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Timeline of women in science

July 26, 2023

This is a timeline of women in science, spanning from ancient history up to the 21st century. While the timeline primarily focuses on women involved with natural sciences such as astronomy, biology, chemistry and physics, it also includes women from the social sciences (e.g. sociology, psychology) and the formal sciences (e.g. mathematics, computer science), as well as notable science educators and medical scientists. The chronological events listed in the timeline relate to both scientific achievements and gender equality within the sciences.

"A Female Scientist", in Women's Illustrated, Japan, 1939
Teresa K. Attwood, professor of bioinformatics

Ancient history

 
The Tapputi Belatekallim tablet
  • 1900 BCE: Aganice, also known as Athyrta, was an Egyptian princess during the Middle Kingdom (about 2000–1700 BCE) working on astronomy and natural philosophy.[1]
  • c. 1500 BCE: Hatshepsut, also known as the Queen Doctor, promoted a botanical expedition searching for officinal plants.[1]
  • 1200 BCE: The Mesopotamian perfume-maker Tapputi-Belatekallim was referenced in the text of a cuneiform tablet. She is often considered the world's first recorded chemist.[2]
  • 500 BCE: Theano was a Pythagorean philosopher.
  • c. 150 BCE: Aglaonice became the first female astronomer to be recorded in Ancient Greece.[3][4]
  • 1st century BCE: A woman known only as Fang became the earliest recorded Chinese female alchemist. She is credited with "the discovery of how to turn mercury into silver" – possibly the chemical process of boiling off mercury in order to extract pure silver residue from ores.[5]
  • 1st century CE: Mary the Jewess was among the world's first alchemists.[6]
  • c. 300–350 CE: Greek mathematician Pandrosion develops a numerical approximation for cube roots.[7]
  • c. 355–415 CE: Greek astronomer, mathematician and philosopher Hypatia became renowned as a respected academic teacher, commentator on mathematics, and head of her own science academy.[8][9]
  • 3rd century CE: Cleopatra the Alchemist, an early figure in chemistry and practical alchemy, is credited as inventing the alembic.[10]

Middle Ages

 
Hildegard of Bingen and her nuns

16th century

 
Danish scientist Sophia Brahe
  • 1561: Italian alchemist Isabella Cortese published her popular book The Secrets of Lady Isabella Cortese. The work included recipes for medicines, distilled oils and cosmetics, and was the only book published by a female alchemist in the 16th century.[20]
  • 1572: Italian botanist Loredana Marcello died from the plague – but not before developing several effective palliative formulas for plague sufferers, which were used by many physicians.[21][22]
  • 1572: Danish scientist Sophia Brahe (1556–1643) assisted her brother Tycho Brahe with his astronomical observations.[23]
  • 1590: After her husband's death, Caterina Vitale took over his position as chief pharmacist to the Order of St John, becoming the first female chemist and pharmacist in Malta.[24][25]

17th century

 
German–Polish astronomer Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius
 
German entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian
  • 1609: French midwife Louise Bourgeois Boursier became the first woman to write a book on childbirth practices.[26]
  • 1636: Anna Maria van Schurman is the first woman ever to attend university lectures.[27] She had to sit behind a screen so that her male fellow students would not see her.
  • 1642: Martine Bertereau, the first recorded female mineralogist, was imprisoned in France on suspicion of witchcraft. Bertereau had published two written works on the science of mining and metallurgy before being arrested.[5]
  • 1650: Silesian astronomer Maria Cunitz published Urania Propitia, a work that both simplified and substantially improved Johannes Kepler's mathematical methods for locating planets. The book was published in both Latin and German, an unconventional decision that made the scientific text more accessible for non-university educated readers.[28]
  • 1656: French chemist and alchemist Marie Meurdrac published her book La Chymie Charitable et Facile, en Faveur des Dames (Useful and Easy Chemistry, for the Benefit of Ladies).[29]
  • 1667: Margaret Lucas Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle upon Tyne (1623 – 15 December 1673) was an English aristocrat, philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction-writer, and playwright during the 17th century. She was the first woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London, in 1667, and she criticised and engaged with members and philosophers Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, and Robert Boyle.[30]
  • 1668: After separating from her husband, French polymath Marguerite de la Sablière established a popular salon in Paris. Scientists and scholars from different countries visited the salon regularly to discuss ideas and share knowledge, and Sablière studied physics, astronomy and natural history with her guests.[31]
  • 1680: French astronomer Jeanne Dumée published a summary of arguments supporting the Copernican theory of heliocentrism. She wrote "between the brain of a woman and that of a man there is no difference".[32]
  • 1685: Frisian poet and archaeologist Titia Brongersma supervised the first excavation of a dolmen in Borger, Netherlands. The excavation produced new evidence that the stone structures were graves constructed by prehistoric humans – rather than structures built by giants, which had been the prior common belief.[33]
  • 1690: German-Polish astronomer Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius, widow of Johannes Hevelius, whom she had assisted with his observations (and, probably, computations) for over twenty years, published in his name Prodromus Astronomiae, the largest and most accurate star catalog to that date.[34]
  • 1693–1698: German astronomer and illustrator Maria Clara Eimmart created more than 350 detailed drawings of the moon phases.[35]
  • 1699: German entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian, the first scientist to document the life cycle of insects for the public, embarked on a scientific expedition to Suriname, South America. She subsequently published Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium, a groundbreaking illustrated work on South American plants, animals and insects.[36]

18th century

 
Italian physicist Laura Bassi
 
French polymath Émilie du Châtelet
 
Swedish agronomist Eva Ekeblad
  • 1702: Pioneering English entomologist Eleanor Glanville captured a butterfly specimen in Lincolnshire, which was subsequently named the Glanville fritillary in her honour. Her extensive butterfly collection impressed fellow entomologist William Vernon, who called Glanville's work "the noblest collection of butterflies, all English, which has sham'd us". Her butterfly specimens became part of early collections in the Natural History Museum.[37][38]
  • 1702: German astronomer Maria Kirch became the first woman to discover a comet.[39]
  • c. 1702–1744: In Montreal, Canada, French botanist Catherine Jérémie collected plant specimens and studied their properties, sending the specimens and her detailed notes back to scientists in France.[40]
  • 1732: At the age of 20, Italian physicist Laura Bassi became the first female member of the Bologna Academy of Sciences. One month later, she publicly defended her academic theses and received a PhD. Bassi was awarded an honorary position as professor of physics at the University of Bologna. She was the first female physics professor in the world.[41]
  • 1738: French polymath Émilie du Châtelet became the first woman to have a paper published by the Paris Academy, following a contest on the nature of fire.[42]
  • 1740: French polymath Émilie du Châtelet published Institutions de Physique (Foundations of Physics) providing a metaphysical basis for Newtonian physics.[43]
  • 1748: Swedish agronomist Eva Ekeblad became the first female member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Two years earlier, she had developed a new process of using potatoes to make flour and alcohol, which subsequently lessened Sweden's reliance on wheat crops and decreased the risk of famine.[44]
  • 1751: 19-year-old Italian physicist Cristina Roccati received her PhD from the University of Bologna.[45]
  • 1753: Jane Colden, an American, was the only female biologist mentioned by Carl Linnaeus in his masterwork Species Plantarum.[46]
  • 1755: After the death of her husband, Italian anatomist Anna Morandi Manzolini took his place at the University of Bologna, becoming a professor of anatomy and establishing an internationally known laboratory for anatomical research.[47]
  • 1757: French astronomer Nicole-Reine Lepaute worked with mathematicians Alexis Clairaut and Joseph Lalande to calculate the next arrival of Halley's Comet.[48]
  • 1760: American horticulturalist Martha Daniell Logan began corresponding with botanic specialist and collector John Bartram, regularly exchanging seeds, plants and botanical knowledge with him.[49]
  • 1762: French astronomer Nicole-Reine Lepaute calculated the time and percentage of a solar eclipse that had been predicted to occur in two years time. She created a map to show the phases, and published a table of her calculations in the 1763 edition of Connaissance des Temps.[48]
  • 1766: French chemist Geneviève Thiroux d'Arconville published her study on putrefaction. The book presented her observations from more than 300 experiments over the span of five years, during which she attempted to discover factors necessary for the preservation of beef, eggs, and other foods. Her work was recommended for royal privilege by fellow chemist Pierre-Joseph Macquer.[50]
  • c. 1775: Herbalist/botanist Jeanne Baret becomes the first woman to circumnavigate the globe.
  • 1776: At the University of Bologna, Italian physicist Laura Bassi became the first woman appointed as chair of physics at a university.[41]
  • 1776: Christine Kirch received a respectable salary of 400 Thaler for calendar-making. See also her sister Margaretha Kirch
  • 1782–1791: French chemist and mineralogist Claudine Picardet translated more than 800 pages of Swedish, German, English and Italian scientific papers into French, enabling French scientists to better discuss and utilize international research in chemistry, mineralogy and astronomy.[51]
  • c. 1787–1797: Self-taught Chinese astronomer Wang Zhenyi published at least twelve books and multiple articles on astronomy and mathematics. Using a lamp, a mirror and a table, she once created a famous scientific exhibit designed to accurately simulate a lunar eclipse.[52][53]
  • 1786–1797: German astronomer Caroline Herschel discovered eight new comets,[54] along with numerous other discoveries.
  • 1789: French astronomer Louise du Pierry, the first Parisian woman to become an astronomy professor, taught the first astronomy courses specifically open to female students.[55]
  • 1794: British chemist Elizabeth Fulhame invented the concept of catalysis and published a book on her findings.[56]
  • c. 1796–1820: During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor, astronomer Huang Lü became the first Chinese woman to work with optics and photographic images. She developed a telescope that could take simple photographic images using photosensitive paper.[52]
  • 1797: English science writer and schoolmistress Margaret Bryan published A Compendious System of Astronomy, including an engraving of herself and her two daughters. She dedicated the book to her students.[57]

