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Rita Levi-Montalcini

February 15, 2024

Rita Levi-Montalcini OMRI OMCA (US: /ˌleɪvi ˌmoʊntɑːlˈtʃiːni, ˌlɛv-, ˌliːvi ˌmɒntəlˈ-/ LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4] Italian: [ˈriːta ˈlɛːvi montalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 December 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

Senator for life

Rita Levi-Montalcini

OMRI OMCA
Rita Levi-Montalcini, c. 1975. Image courtesy of the Bernard Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine.
Born(1909-04-22)22 April 1909
Turin, Italy
Died30 December 2012(2012-12-30) (aged 103)
Rome, Italy
NationalityItalian
CitizenshipItaly, United States
Alma materUniversity of Turin
Known forNerve growth factor
Relatives
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsNeurobiology
InstitutionsWashington University in St. Louis
Member of the Senate of the Republic
Life tenure
1 August 2001 – 30 December 2012
Appointed byCarlo Azeglio Ciampi

From 2001 until her death, she also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given due to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age of 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life and education edit

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] to Italian Jewish parents with roots dating back to the Roman Empire.[12][13][14] She and her twin sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, an electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Turin at the turn of the twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage years, she considered becoming a writer and admired Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing a close family friend die of stomach cancer she decided to attend the University of Turin Medical School.[18] Her father discouraged his daughters from attending college, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives as wives and mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University of Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936, Montalcini remained at the university as Levi's assistant, but her academic career was cut short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and the subsequent introduction of laws barring Jews from academic and professional careers.[19]

Career and research edit

Levi-Montalcini lost her assistant position in the anatomy department after the 1938 Italian racial laws barring Jews from university positions were passed.[20][21] During World War II she set up a laboratory in her bedroom in Turin and studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork for much of her later research.[22] She described this experience decades later in the science documentary film Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times (1997).[23] The film also features her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected artist best known for her aluminum sculptures designed to bring light to the rooms due to the reflective white surface.[24]

When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943, her family fled south to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[25] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with the partisans of the Action Party.[26] After the liberation of Florence in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for the Allied health service. Her family returned to Turin in 1945.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the laboratory of Professor Viktor Hamburger at Washington University in St. Louis; he was interested in two of the articles Levi-Montalcini had published in foreign scientific journals.[27] After she duplicated the results of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a research associate position, which she held for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve cells.[19] The critical experiment was done with Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1952. Their publication in 1954[28] became the first definitive indication of the protein.[29][30]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves growing everywhere like a halo around the tumour cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets of water flowing steadily over a bed of stones."[31][unreliable source?] The nerve growth produced by the tumour was unlike anything she had seen before – the nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But nerves did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo back to the tumour. This suggested to Montalcini that the tumour itself was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves.

She was made a full professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in Rome and divided her time between there and St. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to receive the Max Weinstein Award (given by the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant contributions to neurological research.[27]

From 1961 to 1969, she directed the Research Center of Neurobiology of the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Cellular Biology.[19] After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director of the Institute of Cell Biology of the Italian National Council of Research in Rome. She later retired from that position in 1979, however continued to be involved as a guest professor.[32]

Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Research Institute in 2002, and then served as its president.[33][34] Her role in this institute was at the centre of some criticism from some parts of the scientific community in 2010.[35]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation of Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical concern Fidia. While working for Fidia, she improved her understanding of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovine brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[36][37] Years later, some patients under treatment with Cronassial reported a severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome). As per the normal cautionary routine, Germany banned Cronassial in 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug only in 1993; at the same time, an investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Italian Ministry of Health for a quick approval of Cronassial and later paid for pushing the use of the drug in the treatment of diseases where it had not been tested.[38][39][40] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, and she was criticized publicly.[41]

In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists to point out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology.[42] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[43] Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research into this compound which has resulted in more discoveries regarding its mechanisms and benefits, a far better understanding of the endocannabinoid system and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved absorption and bioavailability.[44]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research into the nerve growth factor (NGF), the protein that causes cell growth due to stimulated nerve tissue.[45]

Political career edit

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Life by the President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to her support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of saving the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Senate was at risk. Her old age was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.[46][47]

Personal life edit

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, and her mother, Adele Montalcini, was a painter.[48] The family's Jewish roots extend back to the Roman Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to tend to the children and house.[49]

 
Rita Levi-Montalcini in 2009

Levi-Montalcini had an older brother Gino, who died after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and a professor at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, and Paola, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit for defamation against Beppe Grillo. During a show, Grillo called the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[50]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had no children.[15] In a 2006 interview she said, "I never had any hesitation or regrets in this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely."[51] She died in her home in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103.[52]

Upon her death, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised her as someone who represented "civic conscience, culture and the spirit of research of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to be admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" example for Italy and the world.[53]

According to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy, she was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization.[54]

Awards and honours edit

In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[55]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[56] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[57][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[58]

In 1974, she became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences[59]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[60]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[61]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine,[19] as well as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.[62] This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Medal of Science, the highest American scientific honor.[57]

In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste, Italy. On that occasion, she expressed her desire to formulate a Carta of Human Duties as a necessary counterpart of the too much-neglected Declaration of Human Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.[63]

She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[64]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[65]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, in her native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European Academy of Sciences.

