includes the Black Sea Fleet and Caspian Flotilla Joint Strategic Command Center Central Military District HQ in Yekaterinburg Joint Strategic Command East Eastern Military District HQ in Khabarovsk includes the Pacific Fleet The plan was put in place on 1 December 2010 and mirrors a proposed reorganisation by former Chief of the General Staff Army General Yuri Baluyevsky for a Regional Command East which was not implemented 57 The four commands were set up by a decree of President Medvedev on 14 July 2010 citation needed In July 2011 an Operational Strategic Command of Missile Space Defence has also been established on the basis of the former Special Purpose Command of the Russian Air Force A Presidential decree of January 2011 named commanders for several of the new organisational structures 58 Russian security bodies not under the control of the Ministry of Defence include the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs now the National Guard of Russia s National Guard Forces Command the Border Guard Service of Russia part of the Federal Security Service the Kremlin Regiment and the rest of the Federal Protective Service and the Ministry of Emergency Situations the country s civil defence service since 1995 and successor to earlier civil defence units Naval fleets nbsp Mordovia a Russian Navy Zubr class LCAC nbsp A map of naval bases shipyards and spent fuel storage sites operated by the Northern FleetThe Navy consists of four fleets and one flotilla Northern Fleet HQ at Severomorsk forms own Joint Strategic Command Baltic Fleet HQ at Kaliningrad in the exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast subordinated to Joint Strategic Command West Black Sea Fleet HQ at Sevastopol disputed region of Crimea subordinated to Joint Strategic Command South Pacific Fleet HQ at Vladivostok subordinated to Joint Strategic Command East Caspian Flotilla HQ at Astrakhan subordinated to Joint Strategic Command South Personnel nbsp Russian troops at the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade nbsp Russian troops marching in the 2015 Moscow Victory Day parade nbsp Members of the 56th Guards Air Assault Brigade of the Russian Airborne Forces in 2018 nbsp Ratnik infantry combat system in reconnaissance variant and AFV crew individual protection kit Ratnik ZKThis section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Specifically Tables of age limits could be summarized Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Conscription is used in Russia the term of service is 12 months and the eligible age is between 18 and 27 years old 1 Deferments are provided to undergraduate and graduate students men supporting disabled relatives parents of at least two children and upon Presidential proclamation to some employees of military oriented enterprises Men holding a Ph D as well as sons and brothers of servicemen killed or disabled during their military service are released from conscription There were widespread problems with hazing in the Army known as dedovshchina where first year draftees are abused by second year draftees a practice that appeared in its current form after the change to a two year service term in 1967 59 According to Anna Politkovskaya in 2002 a complete battalion more than five hundred men had been killed not by enemy fire but by beatings 60 Over a period of 9 months in 2003 2 500 personnel were accused of dedovshchina of which half were sentenced 61 To combat this problem a new decree was signed in March 2007 which cut the conscription service term from 24 to 18 months The term was cut further to one year on 1 January 2008 62 63 Thirty percent of Russian Armed Forces personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005 18 For the foreseeable future the Armed Forces will be a mixed contract conscript force 18 The Russian Armed Forces need to maintain a mobilization reserve to have manning resources capable of reinforcing the permanent readiness forces if the permanent readiness forces cannot deter or suppress an armed conflict on their own 64 Recruitment into the Russian military are also open to non Russian citizens of the Commonwealth of Independent States of which Russia is the largest member 65 By December 2003 the Russian parliament had approved a law in principle to permit the Armed Forces to employ foreign nationals on contract by offering them Russian citizenship after several years service 66 yet up to 2010 foreigners could only serve in Russia s armed forces after getting a Russian passport Under a 2010 Defence Ministry plan foreigners without dual citizenship would be able to sign up for five year contracts and will be eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years 67 68 The change could open the way for CIS citizens to get fast track Russian citizenship and counter the effects of Russia s demographic crisis on its army recruitment Each soldier in duty receives an Identity Card of the Russian Armed Forces On 20 September 2022 the State Duma passed a bill which would make Russian citizenship available to foreign soldiers upon 12 months service in the AFRF previously the service requirement had been set at three years 69 Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces are covered at the Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation On 17 November 2011 General Nikolai Makarov said that Russia had reached a crisis in the conscript service where there simply were not sufficient able bodied men to draft and was forced to halve its conscription citation needed In March 2013 Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu promised that all army quarters would have showers by the end of the year 70 In 2013 it was reported that 71 Compared to 2007 the number of female officers and warrant officers has dropped by nearly two thirds There were over 30 000 women serving under a contract with the armed forces in 2007 and now there are only slightly more than 11 000 of them including 4 300 officers of various rank Lt Col Yelena Stepanova the chief of the social processes monitoring department at the Russian armed forces sociological research center said This trend was not special but correspond ed with the general reduction of the Russian armed forces A new uniform for hot climates was introduced in mid 2018 72 On 28 May 2022 on the background of the ongoing invasion of Ukraine Vladimir Putin signed the law which removed the upper age limit for signing first contract for the performance of voluntary military service earlier this limit was 40 years old 73 74 Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces males 1 Military rank Conscript service Voluntary serviceLower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit for signing first contract Upper age limit for signing first contract General upper age limit for tenure Final upper age limit for tenureMarshal of the Russian Federation None None 18 None 65 70Army general Admiral of the fleetColonel general AdmiralLieutenant general Vice admiral 60 65Major general Counter admiralColonel Captain 1st rank 55Lieutenant colonel Captain 2nd rank 50Major Captain 3rd rankCaptain Captain lieutenantSenior lieutenantLieutenantJunior lieutenantSenior praporshchik Senior michmanPraporshchik MichmanStarshina Chief ship starshinaSenior sergeant Chief starshinaSergeant Starshina 1st classJunior sergeant Starshina 2nd classGefreiter Senior seamanPrivate Seaman 18 27Age limits for active duty service in Russian Armed Forces females 1 Military rank Conscript service Voluntary serviceLower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit for signing first contract Upper age limit for signing first contract General upper age limit for tenure Final upper age limit for tenureMarshal of the Russian Federation None None 18 None 45 70Army general Admiral of the fleetColonel general AdmiralLieutenant general Vice admiral 65Major general Counter admiralColonel Captain 1st rankLieutenant colonel Captain 2nd rankMajor Captain 3rd rankCaptain Captain lieutenantSenior lieutenantLieutenantJunior lieutenantSenior praporshchik Senior michmanPraporshchik MichmanStarshina Chief ship starshinaSenior sergeant Chief starshinaSergeant Starshina 1st classJunior sergeant Starshina 2nd classGefreiter Senior seamanPrivate SeamanMilitary education nbsp Release of officers of the Air Force Academy in Voronezh nbsp Female students of the Krasnodar Higher Military Aviation School of PilotsThe Russian military education system inherited from the Soviet Union trains officer specialists in narrowly defined military occupational specialties In this it differs greatly from the American military education system in which newly qualified second lieutenants receive particular specialties in the framework of their career branch only after graduation from a military academy or the ROTC 75 Students of Russian civilian institutions of higher education wishing to join the reserve officer training program cannot choose a military occupational specialty because each civilian specialty taught by civilian university is attached to a particular military occupational specialty taught by the military training center of the same university by the rector s order It also differs from the American military education system in which students can choose between available types of ROTC The Russian military education system includes Warrant officer schools which prepare career warrant officers for active duty service Higher military schools which prepare career commissioned officers for active duty service as platoon company commanders and at equivalent positions tactical level Military training centers within civilian institutions of higher education which prepare reserve commissioned officers who can serve as platoon company commanders and at equivalent positions tactical level Military academies which improve the military occupational specialty knowledge of commissioned officers to allow them to be appointed to battalion regiment brigade commander or equivalent positions operational tactical level Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia which improves skills of officers graduated from military academies to allow them to become highest ranking military officers strategic level Adjunctura is a military analogue of civilian graduate school which allow commissioned officers to get academic degree of candidate of sciences in military oriented specialties and be appointed to a teaching positions in military academies military schools military training centers Age limits for admission to military educational institutions 1 76 Type of military educational institution Persons who have not been on active duty service Persons who are on conscript active duty service or are demobbed from this service Persons who are on voluntary active duty serviceLower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit Upper age limit Lower age limit Upper age limitMilitary school 16 22 18 24 18 27Military training center active duty officer program 16 24 Military training center reserve officer program 16 30 Russian military academies and adjunctura entry requirements 76 77 Type of military educational institution