Early 19th century

 
English paleontologist Mary Anning
 
English mathematician and computer programmer Ada Lovelace
 
American astronomer Maria Mitchell
  • 1808: Anna Sundström began assisting Jacob Berzelius in his laboratory, becoming one of the first Swedish women chemists.[58]
  • 1809: Sabina Baldoncelli earned her university degree in pharmacy but was allowed to work only in the Italian orphanage where she resided.[59]
  • 1815: English archaeologist Lady Hester Stanhope used a medieval Italian manuscript to locate a promising archaeological site in Ashkelon, becoming the first archaeologist to begin an excavation in the Palestinian region. It was one of the earliest examples of the use of textual sources in field archaeology.[60]
  • 1816: French mathematician and physicist Sophie Germain became the first woman to win a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her work on elasticity theory.[61]
  • 1823: English palaeontologist and fossil collector Mary Anning discovered the first complete Plesiosaurus.[42]
  • 1831: Italian botanist Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti published her best-known work Specimen Bryologiae Romanae.[62]
  • 1830–1837: Belgian botanist Marie-Anne Libert published her four-volume Plantae cryptogamicae des Ardennes, a collection of 400 species of mosses, ferns, lichen, algae and fungi from the Ardennes region. Her contributions to systemic cryptogamic studies were formally recognized by Prussian emperor Friedrich Wilhelm III, and Libert received a gold medal of merit.[63]
  • 1832: French marine biologist Jeanne Villepreux-Power invented the first glass aquarium, using it to assist in her scientific observations of Argonauta argo.[64]
  • 1833: English phycologists Amelia Griffiths and Mary Wyatt published two books on local British seaweeds. Griffiths had an internationally respected reputation as a skilled seaweed collector and scholar, and Swedish botanist Carl Agardh had earlier named the seaweed genus Griffithsia in her honour.[65]
  • 1833 Orra White Hitchcock (March 8, 1796 – May 26, 1863) was one of America's earliest women botanical and scientific illustrators and artists, best known for illustrating the scientific works of her husband, geologist Edward Hitchcock (1793–1864), but also notable for her own artistic and scientific work. The most well known appear in her husband's seminal works, the 1833 Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts and its successor, the 1841 Final Report produced when he was State Geologist. For the 1833 edition, Pendleton's Lithography (Boston) lithographed nine of Hitchcock's Connecticut River Valley drawings and printed them as plates for the work. In 1841, B. W. Thayer and Co., Lithographers (Boston) printed revised lithographs and an additional plate. The hand-colored plate "Autumnal Scenery. View in Amherst" is Hitchcock's most frequently seen work.[66]
  • 1835: Scottish polymath Mary Somerville and German astronomer Caroline Herschel were elected the first female members of the Royal Astronomical Society.[67][68]
  • 1836: Early English geologist and paleontologist Etheldred Benett, known for her extensive collection of several thousand fossils, was appointed a member of the Imperial Natural History Society of Moscow. The society – which only admitted men at the time – initially mistook Benett for a man due to her reputation as a scientist and her unusual first name, addressing her diploma of admission to "Dominum" (Master) Benett.[69][70]
  • 1840: Scottish fossil collector and illustrator Lady Eliza Maria Gordon-Cumming invited geologists Louis Agassiz, William Buckland and Roderick Murchison to examine her collection of fish fossils. Agassiz confirmed several of Gordon-Cumming's discoveries as new species.[71]
  • 1843: During a nine-month period in 1842–43, English mathematician Ada Lovelace translated Luigi Menabrea's article on Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. With the article, she appended a set of notes.[72] Her notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G, she describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers. It is considered the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason.[73][74] The engine was never completed, so her program was never tested.[75]
  • 1843: British botanist and pioneering photographer Anna Atkins self-published her book Photographs of British Algae, illustrating the work with cyanotypes. Her book was the first book on any subject to be illustrated by photographs.[76]
  • 1846: British zoologist Anna Thynne built the first stable, self-sustaining marine aquarium.[77]
  • 1848: American astronomer Maria Mitchell became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; she had discovered a new comet the year before.[78]
  • 1848–1849: English scientist Mary Anne Whitby, a pioneer in western silkworm cultivation, collaborated with Charles Darwin in researching the hereditary qualities of silkworms.[79][80]
  • 1850: The American Association for the Advancement of Sciences accepted its first women members: astronomer Maria Mitchell, entomologist Margaretta Morris, and science educator Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps.[81]

Late 19th century

 
Welsh astronomer Thereza Dillwyn Llewelyn
 
Russian scientist Sofia Kovalevskaya
 
American chemist Josephine Silone-Yates
 
British mathematician Philippa Fawcett
 
American geologist Florence Bascom
  • 1854: Mary Horner Lyell was a conchologist and geologist. She is most well known for her scientific work in 1854, where she studied her collection of land snails from the Canary Islands. She was married to the notable British geologist Charles Lyell and assisted him in his scientific work. It is believed by historians that she likely made major contributions to her husband's work.[82]
  • 1854–1855: Florence Nightingale organized care for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. She was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Her pie charts clearly showed that most deaths resulted from disease rather than battle wounds or "other causes," which led the general public to demand improved sanitation at field hospitals.[83]
  • 1855: Working with her father, Welsh astronomer and photographer Thereza Dillwyn Llewelyn produced some of the earliest photographs of the moon.[84]
  • 1856: American atmospheric scientist Eunice Newton Foote presented her paper "Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun's rays" at an annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences. She was an early researcher of the greenhouse effect.[85]
  • 1862: Belgian botanist Marie-Anne Libert became the first woman to join the Royal Botanical Society of Belgium. She was named an honorary member.[63]
  • 1863: German naturalist Amalie Dietrich arrived in Australia to collect plant, animal and anthropological specimens for the German Godeffroy Museum. She remained in Australia for the next decade, discovering a number of new plant and animal species in the process, but also became notorious in later years for her removal of Aboriginal skeletons – and the possible incitement of violence against Aboriginal people – for anthropological research purposes.[86][87]
  • 1865: English geologist Elizabeth Carne was elected the first female Fellow of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.[88]