In 2011, at the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill University, Canada.

She was a founding member of Città della Scienza.[66] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions edit

  • The card game "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 neurologist Luminaries.[70]

See also edit

Bibliography edit

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]
  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab of Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986 . Larchivio.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications edit

  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments in neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.
  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.
  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione an American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.
  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. ISBN 88-17-00823-0.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.
  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

References edit

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  61. ^ American Philosophical Society Member History (Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini)
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  63. ^ . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
  64. ^ . FAO. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  65. ^ Ghieth, Sheyam (13 April 2006). "Prodi May Need Elderly Senators to Keep Government". Bloomberg.
  66. ^ "E' scomparsa Rita Levi Montalcini, premio Nobel per la medicina, tra i soci fondatori di Città della Scienza". Città della Scienza. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  67. ^ Gennaio, Roberto; Gargiulo, Marco; Medagli, Piero; Chetta, Francesco S. (2017). "Ophrys×montalciniae nothosubsp. cristoforettiae(O. incubacea subsp. brutia × O. sphegodes subsp. classica), nuovo ibrido naturale del Salento (Puglia)". GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur. 60 (2017:2): 427–431.
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Further reading edit

  • Sandrone, Stefano (2013). "Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012)". Journal of Neurology. 260 (3): 940–41. Bibcode:2013Natur.493..306B. doi:10.1007/s00415-013-6864-8. PMID 23417239. S2CID 1110057.
  • Navis, Adam (2007), , Embryo Project Encyclopedia., archived from the original on 17 March 2011
  • Aloe, L. (2004). "Rita Levi-Montalcini: The discovery of nerve growth factor and modern neurobiology". Trends in Cell Biology. 14 (7): 395–99. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.05.011. PMID 15246433. S2CID 18124816.
  • Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (2003). "Stamp vignette on medical science. Rita Levi-Montalcini – Nobel Prize for work in neurology". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78 (12): 1448. doi:10.4065/78.12.1448. PMID 14661672.
  • Aloe, L. (2003). "Rita Levi-Montalcini and the discovery of nerve growth factor: Past and present studies". Archives Italiennes de Biologie. 141 (2–3): 65–83. PMID 12825318.
  • Cowan, W. M. (2001). "Viktor Hamburger Andrita Levi-Montalcini: The Path to the Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 24: 551–600. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.551. PMID 11283321.
  • Goldstein, Bob (1 December 2021). "A Lab of Her Own: Sheltered in her bedroom during WWII, Rita Levi-Montalcini discovered how the nervous system is wired". Nautilus. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  • Ribatti, D (June 2016). "The failed attribution of the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology to Viktor Hamburger for the discovery of Nerve Growth Factor". Brain Research Bulletin. 124: 306–09. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.019. PMID 26930162. S2CID 3904344.
  • Provine, R. R. (2001). "In the trenches with Viktor Hamburger and Rita Levi-Montalcini (1965–1974): One student's perspective". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 19 (2): 143–49. doi:10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00081-2. PMID 11255028. S2CID 7753397.
  • Levi-Montalcini, R. (2000). "From a home-made laboratory to the Nobel Prize: An interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 44 (6): 563–66. PMID 11061418.
  • Raju, T. N. (2000). "The Nobel chronicles. 1986: Stanley Cohen (b 1922); Rita Levi-Montalcini (b 1909)". Lancet. 355 (9202): 506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82069-3. PMID 10841166. S2CID 54340580.
  • Aloe, L. (1999). "Rita Levi-Montalcini: A brief biographic view of past and present studies on nerve growth factor". Microscopy Research and Technique. 45 (4–5): 207–09. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19990515/01)45:4/5<207::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-E. PMID 10383112. S2CID 43021978.
  • Bendiner, E. (1992). "Rita Levi-Montalcini and the unveiling of growth factors". Hospital Practice (Office Ed.). 27 (4A): 135–45. PMID 1560084.
  • Pécsi, T. (1987). "Nobel Prize for medicine, 1986 (Rita Levi-Montalcini)". Orvosi Hetilap. 128 (20): 1047–48. PMID 3295669.
  • Weltman, J. K. (1987). "The 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded for discovery of growth factors: Rita Levi-Montalcini, M.D., and Stanley Cohen, Ph.D". New England and Regional Allergy Proceedings. 8 (1): 47–48. doi:10.2500/108854187779045385. PMID 3302667.
  • Holloway, Marguerite (January 1993). "Finding the Good in the Bad". Scientific American. 268: 32–36. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0193-32.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rita Levi-Montalcini.
  • Rita Levi-Montalcini on Nobelprize.org  
  • Interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini (dated 26 November 2008)
  • The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
  • AFP Biography (dated 22 April 2009) celebrating Rita Levi-Montalcini's 100th Birthday
  • Is this the secret of eternal life? (Independent article on R L-M)
  • Italians rally to condemn Nobel 'bribe' allegation: Professor rejects claim by civil servant that a pharmaceuticals firm 'bought' her 1986 prize for medicine
  • An Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini (video)
  • 1979 article in Scientific American describing the discovery of nerve growth factor

