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Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic

January 01, 1970

Organizations from around the world responded to the West African Ebola virus epidemic. In July 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened an emergency meeting with health ministers from eleven countries and announced collaboration on a strategy to co-ordinate technical support to combat the epidemic. In August, they declared the outbreak an international public health emergency and published a roadmap to guide and coordinate the international response to the outbreak, aiming to stop ongoing Ebola transmission worldwide within 6–9 months. In September, the United Nations Security Council declared the Ebola virus outbreak in the West Africa subregion a "threat to international peace and security" and unanimously adopted a resolution urging UN member states to provide more resources to fight the outbreak; the WHO stated that the cost for combating the epidemic will be a minimum of $1 billion.[1][2]

Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic
Emblem of the United Nations
Duration2013-2016

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the World Bank Group have pledged aid money and the World Food Programme announced plans to mobilize food assistance for an estimated 1 million people living in restricted access areas. Several Non-Governmental Organizations have provided assistance in the efforts to control the spread of the disease. Up until the end of September, the humanitarian aid organisation Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) is the leading organization responding to the crisis, with several treatment centers in the area.[3] Samaritan's Purse has also provided direct patient care and medical support in Liberia;[4] many nations and charitable organizations, foundations, and individuals have also pledged assistance to control the epidemic.

As of September 2014, a massive international response to the crisis is under way. The United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER) has the task of overall planning and coordination, directing the efforts of the UN agencies, national governments, and other humanitarian actors to the areas where they are most needed.[5]

Calling Ebola healthcare workers "the ones who answered the call", in December the editors of Time magazine named the Ebola health workers as Person of the Year. Editor Nancy Gibbs said, "The rest of the world can sleep at night because a group of men and women are willing to stand and fight. For tireless acts of courage and mercy, for buying the world time to boost its defenses, for risking, for persisting, for sacrificing and saving, the Ebola fighters are Time's 2014 Person of the Year." Both Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) and Samaritan's Purse were singled out as organisations that responded very early in the epidemic with especially dedicated workers who had worked alongside local caregivers. [6]

United Nations edit

Main article: West African Ebola virus epidemic

UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response edit

On 18 September 2014, the United Nations Security Council declared the Ebola virus outbreak in the West Africa subregion a "threat to international peace and security". The Security Council unanimously adopted United Nations Security Council Resolution 2177,[7] which urged UN member states to provide more resources to fight the outbreak.[1] The resolution was the first in the history of the Security Council to deal with a public health crisis. It was sponsored by 131 countries, which – according to U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power – makes it the most broadly supported of the 2,176 Security Council resolutions since 1945.[8] Therefore, the UN Security Council has created the first ever UN mission for a public health emergency, the United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER), with the primary task of coordinating the UN agencies' vast resources to combat the epidemic under the leadership of the WHO. Dr. David Nabarro, the UN Secretary General’s Senior Coordinator said that "This unprecedented outbreak requires an unprecedented response. The number of cases have doubled in these countries in the last three weeks. To get in front of this, the response must be increased 20-fold from where it is today."[9]

UNMEER has been tasked to coordinate all relevant United Nations actors in order to ensure a rapid, effective, efficient and coherent response to the Ebola crisis. UNMEER's objective is to work with others to stop the Ebola outbreak. UNMEER will work closely with governments, regional and international actors, such as the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and with UN Member States, the private sector and civil society. Accra, in Ghana, will serve as a base for UNMEER, with teams in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.[5][10] A United Nations General Assembly document, the Report of the Secretary-General on UNMEER and the Office of the Special Envoy on Ebola (A/69/404), issued on 24 September 2014, details UNMEER's proposed mission, budget, and structure.[11]

World Health Organization edit

In July 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened an emergency sub-regional meeting with health ministers from eleven countries in Accra, Ghana to tackle the ongoing Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa.[12] On 3 July, the West African states announced collaboration on a new strategy, and the creation of a WHO sub-regional centre in Guinea "to co-ordinate technical support";[13] the centre was inaugurated in Conakry on 24 July.[14]

The WHO Regional Director for Africa, Luis Sambo, visited the affected countries from 21 to 25 July, meeting with political leaders, ministers of health, NGOs, and other agencies. He stressed the need to "promote behavioural change while respecting cultural practices."[15] On 24 July, WHO's Director General met with agencies and donors in Geneva to facilitate an increase in funding and manpower to respond to the outbreak.[15] On 31 July, the WHO and West Africa nations announced a requirement for $100 million in aid to help contain the disease.[16][17]

WHO declared the outbreak an international public health emergency on 8 August, after a two-day teleconference of experts.[18] On 11 August, they emphasised lack of supplies and capacity as one of the problems, while local awareness of the disease had increased.[19] Revised guidelines on how to prevent the spread of the disease were released, updating guidelines from 2008.[20]

On 28 August, the WHO published a roadmap to guide and coordinate the international response to the outbreak, aiming to stop ongoing Ebola transmission worldwide within 6–9 months.[21] It simultaneously revised its cost estimate for the global resources required over the next six months up to $490 million.[22] They report that they "are on the ground establishing Ebola treatment centres and strengthening capacity for laboratory testing, contact tracing, social mobilization, safe burials, and non-Ebola health care" and "continue to monitor for reports of rumoured or suspected cases from countries around the world." Other than cases where individuals are suspected or have been confirmed of being infected with Ebola, or have had contact with cases of Ebola, the WHO does not recommend any travel or trade restrictions.[23]

On 16 September, the WHO Assistant Director General, Bruce Aylward, announced that the cost for combating the epidemic will be a minimum of $1 billion. "We don't know where the numbers are going on this," according to Aylward.[2] There has been heavy criticism of WHO from some aid agencies because its response was perceived as slow and insufficient, especially during the early stage of the outbreak.[24]

WHO Roadmap edit

The following are the key headings from the WHO roadmap for the international response to the epidemic, published on 28 August.[21]

A. Immediate actions to support the three EVD affected countries
  • 1 Urgently strengthen the field response
    • Output 1: A local response team is in place in each "hot spot"
    • Output 2: Provision of field logistical support including Personal Protective Equipment supply and local laboratory facilities capacity
    • Output 3: Provision of care to patients with effective infection prevention and control in health care settings
    • Output 4: Chains of transmission broken through active surveillance, case investigation, contact tracing and follow-up
    • Output 5: Public relations and reputation management, social mobilization, and risk communications strengthened
  • 2. Coordinate the outbreak response
    • 2.1. Manage the WHO Sub-regional Ebola Operations Coordination Centre
      • Output 1: Field coordination, collaboration and operational management of the outbreak response strengthened
      • Output 2: Cross-border coordination strengthened
    • 2.2. WHO's leadership and coordination of EVD outbreak response strengthened at all levels
      • Output 1: Logistics management systems strengthened to support response activities
      • Output 2: Disease-related and other content-based expert support provided for risk assessment and expert networks mobilized
      • Output 3: Global communication and information provided
      • Output 4: External relations strengthened
      • Output 5: Clinical support strengthened
      • Output 6: Development of new medical treatments and interventions against EVD advanced

B. Preparedness in countries at-risk

  • Output 1: Preparedness plans activated and tested
  • Output 2: Active surveillance strengthened
  • Output 3: Laboratory diagnostic capacity strengthened
  • Output 4: Public information and social mobilization enhanced
  • Output 5: Case management and infection prevention and control capacities strengthened

UNMEER Program edit

During October, WHO and UNMEER announced a comprehensive 90-day plan to control and reverse the epidemic of EVD. The immediate objective is to isolate at least 70% of EVD cases and safely bury at least 70% of patients who die from EVD by 1 December 2014 (the 60-day target) - this has become known as the 70:70:60 program. The ultimate goal is to have capacity in place for the isolation of 100% of EVD cases and the safe burial of 100% of casualties by 1 January 2015 (the 90-day target).[25] Many nations and charitable organizations are cooperating to realise this plan.[26] A WHO situation report in mid-December indicated that the international community was on track to meet the 90-day target.[27]

World Food Programme edit

On 18 August, the World Food Programme (WFP) of the United Nations announced plans to mobilize food assistance for an estimated 1 million people living in restricted access areas.[28] In an 18 September WHO Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report it was reported that as of that date the WFP have delivered an estimated 3,000 metric tonnes of food to the worst affected areas, enough to feed 147,500 people. They have also assisted in the transportation of 400 cubic meters of medical cargo.[3] The WFP-led Logistics Cluster provides free logistics services, such as storage, transport, coordination and information management, to WHO and other health and humanitarian actors.[29] WFP has launched a regional emergency operation to reach 1.3 million people in health centres and quarantine areas. WFP provides food and logistical assistance alongside national governments, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners to support the treatment of Ebola patients and mitigate the risk of the virus moving into new areas. The three pillars of WFP support in the Ebola crisis are to deliver food alongside the health response, ensure the movement of partner staff and equipment, and provide logistical services and infrastructure support for health partners.[28]

