Shah Rukh Shahi Khan (25 November 1395 – 5 April 1470), popularly known as Ghiyas-ud-Din Zainu'l-Abidin (Persian: غیاث الدین زین العابدین) or simply Zainu'l-Abidin (Persian: زین العابدین, lit. Pride of the Worshipers),[1] was the ninth and eleventh Sultan of Kashmir, who reigned first from 1418 to 1419 and then from 1420 to 1470. He was famously called Budshah (Great King) by his subjects.[2]
The first 35 years of his reign are described by Jonaraja in the Rajatarangini Dvitiya, while the subsequent years are described by his pupil, Srivara, in the Rajatarangini Tritiya.[2]
Although fundamentally a peaceful man, Zain-ul-Abidin was protective of his territory. He raised and led an army to stabilise the fractious areas of Ladakh and Baltistan which had originally been conquered by his grandfather, Shihabu'd-Din, and then had become independent on his death until Sikander reasserted control. With the arrival of Ali Shah on the throne, the territories had once again begun to assert their independence and Zain-ul-Abidin recognised that they had an economic and strategic significance which entailed that they could not be allowed to secede. Similarly, he regained control of Ohind, the chief of which had been overcome by Sikander but had then announced independence during the period of rule by Ali Shah.[3]
He was on friendly terms with regard to the rulers of territories over which he inherited no historic control. The ancient records indicate that he gave and received presents to, and also exchanged embassies with, those who governed over Egypt, Gwalior, Mecca, Bengal, Sindh, Gujarat and elsewhere. Many of the gifts demonstrated the cultured nature of Zain-ul-Abidin; they included works about music, manuscripts and people who were scholars, the latte
Shahi Khan, a son of [[Sultan Sikander]] the ruler of Kashmir, was charged with the rule of the kingdom of Kashmir when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left the kingdom on a pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan the title of Zain-ul-Abidin. Although a religious man, Ali Shah was weak-willed and his desire to attain Mecca buckled under descriptions of the arduous journey ahead. He abandoned his pilgrimage when he arrived at the court of his father-in-law, the king of [[Jammu]], and raised an army consisting of soldiers from Jammu in order to regain his throne and succeeded in doing so by expelling Shahi Khan after a minor battle at Uri.<refname=Hasanp70>{{harvp|Hasan,KashmirUndertheSultans|2005|p=70}}</ref>RetiringtoBudhalShahiKhansought the support of local Thakurs who were the loyalists of Kashmir Sultanate.Jasrath,the Khokhar chief who ruled Sialkot on behalf of Sultan Sikander also offered his helptotheSultan and sent his forces to Budhal.Hearing of these preparations,Ali Shah became anxious and marched from Kashmir to Thanna where a fiercebattletookplacebetweentwoarmieswhichended in victoryofShahi Shan and imprisonment of Ali Shah who was subsequently dispatched to fort in Pakhli Sarkar where he died after few months<ref>{{Citeweb |url=http://r.search.yahoo.com/RV=2/RE=1703284016/RO=10/RU=https://www.amazon.in/HISTORY-KASHMIR-CHADURAH-Tarikh-i-Kashmir-completed/dp/B072R1R3H6/RK=2/RS=mmnscdKcq.CC2QF.tQhdn9ea6kE-|access-date=2023-12-22 |website=r.search.yahoo.com}}</ref>
r being sent to him when he commented that an original gift of precious stones was of less interest to him than a gift of a learned nature would have been.[4]
During the last days of his reign, his three sons, Adam Khan, Haji Khan and Bahram Khan rebelled against him but he took energetic measures to crush them. He was succeeded by his son Haji Khan, who took the title of Haidar Khan.[5]
Administrative policiesedit
Zain-ul-Abidin enforced the system of responsibility of the village communities for local crimes. He regulated the price of the commodities. He stabilized the currency which had been debased during the reign of his predecessors. He was responsible for a large number of public works.[6] He founded several new cities, built many bridges and dug many irrigation canals. He also prevented the local governors from exacting illegal taxes and gave the peasants much needed tax relief.[7]
Religious policiesedit
Zain-ul-Abidin earned a name for himself for his policy of religious toleration and public welfare activities. He abolished Jaziya on the Hindus of Kashmir. Although he was a Muslim ruler, he banned the slaughter of cows. He extended liberal patronage to Sanskrit language and literature.[8] He knew Persian, Sanskrit, and Tibetan. The Mahabharata and Kalhana'sRajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. He was known for his religious tolerance. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign.[6][9] He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. He stopped the killing of cows by means of poison and passed some regulations about eating beef. He re-introduced the grant of stipends to the learned Brahmans.[7]
Legacyedit
Zain‐ul-Abidin is acknowledged by scholars as a great ruler of Kashmir. Historian Mohibbul Hassan calls him the greatest of all the sultans of Kashmir, who provided half a century of "peace, prosperity and benevolent rule" to the people of Kashmir.[10]
Referencesedit
^Walter Slaje, Three Bhaṭṭas, Two Sulṭāns, and the Kashmirian Atharvaveda. In: The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā. Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition. Ed. by ARLO GRIFFITHS and ANNETTE SCHMIEDCHEN. [Geisteskultur Indiens. Texte und Studien.11. = Studia Indologica Univer-sitatis Halensis.] Aachen 2007: 329–353.