February 15, 2024
rita, levi, montalcini, omri, omca, ɑː, mohn, tahl, chee, təl, italian, ˈriːta, ˈlɛːvi, montalˈtʃiːni, april, 1909, december, 2012, italian, neurobiologist, awarded, 1986, nobel, prize, physiology, medicine, jointly, with, colleague, stanley, cohen, discovery,. Rita Levi Montalcini OMRI OMCA US ˌ l eɪ v i ˌ m oʊ n t ɑː l ˈ tʃ iː n i ˌ l ɛ v ˌ l iː v i ˌ m ɒ n t el ˈ LAY vee MOHN tahl CHEE nee LEV ee LEE vee MON tel 3 4 Italian ˈriːta ˈlɛːvi montalˈtʃiːni 22 April 1909 30 December 2012 was an Italian neurobiologist She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor NGF 5 Senator for lifeRita Levi MontalciniOMRI OMCARita Levi Montalcini c 1975 Image courtesy of the Bernard Becker Medical Library Washington University School of Medicine Born 1909 04 22 22 April 1909Turin ItalyDied30 December 2012 2012 12 30 aged 103 Rome ItalyNationalityItalianCitizenshipItaly United StatesAlma materUniversity of TurinKnown forNerve growth factorRelativesPaola Levi Montalcini twin sister Gino Levi Montalcini brother AwardsEMBO Membership 1974 1 Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize 1983 Lasker Award 1986 Nobel Prize 1986 National Medal of Science 1987 ForMemRS 1995 2 Honorary degree in biotechnology at University of Milano Bicocca 2008 Scientific careerFieldsNeurobiologyInstitutionsWashington University in St LouisMember of the Senate of the RepublicLife tenure 1 August 2001 30 December 2012Appointed byCarlo Azeglio CiampiFrom 2001 until her death she also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life 6 This honor was given due to her significant scientific contributions 7 On 22 April 2009 she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age of 100 8 and the event was feted with a party at Rome s City Hall 9 10 Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career and research 3 Political career 4 Personal life 5 Awards and honours 5 1 Other attributions 6 See also 7 Bibliography 7 1 Publications 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksEarly life and education editLevi Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin 11 to Italian Jewish parents with roots dating back to the Roman Empire 12 13 14 She and her twin sister Paola were the youngest of four children 15 Her parents were Adele Montalcini a painter and Adamo Levi an electrical engineer and mathematician whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato respectively to Turin at the turn of the twentieth century 12 16 In her teenage years she considered becoming a writer and admired Swedish writer Selma Lagerlof 17 but after seeing a close family friend die of stomach cancer she decided to attend the University of Turin Medical School 18 Her father discouraged his daughters from attending college as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives as wives and mothers but eventually he supported Levi Montalcini s aspirations to become a doctor 12 While she was at the University of Turin the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing nervous system 8 After graduating summa cum laude M D in 1936 Montalcini remained at the university as Levi s assistant but her academic career was cut short by Benito Mussolini s 1938 Manifesto of Race and the subsequent introduction of laws barring Jews from academic and professional careers 19 Career and research editLevi Montalcini lost her assistant position in the anatomy department after the 1938 Italian racial laws barring Jews from university positions were passed 20 21 During World War II she set up a laboratory in her bedroom in Turin and studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets and laying the groundwork for much of her later research 22 She described this experience decades later in the science documentary film Death by Design The Life and Times of Life and Times 1997 23 The film also features her fraternal twin sister Paola who became a respected artist best known for her aluminum sculptures designed to bring light to the rooms due to the reflective white surface 24 When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943 her family fled south to Florence where they survived the Holocaust under false identities protected by some non Jewish friends 25 During the Nazi occupation Levi Montalcini was in contact with the partisans of the Action Party 26 After the liberation of Florence in August 1944 she volunteered her medical expertise for the Allied health service Her family returned to Turin in 1945 In September 1946 Levi Montalcini was granted a one semester research fellowship in the laboratory of Professor Viktor Hamburger at Washington University in St Louis he was interested in two of the articles Levi Montalcini had published in foreign scientific journals 27 After she duplicated the results of her home laboratory experiments Hamburger offered her a research associate position which she held for 30 years It was there that in 1952 she did her most important work isolating nerve growth factor NGF from observations of certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve cells 19 The critical experiment was done with Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1952 Their publication in 1954 28 became the first definitive indication of the protein 29 30 By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibres The discovery of nerves growing everywhere like a halo around