1870s

1880s

1890s

Early 20th century

1900s

 
American geologist and geographer Zonia Baber
 
Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori

1910s

 
Polish-born physicist and chemist Marie Curie
 
American astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt
 
German physicist and mathematician Emmy Noether
 
Canadian geneticist Carrie Derick

1920s

 
British-American astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
 
Japanese biologist Kono Yasui

1930s

 
French chemist Irène Joliot-Curie
 
Austrian-Swedish physicist Lise Meitner

1940s

 
Actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr
 
Austrian-American biochemist Gerty Cori
 
American biochemist Marie Maynard Daly

Late 20th century

1950s

 
British chemist Rosalind Franklin
 
American computer scientist Grace Hopper
 
Chinese-American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu
 
Australian geologist Dorothy Hill

1960s

 
British primatologist Jane Goodall
 
American NASA scientist Katherine Johnson
 
British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell

1970s

1980s

 
Chinese-American virologist Flossie Wong-Staal

1990s

 
Lithuanian-Canadian primatologist Birutė Galdikas
 
Chilean astronomer María Teresa Ruiz

21st century

 
Moroccan astronomer Merieme Chadid
 
Canadian-American computer scientist Maria Klawe
 
Egyptian geomorphologist Eman Ghoneim
 
Kenyan ichthyologist Dorothy Wanja Nyingi
 
Norwegian neuroscientist May-Britt Moser
 
Canadian physicist Donna Strickland
 
American chemical engineer Frances Arnold

2000s

2010s

2020s

See also

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July 26, 2023
timeline, women, science, this, timeline, women, science, spanning, from, ancient, history, 21st, century, while, timeline, primarily, focuses, women, involved, with, natural, sciences, such, astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, also, includes, women, from,. This is a timeline of women in science spanning from ancient history up to the 21st century While the timeline primarily focuses on women involved with natural sciences such as astronomy biology chemistry and physics it also includes women from the social sciences e g sociology psychology and the formal sciences e g mathematics computer science as well as notable science educators and medical scientists The chronological events listed in the timeline relate to both scientific achievements and gender equality within the sciences A Female Scientist in Women s Illustrated Japan 1939Teresa K Attwood professor of bioinformatics Contents 1 Ancient history 2 Middle Ages 3 16th century 4 17th century 5 18th century 6 Early 19th century 7 Late 19th century 7 1 1870s 7 2 1880s 7 3 1890s 8 Early 20th century 8 1 1900s 8 2 1910s 8 3 1920s 8 4 1930s 8 5 1940s 9 Late 20th century 9 1 1950s 9 2 1960s 9 3 1970s 9 4 1980s 9 5 1990s 10 21st century 10 1 2000s 10 2 2010s 10 3 2020s 11 See also 12 References 13 External linksAncient history Edit The Tapputi Belatekallim tablet1900 BCE Aganice also known as Athyrta was an Egyptian princess during the Middle Kingdom about 2000 1700 BCE working on astronomy and natural philosophy 1 c 1500 BCE Hatshepsut also known as the Queen Doctor promoted a botanical expedition searching for officinal plants 1 1200 BCE The Mesopotamian perfume maker Tapputi Belatekallim was referenced in the text of a cuneiform tablet She is often considered the world s first recorded chemist 2 500 BCE Theano was a Pythagorean philosopher c 150 BCE Aglaonice became the first female astronomer to be recorded in Ancient Greece 3 4 1st century BCE A woman known only as Fang became the earliest recorded Chinese female alchemist She is credited with the discovery of how to turn mercury into silver possibly the chemical process of boiling off mercury in order to extract pure silver residue from ores 5 1st century CE Mary the Jewess was among the world s first alchemists 6 c 300 350 CE Greek mathematician Pandrosion develops a numerical approximation for cube roots 7 c 355 415 CE Greek astronomer mathematician and philosopher Hypatia became renowned as a respected academic teacher commentator on mathematics and head of her own science academy 8 9 3rd century CE Cleopatra the Alchemist an early figure in chemistry and practical alchemy is credited as inventing the alembic 10 Middle Ages Edit Hildegard of Bingen and her nunsc 975 CE Chinese alchemist Keng Hsien Seng was employed by the Royal Court She distilled perfumes utilized an early form of the Soxhlet process to extract camphor into alcohol and gained recognition for her skill in using mercury to extract silver from ores 5 11 10th century Al ʻIjliyyah manufactured astrolabes for the court of Sayf al Dawla in Aleppo 12 Early 12th century Dobrodeia of Kiev died 1131 a Rus princess and Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire was the first woman to write a treatise on medicine 13 Early 12th century The Italian medical practitioner Trota of Salerno compiled medical works on women s ailments and skin diseases 14 12th century Adelle of the Saracens taught at the Salerno School of Medicine 15 12th century Hildegard of Bingen 1098 1179 was a founder of scientific natural history in Germany 16 1159 The Alsatian nun Herrad of Landsberg 1130 1195 compiled the scientific compendium Hortus deliciarum 17 1220s Zulema the Astrologist was a Muslim astronomer in Medina Mayurqa 18 Early 14th century Adelmota of Carrara was a physician in Padua Italy 19 16th century Edit Danish scientist Sophia Brahe1561 Italian alchemist Isabella Cortese published her popular book The Secrets of Lady Isabella Cortese The work included recipes for medicines distilled oils and cosmetics and was the only book published by a female alchemist in the 16th century 20 1572 Italian botanist Loredana Marcello died from the plague but not before developing several effective palliative formulas for plague sufferers which were used by many physicians 21 22 1572 Danish scientist Sophia Brahe 1556 1643 assisted her brother Tycho Brahe with his astronomical observations 23 1590 After her husband s death Caterina Vitale took over his position as chief pharmacist to the Order of St John becoming the first female chemist and pharmacist in Malta 24 25 17th century Edit German Polish astronomer Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius German entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian1609 French midwife Louise Bourgeois Boursier became the first woman to write a book on childbirth practices 26 1636 Anna Maria van Schurman is the first woman ever to attend university lectures 27 She had to sit behind a screen so that her male fellow students would not see her 1642 Martine Bertereau the first recorded female mineralogist was imprisoned in France on suspicion of witchcraft Bertereau had published two written works on the science of mining and metallurgy before being arrested 5 1650 Silesian astronomer Maria Cunitz published Urania Propitia a work that both simplified and substantially improved Johannes Kepler s mathematical methods for locating planets The book was published in both Latin and German an unconventional decision that made the scientific text more accessible for non university educated readers 28 1656 French chemist and alchemist Marie Meurdrac published her book La Chymie Charitable et Facile en Faveur des Dames Useful and Easy Chemistry for the Benefit of Ladies 29 1667 Margaret Lucas Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle upon Tyne 1623 15 December 1673 was an English aristocrat philosopher poet scientist fiction writer and playwright during the 17th century She was the first woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London in 1667 and she criticised and engaged with members and philosophers Thomas Hobbes Rene Descartes and Robert Boyle 30 1668 After separating from her husband French polymath Marguerite de la Sabliere established a popular salon in Paris Scientists and scholars from different countries visited the salon regularly to discuss ideas and share knowledge and Sabliere studied physics astronomy and natural history with her guests 31 1680 French astronomer Jeanne Dumee published a summary of arguments supporting the Copernican theory of heliocentrism She wrote between the brain of a woman and that of a man there is no difference 32 1685 Frisian poet and archaeologist Titia Brongersma supervised the first excavation of a dolmen in Borger Netherlands The excavation produced new evidence that the stone structures were graves constructed by prehistoric humans rather than structures built by giants which had been the prior common belief 33 1690 German Polish astronomer Elisabetha Koopman Hevelius widow of Johannes Hevelius whom she had assisted with his observations and probably computations for over twenty years published in his name Prodromus Astronomiae the largest and most accurate star catalog to that date 34 1693 1698 German astronomer and illustrator Maria Clara Eimmart created more than 350 detailed drawings of the moon phases 35 1699 German entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian the first scientist to document the life cycle of insects for the public embarked on a scientific expedition to Suriname South America She subsequently published Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium a groundbreaking illustrated work on South American plants animals and insects 36 18th century Edit Italian physicist Laura Bassi French polymath Emilie du Chatelet Swedish agronomist Eva Ekeblad1702 Pioneering English entomologist Eleanor Glanville captured a butterfly specimen in Lincolnshire which was subsequently named the Glanville fritillary in her honour Her extensive butterfly collection impressed fellow entomologist William Vernon who called Glanville s work the noblest collection of butterflies all English which has sham d us Her butterfly specimens became part of early collections in the Natural History Museum 37 38 1702 German astronomer Maria Kirch became the first woman to discover a comet 39 c 1702 1744 In Montreal Canada French botanist Catherine Jeremie collected plant specimens and studied their properties sending the specimens and her detailed notes back to scientists in France 40 1732 At the age of 20 Italian physicist Laura Bassi became the first female member of the Bologna Academy of Sciences One month later she publicly defended her academic theses and received a PhD Bassi was awarded an honorary position as professor of physics at the University of Bologna She was the first female physics professor in the world 41 1738 French polymath Emilie du Chatelet became the first woman to have a paper published by the Paris Academy following a contest on the nature of fire 42 1740 French polymath Emilie du Chatelet published Institutions de Physique Foundations of Physics providing a metaphysical basis for Newtonian physics 43 1748 Swedish agronomist Eva Ekeblad became the first female member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Two years earlier she had developed a new process of using potatoes to make flour and alcohol which subsequently lessened Sweden s reliance on wheat crops and decreased the risk of famine 44 1751 19 year old Italian physicist Cristina Roccati received her PhD from the University of Bologna 45 1753 Jane Colden an American was the only female biologist mentioned by Carl Linnaeus in his masterwork Species Plantarum 46 1755 After the death of her husband Italian anatomist Anna Morandi Manzolini took his place at the University of Bologna becoming a professor of anatomy and establishing an internationally known laboratory for anatomical research 47 1757 French astronomer Nicole Reine Lepaute worked with mathematicians Alexis Clairaut and Joseph Lalande to calculate the next arrival of Halley s Comet 48 1760 American horticulturalist Martha Daniell Logan began corresponding with botanic specialist and collector John Bartram regularly exchanging seeds plants and botanical knowledge with him 49 1762 French astronomer Nicole Reine Lepaute calculated the time and percentage of a solar eclipse that had been predicted to occur in two years time She created a map to show the phases and published a table of her calculations in the 1763 edition of Connaissance des Temps 48 1766 French chemist Genevieve Thiroux d Arconville published her study on putrefaction The book presented her observations from more than 300 experiments over the span of five years during which she