Food and Agriculture Organization edit

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has launched a $30 million campaign to help stop the spread of the disease, meet immediate and long-term food and nutrition security needs and build resilience. In addition, it is training its network of field agents and extension staff to understand to how stop the spread of the disease by simple measures of control and hygiene, and to promulgate this knowledge in their communities. The FAO-led social mobilization campaign is expected to reach 9,000 households in Guinea; similar campaigns will follow in Liberia and Sierra Leone.[30][31]

UNICEF edit

 

The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has a $200 million program to respond to the Ebola outbreak - part of the $1 billion total UN program. Of this, $65 million will go to UNICEF’s programmes in Liberia, $61 million to Sierra Leone and $55 million to Guinea. An additional $10 million will help neighbouring countries be prepared for a potential spread of the disease within their borders, with the remaining $9 million required for regional coordination efforts. UNICEF estimates that 8.5 million children and young people under the age of 20 live in areas affected by Ebola in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Of these, 2.5 million are under the age of five. The program's immediate focus is to help contain the spread of the disease and address communities immediate needs.[32]

UNICEF is one of the largest agencies providing essential supplies for use in treatment and care centres and for continuity of basic services. By 8 October, more than 900 metric tonnes of supplies were delivered to the region in support of partners, through a total of 73 flights.[33][34]

International organizations edit

African Development Bank edit

The African Development Bank has contributed over $220 million.[35]

African Union edit

In October, the African Union appealed for its members to send health-care workers to the three West African countries. On October 28, it was announced that they had received substantial pledges; among others, the East African Community has promised 600 personnel, Ethiopia 210, and Congo 200. In total it is hoped that Africa’s contribution will reach 2,000 personnel, of whom one-sixth are currently ready for deployment.[36][37]

Economic Community of West African States edit

In March, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) disbursed US$250,000 to deal with the outbreak.[38] In response to the ECOWAS Special Fund for the Fight against Ebola, in July the Nigerian government donated us$3.5 million to Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, the West African Health Organization, and the ECOWAS Pool Fund, to aid in the fight against the epidemic.[39]

European Union edit

The European Commission has committed €600 million ($760 million) funding to fight the outbreak, including the provision of mobile laboratories, funding to strengthen healthcare capacity, support to help cushion the macroeconomic impact, support to the deployment of medical missions by partner organisations, and funding for vaccine research and trials.[40]

On 24 October, the European Council announced that contributions by the European Commission and individual member states come to a combined total of €1 billion ($1.3 billion).[41] By March 2015, the total contributed had reached €1.2bn ($1.3).[40]

Innovative Medicines Initiative edit

The Innovative Medicines Initiative, which is part funded by the European Union, in January 2015 announced eight projects on Ebola, to accelerate all aspects of vaccine development and manufacturing as well as deployment and compliance with vaccine regimens and diagnostics. The total budget of the eight projects launched is €215 million.[42]

International Charter on Space and Major Disasters edit

On October 9, 2014, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the USGS on behalf of the National Geospatial Agency to monitor the outbreak (in Sierra Leone, specifically), the first time its space assets have been used in an epidemiological role.[43]

World Bank Group edit

The World Bank Group has pledged US$230 million in emergency funding to help Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone contain the spread of Ebola infections, help their communities cope with the economic impact of the crisis, and improve public health systems throughout West Africa.[44] On 25 September The World Bank made additional funding of $170 million available to help curtail the spread of the Ebola virus. The funds will be used to finance medical supplies and increase the number of healthcare workers.[45]

On 30 October a further $100 million funding was announced, bringing the cumulative total to $500 million. The latest tranche will go towards setting up a coordination hub to recruit, train and deploy qualified foreign health workers and support the three countries' efforts to isolate Ebola patients and bury the dead safely, the bank said.[46]

National responses edit

Measures to protect national security edit

Many governments across the world have put measures in place which are aimed at preventing the possible spread of Ebola into their countries, and to prepare an appropriate response in order to protect their populations from Ebola. These include:

  • Advisory notices to warn travellers of the potential risk of travel to countries affected by the epidemic. (Germany,[47] Spain,[48] UK,[49] USA,[50] Colombia,[51] Philippines,[52] Saudi Arabia.[53])
  • Withholding visitor visas from nationals of the affected countries, closing borders, cancelling flights and restrictions on ships arriving in their ports.[54] (Equatorial Guinea,[55] Kenya,[56] Sri Lanka,[57] Nigeria,[58] South Africa,[59] Chad,[60] Seychelles,[61][62] Mauritania,[63] Belize,[64] Guinea-Bissau,[65] Australia,[66] Mexico,[67] Canada[68])
  • Precautions such as isolation facilities, training of staff, biocontainment exercises, and health screening for incoming travellers. (Malta,[69] Colombia,[70] India,[71] South Africa,[59] Morocco,[72] Mali,[73] Germany,[74] Philippines,[75] Mauritania,[76] United States,[77] Canada,[78] Rwanda,[79] France,[80] UK[81])

Countries bordering the affected region edit

Ivory Coast edit

In August, the Ivory Coast, announced the closure of its land borders with neighbouring countries Guinea and Liberia affected by the Ebola outbreak.[82] The sale and consumption of bushmeat has been banned.[83]

Mali edit

Mali, which shares a border with Guinea, has implemented a contingency plan for prevention of Ebola Virus Disease. This involves a strong prevention system in several locations along the border, screening of incoming air passengers, a toll free phone number for notifying suspected cases, and stockpiles of drugs and equipment.[84]

Humanitarian responses edit

The following countries have pledged resources, expertise, or funds to the international effort in West Africa:-

Australia edit

Australia announced on 17 September that it will commit an additional 7 million Australian dollars to help the international response to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, bringing the total committed to AU$8 million. The funds will be divided between support to the British government's response, the World Health Organization, and Medecins Sans Frontieres. However MSF has declined the donation, saying that what's needed instead is a specialised deployment of civil and military assets.[85][86] Subsequently, the Australian government has agreed to assist several hundred Australian expert volunteers to travel to one of the Ebola hotspots of Africa to help control the epidemic.[87]

Brazil edit

In response to the request for international cooperation made by the World Health Organization, Brazil's Health Ministry has donated a number of medical kits to affected countries. Each kit comprises 1.2 tons of supplies including antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, gloves and masks, sufficient to treat 500 patients for three months. Four kits have been allocated to Guinea, five to Sierra Leone and five more to Liberia.[88][89]

Canada edit

On 12 August, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) announced that the country would donate between 800 and 1,000 doses of an untested vaccine (VSV-EBOV) to the WHO.[90] The offer was made by the Minister of Health directly to the Director General of the WHO as part of the country's commitment to containment efforts. The Government of Canada holds the patent associated with the vaccine, but has licensed BioProtection Systems of Ames, Iowa to develop the product for use in humans.[91]

By 20 October, Canada had pledged 65.4 million Canadian dollars to the fight against Ebola. As part of its contribution, Canada has deployed two mobile diagnostic laboratories in Sierra Leone, and shipped the first batch of an experimental Ebola vaccine to the WHO in Geneva.[92]

China edit

In August, China sent their second donation of supplies to Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.[93][94] The supplies, worth 30 million yuan (4.9 million US dollars), include medical protective clothes, disinfectants, thermo-detectors, and medicines. China has also sent three expert teams composed of epidemiologists and specialists in disinfection and protection.[95]

Some Chinese companies in West Africa have also joined the relief efforts. China Kingho Group, a leading exploration and mining company in Sierra Leone, donated 400 million leones (about $90,000) to the government and people of Sierra Leone on 15 August.[96]

On 16 August, Chinese President Xi Jinping and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon discussed several issues, including Ebola, in their fourth meeting this year. Xi said China will continue to make joint efforts with the international community to prevent and control the Ebola virus outbreak that has hit West Africa. China's medical teams in the countries are working with local staff, according to Xi. Xi also spoke highly of the measures taken by the United Nations and WHO and its professional institutions, and called for more assistance and input for medical and health services in African countries.[citation needed] On 25 September, a second mobile lab landed at Lungi Airport in Sierra Leone. The lab will assist the 29 CDC workers experts from China already in the region to help fight the disease.[97]

On 24 October, China announced a fourth round of emergency funding bringing its commitments now to a total of 500 million yuan - to be used to set up a treatment center in Liberia, and to increase the number of Chinese medical staff working in West Africa to fight the epidemic. China has also contributed to the World Food Program activities in the area.[98]

On 31 October, China announced that a medical squad of the People's Liberation Army, which has experience from a 2002 outbreak of SARS, will build a 100-bed treatment center in Liberia.[99]

From 2014 to 2015, the PLA deployed 524 medical staff on a rotational basis to combat the outbreak in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau.[100]: 245 

Cuba edit

On 10 September, Cuba announced its willingness to help curtail the spread of the disease with a plan to send 165 doctors, nurses and infection control specialists to Sierra Leone on a six-month rotation. Having completed a training program, the first group of these arrived in Freetown on 2 October.[101][102]