the tumour cells was surprising When describing it Montalcini said it is like rivulets of water flowing steadily over a bed of stones 31 unreliable source The nerve growth produced by the tumour was unlike anything she had seen before the nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo But nerves did not grow into the arteries which would flow from the embryo back to the tumour This suggested to Montalcini that the tumour itself was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves She was made a full professor in 1958 In 1962 she established a second laboratory in Rome and divided her time between there and St Louis In 1963 she became the first woman to receive the Max Weinstein Award given by the United Cerebral Palsy Association due to her significant contributions to neurological research 27 From 1961 to 1969 she directed the Research Center of Neurobiology of the CNR Rome and from 1969 to 1978 the Laboratory of Cellular Biology 19 After she retired in 1977 she was appointed as director of the Institute of Cell Biology of the Italian National Council of Research in Rome She later retired from that position in 1979 however continued to be involved as a guest professor 32 Levi Montalcini founded the European Brain Research Institute in 2002 and then served as its president 33 34 Her role in this institute was at the centre of some criticism from some parts of the scientific community in 2010 35 Controversies were raised about the cooperation of Levi Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical concern Fidia While working for Fidia she improved her understanding of gangliosides Beginning in 1975 she supported the drug Cronassial a particular mixture of gangliosides produced by Fidia from bovine brain tissue Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the treatment of intended diseases peripheral neuropathies 36 37 Years later some patients under treatment with Cronassial reported a severe neurological syndrome Guillain Barre syndrome As per the normal cautionary routine Germany banned Cronassial in 1983 followed by other countries Italy prohibited the drug only in 1993 at the same time an investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Italian Ministry of Health for a quick approval of Cronassial and later paid for pushing the use of the drug in the treatment of diseases where it had not been tested 38 39 40 Levi Montalcini s relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation and she was criticized publicly 41 In the 1990s she was one of the first scientists to point out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology 42 In the same period 1993 she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell 43 Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research into this compound which has resulted in more discoveries regarding its mechanisms and benefits a far better understanding of the endocannabinoid system and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved absorption and bioavailability 44 Levi Montalcini earned a Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research into the nerve growth factor NGF the protein that causes cell growth due to stimulated nerve tissue 45 Political career editOn 1 August 2001 she was appointed as Senator for Life by the President of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 11 On 28 29 April 2006 Levi Montalcini aged 97 attended the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate at which the President of the Senate was elected She declared her preference for the centre left candidate Franco Marini Due to her support of the government of Romano Prodi she was often criticized by some right wing senators who accused her of saving the government when the government s exiguous majority in the Senate was at risk Her old age was mocked by far right politician Francesco Storace 46 47 Personal life editLevi Montalcini s father Adamo Levi was an electrical engineer and mathematician and her mother Adele Montalcini was a painter 48 The family s Jewish roots extend back to the Roman Empire due to the family s strict and traditional background Adamo was not supportive of women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to tend to the children and house 49 nbsp Rita Levi Montalcini in 2009Levi Montalcini had an older brother Gino who died after a heart attack in 1974 He was one of the best known contemporary Italian architects and a professor at the University of Turin She had two sisters Anna five years older than Rita and Paola her twin sister a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000 age 91 In 2003 she filed a libel suit for defamation against Beppe Grillo During a show Grillo called the 94 year old woman an old whore 50 Levi Montalcini never married and had no children 15 In a 2006 interview she said I never had any hesitation or regrets in this sense My life has been enriched by excellent human relations work and interests I have never felt lonely 51 She died in her home in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103 52 Upon her death the Mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno stated it was a great loss for all of humanity He praised her as someone who represented civic conscience culture and the spirit of research of our time Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow scientist She is really someone to be