Reached educational level Years of active duty service as commissioned officer Military rank no lower than Military position years of experience Expected number of years of active duty service after graduation until general upper age limit for tenureMilitary academy Military school or Military training center no less than 7 years Captain Captain lieutenant Major s Captain 3rd rank s positions 1 year at least 5 years at leastMilitary Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia Military academy Major Captain 3rd rank Colonel s Captain 1st rank s positions 1 year at least 5 years at leastAdjunctura Military school or Military training center no less than 2 years Lieutenant 5 years at leastReserve componentsRussian Armed Forces have reserves Russian zapas transliteration zapas which includes 2 components 1 Active reserve Mobilization human reserve Russian mobilizacionnyj lyudskoj rezerv transliteration mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy reserv Inactive reserve Mobilization human resource Russian mobilizacionnyj lyudskoj resurs transliteration mobilizatsionnyy lyudskoy resurs By default at the end of active duty each military personnel is enrolled as a mobilization human resource This applies equally to conscripts and volunteers regardless of ranks Furthermore graduates of civilian institutions of higher education who have graduated the military training centers of their almae matres trained under reserve officer program are enrolled as mobilization Human Resources after their promotion to officer s rank unlike graduates of such centers trained under active duty officer program who are due to be enrolled for active duty after their promotion to officer s rank Mobilization human resource are replenished with males who reach the age of 27 years old and were not in military service for any reason Enrolling in the mobilization human reserve is voluntary and implies the special contract This possibility is available for each persons who is in the mobilization human resource already 78 The initial contract is concluded for 3 years period Military personnel of mobilization human reserve reservists perform part time duties in military units 79 Reservists are appointed to a military position in particular military units and are involved in all operational mobilization and combat activities of these military units As a rule in peacetime time reservists perform their duties 2 3 days per month and during an annual military camp training of 20 to 30 days 80 The exact number of reservists is unknown because a relevant paragraph of the Presidential Decree 81 which determines the number of reserve troops is classified The military units manned by reservists are determined by General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and this information is classified too The persons who are in mobilization human resource non reservists may be enlisted to military camp trainings in peacetime The duration of each training can not exceed 2 months herewith the total duration of such trainings for the entire period of being in mobilization human resource can not exceed 12 months and a person may be enlisted in such training no more than once every three years 82 As of 2009 the number of citizens who can be used for mobilization deployment on an involuntary basis in the case of wartime mobilization was estimated at 31 million 83 Reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first of all Non reservists are subject to mobilization secondarily The mobilization of non reservists is carried out by taking into account the age category under the article 53 of Federal Law of 28 March 1998 No 53 FZ About military duty and military service in order from first category to third category 84 85 The first category includes 1 the persons at the any military rank below that of a commissioned officer enlisted personnel and not reached the age of 35 years old 2 the persons at the any rank from junior lieutenant to captain captain lieutenant in naval service inclusively junior commissioned officers and not reached the age of 50 years old 3 the persons at the any rank from major captain 3rd rank in naval service to lieutenant colonel captain 2nd rank in naval service inclusively and not reached the age of 55 years old 4 the persons at the rank of colonel captain 1st rank in naval service and not reached the age of 60 years old 5 the persons at the rank of major general counter admiral in naval service or higher supreme officers and not reached the age of 65 years old 84 85 The second category includes 1 enlisted personnel in age from 35 but less than 45 2 junior commissioned officers in the age from 50 but less than 55 3 commissioned officers at the any rank from major captain 3rd rank in naval service to lieutenant colonel captain 2nd rank in naval service inclusively in the age from 55 but less than 60 4 commissioned officers at the rank of colonel captain 1st rank in naval service in the age from 60 but less than 65 5 supreme officers in age from 65 but less than 70 84 85 The third category includes 1 enlisted personnel in the age from 45 but less than 50 2 junior commissioned officers in the age from 55 but less than 60 3 commissioned officers at the any rank from major captain 3rd rank in naval service to lieutenant colonel captain 2nd rank in naval service inclusively in the age from 60 but less than 65 4 all females in the age less than 45 for enlisted personnel and less than 50 for commissioned officers The person who has reached the age limit established for the third category the second