On 27 September, Cuba announced it is preparing to send a further 296 healthcare workers to Liberia and Guinea.[103]

Egypt edit

In October, Egypt sent three tons of medical aid, consisting of medicine and medical equipment.[104]

Ethiopia edit

In October 2014, it was announced that Ethiopia would send approximately 200 volunteer health workers to West Africa. The country also donated $500,000 to affected countries.[105]

France edit

France has committed €70 million in aid to fight the epidemic. This includes the provision of clinical testing facilities and the construction of a 50-bed treatment centre which will be managed by the French Red Cross. Additionally they are supporting other organisations working in the area and the wider international effort.[106][107] The country also dispatched 20 experts from the EPRUS institute to Guinea to fight the spread of the events.[108] The Pasteur Institute also plans to set up a center of expertise in Conakry in order to provide improved responses in the future.[109]

Germany edit

The German government announced on 19 September, that its contributions to the fight against Ebola had reached a total of euro 17 million to date. This includes contributions to the World Health Organization, Medecins sans Frontieres, and other agencies. Material contributions include air transport to the region and a treatment station for Liberia.[110]

On 22 September Ursula von der Leyen, the German defense minister, has asked volunteers from their military contingent to assist in staffing a clinic in the epidemic region. The minister appealed to soldiers to "voluntarily make yourselves available for this unusual mission."[111]

On 16 October the German government announced an increased contribution of €102 million for fighting the outbreak, following criticism that little had been done regarding Berlin's pledge to help the region deal with the Ebola outbreak.[112] The new pledge represents a six-fold increase compared to its €17 million contribution.[113] Then-Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier stated that "We have underestimated the disastrous consequences of Ebola" and that "The race to catch up begins now."[113]

On 22 November Germany sent 400 specially adapted motorbikes to worst hit areas of West Africa. The bikes will be used in the remote areas to rush test samples to testing laboratories, thus reducing the result time from 9 or more days to less than 24 hours.[114]

Following a request made via the EU Civil Protection Mechanism, in January 2015 Germany dispatched a specialized medical airplane to West Africa in order to allow for speedy evacuation of EU volunteers to European hospitals.[115]

Ghana edit

On 30 August, the Ghanaian Presidency released a press statement, announcing the country's willingness to use Accra as a support base to help fight Ebola in the stricken countries. This agreement follows a telephonic meeting with the United Nations chief, Ban Ki-moon and John Dramani Mahama, the President of Ghana. Accra will serve as a base for air lifting medical and other supplies to countries affected by the Ebola outbreak, as well as personnel to curtail the disease.[116] In the coming months Ghana will play a major role in the fight against the disease in the region. The city of Accra will be the designated base for UNMEER, the newly formed mission by the UN.[10]

India edit

India has given 10 million dollars to the UN Secretary General`s Fund for Ebola and 2 million dollars for the purchase of protective gear for health workers in the affected regions. India has also offered to contribute to the research for developing affordable drugs for cure or vaccination.[117] Prior to this, India had contributed $500,000 to augment the WHO efforts to prevent the spread of Ebola virus.[118]

Ireland edit

Ireland has provided direct funding of almost €3 million for Ebola treatment facilities in both Sierra Leone and Liberia, as well as for contact-tracing, community sensitisation and child nutrition programmes.[119]

Israel edit

Israel has contributed $8.75 million to the UN's Ebola Response Multi-Partner Trust Fund to help stop the spread of the disease.[120][121] In addition the Israeli government has sent six cargo containers full of special equipment used to set up portable field hospitals.[122] The medical staff attached to the hospitals provided training to local medical professionals regarding the use of medical equipment, as well as focusing on "preventing the spread of the disease and raising awareness among populations with high potential for infection."[123]

Japan edit

In April, the Government of Japan gave $520,000 through the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to support the Ebola outbreak response in Guinea.[124] In August, another $1.5 million in additional support was provided to be disbursed via the WHO, UNICEF and Red Cross, and will be used for measures to prevent Ebola infections and to provide medical supplies.[125]

On 25 August, Japanese authorities announced that they would be willing to provide access to an anti-influenza drug currently under development called favipiravir to try to treat EVD patients. Fujifilm Holdings Corp and MediVector have reportedly approached the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to request approval for this experimental use of favipiravir. Up to 20,000 doses of favipiravir would currently be available.[126]

Malaysia edit

Malaysia plans to send more than 20 million medical gloves to Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone to alleviate a shortage of medical supplies in the affected countries. Malaysia will also send medical gloves to the Democratic Republic of Congo which is also dealing with an Ebola outbreak unrelated to the one affecting West Africa.[127]

Netherlands edit

The Dutch government has pledged over €35 million to combat the disease. This includes donations to Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), the Red Cross, the UN and UNICEF. In addition, a naval ship carrying relief supplies has deployed to West Africa on 6 November with a cargo which has been provided by nine EU member states. The supplies include a significant number of lorries, ambulances, mobile laboratories and other vehicles; generators, rubber gloves and boots, and other medical supplies.[128]

New Zealand edit

The New Zealand Government has agreed to send 24 doctors and nurses to Sierra Leone to join international efforts against Ebola, at a cost of $2 million. The volunteers would join the Australian-led mission.[129]

Nigeria edit

On Friday 5 November volunteer medical workers arrived in Liberia and Sierra Leone from Nigeria. The first arrivals included 100 volunteers in Freetown, Sierra Leone and a further 76 in Liberia. Nigeria has announced it will be sending 600 volunteers in the coming weeks to help stem the spread of the disease.[130]

Norway edit

On 31 October, Norway announced that they will send 200 medical workers to Sierra Leone, in 4 teams of 50 each. The workers will help to run a treatment centre which has been set up by the British government. Norway will also establish an accommodation camp for between 50 and 100 health workers in Moyamba.[131]

In a separate announcement, Norway has donated $2.7 million to the African Union Support to Ebola Outbreak in West Africa (ASEOWA).[132]

Portugal edit

On the 18th of October, it was announced that Portugal would set up a medical base at the Hospital Militar in Bissau, the capital of Guinea-Bissau, to prevent and combat Ebola in case the epidemic crosses its border with Guinea. The base is intended to complement an Ebola treatment center which the Bissau government plans to set up in the Hospital Simão Mendes, the country's main hospital. However no date has been decided for this program to start.[133]

Russia edit

Russia has allocated $19 million to help fight the virus. The funds are to be divided between humanitarian aid projects, research, preparations for a national outbreak of Ebola, and strengthening international efforts to battle the virus, including those led by the World Health Organization. In January 2015, the mining company Rusal constructed and opened a treatment and research center in the city of Kindia in Guinea at a cost of $10 million.[134][135][136] In February of that same year, Russia delivered 37 tonnes of humanitarian aid to Guinea, including food supplies and medical instruments.[137]

Taiwan edit

The Government of Taiwan gave $1 million to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The donation was made to the CDC Foundation's Global Disaster Response Fund which provides materials from protective gear to vehicles used to provide transportation for medical workers.[138]

Taiwan also donated 100,000 units of coveralls and surgical masks to Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.[139]

Uganda edit

In August 2014 a team of 14 health workers from Uganda, which has "strong experience" of working with domestic Ebola outbreaks, had been deployed by the WHO to JFK Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia.[140] On 27 October 2014 it was announced that a further 30 health workers had been dispatched to affected countries in West Africa.[141]

United Kingdom edit

The UK government announced it has pledged £427 million ($635 million) to lead the global effort in Sierra Leone to contain, control and defeat the disease in that country.[142][143] Previously published information from the UK states this includes support for 700 Ebola treatment beds in at least five treatment centres that the UK will build. These centres will provide medical care for up to 8,800 patients per six months. Britain also said it will support the establishment of 200 community care centres where people who believe they may have contracted Ebola can get a diagnosis and medical care.[144]

On 2 October the UK hosted, alongside the Government of Sierra Leone, an international conference in London to rally the global community to provide an effective international response. The conference brought together more than 20 governments, a dozen charities and NGOs, the UN, World Bank, health experts and the private sector to pledge funds, equipment and health workers.[145]

In October 2014, the Ministry of Defence said 750 personnel will be deployed to help with the establishment of Ebola Treatment Centres and an Ebola Training Academy including:[144][146]

  • The deployment of naval ship RFA Argus, involving around 250 personnel, to take and support three Merlin helicopters, aircrew and engineers in the region to provide crucial transport support to medical teams and aid experts.
  • Over 200 military staff to run and staff a World Health Organization-led Ebola training facility that will assist in the training of healthcare workers, logisticians and hygiene specialists who are needed to staff treatment units. With UK support, WHO are now training over 120 health workers every week.
  • 300 military personnel making up the existing UK taskforce plans focussed on delivering support to the Sierra Leone Government. This includes command and control, logistics and engineers that will provide the backbone of infrastructure, commodities, training and management needed to scale up the response in Sierra Leone.[147] Units involved include 22 Field Hospital, 35 Squadron, 5 Armoured Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps, soldiers from the Queen’s Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment and 1st Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland.[148][149][150]