admired Italy s premier Mario Monti paid tribute to Levi Montalcini s charismatic and tenacious character and for her lifelong endeavour to defend the battles in which she believed Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi Montalcini s civil and moral efforts saying she was an inspiring example for Italy and the world 53 According to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy she was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization 54 Awards and honours editThis section may need to be formatted You can help Wikipedia by formatting it if you know how Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific May 2022 In 1966 she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 55 In 1968 she became the tenth woman 56 elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences 57 unreliable source She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974 1 In 1970 she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement 58 In 1974 she became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences 59 In 1983 she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University 60 In 1985 she was awarded the Ralph W Gerard Prize in Neuroscience In 1986 she was elected to the American Philosophical Society 61 In 1986 Levi Montalcini and collaborator Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine 19 as well as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research 62 This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy s small less than 50 000 people but very old Jewish community after Emilio Segre Salvador Luria a university colleague and friend and Franco Modigliani In 1987 she received the National Medal of Science the highest American scientific honor 57 In 1991 she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste Italy On that occasion she expressed her desire to formulate a Carta of Human Duties as a necessary counterpart of the too much neglected Declaration of Human Rights The vision of Rita Levi Montalcini came true with the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties International Council of Human Duties ICHD at the University of Trieste 63 She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ForMemRS in 1995 2 In 1999 Levi Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FAO by FAO Director General Jacques Diouf 64 In 2001 she was nominated Senator for life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 65 In 2006 Levi Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin in her native city In 2008 she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the Complutense University of Madrid Spain In 2009 she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European Academy of Sciences In 2011 at the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill University Canada She was a founding member of Citta della Scienza 66 and Academician of Studium Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato Italy Other attributions edit In April 2016 a spontaneous orchid a hybrid between Ophrys incubacea and Ophrys sphegodes subsp classica was named after her Ophrys montalciniae 67 The videogame Elite Dangerous has named numerous space stations after her 68 69 The card game Endowed Chairs Neurology features Levi Montalcini as one of 12 neurologist Luminaries 70 See also editTimeline of women in science List of Jewish Nobel laureatesBibliography editLevi Montalcini Rita In Praise of Imperfection My Life and Work Elogio dell imperfezione Basic Books New York 1988 Yount Lisa 1996 Twentieth Century Women Scientists New York Facts on File ISBN 0 8160 3173 8 unreliable source Goldstein Bob 2021 A Lab of Her Own Nautilus Muhm Myriam Vage Hoffnung fur Parkinson Kranke Uberlegungen der Medizin Nobelpreistragerin Rita Levi Montalcini Suddeutsche Zeitung 293 p 22 December 1986 L Archivio medicina medicine Larchivio org Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 Retrieved 16 March 2011 Publications edit Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell embrione di pollo Roma Tip Cuggiani 1942 Il messaggio nervoso con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi Milano Rizzoli 1975 New developments in neurobiological research in Commentarii vol III n 15 Pontificia Academia Scientiarum 1976 Elogio dell imperfezione Milano Garzanti 1987 ISBN 88 11 59390 5 1999 nuova edizione accresciuta NGF Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia Roma Napoli Theoria 1989 ISBN 88 241 0162 3 Sclerosi multipla in Italia Aspetti e problemi con Mario Alberto Battaglia Genova AISM 1989 ISBN 88 7148 001 5 Presentazione di Max Perutz E necessaria la scienza Milano Garzanti 1989 ISBN 88 11 59415 4 Prefazione a Carlo Levi Poesie inedite 1934 1946 Roma Mancosu 1990 Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna Donne in medicina Milano Rizzoli 1991 ISBN 88 17 84077 7 Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni Memoria un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire Genova Costa amp Nolan 1993 Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti a cura di Non si trova cioccolata Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell orrore della guerra Napoli Pironti 1993 ISBN 88 7937 095 2 Reti Scienza cultura economia con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna Ancona Transeuropa 1993 ISBN 88 7828 101 8 Vito Volterra Il suo percorso in Scienza tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa Vito Volterra e l origine del CNR Roma Bari Laterza 1993 ISBN 88 420 4147 5 Il tuo futuro Milano Garzanti 1993 ISBN 88 11 73837 7 Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana 1925 1995 in 1925 1995 la Treccani compie 70 anni Mostra storico documentaria Roma Treccani Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana 1995 Prefazione an American Medical Association L uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica Libro bianco Bologna Esculapio 1995 Senz olio contro vento Milano Baldini amp Castoldi 1996 ISBN 88 8089 198 7 L asso nella manica a brandelli Milano Baldini amp Castoldi 1998 ISBN 88 8089 429 3 La galassia mente Milano Baldini amp Castoldi 1999 ISBN 88 8089 636 9 Presentazione di Nicola Canal Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni Sclerosi multipla Attualita e prospettive Milano Masson 1999 ISBN 88 214 2467 7 Intervista in Serena Zoli Storie di ordinaria resurrezione e non Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri Milano Rizzoli 1999 ISBN 88 17 86072 7 L Universita delle tre culture Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi Montalcini Sondrio Banca Popolare di Sondrio 1999 Cantico di una vita Milano Cortina 2000 ISBN 88 7078 666 8 Un universo inquieto Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini Milano Baldini amp Castoldi 2001 ISBN 88 8490 111 1 Tempo di mutamenti Milano Baldini amp Castoldi 2002 ISBN 88 8490 140 5 Tempo di azione Milano Baldini Castoldi Dalai 2004 ISBN 88 8490 429 3 Abbi il coraggio di conoscere Milano Rizzoli 2004 ISBN 88 17 00199 6 Lungo le vie della conoscenza Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi Brescia Serra Tarantola 2005 ISBN 88 88507 56 6 Eva era africana Roma Gallucci 2005 ISBN 88 88716 35 1 I nuovi magellani nell er digitale con Giuseppina Tripodi Milano Rizzoli 2006 ISBN 88 17 00823 0 Tempo di revisione con Giuseppina Tripodi Milano Baldini Castoldi Dalai 2006 ISBN 88 8490 983 X La vita intellettuale in La vita intellettuale Professioni arti impresa in Italia e nel pianeta Atti del forum internazionale 13 e 14 febbraio 2007 Bologna Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo Piazza del Nettuno Bologna Proctor 2007 ISBN 978 88 95499 00 0 Rita Levi Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi Rita Levi Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi Milano Fabbri 2007 ISBN 978 88 451 4308 3 Le tue antenate Donne pioniere nella societa e nella scienza dall antichita ai giorni nostri con Giuseppina Tripodi Roma Gallucci 2008 ISBN 978 88 6145 033 2 La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi Milano Baldini Castoldi Dalai 2008 ISBN 978 88 6073 444 0 Ritmi d arte Serra Tarantola 2008 ISBN 88 95839 05 6 Cronologia di una scoperta Milano Baldini Castoldi Dalai 2009 ISBN 978 88 6073 557 7 L altra parte del mondo con Giuseppina Tripodi Milano Rizzoli 2009 ISBN 978 88 17 01529 5 References edit a b Anon 2012 Rita Levi Montalcini EMBO profile people embo org Heidelberg European Molecular Biology Organization a b Anon 2015 Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660 2015 London Royal Society Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 Levi Montalcini The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins Retrieved 10 August 2019 Levi Montalcini Merriam Webster com Dictionary Retrieved 10 August 2019 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 The Nobel Foundation Retrieved 1 January 2013 Bradshaw RA 2013 Rita Levi Montalcini 1909 2012 Nobel prizewinning neurobiologist and eminent advocate for science Nature London 493 7432 306 Bibcode 2013Natur 493 306B doi 10 1038 493306a PMID 23325208 Rita Levi Montalcini Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 25 January 2020 a b Abbott A 2009 Neuroscience One hundred years of Rita Nature 458 7238 564 567 doi 10 1038 458564a PMID 19340056 The Doyenne of Neuroscience celebrates her 100th birthday IBRO Retrieved 31 December 2012 permanent dead link Owen Richard 30 April 2009 Secret of Longevity No Food No Husband No Regrets or anything like that at all Excelle Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 31 December 2012 a b Scheda di attivita Rita Levi Montalcini Retrieved 1 January 2013 a b c Carey Benedict 30 December 2012 Dr Rita Levi Montalcini Nobel Winner Dies at 103 The New York Times https www economist com news obituary 21569019 rita levi montalcini biologist died december 30th aged 103 rita levi montalcini Rita Levi Montalcini Costantino Ceoldo 31 December 2012 Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini Retrieved 20 July 2013 Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives she abandoned religion and embraced atheism a b Reynolds Lauren 15 March 2018 Five facts about Rita Levi Montalcini who figured out how neurons grow Massive Science Levi Montalcini Rita 18 April 1988 In Praise of Imperfection My Life and Work Basic Books p 28 Bibcode 1988piml book L Mother and Father both came from Sephardic families which had moved respectively from Asti and Casale Monferrato two towns of some importance in Piedmont to settle in Turin at the turn of the century Krause Jackson Flavia Martinuzzi Elisa 30 December 2012 Levi Montalcini Italian Nobel Laureate Dies at 103 Bloomberg Siegel Judy 4 March 2008 Oldest living Nobel laureate arrives today on solidarity visit 98 year old Italian neurologist Rita