category for persons at the rank of colonel captain 1st rank in naval service or higher is retired and is not subject to mobilization 84 85 Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces males 1 Military rank Mobilization human reserve Mobilization human resourceAge limit for signing first contract Age limit for tenure First gradeAge limit Second gradeAge limit Third gradeAge limitMarshal of the Russian Federation 65 70 Army general Admiral of the fleet 65 70 Colonel general Admiral 65 70 Lieutenant general Vice admiral 65 70 Major general Counter admiral 65 70 Colonel Captain 1st rank 57 65 60 65 Lieutenant colonel Captain 2nd rank 52 60 55 60 65Major Captain 3rd rank 52 60 55 60 65Captain Captain lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60Senior lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60Lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60Junior lieutenant 47 55 50 55 60Senior praporshchik Senior michman 42 45 35 45 50Praporshchik Michman 42 45 35 45 50Starshina Chief ship starshina 42 45 35 45 50Senior sergeant Chief starshina 42 45 35 45 50Sergeant Starshina 1st class 42 45 35 45 50Junior sergeant Starshina 2nd class 42 45 35 45 50Gefreiter Senior seaman 42 45 35 45 50Private Seaman 42 45 35 45 50Age limits in the reserve component of Russian Armed Forces females 1 Military rank Mobilization human reserve Mobilization human resourceAge limit for signing first contract Age limit for tenure First gradeAge limit Second gradeAge limit Third gradeAge limitMarshal of the Russian Federation 50Army general Admiral of the fleet 50Colonel general Admiral 50Lieutenant general Vice admiral 50Major general Counter admiral 50Colonel Captain 1st rank 47 50 50Lieutenant colonel Captain 2nd rank 47 50 50Major Captain 3rd rank 47 50 50Captain Captain lieutenant 47 50 50Senior lieutenant 47 50 50Lieutenant 47 50 50Junior lieutenant 47 50 50Senior praporshchik Senior michman 42 45 45Praporshchik Michman 42 45 45Starshina Chief ship starshina 42 45 45Senior sergeant Chief starshina 42 45 45Sergeant Starshina 1st class 42 45 45Junior sergeant Starshina 2nd class 42 45 45Gefreiter Senior seaman 42 45 45Private Seaman 42 45 452005 2008 reform of the reserve officer training system The reserve officer training system inherited from the Soviet Union involved selective conscription of graduates of civilian institutions of higher education who have graduated the military departments of their almae matres and received a commission as an officer Such person could be conscripted from the reserve of armed forces to active duty up until the age of 27 The period of active duty of such an officer was several years and at the end of that period he was due to be enlisted in the reserve of armed forces again Such officers were called blazers in the army s slang for example Anatoly Kvashnin was a blazer 86 In 2005 Minister of Defence Sergei Ivanov announced a significant reduction in the number of military departments carrying out the training commissioned officers from students of civilian institutions of higher education 87 By March 2008 168 of 235 civilian universities academies and institutions which previously had military departments had lost these units 88 37 of 67 civilian universities academies and institutions which retained military departments became the basis for the establishment of new military training centers 88 The military training centers focused on training officers for active duty whilst the military departments focused on training officers for the reserve 89 In 2006 the conscription of reserve officers was abolished Graduates of military departments were not subject to conscription to active duty anymore with the exception of a wartime mobilization All graduates of military training centers were due to be enrolled for 3 years active duty upon their university graduation 90 2018 beginning of formation of voluntary military reserve force In 2018 Russia started a full scale formation of a military reserve force based upon volunteers selected from among those who retired from active duty 80 The Russian military reserve force Russian mobilizacionnyj lyudskoj rezerv is a set of citizens who have signed a contract to perform military service as a reservist They are appointed to a military position in a particular military unit They are involved in all operational mobilization and combat activities of these military units unlike other citizens who haven t signed such contracts and who can be used for a mobilization deployment of armed forces on an involuntary basis only in cases stipulated by law Russian mobilizacionnyj lyudskoj resurs 91 The deployment of military units composed of reservists takes minimum time and does not requires any retraining of military personnel The military units composed of reservists use the same weapons as used by military units composed of active duty military personnel Military units staffed by reservists are 100 manned up to wartime standards just like military units staffed by active duty military personnel only There is no possibility to define by military units designation what we re dealing with reserve or not reserve military unit The number of reservists is not presented in open sources and is not among the number of active duty military volunteers which is published by Ministry of Defence This makes it difficult for establish real troop strength of new Russian military units and formations 2019 reform of the reserve officer training system In 2018 the military departments and the military training centers were abolished 92 From that moment on