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Romanticism in Poland

January 01, 1970

Romanticism in Poland, a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822. It ended with the suppression of the January 1863 Uprising against the Russian Empire in 1864. The latter event ushered in a new era in Polish culture known as Positivism.[1]

Polish Romanticism, unlike Romanticism in some other parts of Europe, was not limited to literary and artistic concerns. Due to specific Polish historical circumstances, notably the partitions of Poland, it was also an ideological, philosophical, and political movement that expressed the ideals and way of life of a Polish society subjected to foreign rule and to ethnic and religious discrimination.

History edit

Polish Romanticism had two distinct periods in terms of its literary forms: 1820–1832, and 1832–1864. In the first period, Polish Romantics were strongly influenced by other European Romantics. Their art featured emotionalism and irrationality, fantasy and imagination, personality cults, folklore and country life, and the propagation of ideals of freedom. The most famous writers of the period were Adam Mickiewicz, Seweryn Goszczyński, Tomasz Zan and Maurycy Mochnacki.

In the second period, many of the Polish Romantics worked abroad, often banished from Poland by the occupying powers due to their politically subversive ideas. Their work became increasingly dominated by the ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country's sovereignty. Elements of mysticism became more prominent. There developed the idea of the poeta wieszcz (the prophet). The wieszcz (bard) functioned as spiritual leader to the nation fighting for its independence. The most notable poet so recognized was Adam Mickiewicz. His famous verse epic Pan Tadeusz describes his love for the partitioned homeland and people of his native country:

"O Lithuania, my country, thou
Art like good health; I never knew till now
How precious, till I lost thee. Now I see
Thy beauty whole, because I yearn for thee."

(— Opening stanza of Pan Tadeusz, Kenneth R. Mackenzie translation)

Other notable Polish Romantic writers active abroad included Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński and Cyprian Kamil Norwid. A number of Romantics remained active in divided and occupied Poland, including Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Wincenty Pol, Władysław Syrokomla, and Narcyza Żmichowska. One of Polish Romanticism's unique qualities was its relation to and inspiration from Polish history from before the invasion. Polish Romanticism revived the old "Sarmatic" traditions of Polish nobility, the szlachta.[2] Old traditions and customs were portrayed favourably in the Polish messianic movement and in the leading works of virtually all Polish national poets, most notably in Pan Tadeusz, but also in the epic works of prose writers including Henryk Sienkiewicz's Trylogia.[2] This close connection between Polish Romanticism and the past became one of the defining qualities of the literature of Polish Romantic period, differentiating it from that of other countries who did not suffer the loss of statehood as was the case with Poland.[2]

Romantic ideas informed not only literature but also painting and music.[3] Polish Romantic painting is exemplified in the work of Artur Grottger, Henryk Rodakowski, or the equestrian master artist Piotr Michałowski (now at Sukiennice), and Jan Nepomucen Głowacki considered the father of Polish school of landscape painting, as well as the renowned historical painter Leopold Loeffler invited to Kraków by Matejko to teach the future luminaries of the Young Poland movement including Wyspiański, Tetmajer, Malczewski and Weiss among others. The music of Frédéric Chopin and Stanisław Moniuszko inspired the development of Polish Romantic movement in all fields of creative expression.

Notable Polish Romantic writers and poets edit

Other notable figures edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Czesław Miłosz, The history of Polish literature. IV. Romanticism. Pages 195–280. Google Books. University of California Press, 1983. ISBN 0-520-04477-0. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  2. ^ a b c Andrzej Wasko, "Sarmatism or the Enlightenment: The Dilemma of Polish Culture", The Sarmatian Review XVII.2., 1997
  3. ^ "Romantyzm w sztukach plastycznych". Malarstwo, Architektura, Rzeźba (in Polish). Encyklopedia WIEM. Retrieved November 23, 2012.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanticism in Poland.
  • Poland's Unique Take on Romanticism: Why Is It So Different?, Culture.pl