Levi Montalcini triumphed over Mussolini s anti Jewish edicts The Jerusalem Post a b c d Nobel winning scientist Levi Montalcini dies in Rome at 103 biologist studied growth factor Fox News Channel 30 December 2012 Yount Lisa Twentieth Century Women Scientists Facts on File Inc 1996 p 29 ISBN 0 8160 3173 8 D elia Nicola 20 October 2021 Giuseppe Bottai the Racial Laws of 1938 and Italian German relations Patterns of Prejudice 55 5 437 455 doi 10 1080 0031322X 2022 2054549 ISSN 0031 322X via Taylor amp Francis Integrazione e coordinamento in un unico testo delle norme gia emanate per la difesa della razza nella Scuola italiana Integration and Coordination in One Text of Rules for the Defence of the Race in Italian Schools which established a the exclusion of Jewish students from primary and secondary schools b the exclusion of Jewish students from university with the temporary exception of those who had enrolled in previous years c the exclusion of Jewish teachers from state and private schools of every order and degree including universities Goldstein Bob 2 December 2021 A Lab of Her Own Nautilus Retrieved 19 December 2021 Death by Design Where Parallel Worlds Meet IMDb Retrieved 31 December 2012 Di Genova Giorgio Paola Levi Montalcini Jewish Women s Archive Rita Levi Montalcini Treccani it EBRI European Brain Research Institute Archived from the original on 23 April 2019 Retrieved 9 October 2018 a b Missouri Women in the Health Sciences Biographies Rita Levi Montalcini Levi Montalcini R Meyer H Hamburger V 1954 In vitro experiments on the effects of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo Cancer Research 14 1 49 57 ISSN 0008 5472 PMID 13126933 Levi Montalcini Rita Calissano Pietro 1979 The Nerve Growth Factor Scientific American 240 6 68 77 ISSN 0036 8733 Levi Montalcini R 16 November 1998 The saga of the nerve growth factor Neuroreport 9 16 R71 83 ISSN 0959 4965 PMID 9858356 Yount Lisa 2009 Rita Levi Montalcini Discoverer of Nerve Growth Factor Chelsea House Wasserman Elga R 2000 The door in the dream conversations with eminent women in science Joseph Henry Press p 41 ISBN 0 309 06568 2 Rita Levi Montalcini Washington University Retrieved 31 December 2012 The European Brain Research Institute in Rome Network of European Neuroscience Institutes Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 Retrieved 31 December 2012 Self inflicted damage The autocratic actions of an institute s founder could destroy a centre of excellence for brain research Nature 463 7279 270 21 January 2010 Bibcode 2010Natur 463 270 doi 10 1038 463270a PMID 20090705 Horowitz SH 1984 Ganglioside Cronassial Therapy in Diabetic Neuropathy Ganglioside Structure Function and Biomedical Potential Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Vol 174 pp 593 600 doi 10 1007 978 1 4684 1200 0 50 ISBN 978 1 4684 1202 4 PMID 6377852 Staughton RC Good J 1990 Double blind placebo controlled clinical trial of a mixture of gangliosides Cronassial in post herpetic neuralgia Current Medical Research and Opinion 12 3 169 76 doi 10 1185 03007999009111498 PMID 2272191 Qualita Intellettuale UNIPG Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 Retrieved 16 March 2011 Fallimenti storici Dica33 Retrieved 16 March 2011 Rita Levi Montalcini e la vicenda Cronossial Politica Molecolare November 2011 Nobel comprato Non ne so nulla 22 February 1994 Retrieved 6 June 2010 Leon A Buriani A Dal Toso R et al April 1994 Mast cells synthesize store and release nerve growth factor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 9 3739 43 Bibcode 1994PNAS 91 3739L doi 10 1073 pnas 91 9 3739 PMC 43657 PMID 8170980 Aloe L Leon A Levi Montalcini R 1993 A proposed autacoid mechanism controlling mastocyte behaviour Agents and Actions 39 Spec No C145 7 doi 10 1007 BF01972748 PMID 7505999 S2CID 20577242 Hesselink Jan M Keppel 8 August 2013 Evolution in pharmacologic thinking around the natural analgesic palmitoylethanolamide from nonspecific resistance to PPAR a agonist and effective nutraceutical Journal of Pain Research 6 625 634 doi 10 2147 JPR S48653 ISSN 1178 7090 PMC 3744360 PMID 23964161 Rita Levi Montalcini Biography Facts and Pictures Mastella si al procedimento su Storace la Repubblica 17 October 2007 Dispetto alla Montalcini al seggio La Repubblica 14 April 2008 Rita Levi Montalcini Biography The Nobel Prize Elliott Ellen Women in Science Rita Levi Montalcini 1909 2012 The Jackson Library Gian Marco Chiocci 5 October 2007 Tra vaffa e condanne Camere tabu per Grillo in Italian Il Giornale Retrieved 29 December 2012 Rita Levi Montalcini pioneering Italian biologist dies at 103 The Guardian 20 December 2012 Retrieved 29 November 2016 Addio al premio Nobel Rita Levi Montalcini ANSA 30 December 2012 D Emilio Frances 30 December 2012 Nobel winning biologist Rita Levi Montalcini dies at 103 NBC News Associated Press Retrieved 31 December 2012 Alberto Statera 9 June 2010 I massoni di sinistra Nelle logge sono 4mila Freemasons of left wing In the lodges are 4 thousands La Repubblica in Italian Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 Book of Members 1780 2010 Chapter L PDF American Academy of Arts and Sciences Retrieved 24 July 2014 Wasserman Elga 2000 The Door in the Dream Conversations With Eminent Women in Science Joseph Henry Press p 61 ISBN 0309086191 a b Yount Lisa 2007 A to Z of Women in Science and Math Infobase Publishing p 