^ abSharma, Tej Ram (2005). Historiography: A History of Historical Writing. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN978-81-8069-155-3.
Hasan, Mohibbul (2005) [first published 1959], Kashmir Under the Sultans (Reprinted ed.), Delhi: Aakar Books, p. 78, ISBN978-81-87879-49-7
Majumdar, A. K. (1967), "Chapter XIII, Part C: Kāshmir", in Majumdar, R. C.; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K. (eds.), The Delhi Sultanate (second ed.), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
Wikiquote has quotations related to Zain-ul-Abidin.
January 04, 2024
zain, abidin, shah, rukh, shahi, khan, november, 1395, april, 1470, popularly, known, ghiyas, zainu, abidin, persian, غیاث, الدین, زین, العابدین, simply, zainu, abidin, persian, زین, العابدین, pride, worshipers, ninth, eleventh, sultan, kashmir, reigned, first. Shah Rukh Shahi Khan 25 November 1395 5 April 1470 popularly known as Ghiyas ud Din Zainu l Abidin Persian غیاث الدین زین العابدین or simply Zainu l Abidin Persian زین العابدین lit Pride of the Worshipers 1 was the ninth and eleventh Sultan of Kashmir who reigned first from 1418 to 1419 and then from 1420 to 1470 He was famously called Budshah Great King by his subjects 2 Zainu l AbidinSultan of Kashmir Naib Amir al Mu minin Deputy Commander of the Faithful Budshah Great King Shah Miri Style Silver Sasnu coins minted in KashmirSultan of KashmirReign1418 1419Coronation20 February 1418PredecessorAli ShahSuccessorAli ShahReign1420 1470Coronation7 July 1420SuccessorHaider ShahBorn25 November 1395Srinagar Kashmir Sultanate present day Jammu and Kashmir India Died5 April 1470Srinagar Kashmir Sultanate present day Jammu and Kashmir India Burial12 April 1470Srinagar Kashmir Sultanate present day Jammu and Kashmir India ConsortTaj KhatunIssueAdham KhanHaji KhanHasan KhanBahram KhanJasrat Khantwo daughtersNamesShahi Khan bin Sikandarشاہی خان بن سکندرRegnal nameGhiyasu d Din Zainu l Abidin غیاث الدین زین العابدینPosthumous nameAkbar i Kashmir Akbar of Kashmir HouseShah Mir dynastyFatherSikandar Shah MiriReligionSunni Islam Shafi The first 35 years of his reign are described by Jonaraja in the Rajatarangini Dvitiya while the subsequent years are described by his pupil Srivara in the Rajatarangini Tritiya 2 Contents 1 Rise to power 2 Reign 2 1 Administrative policies 2 2 Religious policies 3 Legacy 4 References 5 BibliographyRise to power editReign edit nbsp Bud Shah TombAlthough fundamentally a peaceful man Zain ul Abidin was protective of his territory He raised and led an army to stabilise the fractious areas of Ladakh and Baltistan which had originally been conquered by his grandfather Shihabu d Din and then had become independent on his death until Sikander reasserted control With the arrival of Ali Shah on the throne the territories had once again begun to assert their independence and Zain ul Abidin recognised that they had an economic and strategic significance which entailed that they could not be allowed to secede Similarly he regained control of Ohind the chief of which had been overcome by Sikander but had then announced independence during the period of rule by Ali Shah 3 He was on friendly terms with regard to the rulers of territories over which he inherited no historic control The ancient records indicate that he gave and received presents to and also exchanged embassies with those who governed over Egypt Gwalior Mecca Bengal Sindh Gujarat and elsewhere Many of the gifts demonstrated the cultured nature of Zain ul Abidin they included works about music manuscripts and people who were scholars the latte Shahi Khan a son of Sultan Sikander the ruler of Kashmir was charged with the rule of the kingdom of Kashmir when his elder brother Ali Shah left the kingdom on a pilgrimage to Mecca It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan the title of Zain ul Abidin Although a religious man Ali Shah was weak willed and his desire to attain Mecca buckled under descriptions of the arduous journey ahead He abandoned his pilgrimage when he arrived at the court of his father in law the king of Jammu and raised an army consisting of soldiers from Jammu in order to regain his throne and succeeded in