As of 12 October, the Department for International Development said aid supplies delivered so far include: 20 vehicles including ambulances; 75 water tanks; 3 incinerators for disposing of clothing and other materials; 12 generators; personal protection equipment; radio equipment; lighting sets; chlorine for sanitation; latrine slabs; temporary warehouse tents; 14 air conditioning units and isolator equipment.[144]

 
Wellcome Trust

The UK government is co-funding clinical trials to find a safe vaccine for Ebola. Ten thousand doses of the drug are already being manufactured alongside the clinical trial in the hope that it will be approved for use in the coming months.[151] A £6.5 million research initiative has been announced jointly by the Department for International Development and the Wellcome Trust to better inform the management of Ebola outbreaks.[152]

Prime Minister David Cameron wrote to members of the European Council in October 2014 asking leaders to agree a new package of measures to tackle the Ebola crisis.[153]

On 22 November over 30 NHS volunteers flew over to Freetown, Sierra Leone to assist with the Ebola epidemic.[154] By January 2015, 1,600 British National Health Service (NHS) staff had volunteered to travel to west Africa and help those affected by Ebola.[155]

United States edit

By the beginning of August, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had placed staff in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria to assist the local Ministries of Health and WHO-led response to the outbreak.[156] On 8 September, United States President Barack Obama announced that the United States government would send military personnel to the epidemic area. The military would assist in the setting up of isolation units and would provide additional safety to health workers in the area. The military would also assist in providing transportation of medical equipment. President Obama added that the steps are necessary to curtail the spread of the virus. The announcement came amid fears that the virus might mutate and become more virulent and "represents a serious national security concern."[157] The United States also plans to send 400,000 home protective kits to the four counties in Liberia that have been hit the hardest by Ebola. The kit will include protective gear for family members, gloves and masks, disinfectants, and fever-reducing drugs.[158]

On 8 September, the Department of Defense announced that it had allocated $22 million to set up a 25-bed field hospital in Liberia to treat healthcare workers affected by the Ebola virus.[159] On 9 September, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) announced that it would support the African Union’s deployment of approximately 100 health workers to West Africa to manage and run Ebola treatment units.[160]

Barack Obama calls Ebola a national security priority and announces the US will establish a military command center in Liberia. United States Department of Defense video, 17 September 2014

On 16 September, President Obama announced that the Department of Defense would take the lead in overseeing the response to the epidemic.[161] The military would dispatch up to 3,000 personnel to West Africa in an effort that could cost up to $750 million over the next six months. U.S. Major General Darryl A. Williams, Commander, United States Army Africa,[162] would be in place in Monrovia, Liberia, within the week to lead the effort. The general would head a regional command based in Liberia that would help oversee and coordinate U.S. and international relief efforts while a new, separate regional staging base in Senegal would help accelerate transportation of urgently needed equipment, supplies and personnel. In addition, the U.S. Department of Defense would send engineers to set up 17 treatment centers in Liberia — each with a 100-bed capacity — and would set up a site in the region to train up to 500 health-care workers a week. The President said that the armed forces "are going to bring their expertise in command and control, in logistics, in engineering" to help do tasks ranging from bringing in aid workers and medical equipment to distributing supplies and information kits to families in high-risk areas so they can take the appropriate precautions.[161][163][164] However, the CDC warned on 20 September that there may be insufficient staff for the new treatment facilities that the international community was building.[165]

On October 6, the White House released a fact sheet detailing the key elements of the US response.[166] These include:

  • deployment of medical personnel, equipment, and military logistical resources generally to the area but with a focus on Liberia;
  • construction of treatment, logistics and training centers
  • measures to screen incoming travellers and prevent spread of the disease within the US.

The United States Africa Command, working through United States Army Africa, has designated the Army's response to the epidemic as Operation United Assistance.[167]

Charitable organizations and foundations edit

Médecins Sans Frontières edit

According to a WHO report released on 18 September, the humanitarian aid organisation Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) is the leading organization responding to the crisis.[168] Médecins Sans Frontières has campaigned since the beginning of the epidemic for a better response from governments and international agencies.[169] Speaking at a United Nations (UN) briefing on 2 September, Joanne Liu, international president of Médecins Sans Frontières, criticized the lack of assistance from UN member countries.

"Six months into the worst Ebola epidemic in history, the world is losing the battle to contain it. In West Africa, cases and deaths continue to surge. Riots are breaking out. Isolation centers are overwhelmed. Health workers on the front lines are becoming infected and are dying in shocking numbers. Others have fled in fear, leaving people without care for even the most common illnesses. Entire health systems have crumbled. Ebola treatment centers are reduced to places where people go to die alone, where little more than palliative care is offered. It is impossible to keep up with the sheer number of infected people pouring into facilities. In Sierra Leone, infectious bodies are rotting in the streets."[170]

Médecins Sans Frontières has collaborated since March 2014 with CartONG and the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT) to map the areas impacted by the Ebola outbreak, especially roads, buildings, and place names.[171] These efforts started in Guinea, then were extended to Sierra Leone and Liberia. The data and maps are also being used by the Red Cross.[172]

On 30 October, MSF announced that its budget for Ebola response was €51 million for 2014, with further budget requirement for 2015. They currently have a total of 3,347 staff working in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, operating 6 treatment centres.[173]

The Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award for 2015 was awarded to MSF for its leadership role in a public health emergency. This included their efforts against the Ebola outbreak.[174]

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies edit

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies has allocated a budget of more than 100 million Swiss francs to the Ebola crisis. It is running an Ebola Treatment Centre in Kenema, Sierra Leone as well as focusing on community engagement and safe burials throughout the region.[175]

GOAL edit

The humanitarian charity GOAL is working in Sierra Leone, focused on public health information dissemination and establishing and supporting child protection systems, while also providing critical logistic and material support to health facilities, surveillance teams and partner organisations.[176]

International Medical Corps edit

The International Medical Corps is operating two Ebola Treatment Units - one in Sierra Leone and another in Liberia - as well as conducting community awareness programs and training of teachers and health workers.[177]

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation edit

On 10 September, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation released $50 million to the United Nations and other international aid agencies fighting the epidemic. The foundation also donated $2 million to the CDC to assist them with their burden. Previous donations consisted of $5 million to the WHO and $5 million to UNICEF to buy medical supplies and fund support efforts in the region. "We are working urgently with our partners to identify the most effective ways to help them save lives now and stop transmission of this deadly disease," the Foundation CEO said in a statement.[178]

Direct Relief edit

On September 20, Direct Relief, in coordination with Clinton Global Initiative Members, chartered a 747 filled with 100 tons of supplies for Ebola-hit regions. Valued at $6 million, the cargo of 2.8 million surgical and exam gloves, 170,000 coverall gowns, 120,000 masks, 40,000 liters of pre-mixed oral rehydration solution, and 9.8 million doses of essential medications was the largest single emergency shipment to date from the U.S. to the region.[179]

Paul G. Allen Family Foundation edit

On 11 September, the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation pledged $9 million to the CDC. The funds will be appropriated to build treatment co-ordination centers and assist in training programs. This follows their earlier donation of $2.8 million, in August, to the Red Cross.[180]

On 23 October Paul Allen, co-founder of Microsoft Inc., announced a personal pledge of US$100 million to provide for medevac facilities, training of health workers, supplies and medical personnel to combat the outbreak. The funds will be donated to a number of established aid and emergency organisations, including UNICEF, MSF, American Red Cross, and CDC Foundation.[181]

On 6 November the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation announced $3.25 million in grants in support of Ebola relief efforts. The grants were issued to Direct Relief, Action Against Hunger, and Americares.[182]

Samaritan's Purse edit

Samaritan's Purse has provided direct patient care in multiple locations in Liberia.[4] On 1 October, Samaritan's purse airlifted 100 tons of supplies to Liberia, including tents, infection control kits, and caregiver kits intended to equip Community Care Centers and facilitate safe home-based support. The flight signals a new focus on establishing and supervising community-based treatment in the area.[183]

Wellcome Trust edit

The Wellcome Trust announced on 23 September, a £3.2 million grant to fast-track trials of the most promising Ebola treatments. This will enable multiple partners around the world to quickly establish clinical trials at existing Ebola treatment centres in West Africa, where treatments can be formally evaluated in patients with Ebola virus disease.[184] On 29 October, the Wellcome Trust announced that it is funding multiple vaccine trials in Europe, Gabon, Kenya, and the USA. This brings the Trust’s total funding of Ebola research to approximately £10m.[185]

GAVI edit

Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has committed up to US$300 million to procure vaccines, which could be used to immunise at risk populations. Gavi will be ready to act as soon as a safe, effective vaccine is recommended for use by the World Health Organization. Up to an additional US$90 million could be used to support countries to introduce the vaccines and to rebuild and restore immunisation services for all vaccines in Ebola-affected countries.[186]