174 ISBN 978 1438107950 Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement achievement org American Academy of Achievement Rita Levi Montalcini The Pontifical Academy of Sciences Retrieved 31 December 2012 Rita Levi Montalcini The Embryo Project Encyclopedia ASU Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 Retrieved 30 December 2012 American Philosophical Society Member History Dr Rita Levi Montalcini Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award 1986 Winners Lasker Foundation Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 Retrieved 31 December 2012 International Council of Human Duties Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 Retrieved 2 January 2013 Meet the Goodwill Ambassadors FAO Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 Retrieved 31 December 2012 Ghieth Sheyam 13 April 2006 Prodi May Need Elderly Senators to Keep Government Bloomberg E scomparsa Rita Levi Montalcini premio Nobel per la medicina tra i soci fondatori di Citta della Scienza Citta della Scienza Retrieved 1 January 2013 Gennaio Roberto Gargiulo Marco Medagli Piero Chetta Francesco S 2017 Ophrys montalciniae nothosubsp cristoforettiae O incubacea subsp brutia O sphegodes subsp classica nuovo ibrido naturale del Salento Puglia GIROS Orch Spont Eur 60 2017 2 427 431 Station in INARA EDSM Elite Dangerous Star Map Endowed Chairs Further reading editSandrone Stefano 2013 Rita Levi Montalcini 1909 2012 Journal of Neurology 260 3 940 41 Bibcode 2013Natur 493 306B doi 10 1007 s00415 013 6864 8 PMID 23417239 S2CID 1110057 Navis Adam 2007 Rita Levi Montalcini Embryo Project Encyclopedia archived from the original on 17 March 2011 Aloe L 2004 Rita Levi Montalcini The discovery of nerve growth factor and modern neurobiology Trends in Cell Biology 14 7 395 99 doi 10 1016 j tcb 2004 05 011 PMID 15246433 S2CID 18124816 Shampo M A Kyle R A 2003 Stamp vignette on medical science Rita Levi Montalcini Nobel Prize for work in neurology Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78 12 1448 doi 10 4065 78 12 1448 PMID 14661672 Aloe L 2003 Rita Levi Montalcini and the discovery of nerve growth factor Past and present studies Archives Italiennes de Biologie 141 2 3 65 83 PMID 12825318 Cowan W M 2001 Viktor Hamburger Andrita Levi Montalcini The Path to the Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 551 600 doi 10 1146 annurev neuro 24 1 551 PMID 11283321 Goldstein Bob 1 December 2021 A Lab of Her Own Sheltered in her bedroom during WWII Rita Levi Montalcini discovered how the nervous system is wired Nautilus Retrieved 19 December 2021 Ribatti D June 2016 The failed attribution of the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology to Viktor Hamburger for the discovery of Nerve Growth Factor Brain Research Bulletin 124 306 09 doi 10 1016 j brainresbull 2016 02 019 PMID 26930162 S2CID 3904344 Provine R R 2001 In the trenches with Viktor Hamburger and Rita Levi Montalcini 1965 1974 One student s perspective International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 19 2 143 49 doi 10 1016 S0736 5748 00 00081 2 PMID 11255028 S2CID 7753397 Levi Montalcini R 2000 From a home made laboratory to the Nobel Prize An interview with Rita Levi Montalcini The International Journal of Developmental Biology 44 6 563 66 PMID 11061418 Raju T N 2000 The Nobel chronicles 1986 Stanley Cohen b 1922 Rita Levi Montalcini b 1909 Lancet 355 9202 506 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 00 82069 3 PMID 10841166 S2CID 54340580 Aloe L 1999 Rita Levi Montalcini A brief biographic view of past and present studies on nerve growth factor Microscopy Research and Technique 45 4 5 207 09 doi 10 1002 SICI 1097 0029 19990515 01 45 4 5 lt 207 AID JEMT3 gt 3 0 CO 2 E PMID 10383112 S2CID 43021978 Bendiner E 1992 Rita Levi Montalcini and the unveiling of growth factors Hospital Practice Office Ed 27 4A 135 45 PMID 1560084 Pecsi T 1987 Nobel Prize for medicine 1986 Rita Levi Montalcini Orvosi Hetilap 128 20 1047 48 PMID 3295669 Weltman J K 1987 The 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded for discovery of growth factors Rita Levi Montalcini M D and Stanley Cohen Ph D New England and Regional Allergy Proceedings 8 1 47 48 doi 10 2500 108854187779045385 PMID 3302667 Holloway Marguerite January 1993 Finding the Good in the Bad Scientific American 268 32 36 doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0193 32 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rita Levi Montalcini Rita Levi Montalcini on Nobelprize org nbsp Interview with Rita Levi Montalcini dated 26 November 2008 Biography of Rita Levi Montalcini at Embryo Project Encyclopedia Article in German The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize AFP Biography dated 22 April 2009 celebrating Rita Levi Montalcini s 100th Birthday Is this the secret of eternal life Independent article on R L M Italians rally to condemn Nobel bribe allegation Professor rejects claim by civil servant that a pharmaceuticals firm bought her 1986 prize for medicine An Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Rita Levi Montalcini video 1979 article in Scientific American describing the discovery of nerve growth factor Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rita Levi Montalcini amp oldid 1206692887, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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