attempted to discover factors necessary for the preservation of beef eggs and other foods Her work was recommended for royal privilege by fellow chemist Pierre Joseph Macquer 50 c 1775 Herbalist botanist Jeanne Baret becomes the first woman to circumnavigate the globe 1776 At the University of Bologna Italian physicist Laura Bassi became the first woman appointed as chair of physics at a university 41 1776 Christine Kirch received a respectable salary of 400 Thaler for calendar making See also her sister Margaretha Kirch 1782 1791 French chemist and mineralogist Claudine Picardet translated more than 800 pages of Swedish German English and Italian scientific papers into French enabling French scientists to better discuss and utilize international research in chemistry mineralogy and astronomy 51 c 1787 1797 Self taught Chinese astronomer Wang Zhenyi published at least twelve books and multiple articles on astronomy and mathematics Using a lamp a mirror and a table she once created a famous scientific exhibit designed to accurately simulate a lunar eclipse 52 53 1786 1797 German astronomer Caroline Herschel discovered eight new comets 54 along with numerous other discoveries 1789 French astronomer Louise du Pierry the first Parisian woman to become an astronomy professor taught the first astronomy courses specifically open to female students 55 1794 British chemist Elizabeth Fulhame invented the concept of catalysis and published a book on her findings 56 c 1796 1820 During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor astronomer Huang Lu became the first Chinese woman to work with optics and photographic images She developed a telescope that could take simple photographic images using photosensitive paper 52 1797 English science writer and schoolmistress Margaret Bryan published A Compendious System of Astronomy including an engraving of herself and her two daughters She dedicated the book to her students 57 Early 19th century Edit English paleontologist Mary Anning English mathematician and computer programmer Ada Lovelace American astronomer Maria Mitchell1808 Anna Sundstrom began assisting Jacob Berzelius in his laboratory becoming one of the first Swedish women chemists 58 1809 Sabina Baldoncelli earned her university degree in pharmacy but was allowed to work only in the Italian orphanage where she resided 59 1815 English archaeologist Lady Hester Stanhope used a medieval Italian manuscript to locate a promising archaeological site in Ashkelon becoming the first archaeologist to begin an excavation in the Palestinian region It was one of the earliest examples of the use of textual sources in field archaeology 60 1816 French mathematician and physicist Sophie Germain became the first woman to win a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her work on elasticity theory 61 1823 English palaeontologist and fossil collector Mary Anning discovered the first complete Plesiosaurus 42 1831 Italian botanist Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti published her best known work Specimen Bryologiae Romanae 62 1830 1837 Belgian botanist Marie Anne Libert published her four volume Plantae cryptogamicae des Ardennes a collection of 400 species of mosses ferns lichen algae and fungi from the Ardennes region Her contributions to systemic cryptogamic studies were formally recognized by Prussian emperor Friedrich Wilhelm III and Libert received a gold medal of merit 63 1832 French marine biologist Jeanne Villepreux Power invented the first glass aquarium using it to assist in her scientific observations of Argonauta argo 64 1833 English phycologists Amelia Griffiths and Mary Wyatt published two books on local British seaweeds Griffiths had an internationally respected reputation as a skilled seaweed collector and scholar and Swedish botanist Carl Agardh had earlier named the seaweed genus Griffithsia in her honour 65 1833 Orra White Hitchcock March 8 1796 May 26 1863 was one of America s earliest women botanical and scientific illustrators and artists best known for illustrating the scientific works of her husband geologist Edward Hitchcock 1793 1864 but also notable for her own artistic and scientific work The most well known appear in her husband s seminal works the 1833 Report on the Geology Mineralogy Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts and its successor the 1841 Final Report produced when he was State Geologist For the 1833 edition Pendleton s Lithography Boston lithographed nine of Hitchcock s Connecticut River Valley drawings and printed them as plates for the work In 1841 B W Thayer and Co Lithographers Boston printed revised lithographs and an additional plate The hand colored plate Autumnal Scenery View in Amherst is Hitchcock s most frequently seen work 66 1835 Scottish polymath Mary Somerville and German astronomer Caroline Herschel were elected the first female members of the Royal Astronomical Society 67 68 1836 Early English geologist and paleontologist Etheldred Benett known for her extensive collection of several thousand fossils was appointed a member of the Imperial Natural History Society of Moscow The society which only admitted men at the time initially mistook Benett for a man due to her reputation as a scientist and her unusual first name addressing her diploma of admission to Dominum Master Benett 69 70 1840 Scottish fossil collector and illustrator Lady Eliza Maria Gordon Cumming invited geologists Louis Agassiz William Buckland and Roderick Murchison to examine her collection of fish fossils Agassiz confirmed several of Gordon Cumming s discoveries as new species 71 1843 During a nine month period in 1842 43 English mathematician Ada Lovelace translated Luigi Menabrea s article on Charles Babbage s newest proposed machine the Analytical Engine With the article she appended a set of notes 72 Her notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G In note G she describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers It is considered the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason 73 74 The engine was never completed so her program was never tested 75 1843 British botanist and pioneering photographer Anna Atkins self published her book Photographs of British Algae illustrating the work with cyanotypes Her book was the first book on any subject to be illustrated by photographs 76 1846 British zoologist Anna Thynne built the first stable self sustaining marine aquarium 77 1848 American astronomer Maria Mitchell became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences she had discovered a new comet the year before 78 1848 1849 English scientist Mary Anne Whitby a pioneer in western silkworm cultivation collaborated with Charles Darwin in researching the hereditary qualities of silkworms 79 80 1850 The American Association for the Advancement of Sciences accepted its first women members astronomer Maria Mitchell entomologist Margaretta Morris and science educator Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps 81 Late 19th century Edit Welsh astronomer Thereza Dillwyn Llewelyn Russian scientist Sofia Kovalevskaya American chemist Josephine Silone Yates British mathematician Philippa Fawcett American geologist Florence Bascom1854 Mary Horner Lyell was a conchologist and geologist She is most well known for her scientific work in 1854 where she studied her collection of land snails from the Canary Islands She was married to the notable British geologist Charles Lyell and assisted him in his scientific work It is believed by historians that she likely made major contributions to her husband s work 82 1854 1855 Florence Nightingale organized care for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War She was an English social reformer and statistician and the founder of modern nursing Her pie charts clearly showed that most deaths resulted from disease rather than battle wounds or other causes which led the general public to demand improved sanitation at field hospitals 83 1855 Working with her father Welsh astronomer and photographer Thereza Dillwyn Llewelyn produced some of the earliest photographs of the moon 84 1856 American atmospheric scientist Eunice Newton Foote presented her paper Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun s rays at an annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences She was an early researcher of the greenhouse effect 85 1862 Belgian botanist Marie Anne Libert became the first woman to join the Royal Botanical Society of Belgium She was named an honorary member 63 1863 German naturalist Amalie Dietrich arrived in Australia to collect plant animal and anthropological specimens for the German Godeffroy Museum She remained in Australia for the next decade discovering a number of new plant and animal species in the process but also became notorious in later years for her removal of Aboriginal skeletons and the possible incitement of violence against Aboriginal people for anthropological research purposes 86 87 1865 English geologist Elizabeth Carne was elected the first female Fellow of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall 88 1870s Edit 1869 1870 American beekeeper Ellen Smith Tupper became the first female editor of an entomological journal 89 1870 Katharine Murray Lyell was a British botanist author of an early book on the worldwide distribution of ferns and editor of volumes of the correspondence of several of the era s notable scientists 90 1870 Ellen Swallow Richards became the first American woman to earn a degree in chemistry 91 1870 Russian chemist Anna Volkova became the first female member of the Russian Chemical Society 92 1874 Julia Lermontova became the first Russian woman to receive a PhD in chemistry 92 1875 Hungarian archaeologist Zsofia Torma excavated the site of Turdaș Luncă in Hunedoara County today in Romania The site which uncovered valuable prehistoric artifacts became one of the most important archaeological discoveries in Europe 93 1876 1878 American naturalist Mary Treat studied insectivorous plants in Florida Her contributions to the scientific understanding of how these plants caught and digested prey were acknowledged by Charles Darwin and Asa Gray 94 1878 English entomologist Eleanor Anne Ormerod became the first female Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society A few years afterwards she was appointed as Consulting Entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society 95 96 1880s Edit 1880 Self taught German chemist Agnes Pockels began investigating surface tension becoming a pioneering figure in the field of surface science The measurement equipment she developed provided the basic foundation for modern quantitative analyses of surface films 97 1883 American ethnologist Erminnie A Smith the first female field ethnographer published her collection of Iroquois legends Myths of the Iroquois 98 1884 English zoologist Alice Johnson s paper on newt embryos became the first paper authored by a woman to appear in the Proceedings of the Royal Society 99 1885 British naturalist Marian Farquharson became the first female Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society 100 1886 Botanist Emily Lovira Gregory became the first femalemember of the American Society of Naturalists 101 1887 Rachel Lloyd became the first American woman to receive a PhD in chemistry completing her research at the Swiss University of Zurich 102 1888 Russian scientist Sofia Kovalevskaya discovered the Kovalevskaya top one of a brief list of known rigid body motion examples that are tractable by manipulating equations by hand 103 104 1888 American chemist Josephine Silone Yates was appointed head of the Department of Natural Sciences at Lincoln Institute later Lincoln University becoming the first black woman to head a college science department 105 106 1889 Geologist Mary Emilie Holmes became the first female Fellow of the Geological Society of America 107 1890s Edit 1890 Austrian born chemist Ida Freund became the first woman to work as a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom She was promoted to full lecturer at Newnham College Cambridge 108 1890 Popular science educator and author Agnes Giberne co founded the British Astronomical Association 109 Subsequently English astronomer Elizabeth Brown was appointed the Director of the association s Solar Section well known for her studies in sunspots and other solar phenomena 110 1890 Mathematician Philippa Fawcett became the first woman to obtain the highest