In December 2016, it was announced that an experimental Ebola vaccine produced by Merck was found to be "highly protective" against the virus after trial runs involving 11,000 people in Guinea.[187] Previously, a 2015 study in medical journal The Lancet reported that the vaccine was 100 percent effective after tests on 4000 people in Guinea who had been in close contact with Ebola patients.[187] Gavi global alliance signed a $5 million advance to buy the vaccine and help expedite the licensing and WHO approval process.[188]

In April 2017, a panel of researchers from U.S. National Academy of Medicine questioned the vaccine’s effectiveness in preventing Ebola contractions in a study sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.[189] The panel argued that the methodology of the patient trail was flawed, and concluded that while the vaccine may provide some protection, it could be lower than officially announced.[189]

Oxfam edit

Oxfam announced in November that it has scaled up its response to £30 million, working in Sierra Leone and Liberia to develop new healthcare facilities, improve access to clean water and toilets, as increase awareness. The objective is to improve the quality and quantity of health care facilities, and stop the chain of infection by creating hygienic communities who understand how to minimise and eradicate onwards infection.[190]

HealthMap edit

HealthMap, part of Boston Children's Hospital Informatics Group, was able to detect the first signs of hemorrhagic fever, subsequently identified as Ebola, in Guinea on March 14, 2014, through a digital disease detection software algorithm which monitors online news and social media. As the outbreak expanded, a designated site was created to present a centralized source of data regarding situational context and disease spread.[191] The Ebola timeline website, which represents the highlights of over 10,000 unique news articles coming into the HealthMap database, is updated in real-time. The outbreak timeline website provides a centralized source of official, media, and ‘innovative’ information on the 2014 West African EVD outbreak. This tool may help to inform the general public and communicate outbreak response methods and protocols. The timeline website’s goal is to provide fact- and science-based information to as broad an audience as possible.[192][193]

EbolaData.org edit

At the Ebola Open Data Jam held on 18 October 2014, a group of volunteers initiated an open data repository, EbolaData.org,[194] containing the wide variety of data sources related to the Ebola response that are publicly available.[195] Data-driven decision making and planning, which is enabled by this repository, has much promise for effectively responding to the EVD epidemic. EbolaData.org is currently being curated by the Data Science Group of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center.[196][197]

International Mutual Aid edit

International Mutual Aid is a US-based 501 (c) (3) nonprofit, conducting Ebola treatment, surveillance, contact tracing, and case investigation in Kono District, Sierra Leone, during the epidemic.[198]

Companies and individual contributors edit

Response from big business has played a significant role when trying to stop the virus in Western Africa. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan have announced a donation of $25 million to the CDC Foundation to fight the Ebola crisis.[199] The containment of the disease was partly due to the commitment of Oleg Deripaska, the founder of the second-largest aluminium producers RUSAL, that has been working in Guinea for almost 20 years. He mobilized all available resources to halt the spread of the virus and assisted medical institutions and helped isolate the sick. He invested over $10 million in the construction of the clinical and diagnostic research centre of epidemiology and microbiology in Kindia. Vaccine trials later took place at this center. This substantial investment in the construction of the center and the development of additional medical infrastructure had helped to stop the epidemic when the national’s healthcare system was not prepared for it.[200][201][202] Saudi King Abdullah has donated $35 million to the Islamic Development Bank to support its Ebola fighting programme, funding equipment and treatment centres in four West African countries.[203] On 14 August, the Nigerian government said Aliko Dangote had donated $1 million to halt the spread of the Ebola virus outbreak.[204] On 29 October a South African businessman, Patrice Motsepe, donated $1 million on behalf of the Motsepe Foundation and African Rainbow Minerals to Guinea to help fight the disease.[205]

A lot of international companies donated substantial amounts of money (over $50 million by May 2014) and medical equipment to help fight the Ebola disease. To name a few Google donated up to $17.5 million; IKEA Foundation pledged over $6 million to Médecins Sans Frontières; Volvo Group donated $1,5 million to the United Nations Ebola Response Fund; Samsung provided 3,000 smartphones (approximately $1 million) to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; Johnson & Johnson committed $1 million to the Centers for Disease Control Foundation and other NGOs; the Bridgestone Group pledged $1 million. Among the commercial organizations that sponsored WHO or offered donations to combat the Ebola virus, there also were FedEx ($620k); UPS ($500k); American Express ($200k); Xerox Foundation ($100k); Vale International Holdings GmbH ($100k); Société des Mines de Fer de Guinée ($25k); Société Anglogold Ashanti de Guinée ($25k) and others.[206][207]. In spring 2014 McKesson Account Manager Toby Capps donated 200 pallets of basic protection for under-equipped health centers in Sierra Leone, which were enough to meet needs for five months.[208][209]

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Further reading edit

  • Keller, SSG Sara (October 22, 2014). "Ramstein Airmen support Ebola fight, mitigate risks at home". 86th Airlift Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  • Taunton, Capt Sybil (October 22, 2014). "AF Ebola support winds down". United States Air Forces Europe and Air Forces Africa Public Affairs. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  • Brown, SSG Jason J. (October 17, 2014). "First 90 returnees enter controlled monitoring period after Ebola response". Devense Media Activity. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  • Simeone, Nick (November 14, 2014). "Obama activates reserves for Operation United Assistance". 633 Air Base Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  • Board on Health Sciences Policy; Institute Of, Medicine; National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering (2016). Global Health Risk Framework: Resilient and Sustainable Health Systems to Respond to Global Infectious Disease Outbreaks: Workshop Summary. National Academies Press (US). ISBN 9780309381147. PMID 27308691. Retrieved 18 June 2016. {{cite book}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  • Roshania, Reshma; Mallow, Michaela; Dunbar, Nelson; Mansary, David; Shetty, Pranav; Lyon, Taralyn; Pham, Kacey; Abad, Matthew; Shedd, Erin; Tran, Anh-Minh A.; Cundy, Sarah; Levine, Adam C. (28 September 2016). "Successful Implementation of a Multicountry Clinical Surveillance and Data Collection System for Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa: Findings and Lessons Learned". Global Health: Science and Practice. 4 (3): 394–409. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00186. ISSN 2169-575X. PMC 5042696. PMID 27688716.
  • Gillespie, Amaya M.; Obregon, Rafael; El Asawi, Rania; Richey, Catherine; Manoncourt, Erma; Joshi, Kshiitij; Naqvi, Savita; Pouye, Ade; Safi, Naqibullah; Chitnis, Ketan; Quereshi, Sabeeha (23 December 2016). "Social Mobilization and Community Engagement Central to the Ebola Response in West Africa: Lessons for Future Public Health Emergencies". Global Health: Science and Practice. 4 (4): 626–646. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00226. ISSN 2169-575X. PMC 5199179. PMID 28031301.