students of civilian institutions of higher education were trained under both officers training programmes for reserve and for active duty in the Military Training Centers 93 In 2019 there were training military centers in 93 civilian institutions of higher education 94 95 Mobilization The first mobilization of citizens being in mobilization human resource conducted on a compulsory basis in the Russian Federation s history was announced by Presidential Decree of 21 September 2022 647 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine 96 BudgetSee also Military budget of the Russian Federation and List of countries in Europe by military expenditures nbsp Soviet and Russian military expenditures in billions of 2015 US dollars nbsp The facade of the National Defense Management Center nbsp The conference room of the National Defense Management CenterBetween 1991 and 1997 newly independent Russia s defence spending fell by a factor of eight in real prices 97 In 1998 when Russia experienced a severe financial crisis its military expenditure in real terms reached its lowest point barely one quarter of the USSR s in 1991 and two fifths of the level of 1992 the first year of Russia s independent existence In the early 2000s defence spending increased by at least a minimum of one third year on year leading to overall defence expenditure almost quadrupling over the past six years and according to Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin this rate is to be sustained through 2010 98 Official government military spending for 2005 was US 32 4 billion though various sources have estimated Russia s military expenditures to be considerably higher than the reported amount 99 Estimating Russian military expenditure is beset with difficulty the annual IISS Military Balance has underscored the problem numerous times within its section on Russia 99 The IISS Military Balance comments By simple observation the military budget would appear to be lower than is suggested by the size of the armed forces or the structure of the military industrial complex and thus neither of the figures is particularly useful for comparative analysis 100 By some estimates overall Russian defence expenditure is now at the second highest in the world after the USA 101 According to Alexander Kanshin Chairman of the Public Chamber of Russia on affairs of veterans military personnel and their families the Russian military is losing up to US 13 billion to corruption every year 102 On 16 September 2008 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that in 2009 Russia s defence budget would be increased to a record amount of 50 billion 103 104 On 16 February 2009 Russia s deputy defence minister said state defence contracts would not be subject to cuts this year despite the ongoing financial crisis and that there would be no decrease in 2009 105 The budget would still be 1 376 trillion rubles and in the current exchange rates this would amount to 41 5 billion Later in February 2009 due to the world financial crisis the Russian Parliament s Defence Committee stated that the Russian defence budget would instead be slashed by 15 percent from 40 billion to 34 billion with further cuts to come 106 On 5 May 2009 First Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the defence budget for 2009 will be 1 3 trillion rubles US 39 4 billion 322 billion rubles are allocated to purchase weapons and the rest of the fund will be spent on construction fuel storage and food supply According to the head of the Defence Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Komoyedov Russia plans to spend 101 15 billion rubles on nuclear weapons in 2013 2015 The budget provisions under The Nuclear Weapons Complex section in 2013 2015 will amount to 29 28 billion rubles 33 3 billion rubles and 38 57 billion rubles respectively Komoyedov said Vechernaya Moskva reports Komoyedov added that in 2012 the spending on nuclear weapons made up 27 4 billion rubles The draft law On the Federal Budget for 2013 and for the planning period of 2014 and 2015 will be discussed in the first reading on 19 October 2012 The Voice of Russia reports 107 nbsp Pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2018 in US billions according to the International Institute for Strategic StudiesThe Russian government s published 2014 military budget is about 2 49 trillion rubles approximately US 69 3 billion the fourth largest in the world behind the US China and Saudi Arabia The official budget is set to rise to 3 03 trillion rubles approximately US 83 7 billion in 2015 and 3 36 trillion rubles approximately US 93 9 billion in 2016 108 As of 2014 Russia s military budget is higher than any other European nation and approximately 1 7th 14 percent of the US military budget 29 In 2015 SIPRI found that Russia was the world s second biggest exporter of major weapons for the period 2010 14 increasing exports by 37 per cent India China and Algeria accounted for almost 60 percent of total Russian exports Asia and Oceania received 66 percent of Russian arms exports in 2010 14 Africa 12 percent and the Middle East 10 percent 29 In 2017 Russia was reported to have slashed its defense spending by 20 due to calls by Vladimir Putin to spend money on other initiatives such as healthcare and education The cut decreased Russia s military spending to 66 3 billion in which Russia slumped to being the fourth highest military spender 109 Russia s 2019 defense budget was US 48 billion and the 2020 figure was 61 7 billion 110 However due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 