score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos examinations a score above the Senior Wrangler 111 At the time women were ineligible to be named Senior Wrangler 1891 American born astronomer Dorothea Klumpke was appointed as Head of the Bureau of Measurements at the Paris Observatory For the next decade in addition to completing her doctorate of science she worked on the Carte du Ciel mapping project She was recognized for her work with the first Prix de Dames award from the Societe astronomique de France and named an Officier of the Paris Academy of Sciences 112 1892 American psychologist Christine Ladd Franklin presented her evolutionary theory on the development of colour vision to the International Congress of Psychology Her theory was the first to emphasize colour vision as an evolutionary trait citation needed 1893 Florence Bascom became the second woman to earn her PhD in geology in the United States and the first woman to receive a PhD from Johns Hopkins University 113 114 Geologists consider her to be the first woman geologist in this country America 115 failed verification 1893 American botanist Elizabeth Gertrude Britton became a charter member of the Botanical Society of America 116 1894 American astronomer Margaretta Palmer becomes the first woman to earn a doctorate in astronomy 117 1895 English physiologist Marion Bidder became the first woman to speak and present her own paper at a meeting of the Royal Society 118 1896 Florence Bascom became the first woman to work for the United States Geological Survey 119 120 1896 English mycologist and lichenologist Annie Lorrain Smith became a founding member of the British Mycological Society She later served as president twice 121 122 1897 American cytologists and zoologists Katharine Foot and Ella Church Strobell started working as research partners Together they pioneered the practice of photographing microscopic research samples and invented a new technique for creating thin material samples in colder temperatures 123 1897 American physicist Isabelle Stone became the first woman to receive a PhD in physics in the United States She wrote her dissertation On the Electrical Resistance of Thin Films at the University of Chicago 124 125 1898 Danish physicist Kirstine Meyer was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 126 1898 Italian malacologist Marianna Paulucci donated her collection of specimens to the Royal Museum of Natural History in Florence Italy Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze Paulucci was the first scientist to compile and publish a species list of Italian malacofauna 127 1899 American physicists Marcia Keith and Isabelle Stone became charter members of the American Physical Society 128 125 1899 Irish physicist Edith Anne Stoney was appointed a physics lecturer at the London School of Medicine for Women becoming the first female medical physicist She later became a pioneering figure in the use of X ray machines on the front lines of World War I 129 Early 20th century Edit1900s Edit American geologist and geographer Zonia Baber Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori1900 American botanist Anna Murray Vail became the first librarian of the New York Botanical Garden A key supporter of the institution s establishment she had earlier donated her entire collection of 3000 botanical specimens to the garden 130 1900 Physicists Marie Sklodowska Curie and Isabelle Stone attended the first International Congress of Physics in Paris France They were the only two women out of 836 participants 125 1901 American Florence Bascom became the first female geologist to present a paper before the Geological Survey of Washington 131 1901 Czech botanist and zoologist Marie Zdenka Baborova Cihakova became the first woman in the Czech Republic to receive a PhD 132 1901 American astronomer Annie Jump Cannon published her first catalog of stellar spectra which classified stars by temperature This method was universally and permanently adopted by other astronomers 133 1903 Grace Coleridge Frankland nee Toynbee was an English microbiologist Her most notable work was Bacteria in Daily Life She was one of the nineteen female scientists who wrote the 1904 petition to the Chemical Society to request that they should create some female fellows of the society 134 1903 Polish born physicist and chemist Marie Sklodowska Curie became the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize when she received the Nobel Prize in Physics along with her husband Pierre Curie for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel and Henri Becquerel for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity 135 136 137 1904 American geographer geologist and educator Zonia Baber published her article The Scope of Geography in which she laid out her educational theories on the teaching of geography She argued that students required a more interdisciplinary experiential approach to learning geography instead of a reliance on textbooks students needed field trips lab work and map making knowledge Baber s educational ideas transformed the way schools taught geography 138 1904 British chemists Ida Smedley Ida Freund and Martha Whiteley organized a petition asking the Chemical Society to admit women as Fellows A total of 19 female chemists became signatories but their petition was denied by the society 139 1904 Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes 15 October 1880 2 October 1958 was a British author palaeobotanist and campaigner for women s rights She made significant contributions to plant palaeontology and coal classification She held the post of Lecturer in Palaeobotany at the University of Manchester from 1904 to 1910 in this capacity she became the first female academic of that university 140 In 1909 she was elected to the Linnean Society of London She was 26 at the time of her election to Fellowship the youngest woman admitted at that time 1904 In a December meeting the Linnean Society of London elected its first women Fellows These initial women included horticulturalist Ellen Willmott ornithologist Emma Turner biologist Lilian Jane Gould mycologists Gulielma Lister and Annie Lorrain Smith and botanists Mary Anne Stebbing Margaret Jane Benson and Ethel Sargant 141 142 1905 American geneticist Nettie Stevens discovered sex chromosomes 143 1906 Following the San Francisco earthquake American botanist and curator Alice Eastwood rescued almost 1500 rare plant specimens from the burning California Academy of Sciences building Her curation system of keeping type specimens separate from other collections unconventional at the time allowed her to quickly find and retrieve the specimens 144 1906 Russian chemist Irma Goldberg published a paper on two newly discovered chemical reactions involving the presence of copper and the creation of a nitrogen carbon bond to an aromatic halide These reactions were subsequently named the Goldberg reaction and the Jourdan Ullman Goldberg reaction 145 1906 English physicist mathematician and engineer Hertha Ayrton became the first female recipient of the Hughes Medal from the Royal Society of London She received the award for her experimental research on electric arcs and sand ripples 146 1906 After her death English lepidopterist Emma Hutchinson s collection of 20 000 butterflies and moths was donated to the London Natural History Museum She had published little during her lifetime and was barred from joining local scientific societies due to her gender but was honoured for her work when a variant form of the comma butterfly was named hutchinsoni 147 1909 Alice Wilson became the first female geologist hired by the Geological Survey of Canada 148 149 She is widely credited as being the first Canadian female geologist 150 1909 Danish physicist Kirstine Meyer became the first Danish woman to receive a doctorate degree in natural sciences She wrote her dissertation on the topic of the development of the temperature concept within the history of physics 126 1910s Edit Polish born physicist and chemist Marie Curie American astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt German physicist and mathematician Emmy Noether Canadian geneticist Carrie Derick1911 Polish born physicist and chemist Marie Curie became the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry which she received for the discovery of the elements radium and polonium by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element 151 152 153 This made her the first person ever to win the Nobel Prize twice As of 2022 she is the only woman to win it twice and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two scientific fields 1911 Norwegian biologist Kristine Bonnevie became the first woman member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters 154 1912 American astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt studied the bright dim cycle periods of Cepheid stars then found a way to calculate the distance from such stars to Earth 151 1912 Canadian botanist and geneticist Carrie Derick was appointed a professor of morphological botany at McGill University She was the first woman to become a full professor in any department at a Canadian university 155 1913 Regina Fleszarowa became the first Polish woman to receive a PhD in natural sciences 156 1913 Izabela Textorisova the first Slovakian female botanist published Flora Data from the County of Turiec in the journal Botanikai Kozlemenyek Her work uncovered more than 100 previously unknown species of plants from the Turiec area 157 1913 Canadian physician and chemist Maud Menten co authored a paper on enzyme kinetics leading to the development of the Michaelis Menten kinetics equation 158 1914 1918 During World War I a team of seven British women chemists conducted pioneering research on chemical antidotes and weaponized gases The project leader Martha Whiteley was awarded the Order of the British Empire for her wartime contributions 159 1914 1918 Dame Helen Gwynne Vaughan GBE nee Fraser was a prominent English botanist and mycologist For her wartime service she was the first woman to be awarded a military DBE in January 1918 She served as Commandant of the Women s Royal Air Force WRAF from September 1918 until December 1919 160 1914 British born mycologist Ethel Doidge became the first woman in South Africa to receive a doctorate in any subject receiving her doctorate of science degree from the University of the Good Hope She wrote her thesis on A bacterial disease of mango 161 1916 Isabella Preston became the first female professional plant hybridist in Canada producing the George C Creelman trumpet lily Her lily later received an Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society 162 1916 Chika Kuroda became the first Japanese woman to earn a bachelor of science degree studying chemistry at the Tohoku Imperial University After graduation she was subsequently appointed an assistant professor at the university 163 1917 American zoologist Mary J Rathbun received her PhD from the George Washington University Despite never having attended college or any formal schooling beyond high school Rathbun had authored more than 80 scientific publications described over 674 new species of crustacean and developed a system for crustacean related records at the Smithsonian Museum 164 1917 Dutch biologist and geneticist Jantina Tammes became the first female university professor in the Netherlands She was appointed an extraordinary professor of phytopathology at the University of Utrecht 165 1918 German physicist and mathematician Emmy Noether created Noether s theorem explaining the connection between symmetry and conservation laws 166 1919 Kathleen Maisey Curtis became the first New Zealand woman to earn a Doctorate of Science degree DSc completing her thesis on Synchytrium endobioticum potato wart disease at the Imperial College of Science and Technology Her research was cited as the most outstanding result in mycological research that had been presented for ten years 167 1920s Edit British American astronomer Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin Japanese biologist Kono Yasui1920 Louisa Bolus was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa for her contributions to botany Over the course of her lifetime Bolus identified and named more than 1 700 new South African plant species more species than any other botanist in South Africa 168 1923 Maria Teresa Ferrari an Argentine physician earned the first diploma awarded to a woman