January 01, 1970
responses, west, african, ebola, virus, epidemic, organizations, from, around, world, responded, west, african, ebola, virus, epidemic, july, 2014, world, health, organization, convened, emergency, meeting, with, health, ministers, from, eleven, countries, ann. Organizations from around the world responded to the West African Ebola virus epidemic In July 2014 the World Health Organization WHO convened an emergency meeting with health ministers from eleven countries and announced collaboration on a strategy to co ordinate technical support to combat the epidemic In August they declared the outbreak an international public health emergency and published a roadmap to guide and coordinate the international response to the outbreak aiming to stop ongoing Ebola transmission worldwide within 6 9 months In September the United Nations Security Council declared the Ebola virus outbreak in the West Africa subregion a threat to international peace and security and unanimously adopted a resolution urging UN member states to provide more resources to fight the outbreak the WHO stated that the cost for combating the epidemic will be a minimum of 1 billion 1 2 Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemicEmblem of the United NationsDuration2013 2016 The Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS and the World Bank Group have pledged aid money and the World Food Programme announced plans to mobilize food assistance for an estimated 1 million people living in restricted access areas Several Non Governmental Organizations have provided assistance in the efforts to control the spread of the disease Up until the end of September the humanitarian aid organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres Doctors Without Borders is the leading organization responding to the crisis with several treatment centers in the area 3 Samaritan s Purse has also provided direct patient care and medical support in Liberia 4 many nations and charitable organizations foundations and individuals have also pledged assistance to control the epidemic As of September 2014 update a massive international response to the crisis is under way The United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response UNMEER has the task of overall planning and coordination directing the efforts of the UN agencies national governments and other humanitarian actors to the areas where they are most needed 5 Calling Ebola healthcare workers the ones who answered the call in December the editors of Time magazine named the Ebola health workers as Person of the Year Editor Nancy Gibbs said The rest of the world can sleep at night because a group of men and women are willing to stand and fight For tireless acts of courage and mercy for buying the world time to boost its defenses for risking for persisting for sacrificing and saving the Ebola fighters are Time s 2014 Person of the Year Both Medecins Sans Frontieres Doctors Without Borders and Samaritan s Purse were singled out as organisations that responded very early in the epidemic with especially dedicated workers who had worked alongside local caregivers 6 Contents 1 United Nations 1 1 UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response 1 2 World Health Organization 1 2 1 WHO Roadmap 1 2 2 UNMEER Program 1 3 World Food Programme 1 4 Food and Agriculture Organization 1 5 UNICEF 2 International organizations 2 1 African Development Bank 2 2 African Union 2 3 Economic Community of West African States 2 4 European Union 2 5 Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 6 International Charter on Space and Major Disasters 2 7 World Bank Group 3 National responses 3 1 Measures to protect national security 3 2 Countries bordering the affected region 3 2 1 Ivory Coast 3 2 2 Mali 3 3 Humanitarian responses 3 3 1 Australia 3 3 2 Brazil 3 3 3 Canada 3 3 4 China 3 3 5 Cuba 3 3 6 Egypt 3 3 7 Ethiopia 3 3 8 France 3 3 9 Germany 3 3 10 Ghana 3 3 11 India 3 3 12 Ireland 3 3 13 Israel 3 3 14 Japan 3 3 15 Malaysia 3 3 16 Netherlands 3 3 17 New Zealand 3 3 18 Nigeria 3 3 19 Norway 3 3 20 Portugal 3 3 21 Russia 3 3 22 Taiwan 3 3 23 Uganda 3 3 24 United Kingdom 3 3 25 United States 4 Charitable organizations and foundations 4 1 Medecins Sans Frontieres 4 2 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 4 3 GOAL 4 4 International Medical Corps 4 5 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation 4 6 Direct Relief 4 7 Paul G Allen Family Foundation 4 8 Samaritan s Purse 4 9 Wellcome Trust 4 10 GAVI 4 11 Oxfam 4 12 HealthMap 4 13 EbolaData org 4 14 International Mutual Aid 5 Companies and individual contributors 6 References 7 Further readingUnited Nations editMain article West African Ebola virus epidemic UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response edit On 18 September 2014 the United Nations Security Council declared the Ebola virus outbreak in the West Africa subregion a threat to international peace and security The Security Council unanimously adopted United Nations Security Council Resolution 2177 7 which urged UN member states to provide more resources to fight the outbreak 1 The resolution was the first in the history of the Security Council to deal with a public health crisis It was sponsored by 131 countries which according to U S Ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power makes it the most broadly supported of the 2 176 Security Council resolutions since 1945 8 Therefore the UN Security Council has created the first ever UN mission for a public health emergency the United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response UNMEER with the primary task of coordinating the UN agencies vast resources to combat the epidemic under the leadership of the WHO Dr David Nabarro the UN Secretary General s Senior Coordinator said that This unprecedented outbreak requires an unprecedented response The number of cases have doubled in these countries in the last three weeks To get in front of this the response must be increased 20 fold from where it is today 9 UNMEER has been tasked to coordinate all relevant United Nations actors in order to ensure a rapid effective efficient and coherent response to the Ebola crisis UNMEER s objective is to work with others to stop the Ebola outbreak UNMEER will work closely with governments regional and international actors such as the African Union AU and the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS and with UN Member States the private sector and civil society Accra in Ghana will serve as a base for UNMEER with teams in Guinea Liberia and Sierra Leone 5 10 A United Nations General Assembly document the Report of the Secretary General on UNMEER and the Office of the Special Envoy on Ebola A 69 404 issued on 24 September 2014 details UNMEER s proposed mission budget and structure 11 World Health Organization edit In July 2014 the World Health Organization WHO convened an emergency sub regional meeting with health ministers from eleven countries in Accra Ghana to tackle the ongoing Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa 12 On 3 July the West African states announced collaboration on a new strategy and the creation of a WHO sub regional centre in Guinea to co ordinate technical support 13 the centre was inaugurated in Conakry on 24 July 14 The WHO Regional Director for Africa Luis Sambo visited the affected countries from 21 to 25 July meeting with political leaders ministers of health NGOs and other agencies He stressed the need to promote behavioural change while respecting cultural practices 15 On 24 July WHO s Director General met with agencies and donors in Geneva to facilitate an increase in funding and manpower to respond to the outbreak 15 On 31 July the WHO and West Africa nations announced a requirement for 100 million in aid to help contain the disease 16 17 WHO declared the outbreak an international public health emergency on 8 August after a two day teleconference of experts 18 On 11 August they emphasised lack of supplies and capacity as one of the problems while local awareness of the disease had increased 19 Revised guidelines on how to prevent the spread of the disease were released updating guidelines from 2008 20 On 28 August the WHO published a roadmap to guide and coordinate the international response to the outbreak aiming to stop ongoing Ebola transmission worldwide within 6 9 months 21 It simultaneously revised its cost estimate for the global resources required over the next six months up to 490 million 22 They report that they are on the ground establishing Ebola treatment centres and strengthening capacity for laboratory testing contact tracing social mobilization safe burials and non Ebola health care and continue to monitor for reports of rumoured or suspected cases from countries around the world Other than cases where individuals are suspected or have been confirmed of being infected with Ebola or have had contact with cases of Ebola the WHO does not recommend any travel or trade restrictions 23 On 16 September the WHO Assistant Director General Bruce Aylward announced that the cost for combating the epidemic will be a minimum of 1 billion We don t know where the numbers are going on this according to Aylward 2 There has been heavy criticism of WHO from some aid agencies because its response was perceived as slow and insufficient especially during the early stage of the outbreak 24 WHO Roadmap edit The following are the key headings from the WHO roadmap for the international response to the epidemic published on 28 August 21 A Immediate actions to support the three EVD affected countries 1 Urgently strengthen the field response Output 1 A local response team is in place in each hot spot Output 2 Provision of field logistical support including Personal Protective Equipment supply and local laboratory facilities capacity Output 3 Provision of care to patients with effective infection prevention and control in health care settings Output 4 Chains of transmission broken through active surveillance case investigation contact tracing and follow up Output 5 Public relations and reputation management social mobilization and risk communications strengthened 2 Coordinate the outbreak response 2 1 Manage the WHO Sub regional Ebola Operations Coordination Centre Output 1 Field coordination collaboration and operational management of the outbreak response strengthened Output 2 Cross border coordination strengthened 2 2 WHO s leadership and coordination of EVD outbreak response strengthened at all levels Output 1 Logistics management systems strengthened to support response activities Output 2 Disease related and other content based expert support provided for risk assessment and expert networks mobilized Output 3 Global communication and information provided Output 4 External relations strengthened Output 5 Clinical support strengthened Output 6 Development of new medical treatments and interventions against EVD advanced B Preparedness in countries at risk Output 1 Preparedness plans activated and tested Output 2 Active surveillance strengthened Output 3 Laboratory diagnostic capacity strengthened Output 4 Public information and social mobilization enhanced Output 5 Case management and infection prevention and control capacities strengthened UNMEER Program edit During October WHO and UNMEER announced a comprehensive 90 day plan to control and reverse the epidemic of EVD The immediate objective is to isolate at least 70 of EVD cases and safely bury at least 70 of patients who die from EVD by 1 December 2014 the 60 day target this has become known as the 70 70 60 program The ultimate goal is to have capacity in place for the isolation of 100 of EVD cases and the safe burial of 100 of casualties by 1 January 2015 the 90 day target 25 Many nations and charitable organizations are cooperating to realise this plan 26 A WHO situation report in mid December indicated that the international community was on track to meet the 90 day target 27 World Food Programme edit On 18 August the World Food Programme WFP of the United Nations announced plans to mobilize food assistance for an estimated 1 million people living in restricted access areas 28 In an 18 September WHO Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report it was reported that as of that date the WFP have delivered an estimated 3 000 metric tonnes of