24 February 2022 the Russian government has dramatically increased military spending to over 85 billion dollars returning to third position as the highest military spender in the world The increase in military spending was needed to recoup losses in the war and reorientate Russia into a war economy 5 On 5 October 2023 Vladimir Putin stated that Russia s spending on defense and security now equals to 6 of its GDP 111 Procurement See also Defence industry of Russia and List of countries by military expenditures nbsp The Sukhoi PAK FA is one of the latest procurement projects of the Russian Armed Forces This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2022 About 70 percent of the former Soviet Union s defence industries are located in the Russian Federation 112 Many defence firms have been privatised some have developed significant partnerships with firms in other countries The recent steps towards modernization of the Armed Forces have been made possible by Russia s economic resurgence based on oil and gas revenues as well a strengthening of its own domestic market Currently when the military is in the middle of a major equipment upgrade with the government in the process of spending about 200 billion what equals to about 400 billion in PPP dollars on development and production of military equipment between 2006 and 2015 under the State Armament Programme for 2007 2015 GPV gosprogramma vooruzheniya 113 Mainly as a result of lessons learned during the Russo Georgian War the State Armament Programme for 2011 2020 was launched in December 2010 Prime Minister Putin announced that 20 21 5 trillion rubles over 650 billion will be allocated to purchase new hardware in the next 10 years The aim is to have a growth of 30 of modern equipment in the army navy and air force by 2015 and of 70 by 2020 114 115 116 117 In some categories the proportion of new weapon systems will reach 80 or even 100 118 As of 2011 Russia s chief military prosecutor said that 20 percent of the defence budget was being stolen or defrauded yearly 119 It is suspected that equipment is not properly maintained due to the resulting lack of funds which may have contributed to equipment failures observed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine 23 120 In 2018 RF Armed Forces adopted 35 types of weapons and military equipment and completed state tests of 21 more 121 The Russian Ministry of Defence MoD was procured the YeSU TZ Yedinaya Sistema Upravleniya Takticheskogo Zvena battlefield management system that same year The YeSU TZ battlefield management system incorporates 11 subsystems that control artillery electronic warfare systems ground vehicles air defence assets engineering equipment and logistics support among other things 122 Twelve missile regiments have been rearmed with Yars ICBMs 10 missile brigades with Iskander tactical ballistic missile systems 13 aviation regiments with MiG 31BM Su 35S Su 30SM and Su 34 combat aircraft three army aviation brigades and six helicopter regiments with Mi 28N and Ka 52 combat helicopters 20 surface to air missile SAM regiments with S 400 Triumf SAM systems 23 batteries with Pantsir S self propelled anti aircraft gun missile systems and 17 batteries with Bal and Bastion mobile coastal defence missile systems MCDMSs since 2012 and as of March 2019 122 In early 2023 there were reports that the Russian Defense Ministry purchased more than a thousand tablets with a domestic software for higher ranking officials and also begun receiving a new line of gliding bombs with a range of tens of kilometers 123 124 The New York Times reported on 13 September 2023 citing US and European officials that Russia overcomes the international sanctions and its missile production now exceeded pre war levels It was also reported that Russia now produces more ammunitions than the United States and Europe and it can manufacture 200 tanks and two million units of ammunition in a year 125 CNN also reported in September 2023 that Russia produces ammunition seven times cheaper and eight times faster than Europe 126 In September 2023 various Russian regions launched the production of suicide drones at their own initiatives 127 128 Vladimir Putin also claimed that the production of main armored vehicles has increased by four times in comparison with the past year and the production of the especially important destruction means by three times 129 According to the Russian Ministry of Defense 130 the Russian Armed Forces received in 2023 several hundreds of thousands of small arms new and repaired weapon systems military vehicles and equipment artillery systems air defense systems missiles and bombs aircraft and helicopters drones and also over a million individual armor protection and equipment means 131 132 133 CNN reported on 11 March 2024 that Russia currently produces about 250 000 artillery shells a month or about 3 million a year which is nearly three times the quantity the US and Europe produce for Ukraine CNN cited Western intelligence officials and also said that Russia imports ammunition from Iran and North Korea 134 Nuclear weaponsMain article Russia and weapons of mass destruction nbsp A mobile version of the RS 24 Yars nbsp The Borei class submarine Alexander NevskyAs of January 2017 the Federation of American Scientists estimated that Russia has approximately 1 765 deployed strategic warheads and another 2 700 non deployed strategic and deployed and non deployed tactical warheads plus an additional 2 510 warheads awaiting dismantlement 135 Russia s Strategic Rocket Forces controls its land