by the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris for her studies of the urinary tract 169 1924 Florence Bascom became the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America 131 1925 Mexican American botanist Ynes Mexia embarked on her first botanical expedition into Mexico collecting over 1500 plant specimens Over the course of the next thirteen years Mexia collected more than 145 000 specimens from Mexico Alaska and multiple South American countries She discovered 500 new species 170 1925 American medical scientist Florence Sabin became the first woman elected to the National Academy of Sciences 171 1925 British American astronomer and astrophysicist Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin established that hydrogen is the most common element in stars and thus the most abundant element in the universe 172 1927 Kono Yasui became the first Japanese woman to earn a doctorate in science studying at the Tokyo Imperial University and completing her thesis on Studies on the structure of lignite brown coal and bituminous coal in Japan 173 1928 Alice Evans became the first woman elected president of the Society of American Bacteriologists 174 1928 Helen Battle became the first woman to earn a PhD in marine biology in Canada 175 1928 British biologist Kathleen Carpenter published the first English language textbook devoted to freshwater ecology Life in Inland Waters 176 1929 American botanist Margaret Clay Ferguson became the first female president of the Botanical Society of America 177 1929 Scottish Nigerian Agnes Yewande Savage became the first West African woman to graduate from medical school obtaining her degree at the University of Edinburgh 178 179 180 1930s Edit French chemist Irene Joliot Curie Austrian Swedish physicist Lise Meitner1930 Concepcion Mendizabal Mendoza became the first woman in Mexico to earn a civil engineering degree 181 1932 Michiyo Tsujimura became the first Japanese woman to earn a doctorate in agriculture She studied at the Tokyo Imperial University and her doctoral thesis was entitled On the Chemical Components of Green Tea 182 1933 Hungarian scientist Elizabeth Rona received the Haitinger Prize from the Austrian Academy of Sciences for her method of extracting polonium 183 184 1933 American bacteriologist Ruth Ella Moore became the first African American woman to receive a PhD in the natural sciences completing her doctorate in bacteriology at Ohio State University 185 1935 French chemist Irene Joliot Curie received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Frederic Joliot Curie for their synthesis of new radioactive elements 186 1935 American plant hybridist Grace Sturtevant the First Lady of Iris received the American Iris Society s gold medal for her lifetime s work 187 1936 Edith Patch became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America 188 1936 Mycologist Kathleen Maisey Curtis was elected the first female Fellow at the Royal Society of New Zealand 167 189 1936 Danish seismologist and geophysicist Inge Lehmann discovered that the Earth has a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core 190 1937 Canadian forensic pathologist Frances Gertrude McGill assisted the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in establishing their first forensic detection laboratory 191 1937 Suzanne Comhaire Sylvain became the first female Haitian anthropologist and the first Haitian person to complete a PhD receiving her doctoral degree from the University of Paris 192 193 194 1937 Marietta Blau and her student Hertha Wambacher both Austrian physicists received the Lieben Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for their work on cosmic ray observations using the technique of nuclear emulsions 195 196 1938 Elizabeth Abimbola Awoliyi became the first woman to be licensed to practise medicine in Nigeria after graduating from Trinity College Dublin and the first West African female medical officer with a license of the Royal Surgeon Dublin 197 198 199 200 1938 Geologist Alice Wilson became the first woman appointed as Fellow to the Royal Society of Canada 150 1938 South African naturalist Marjorie Courtenay Latimer discovered a living coelacanth fish caught near the Chalumna river The species had been believed to be extinct for over 60 million years It was named latimeria chalumnae in her honour 201 1939 Austrian Swedish physicist Lise Meitner along with Otto Hahn led the small group of scientists who first discovered nuclear fission of uranium when it absorbed an extra neutron the results were published in early 1939 202 203 1939 French physicist Marguerite Perey discovered francium 204 1940s Edit Actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr Austrian American biochemist Gerty Cori American biochemist Marie Maynard Daly1940 Turkish Archaeologist Sumerologist Assyriologist and writer Muazzez Ilmiye Cig Upon receiving her degree in 1940 she began a multi decade career at Museum of the Ancient Orient one of three such institutions comprising Istanbul Archaeology Museums as a resident specialist in the field of cuneiform tablets thousands of which were being stored untranslated and unclassified in the facility s archives In the intervening years due to her efforts in the deciphering and publication of the tablets the Museum became a Middle Eastern languages learning center attended by ancient history researchers from every part of the world 205 1941 American scientist Ruth Smith Lloyd became the first African American woman to receive a PhD in anatomy 206 1942 Austrian American actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil developed a radio guidance system for Allied torpedoes that used spread spectrum and frequency hopping technology to defeat the threat of jamming by the Axis powers Although the US Navy did not adopt the technology until the 1960s the principles of their work are incorporated into Bluetooth technology and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of CDMA and Wi Fi This work led to their induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 1942 American geologist Marguerite Williams became the first African American woman to receive a PhD in geology in the United States She completed her doctorate entitled A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Drainage Basin at Catholic University 207 208 1942 Native American aerospace engineer Mary Golda Ross became employed at Lockheed Aircraft Corporation where she provided troubleshooting for military aircraft She went on to work for NASA developing operational requirements flight plans and a Planetary Flight Handbook for spacecraft missions such as the Apollo program 209 1943 British geologist Eileen Guppy was promoted to the rank of assistant geologist therefore becoming the first female geology graduate appointed to the scientific staff of the British Geological Survey 210 1944 Indian chemist Asima Chatterjee became the first Indian woman to receive a doctorate of science completing her studies at the University of Calcutta She went on to establish the Department of Chemistry at Lady Brabourne College 211 1945 American physicists and mathematicians Frances Spence Ruth Teitelbaum Marlyn Meltzer Betty Holberton Jean Bartik and Kathleen Antonelli programmed the electronic general purpose computer ENIAC becoming some of the world s first computer programmers 212 The first were uncredited operators mostly members of the Women s Royal Naval Service of the Colossus computer in 1943 1945 but that machine was not a stored program computer and its existence was a state secret until the 1970s 1945 Marjory Stephenson and Kathleen Lonsdale were elected as the first female Fellows of the Royal Society 213 1947 Austrian American biochemist Gerty Cori became the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which she received along with Carl Ferdinand Cori for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen and Bernardo Alberto Houssay for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar 214 215 216 1947 American biochemist Marie Maynard Daly became the first African American woman to complete a PhD in chemistry in the United States She completed her dissertation entitled A Study of the Products Formed by the Action of Pancreatic Amylase on Corn Starch at Columbia University 217 1947 Berta Karlik an Austrian physicist was awarded the Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for her discovery of astatine 218 1947 Susan Ofori Atta became the first Ghanaian woman to earn a medical degree when she graduated from the University of Edinburgh 179 180 1948 Canadian plant pathologist and mycologist Margaret Newton became the first woman to be awarded the Flavelle Medal from the Royal Society of Canada in recognition of her extensive research in wheat rust fungal disease Her experiments led to the development of rust resistant strains of wheat 219 1948 American limnologist Ruth Patrick of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia led a multidisciplinary team of scientists on an extensive pollution survey of the Conestoga River watershed in Pennsylvania 220 Patrick would become a leading authority on the ecological effects of river pollution receiving the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement in 1975 221 1949 Botanist Valida Tutayug az became the first Azerbaijani woman to receive a PhD in biological studies She went on to write the first national Azerbaijani language textbooks on botany and biology 222 Winifred Goldring February 1 1888 January 30 1971 223 was an American paleontologist and became the first female president of the Paleontological Society her work included a description of stromatolites as well as the study of Devonian crinoids 224 225 She was the first woman in the US to be appointed as a State Paleontologist 226 Late 20th century Edit1950s Edit British chemist Rosalind Franklin American computer scientist Grace Hopper Chinese American physicist Chien Shiung Wu Australian geologist Dorothy Hill1950s Chinese American medical scientist Tsai Fan Yu co founded a clinic at Mount Sinai Medical Center for the study and treatment of gout Working with Alexander B Gutman Yu established that levels of uric acid were a factor in the pain experienced by gout patients and subsequently developed multiple effective drugs for the treatment of gout 227 1950 Chinese American particle physicist Chien Shiung Wu proved the validity of Quantum entanglement which counters Albert Einstein s EPR Paradox and published her work on the new year of the new decade She also proved the validity of beta decay around this time 228 229 230 231 1950 Ghanaian Matilda J Clerk became the first woman in Ghana and West Africa to attend graduate school earning a postgraduate diploma at the London School of Hygiene amp Tropical Medicine 179 180 1950 Isabella Abbott became the first Native Hawaiian woman to receive a PhD in any science hers was in botany 232 233 1950 American microbiologist Esther Lederberg became the first to isolate lambda bacteriophage a DNA virus from Escherichia coli K 12 234 1951 Ghana s Esther Afua Ocloo became the first person of African ancestry to obtain a cooking diploma from the Good Housekeeping Institute in London and to take the post graduate Food Preservation Course at Long Ashton Research Station Department of Horticulture Bristol University 235 236 237 1952 American computer scientist Grace Hopper completed what is considered to be the first compiler a program that allows a computer user to use a human readable high level programming language instead of machine code It was known as the A 0 compiler 238 1952 Photograph 51 an X ray diffraction image of crystallized DNA was taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952 working as a PhD student under the supervision of British chemist and biophysicist Rosalind Franklin 239 240 241 242 it was critical evidence 243 in identifying the structure of DNA 244 1952 Canadian agriculturalist Mary MacArthur became the first female Fellow of the Agricultural Institute of Canada for her contributions to the science of food dehydration and freezing 245 246 1953 Canadian British radiobiologist Alma Howard co authored a paper proposing that cellular life transitions through four distinct periods This became the first concept of the cell cycle 247 1954 Lucy Cranwell was the first female recipient of the Hector Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand She was recognized for her pioneering work with pollen in the