food to the worst affected areas enough to feed 147 500 people They have also assisted in the transportation of 400 cubic meters of medical cargo 3 The WFP led Logistics Cluster provides free logistics services such as storage transport coordination and information management to WHO and other health and humanitarian actors 29 WFP has launched a regional emergency operation to reach 1 3 million people in health centres and quarantine areas WFP provides food and logistical assistance alongside national governments the World Health Organization WHO and other partners to support the treatment of Ebola patients and mitigate the risk of the virus moving into new areas The three pillars of WFP support in the Ebola crisis are to deliver food alongside the health response ensure the movement of partner staff and equipment and provide logistical services and infrastructure support for health partners 28 Food and Agriculture Organization edit The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has launched a 30 million campaign to help stop the spread of the disease meet immediate and long term food and nutrition security needs and build resilience In addition it is training its network of field agents and extension staff to understand to how stop the spread of the disease by simple measures of control and hygiene and to promulgate this knowledge in their communities The FAO led social mobilization campaign is expected to reach 9 000 households in Guinea similar campaigns will follow in Liberia and Sierra Leone 30 31 UNICEF edit nbsp The United Nations Children s Fund UNICEF has a 200 million program to respond to the Ebola outbreak part of the 1 billion total UN program Of this 65 million will go to UNICEF s programmes in Liberia 61 million to Sierra Leone and 55 million to Guinea An additional 10 million will help neighbouring countries be prepared for a potential spread of the disease within their borders with the remaining 9 million required for regional coordination efforts UNICEF estimates that 8 5 million children and young people under the age of 20 live in areas affected by Ebola in Guinea Sierra Leone and Liberia Of these 2 5 million are under the age of five The program s immediate focus is to help contain the spread of the disease and address communities immediate needs 32 UNICEF is one of the largest agencies providing essential supplies for use in treatment and care centres and for continuity of basic services By 8 October more than 900 metric tonnes of supplies were delivered to the region in support of partners through a total of 73 flights 33 34 International organizations editAfrican Development Bank edit The African Development Bank has contributed over 220 million 35 African Union edit In October the African Union appealed for its members to send health care workers to the three West African countries On October 28 it was announced that they had received substantial pledges among others the East African Community has promised 600 personnel Ethiopia 210 and Congo 200 In total it is hoped that Africa s contribution will reach 2 000 personnel of whom one sixth are currently ready for deployment 36 37 Economic Community of West African States edit In March the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS disbursed US 250 000 to deal with the outbreak 38 In response to the ECOWAS Special Fund for the Fight against Ebola in July the Nigerian government donated us 3 5 million to Liberia Guinea Sierra Leone the West African Health Organization and the ECOWAS Pool Fund to aid in the fight against the epidemic 39 European Union edit The European Commission has committed 600 million 760 million funding to fight the outbreak including the provision of mobile laboratories funding to strengthen healthcare capacity support to help cushion the macroeconomic impact support to the deployment of medical missions by partner organisations and funding for vaccine research and trials 40 On 24 October the European Council announced that contributions by the European Commission and individual member states come to a combined total of 1 billion 1 3 billion 41 By March 2015 the total contributed had reached 1 2bn 1 3 40 Innovative Medicines Initiative edit The Innovative Medicines Initiative which is part funded by the European Union in January 2015 announced eight projects on Ebola to accelerate all aspects of vaccine development and manufacturing as well as deployment and compliance with vaccine regimens and diagnostics The total budget of the eight projects launched is 215 million 42 International Charter on Space and Major Disasters edit On October 9 2014 the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the USGS on behalf of the National Geospatial Agency to monitor the outbreak in Sierra Leone specifically the first time its space assets have been used in an epidemiological role 43 World Bank Group edit The World Bank Group has pledged US 230 million in emergency funding to help Guinea Liberia and Sierra Leone contain the spread of Ebola infections help their communities cope with the economic impact of the crisis and improve public health systems throughout West Africa 44 On 25 September The World Bank made additional funding of 170 million available to help curtail the spread of the Ebola virus The funds will be used to finance medical supplies and increase the number of healthcare workers 45 On 30 October a further 100 million funding was announced bringing the cumulative total to 500 million The latest tranche will go towards setting up a coordination hub to recruit train and deploy qualified foreign health workers and support the three countries efforts to isolate Ebola patients and bury the dead safely the bank said 46 National responses editMeasures to protect national security edit Many governments across the world have put measures in place which are aimed at preventing the possible spread of Ebola into their countries and to prepare an appropriate response in order to protect their populations from Ebola These include Advisory notices to warn travellers of the potential risk of travel to countries affected by the epidemic Germany 47 Spain 48 UK 49 USA 50 Colombia 51 Philippines 52 Saudi Arabia 53 Withholding visitor visas from nationals of the affected countries closing borders cancelling flights and restrictions on ships arriving in their ports 54 Equatorial Guinea 55 Kenya 56 Sri Lanka 57 Nigeria 58 South Africa 59 Chad 60 Seychelles 61 62 Mauritania 63 Belize 64 Guinea Bissau 65 Australia 66 Mexico 67 Canada 68 Precautions such as isolation facilities training of staff biocontainment exercises and health screening for incoming travellers Malta 69 Colombia 70 India 71 South Africa 59 Morocco 72 Mali 73 Germany 74 Philippines 75 Mauritania 76 United States 77 Canada 78 Rwanda 79 France 80 UK 81 Countries bordering the affected region edit Ivory Coast edit In August the Ivory Coast announced the closure of its land borders with neighbouring countries Guinea and Liberia affected by the Ebola outbreak 82 The sale and consumption of bushmeat has been banned 83 Mali edit Mali which shares a border with Guinea has implemented a contingency plan for prevention of Ebola Virus Disease This involves a strong prevention system in several locations along the border screening of incoming air passengers a toll free phone number for notifying suspected cases and stockpiles of drugs and equipment 84 Humanitarian responses edit The following countries have pledged resources expertise or funds to the international effort in West Africa Australia edit Australia announced on 17 September that it will commit an additional 7 million Australian dollars to help the international response to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa bringing the total committed to AU 8 million The funds will be divided between support to the British government s response the World Health Organization and Medecins Sans Frontieres However MSF has declined the donation saying that what s needed instead is a specialised deployment of civil and military assets 85 86 Subsequently the Australian government has agreed to assist several hundred Australian expert volunteers to travel to one of the Ebola hotspots of Africa to help control the epidemic 87 Brazil edit In response to the request for international cooperation made by the World Health Organization Brazil s Health Ministry has donated a number of medical kits to affected countries Each kit comprises 1 2 tons of supplies including antibiotics anti inflammatories gloves and masks sufficient to treat 500 patients for three months Four kits have been allocated to Guinea five to Sierra Leone and five more to Liberia 88 89 Canada edit On 12 August the Public Health Agency of Canada PHAC announced that the country would donate between 800 and 1 000 doses of an untested vaccine VSV EBOV to the WHO 90 The offer was made by the Minister of Health directly to the Director General of the WHO as part of the country s commitment to containment efforts The Government of Canada holds the patent associated with the vaccine but has licensed BioProtection Systems of Ames Iowa to develop the product for use in humans 91 By 20 October Canada had pledged 65 4 million Canadian dollars to the fight against Ebola As part of its contribution Canada has deployed two mobile diagnostic laboratories in Sierra Leone and shipped the first batch of an experimental Ebola vaccine to the WHO in Geneva 92 China edit In August China sent their second donation of supplies to Guinea Sierra Leone and Liberia 93 94 The supplies worth 30 million yuan 4 9 million US dollars include medical protective clothes disinfectants thermo detectors and medicines China has also sent three expert teams composed of epidemiologists and specialists in disinfection and protection 95 Some Chinese companies in West Africa have also joined the relief efforts China Kingho Group a leading exploration and mining company in Sierra Leone donated 400 million leones about 90 000 to the government and people of Sierra Leone on 15 August 96 On 16 August Chinese President Xi Jinping and UN Secretary General Ban Ki moon discussed several issues including Ebola in their fourth meeting this year Xi said China will continue to make joint efforts with the international community to prevent and control the Ebola virus outbreak that has hit West Africa China s medical teams in the countries are working with local staff according to Xi Xi also spoke highly of the measures taken by the United Nations and WHO and its professional institutions and called for more assistance and input for medical and health services in African countries citation needed On 25 September a second mobile lab landed at Lungi Airport in Sierra Leone The lab will assist the 29 CDC workers experts from China already in the region to help fight the disease 97 On 24 October China announced a fourth round of emergency funding bringing its commitments now to a total of 500 million yuan to be used to set up a treatment center in Liberia and to increase the number of Chinese medical staff working in West Africa to fight the epidemic China has also contributed to the World Food Program activities in the area 98 On 31 October China announced that a medical squad of the People s Liberation Army which has experience from a 2002 outbreak of SARS will build a 100 bed treatment center in Liberia 99 From 2014 to 2015 the PLA deployed 524 medical staff on a rotational basis to combat the outbreak in Liberia Sierra Leone Guinea and Guinea Bissau 100 245 Cuba edit On 10 September Cuba announced its willingness to help curtail the spread of the disease with a plan to send 165 doctors nurses and infection control specialists to Sierra Leone on a six month rotation Having completed a training program the first group of these arrived in Freetown on 2 October 101 102 On 27 September Cuba announced it is preparing to send a further 296 healthcare workers to Liberia and Guinea 103 Egypt edit In October Egypt sent three tons of medical aid consisting of medicine and medical equipment 104 Ethiopia edit In October 2014 it was announced that Ethiopia would send approximately 200 volunteer health workers to West Africa The country also donated 500 000 to affected countries 105 France edit France has committed 70 million in aid to fight the epidemic This includes the provision of