based nuclear warheads while the Navy controls the submarine based missiles and the Aerospace Forces the air launched warheads Russia s nuclear warheads are deployed in four areas Land based immobile silos like R 36 and its replacement RS 28 Sarmat Land based mobile like RT 2PM2 Topol M and new RS 24 Yars Submarine based like R 29RMU2 Layner and RSM 56 Bulava Air launched warheads of the Russian Aerospace Forces Long Range Aviation CommandThe military doctrine of Russia sees NATO expansion as one of the threats for the Russian Federation and reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a conventional aggression that can endanger the existence of the state In keeping with this the country s nuclear forces received adequate funding throughout the late 1990s The number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and warheads on active duty has declined over the years in part in keeping with arms limitation agreements with the U S and in part due to insufficient spending on maintenance but this is balanced by the deployment of new missiles as proof against missile defences 136 Russia has developed the new RT 2PM2 Topol M SS 27 missiles that a Russian general claimed to be able to penetrate any missile defence including the planned U S National Missile Defence The missile can change course in both air and space to avoid countermeasures It is designed to be launched from land based mobile TEL units 136 Because of international awareness of the danger that Russian nuclear technology might fall into the hands of terrorists or rogue officers who it was feared might want to use nuclear weapons to threaten or attack other countries the federal government of the United States and many other countries provided considerable financial assistance to the Russian nuclear forces in the early 1990s citation needed This money went in part to finance decommissioning of warheads under international agreements such the Cooperative Threat Reduction programme but also to improve security and personnel training in Russian nuclear facilities In the late evening of 11 September 2007 the fuel air explosive AVBPM or Father of All Bombs was successfully field tested 137 See also nbsp Russia portalAdjunctura in Russia Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation History of Russian military ranks Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces Military academies in Russia Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia Military commissioning schools in Russia Reserve Officer Training in Russia Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces Warrant officer schools of the Russian Armed ForcesNotes Russian Vooruzhyonnye Si ly Rossi jskoj Federa cii Vooruzjonnyje Sily Rossijskoj Federacii The potential reserve personnel of Russia may be as high as 20 million depending on how the figures are counted However an est 2 million have seen military service within the last 5 years Citations a b c d e f g h i O voinskoj obyazannosti i voennoj sluzhbe About military duty and military service Federal Law No 53 FZ of 28 March 1998 in Russian State Duma Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Zakonodatelstvo Rossii Rasshirennyj poisk Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 Retrieved 8 October 2022 Masters Jonathan 28 September 2015 The Russian Military Council on Foreign Relations Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 Retrieved 17 August 2017 Putin orders the Russian military to add 170 000 troops for a total of 1 32 million Associated Press News December 2023 IISS 2021 p 191 a b c d Trends in World Military Expenditure 2022 PDF Stockholm International Peace Research Institute April 2023 Archived PDF from the original on 23 April 2023 Retrieved 29 April 2023 The War Trade How Italy Sold Armoured Vehicles To Russia Their Deployment With Syrian Army Militias bellingcat 20 December 2019 Archived from the original on 27 September 2022 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Korolkov Alexander 25 January 2016 Russia continues to buy Iveco LMV armored cars from Italy Russia Beyond Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 Retrieved 27 September 2022 Russia s use of Iranian drones shows up domestic weakness France 24 17 October 2022 Archived from the original on 27 October 2022 Retrieved 17 October 2022 a b TIV of arms imports exports from Russia 2010 2021 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 7 February 2022 Archived from the original on 21 June 2023 Retrieved 26 January 2023 Nichol Jim 21 December 2022 Russian military announces plan to expand create new units The Associated Press Archived from the original on 21 December 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26 March 2013 Finnish Institute of International Affairs Tian Nan Fleurant Aude Kuimova Alexandra Wezeman Pieter D Wezeman Siemon T 27 April 2020 Trends in World Military Expenditure 2019 PDF Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Retrieved 8 January 2020 Turbiville G Organized crime and the Russian Armed Forces Transnational Organized Crime vol 1 issue 4 1995 pp 55 73 OCLC 4769433034 Waters T Crime in the Russian Military CSRC Paper C90 Camberley Conflict Studies Research Centre 1996 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Russian Ministry of Defense Archived 4 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine in English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Russian Armed Forces amp oldid 1215407453, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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