emerging field of palynology 248 1955 Moira Dunbar became the first female glaciologist to study sea ice from a Canadian icebreaker ship 249 250 251 1955 Japanese geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi published her research on measuring carbonic acid levels in seawater The paper included Saruhashi s Table a tool of measurement she had developed that focused on using water temperature pH level and chlorinity to determine carbonic acid levels Her work contributed to global understanding of climate change and Saruhashi s Table was used by oceanographers for the next 30 years 252 1955 1956 Soviet marine biologist Maria Klenova became the first female scientist to work in the Antarctic conducting research and assisting in the establishment of the Mirny Antarctic station 253 1956 Canadian zoologist and feminist Anne Innis Dagg began pioneering behavioural research on wild giraffes in South Africa in Kruger National Park She researched and published on feminism and anti nepotism laws at academic institutions in North America 1956 Chinese American physicist Chien Shiung Wu conducted a nuclear physics experiment in collaboration with the Low Temperature Group of the US National Bureau of Standards It was an important foundation for the Standard Model in particle physics and brought the first answer to the question of the universe s existence by virtue of matter s predominance over antimatter 254 The experiment becoming known as the Wu experiment showed that parity could be violated in weak interaction 255 The Nobel Prize was given only to her male colleagues soon after the headlines of the discovery were released 1956 Dorothy Hill became the first Australian woman elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science 256 1956 English zoologist and geneticist Margaret Bastock published the first evidence that a single gene could change behavior 257 1957 1958 Chinese scientist Lanying Lin produced China s first germanium and silicon mono crystals subsequently pioneering new techniques in semiconductor development 258 1959 Chinese astronomer Ye Shuhua led the development of the Joint Chinese Universal Time System which became the Chinese national standard for measuring universal time 259 1959 Susan Ofori Atta the first female Ghanaian physician became a founding member of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences 260 261 1960s Edit British primatologist Jane Goodall American NASA scientist Katherine Johnson British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell1960 British primatologist Jane Goodall began studying chimpanzees in Tanzania her study of them continued for over 50 years Her observations challenged previous ideas that only humans made tools and that chimpanzees had a basically vegetarian diet 262 263 Early 1960s German Canadian metallurgist Ursula Franklin studied levels of radioactive isotope strontium 90 that were appearing in the teeth of children as a side effect of nuclear weapons testing fallout Her research influenced the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 264 1960s American mathematician Katherine Johnson calculated flight paths at NASA for crewed space flights 265 1961 Indian chemist Asima Chatterjee became the first female recipient of a Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize She was recognized in the Chemical Sciences category for her contributions to phytomedicine 266 1962 Rachel Louise Carson was an American marine biologist author and conservationist whose book Silent Spring and other writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement 267 1962 South African botanist Margaret Levyns became the first female president of the Royal Society of South Africa 268 1962 French physicist Marguerite Perey became the first female Fellow elected to the Academie des Sciences 269 1963 Elsa G Vilmundardottir became the first female Icelandic geologist completing her studies at Stockholm University 270 1963 Maria Goeppert Mayer became the first American woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics she shared the prize with J Hans D Jensen for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure and Eugene Paul Wigner for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles 271 272 273 1964 American mathematician Irene Stegun completed the work which led to the publication of Handbook of Mathematical Functions a widely used and widely cited reference work in applied mathematics 1964 British chemist Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her determinations by X ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances 274 1964 Scottish virologist June Almeida made the first identification of a human coronavirus 275 1965 Sister Mary Kenneth Keller became the first American woman to receive a Ph D in computer science 276 Her thesis was titled Inductive Inference on Computer Generated Patterns 277 1966 Japanese immunologist Teruko Ishizaka working with Kimishige Ishizaka discovered the antibody class Immunoglobulin E IgE 278 1967 British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell co discovered the first radio pulsars 279 1967 Sue Arnold became the first female British Geological Survey person to go to sea on a research vessel 210 1967 South African radiobiologist Tikvah Alper discovered that scrapie an infectious brain disease affecting sheep did not spread via DNA or RNA like a viral or bacterial disease The discovery enabled scientists to better understand diseases caused by prions 280 281 1967 Yvonne Brill a Canadian American rocket and jet propulsion engineer invented the hydrazine resistojet propulsion system 1968 Japanese pioneer of molecular biology Tsuneko Okazaki studied DNA replication and discovered Okazaki fragments 282 1969 Beris Cox became the first female paleontologist in the British Geological Survey 210 1969 Ukrainian born astronomer Svetlana Gerasimenko co discovered the 67P Churyumov Gerasimenko comet 283 1970s Edit 1970 Dorothy Hill became the first female president of the Australian Academy of Science 256 1970 Samira Islam became the first Saudi Arabian person to earn a PhD in pharmacology 284 1970 Astronomer Vera Rubin published the first evidence for dark matter 285 1970 Polish geologist Franciszka Szymakowska became widely known because of her unique and detailed geological drawings that are still used today 286 1973 American physicist Anna Coble became the first African American woman to receive a PhD in biophysics completing her dissertation at University of Illinois 287 1974 Dominican marine biologist Idelisa Bonnelly founded the Dominican Republic Academy of Science 288 1975 Indian chemist Asima Chatterjee was elected the General President of the Indian Science Congress Association She simultaneously became the first female scientist ever elected a member of the congress 289 1975 Indian geneticist Archana Sharma received the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize the first female recipient in the Biological Sciences category 290 291 1975 Female officers of the British Geological Survey no longer had to resign upon getting married 210 1975 Chien Shiung Wu became the first female president of the American Physical Society 292 1976 Filipino American microbiologist Roseli Ocampo Friedmann traveled to the Antarctic with Imre Friedmann and discovered micro organisms living within the porous rock of the Ross Desert These organisms cryptoendoliths were observed surviving extremely low temperatures and humidity assisting scientific research into the possibility of life on Mars 293 1976 Margaret Burbidge was named the first female president of the American Astronomical Society 294 295 1977 American medical physicist Rosalyn Yalow received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones along with Roger Guillemin and Andrew V Schally who received it for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain 296 1977 Friederike Victoria Joy Adamson nee Gessner 20 January 1910 3 January 1980 was a naturalist artist and author Her book Born Free an international bestseller describes her experiences raising a lion cub named Elsa It was made into an Academy Award winning movie of the same name In 1977 she was awarded the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art 297 1977 The Association for Women Geoscientists was founded 298 1977 Argentine Canadian scientist Veronica Dahl became the first graduate at Universite d Aix Marseille II and one of the first women in the world to earn a PhD in artificial intelligence 299 1977 Canadian American Elizabeth Stern published her research on the link between birth control pills which contained high levels of estrogen at the time and the increased risk of cervical cancer development in women Her data helped pressure the pharmaceutical industry into providing safer contraceptive pills with lower hormone doses 300 1978 Anna Jane Harrison became the first female president of the American Chemical Society 301 1978 Mildred Cohn served as the first female president of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology then called the American Society of Biological Chemists 302 303 304 1980s Edit Chinese American virologist Flossie Wong Staal1980 Japanese geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi became the first woman elected to the Science Council of Japan 305 1980 Nigerian geophysicist Deborah Ajakaiye became the first woman in any West African country to be appointed a full professor of physics 306 307 Over the course of her scientific career she became the first female Fellow elected to the Nigerian Academy of Science and the first female dean of science in Nigeria 308 1981 Vera Rubin was the second female astronomer elected to the National Academy of Science Beginning her academic career as the sole undergraduate in astronomy at Vassar College Rubin went on to graduate studies at Cornell University and Georgetown University where she observed deviations from Hubble flow in galaxies and provided evidence for the existence of galactic superclusters 309 1982 Nephrologist Leah Lowenstein became the first female dean of a co educational medical school in the United States 310 1982 Janet Vida Watson FRS 311 FGS 1923 1985 was a British geologist She was a professor of geology at Imperial College London A fellow of the Royal Society she is well known for her contribution to the understanding of the Lewisian complex and as an author and co author of several books In 1982 she was elected President of the Geological Society of London the first woman to occupy that position 312 1983 American cytogeneticist Barbara McClintock received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of genetic transposition she was the first woman to receive that prize without sharing it and the first American woman to receive any unshared Nobel Prize 313 314 315 316 317 1983 Brazilian agronomist Johanna Dobereiner became a founding Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences 318 1983 Indian immunologist Indira Nath became the first female scientist to receive the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in the Medical Sciences category 319 291 1983 Geologist Sudipta Sengupta and marine biologist Aditi Pant became the first Indian women to visit the Antarctic 320 1985 After identifying HIV as the cause of AIDS Chinese American virologist Flossie Wong Staal became the first scientist to clone and genetically map the HIV virus enabling the development of the first HIV blood screening tests 321 1986 Italian neurologist Rita Levi Montalcini received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared with Stanley Cohen for their discoveries of growth factors 322 1988 American biochemist and pharmacologist Gertrude B Elion received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with James W Black and George H Hitchings for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment 323 1988 American scientist and inventor Patricia Bath born 1942 became the first African American to patent a medical device namely the Laserphaco Probe for improving the use of lasers to remove cataracts 324 1990s Edit Lithuanian Canadian primatologist Birute Galdikas Chilean astronomer Maria Teresa Ruiz1991 Doris Malkin Curtis became the first female president of the Geological Society of America 325 1991 Indian geologist Sudipta Sengupta became the first female scientist to receive the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in the Earth Sciences category 326 291 Helen Patricia