January 01, 1970
romanticism, poland, literary, artistic, intellectual, period, evolution, polish, culture, began, around, 1820, coinciding, with, publication, adam, mickiewicz, first, poems, 1822, ended, with, suppression, january, 1863, uprising, against, russian, empire, 18. Romanticism in Poland a literary artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture began around 1820 coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz s first poems in 1822 It ended with the suppression of the January 1863 Uprising against the Russian Empire in 1864 The latter event ushered in a new era in Polish culture known as Positivism 1 Polish Romanticism unlike Romanticism in some other parts of Europe was not limited to literary and artistic concerns Due to specific Polish historical circumstances notably the partitions of Poland it was also an ideological philosophical and political movement that expressed the ideals and way of life of a Polish society subjected to foreign rule and to ethnic and religious discrimination Contents 1 History 1 1 Notable Polish Romantic writers and poets 1 2 Other notable figures 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksHistory editPolish Romanticism had two distinct periods in terms of its literary forms 1820 1832 and 1832 1864 In the first period Polish Romantics were strongly influenced by other European Romantics Their art featured emotionalism and irrationality fantasy and imagination personality cults folklore and country life and the propagation of ideals of freedom The most famous writers of the period were Adam Mickiewicz Seweryn Goszczynski Tomasz Zan and Maurycy Mochnacki In the second period many of the Polish Romantics worked abroad often banished from Poland by the occupying powers due to their politically subversive ideas Their work became increasingly dominated by the ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country s sovereignty Elements of mysticism became more prominent There developed the idea of the poeta wieszcz the prophet The wieszcz bard functioned as spiritual leader to the nation fighting for its independence The most notable poet so recognized was Adam Mickiewicz His famous verse epic Pan Tadeusz describes his love for the partitioned homeland and people of his native country O Lithuania my country thou Art like good health I never knew till now How precious till I lost thee Now I see Thy beauty whole because I yearn for thee Opening stanza of Pan Tadeusz Kenneth R Mackenzie translation Other notable Polish Romantic writers active abroad included Juliusz Slowacki Zygmunt Krasinski and Cyprian Kamil Norwid A number of Romantics remained active in divided and occupied Poland including Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski Wincenty Pol Wladyslaw Syrokomla and Narcyza Zmichowska One of Polish Romanticism s unique qualities was its relation to and inspiration from Polish history from before the invasion Polish Romanticism revived the old Sarmatic traditions of Polish nobility the szlachta 2 Old traditions and customs were portrayed favourably in the Polish messianic movement and in the leading works of virtually all Polish national poets most notably in Pan Tadeusz but also in the epic works of prose writers including Henryk Sienkiewicz s Trylogia 2 This close connection between Polish Romanticism and the past became one of the defining qualities of the literature of Polish Romantic period differentiating it from that of other countries who did not suffer the loss of statehood as was the case with Poland 2 Romantic ideas informed not only literature but also painting and music 3 Polish Romantic painting is exemplified in the work of Artur Grottger Henryk Rodakowski or the equestrian master artist Piotr Michalowski now at Sukiennice and Jan Nepomucen Glowacki considered the father of Polish school of landscape painting as well as the renowned historical painter Leopold Loeffler invited to Krakow by Matejko to teach the future luminaries of the Young Poland movement including Wyspianski Tetmajer Malczewski and Weiss among others The music of Frederic Chopin and Stanislaw Moniuszko inspired the development of Polish Romantic movement in all fields of creative expression Notable Polish Romantic writers and poets edit Feliks Bernatowicz 1786 1836 Ryszard Berwinski 1819 1879 Stanislaw Boguslawski d 1870 Kazimierz Brodzinski 1791 1835 Antoni Czajkowski 1816 1873 Michal Czajkowski 1804 1886 Adam Jerzy Czartoryski 1770 1861 Jan Czeczot 1796 1846 Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski 1801 1871 Gustaw Ehrenberg 1818 1895 Aleksander Fredro 1791 1876 Antoni Gorecki 1787 1861 Seweryn Goszczynski 1801 1876 Klementyna Hoffmanowa 1798 1845 Teodor Tomasz Jez Zygmunt Milkowski 1824 1915 Kajetan Kozmian 1771 1856 Zygmunt Krasinski 1812 1859 Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski 1812 1887 Teofil Lenartowicz 1822 1893 Jadwiga Luszczewska 1834 1908 Antoni Malczewski 1793 1826 Adam Mickiewicz 1798 1855 Maurycy Mochnacki 1803 1834 Cyprian Kamil Norwid 1821 1883 Wincenty Pol 1807 1882 Mieczyslaw Romanowski 1834 1863 Henryk Rzewuski 1791 1866 Lucjan Siemienski 1807 1877 Juliusz Slowacki 1809 1849 Wladyslaw Syrokomla 1823 1862 Kornel Ujejski 1823 1897 Maria Wirtemberska 1768 1854 Jozef Bohdan Zaleski 1802 86 Tomasz Zan 1796 1855 Narcyza Zmichowska 1819 1876 Other notable figures edit Aleksander Borkowski Dunin 1811 1896 Jozef Borkowski Dunin 1809 1843 Frederic Chopin 1810 1849 composer Edward Dembowski 1822 1846 philosopher journalist and activist Piotr Michalowski 1800 1855 painter Stanislaw Moniuszko 1819 1872 composer Stanislaw Kostka Potocki 1755 1821 art patron philosopher and intellectual Andrzej Towianski 1799 1878 philosopher and Messianist religious leader Kazimierz Wladyslaw Wojcicki 1807 1879 See also editHistory of philosophy in Poland Polish MessianismReferences edit Czeslaw Milosz The history of Polish literature IV Romanticism Pages 195 280 Google Books University of California Press 1983 ISBN 0 520 04477 0 Retrieved October 7 2011 a b c Andrzej Wasko Sarmatism or the Enlightenment The Dilemma of Polish Culture The Sarmatian Review XVII 2 1997 Romantyzm w sztukach plastycznych Malarstwo Architektura Rzezba in Polish Encyklopedia WIEM Retrieved November 23 2012 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanticism in Poland Poland s Unique Take on Romanticism Why Is It So Different Culture pl Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Romanticism in Poland amp oldid 1174001643, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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