doing so by expelling Shahi Khan after a minor battle at Uri lt ref name Hasanp70 gt harvp Hasan Kashmir Under the Sultans 2005 p 70 lt ref gt Retiring to Budhal Shahi Khan sought the support of local Thakurs who were the loyalists of Kashmir Sultanate Jasrath the Khokhar chief who ruled Sialkot on behalf of Sultan Sikander also offered his help to the Sultan and sent his forces to Budhal Hearing of these preparations Ali Shah became anxious and marched from Kashmir to Thanna where a fierce battle took place between two armies which ended in victory of Shahi Shan and imprisonment of Ali Shah who was subsequently dispatched to fort in Pakhli Sarkar where he died after few months lt ref gt Cite web url http r search yahoo com RV 2 RE 1703284016 RO 10 RU https www amazon in HISTORY KASHMIR CHADURAH Tarikh i Kashmir completed dp B072R1R3H6 RK 2 RS mmnscdKcq CC2QF tQhdn9ea6kE access date 2023 12 22 website r search yahoo com lt ref gt r being sent to him when he commented that an original gift of precious stones was of less interest to him than a gift of a learned nature would have been 4 During the last days of his reign his three sons Adam Khan Haji Khan and Bahram Khan rebelled against him but he took energetic measures to crush them He was succeeded by his son Haji Khan who took the title of Haidar Khan 5 Administrative policies edit Zain ul Abidin enforced the system of responsibility of the village communities for local crimes He regulated the price of the commodities He stabilized the currency which had been debased during the reign of his predecessors He was responsible for a large number of public works 6 He founded several new cities built many bridges and dug many irrigation canals He also prevented the local governors from exacting illegal taxes and gave the peasants much needed tax relief 7 Religious policies edit Zain ul Abidin earned a name for himself for his policy of religious toleration and public welfare activities He abolished Jaziya on the Hindus of Kashmir Although he was a Muslim ruler he banned the slaughter of cows He extended liberal patronage to Sanskrit language and literature 8 He knew Persian Sanskrit and Tibetan The Mahabharata and Kalhana s Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order He was known for his religious tolerance He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father s reign 6 9 He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras He stopped the killing of cows by means of poison and passed some regulations about eating beef He re introduced the grant of stipends to the learned Brahmans 7 Legacy editZain ul Abidin is acknowledged by scholars as a great ruler of Kashmir Historian Mohibbul Hassan calls him the greatest of all the sultans of Kashmir who provided half a century of peace prosperity and benevolent rule to the people of Kashmir 10 References edit Walter Slaje Three Bhaṭṭas Two Sulṭans and the Kashmirian Atharvaveda In The Atharvaveda and its Paippaladasakha Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition Ed by ARLO GRIFFITHS and ANNETTE SCHMIEDCHEN Geisteskultur Indiens Texte und Studien 11 Studia Indologica Univer sitatis Halensis Aachen 2007 329 353 a b Sharma Tej Ram 2005 Historiography A History of Historical Writing Concept Publishing Company ISBN 978 81 8069 155 3 Hasan Kashmir Under the Sultans 2005 p 78 Hasan Kashmir Under the Sultans 2005 p 80 Majumdar 1967 p 383 a b Mahajan V D 1991 reprint 2007 History of Medieval India Part I New Delhi S Chand ISBN 81 219 0364 5 p 277 a b Majumdar 1967 p 382 Mehta Jl Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd pp 86 ISBN 978 81 207 1015 3 Hasan Kashmir Under the Sultans 2005 p 87 Hasan Kashmir Under the Sultans 2005 p 71 Bibliography editHasan Mohibbul 2005 first published 1959 Kashmir Under the Sultans Reprinted ed Delhi Aakar Books p 78 ISBN 978 81 87879 49 7 Majumdar A K 1967 Chapter XIII Part C Kashmir in Majumdar R C Pusalker A D Majumdar A K eds The Delhi Sultanate second ed Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Zain ul Abidin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zain ul Abidin amp oldid 1193356733, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