Sharman CMG OBE HonFRSC born 30 May 1963 is a chemist who became the first British astronaut and in particular the first British cosmonaut as well as the first woman to visit the Mir space station in May 1991 327 1992 Mae Carol Jemison is an American engineer physician and former NASA astronaut She became the first black woman to travel into space when she served as a mission specialist aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour Jemison joined NASA s astronaut corps in 1987 and was selected to serve for the STS 47 mission during which she orbited the Earth for nearly eight days on September 12 20 1992 328 1992 Edith M Flanigen became the first woman awarded the Perkin Medal widely considered the highest honor in American industrial chemistry for her outstanding achievements in applied chemistry 329 330 The medal especially recognized her syntheses of aluminophosphate and silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves as new classes of materials 330 1995 German biologist Christiane Nusslein Volhard received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared with Edward B Lewis and Eric F Wieschaus for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development 331 1995 British geomorphologist Marjorie Sweeting published the first comprehensive Western account of China s karst entitled Karst in China its Geomorphology and Environment 332 333 1995 Israeli Canadian mathematical biologist Leah Keshet became the first female president of the international Society for Mathematical Biology 334 1995 Jane Plant became the first female deputy director of the British Geological Survey 210 1995 Inspectors from the United Nations Special Commission discovered that Iraqi microbiologist Rihab Taha nicknamed Dr Germ had been overseeing a secret 10 year biological warfare development program in Iraq 335 336 1996 American planetary scientist Margaret G Kivelson led a team that discovered the first subsurface saltwater ocean on an alien world on the Jovian moon Europa 337 338 1997 Lithuanian Canadian primatologist Birute Galdikas received the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for her research and rehabilitation work with orangutans Her work with orangutans eventually spanning over 30 years was later recognized in 2014 as one of the longest continuous scientific studies of wild animals in history 339 1997 Chilean astronomer Maria Teresa Ruiz discovered Kelu 1 one of the first observed brown dwarfs In recognition of her discovery she became the first woman to receive the Chilean National Prize for Exact Sciences 340 341 1998 Nurse Fannie Gaston Johansson became the first African American woman tenured full professor at Johns Hopkins University 342 Late 1990s Ethiopian American chemist Sossina M Haile developed the first solid acid fuel cell 343 344 21st century Edit Moroccan astronomer Merieme Chadid Canadian American computer scientist Maria Klawe Egyptian geomorphologist Eman Ghoneim Kenyan ichthyologist Dorothy Wanja Nyingi Norwegian neuroscientist May Britt Moser Canadian physicist Donna Strickland American chemical engineer Frances Arnold2000s Edit 2000 Venezuelan astrophysicist Kathy Vivas presented her discovery of approximately 100 new and very distant RR Lyrae stars providing insight into the structure and history of the Milky Way galaxy 345 2003 American geophysicist Claudia Alexander oversaw the final stages of Project Galileo a space exploration mission that ended at the planet Jupiter 346 2004 American biologist Linda B Buck received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Richard Axel for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system 347 2006 Chilean biochemist Cecilia Hidalgo Tapia became the first woman to receive the Chilean National Prize for Natural Sciences 348 2006 Chinese American biochemist Yizhi Jane Tao led a team of researchers to become the first to map the atomic structure of Influenza A contributing to antiviral research 349 350 2006 Parasitologist Susan Lim became the first Malaysian scientist elected to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 351 2006 Merieme Chadid became the first Moroccan person and the first female astronomer to travel to Antarctica leading an international team of scientists in the installation of a major observatory in the South Pole 352 2006 American computer scientist Frances E Allen won the Turing Award for pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution She was the first woman to win the award 353 2006 Canadian American computer scientist Maria Klawe became the president of Harvey Mudd College 354 2007 Using satellite imagery Egyptian geomorphologist Eman Ghoneim discovered traces of an 11 000 year old mega lake in the Sahara Desert The discovery shed light on the origins of the largest modern groundwater reservoir in the world 355 2007 Physicist Ibtesam Badhrees was the first Saudi Arabian woman to become a member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN 356 2008 French virologist Francoise Barre Sinoussi received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared with Harald zur Hausen and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of HIV human immunodeficiency virus 357 2008 American born Australian Penny Sackett became Australia s first female Chief Scientist 358 2008 American computer scientist Barbara Liskov won the Turing Award for contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design especially related to data abstraction fault tolerance and distributed computing 359 2009 American molecular biologist Carol W Greider received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Elizabeth H Blackburn and Jack W Szostak for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase 360 2009 Israeli crystallographer Ada E Yonath along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A Steitz received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome 361 2009 Chinese geneticist Zeng Fanyi and her research team published their experiment results proving that induced pluripotent stem cells can be used to generate whole mammalian bodies in this case live mice 362 2010s Edit 2010 Marcia McNutt became the first female director of the United States Geological Survey 363 2011 Kazakhstani neuroscience student and computer hacker Alexandra Elbakyan launched Sci Hub a website that provides users with pirated copies of scholarly scientific papers Within five years Sci Hub grew to contain 60 million papers and recorded over 42 million annual downloads by users Elbakyan was finally sued by major academic publishing company Elsevier and Sci Hub was subsequently taken down but it reappeared under different domain names 364 2011 Taiwanese American astrophysicist Chung Pei Ma led a team of scientists in discovering two of the largest black holes ever observed 365 2012 Computer scientist and cryptographer Shafi Goldwasser won the Turing award for her contributions to cryptography and complexity theory 366 2013 Canadian genetic specialist Turi King identified the 500 year old skeletal remains of King Richard III 367 2013 Kenyan ichthyologist Dorothy Wanja Nyingi published the first guide to freshwater fish species of Kenya 368 2014 Norwegian psychologist and neuroscientist May Britt Moser received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared with Edvard Moser and John O Keefe for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain 369 2014 American paleoclimatologist and marine geologist Maureen Raymo became the first woman to be awarded the Wollaston Medal the highest award of the Geological Society of London 370 371 2014 American theoretical physicist Shirley Ann Jackson was awarded the National Medal of Science Jackson had been the first African American woman to receive a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT during the early 1970s and the first woman to chair the U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission 372 373 2014 Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman to receive the Fields Medal for her work in the dynamics and geometry of Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces 374 2015 Chinese medical scientist Tu Youyou received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared with William C Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura she received it for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria 375 2015 Asha de Vos became the first Sri Lankan person to receive a PhD in marine mammal research completing her thesis on Factors influencing blue whale aggregations off southern Sri Lanka at the University of Western Australia 376 377 2016 Marcia McNutt became the first female president of the American National Academy of Sciences 378 2018 British astrophysicists Hiranya Peiris and Joanna Dunkley and Italian cosmologist Licia Verde were among 27 scientists awarded the Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for their contributions to detailed maps of the early universe that greatly improved our knowledge of the evolution of the cosmos and the fluctuations that seeded the formation of galaxies 379 2018 British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell received the special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for her scientific achievements and inspiring leadership worth 3 million She donated the entirety of the prize money towards the creation of scholarships to assist women underrepresented minorities and refugees who are pursuing the study of physics 380 2018 Canadian physicist Donna Strickland received the Nobel Prize in Physics for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics she shared it with Arthur Ashkin and Gerard Mourou 381 382 2018 Frances Arnold received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the directed evolution of enzymes she shared it with George Smith and Gregory Winter who received it for the phage display of peptides and antibodies 383 This made Frances the first American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 384 2018 For the first time in history women received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Nobel Prize in Physics in the same year 385 2019 Mathematician Karen Uhlenbeck became the first woman to win the Abel Prize for her pioneering achievements in geometric partial differential equations gauge theory and integrable systems and for the fundamental impact of her work on analysis geometry and mathematical physics 386 2019 Imaging scientist Katie Bouman developed an algorithm that made the first visualization of a black hole possible using the Event Horizon Telescope She was part of the team of over 200 people who implemented the project 387 388 389 390 2020s Edit 2020 The Nigerian Academy of Science elected epidemiologist parasitologist Ekanem Braide as its first female president 391 2020 Brazilian Scientist and Researcher Jaqueline Goes de Jesus sequenced COVID 19 genome in 12 hours 392 2020 Biochemists Jennifer Doudna American and Emmanuelle Charpentier French received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on CRISPR genome editing tool 393 2020 Andrea M Ghez received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of a supermassive compact object 394 2020 German Turkish scientist Ozlem Tureci is the co founder and chief medical officer of BioNTech 395 Her team developed BNT162b2 tozinameran INN commonly known as the Pfizer BioNTech COVID 19 vaccine 2020 British vaccinologist Sarah Gilbert leads the development and testing of a vaccine which becomes the Oxford AstraZeneca COVID 19 vaccine 396 2022 American chemist Carolyn R Bertozzi received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her development of Bioorthogonal chemistry 397 2023 Australian geomicrobiologist Jillian Banfield became the first female recipient of the van Leeuwenhoek Medal which she received for her studies of complex microbial communities and their interaction with the environment 398 See also EditList of female scientists before the 20th century Lists of women in science Timeline of women in geology Timeline of women in library science Timeline of women in computing Timeline of women in mathematics Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States Timeline of women in science in the United States Timeline of women s education Women in physicsReferences Edit a b Aganice XX bc Kass Simon Gabriele Farnes Patricia Nash Deborah 1993 Women of Science Righting the Record Indiana 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