clinical testing facilities and the construction of a 50 bed treatment centre which will be managed by the French Red Cross Additionally they are supporting other organisations working in the area and the wider international effort 106 107 The country also dispatched 20 experts from the EPRUS institute to Guinea to fight the spread of the events 108 The Pasteur Institute also plans to set up a center of expertise in Conakry in order to provide improved responses in the future 109 Germany edit The German government announced on 19 September that its contributions to the fight against Ebola had reached a total of euro 17 million to date This includes contributions to the World Health Organization Medecins sans Frontieres and other agencies Material contributions include air transport to the region and a treatment station for Liberia 110 On 22 September Ursula von der Leyen the German defense minister has asked volunteers from their military contingent to assist in staffing a clinic in the epidemic region The minister appealed to soldiers to voluntarily make yourselves available for this unusual mission 111 On 16 October the German government announced an increased contribution of 102 million for fighting the outbreak following criticism that little had been done regarding Berlin s pledge to help the region deal with the Ebola outbreak 112 The new pledge represents a six fold increase compared to its 17 million contribution 113 Then Foreign Minister Frank Walter Steinmeier stated that We have underestimated the disastrous consequences of Ebola and that The race to catch up begins now 113 On 22 November Germany sent 400 specially adapted motorbikes to worst hit areas of West Africa The bikes will be used in the remote areas to rush test samples to testing laboratories thus reducing the result time from 9 or more days to less than 24 hours 114 Following a request made via the EU Civil Protection Mechanism in January 2015 Germany dispatched a specialized medical airplane to West Africa in order to allow for speedy evacuation of EU volunteers to European hospitals 115 Ghana edit On 30 August the Ghanaian Presidency released a press statement announcing the country s willingness to use Accra as a support base to help fight Ebola in the stricken countries This agreement follows a telephonic meeting with the United Nations chief Ban Ki moon and John Dramani Mahama the President of Ghana Accra will serve as a base for air lifting medical and other supplies to countries affected by the Ebola outbreak as well as personnel to curtail the disease 116 In the coming months Ghana will play a major role in the fight against the disease in the region The city of Accra will be the designated base for UNMEER the newly formed mission by the UN 10 India edit India has given 10 million dollars to the UN Secretary General s Fund for Ebola and 2 million dollars for the purchase of protective gear for health workers in the affected regions India has also offered to contribute to the research for developing affordable drugs for cure or vaccination 117 Prior to this India had contributed 500 000 to augment the WHO efforts to prevent the spread of Ebola virus 118 Ireland edit Ireland has provided direct funding of almost 3 million for Ebola treatment facilities in both Sierra Leone and Liberia as well as for contact tracing community sensitisation and child nutrition programmes 119 Israel edit Israel has contributed 8 75 million to the UN s Ebola Response Multi Partner Trust Fund to help stop the spread of the disease 120 121 In addition the Israeli government has sent six cargo containers full of special equipment used to set up portable field hospitals 122 The medical staff attached to the hospitals provided training to local medical professionals regarding the use of medical equipment as well as focusing on preventing the spread of the disease and raising awareness among populations with high potential for infection 123 Japan edit In April the Government of Japan gave 520 000 through the United Nations Children s Fund UNICEF to support the Ebola outbreak response in Guinea 124 In August another 1 5 million in additional support was provided to be disbursed via the WHO UNICEF and Red Cross and will be used for measures to prevent Ebola infections and to provide medical supplies 125 On 25 August Japanese authorities announced that they would be willing to provide access to an anti influenza drug currently under development called favipiravir to try to treat EVD patients Fujifilm Holdings Corp and MediVector have reportedly approached the U S Food and Drug Administration to request approval for this experimental use of favipiravir Up to 20 000 doses of favipiravir would currently be available 126 Malaysia edit Malaysia plans to send more than 20 million medical gloves to Guinea Liberia Nigeria and Sierra Leone to alleviate a shortage of medical supplies in the affected countries Malaysia will also send medical gloves to the Democratic Republic of Congo which is also dealing with an Ebola outbreak unrelated to the one affecting West Africa 127 Netherlands edit The Dutch government has pledged over 35 million to combat the disease This includes donations to Medecins Sans Frontieres MSF the Red Cross the UN and UNICEF In addition a naval ship carrying relief supplies has deployed to West Africa on 6 November with a cargo which has been provided by nine EU member states The supplies include a significant number of lorries ambulances mobile laboratories and other vehicles generators rubber gloves and boots and other medical supplies 128 New Zealand edit The New Zealand Government has agreed to send 24 doctors and nurses to Sierra Leone to join international efforts against Ebola at a cost of 2 million The volunteers would join the Australian led mission 129 Nigeria edit On Friday 5 November volunteer medical workers arrived in Liberia and Sierra Leone from Nigeria The first arrivals included 100 volunteers in Freetown Sierra Leone and a further 76 in Liberia Nigeria has announced it will be sending 600 volunteers in the coming weeks to help stem the spread of the disease 130 Norway edit On 31 October Norway announced that they will send 200 medical workers to Sierra Leone in 4 teams of 50 each The workers will help to run a treatment centre which has been set up by the British government Norway will also establish an accommodation camp for between 50 and 100 health workers in Moyamba 131 In a separate announcement Norway has donated 2 7 million to the African Union Support to Ebola Outbreak in West Africa ASEOWA 132 Portugal edit On the 18th of October it was announced that Portugal would set up a medical base at the Hospital Militar in Bissau the capital of Guinea Bissau to prevent and combat Ebola in case the epidemic crosses its border with Guinea The base is intended to complement an Ebola treatment center which the Bissau government plans to set up in the Hospital Simao Mendes the country s main hospital However no date has been decided for this program to start 133 Russia edit Russia has allocated 19 million to help fight the virus The funds are to be divided between humanitarian aid projects research preparations for a national outbreak of Ebola and strengthening international efforts to battle the virus including those led by the World Health Organization In January 2015 the mining company Rusal constructed and opened a treatment and research center in the city of Kindia in Guinea at a cost of 10 million 134 135 136 In February of that same year Russia delivered 37 tonnes of humanitarian aid to Guinea including food supplies and medical instruments 137 Taiwan edit The Government of Taiwan gave 1 million to the U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC The donation was made to the CDC Foundation s Global Disaster Response Fund which provides materials from protective gear to vehicles used to provide transportation for medical workers 138 Taiwan also donated 100 000 units of coveralls and surgical masks to Guinea Liberia and Sierra Leone 139 Uganda edit In August 2014 a team of 14 health workers from Uganda which has strong experience of working with domestic Ebola outbreaks had been deployed by the WHO to JFK Hospital in Monrovia Liberia 140 On 27 October 2014 it was announced that a further 30 health workers had been dispatched to affected countries in West Africa 141 United Kingdom edit The UK government announced it has pledged 427 million 635 million to lead the global effort in Sierra Leone to contain control and defeat the disease in that country 142 143 Previously published information from the UK states this includes support for 700 Ebola treatment beds in at least five treatment centres that the UK will build These centres will provide medical care for up to 8 800 patients per six months Britain also said it will support the establishment of 200 community care centres where people who believe they may have contracted Ebola can get a diagnosis and medical care 144 On 2 October the UK hosted alongside the Government of Sierra Leone an international conference in London to rally the global community to provide an effective international response The conference brought together more than 20 governments a dozen charities and NGOs the UN World Bank health experts and the private sector to pledge funds equipment and health workers 145 In October 2014 the Ministry of Defence said 750 personnel will be deployed to help with the establishment of Ebola Treatment Centres and an Ebola Training Academy including 144 146 The deployment of naval ship RFA Argus involving around 250 personnel to take and support three Merlin helicopters aircrew and engineers in the region to provide crucial transport support to medical teams and aid experts Over 200 military staff to run and staff a World Health Organization led Ebola training facility that will assist in the training of healthcare workers logisticians and hygiene specialists who are needed to staff treatment units With UK support WHO are now training over 120 health workers every week 300 military personnel making up the existing UK taskforce plans focussed on delivering support to the Sierra Leone Government This includes command and control logistics and engineers that will provide the backbone of infrastructure commodities training and management needed to scale up the response in Sierra Leone 147 Units involved include 22 Field Hospital 35 Squadron 5 Armoured Medical Regiment Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers from the Queen s Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment and 1st Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland 148 149 150 As of 12 October the Department for International Development said aid supplies delivered so far include 20 vehicles including ambulances 75 water tanks 3 incinerators for disposing of clothing and other materials 12 generators personal protection equipment radio equipment lighting sets chlorine for sanitation latrine slabs temporary warehouse tents 14 air conditioning units and isolator equipment 144 nbsp Wellcome Trust The UK government is co funding clinical trials to find a safe vaccine for Ebola Ten thousand doses of the drug are already being manufactured alongside the clinical trial in the hope that it will be approved for use in the coming months 151 A 6 5 million research initiative has been announced jointly by the Department for International Development and the Wellcome Trust to better inform the management of Ebola outbreaks 152 Prime Minister David Cameron wrote to members of the European Council in October 2014 asking leaders to agree a new package of measures to tackle the Ebola crisis 153 On 22 November over 30 NHS volunteers flew over to Freetown Sierra Leone to assist with the Ebola epidemic 154 By January 2015 1 600 British National Health Service NHS staff had volunteered to travel to west Africa and help those affected by Ebola 155 United States edit By the beginning of August the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC had placed staff in Guinea Sierra Leone Liberia and Nigeria to assist the local Ministries of Health and WHO led response to the outbreak 156 On 8 September United States President Barack Obama announced that the United States government would send military personnel to the epidemic area The military would assist in the setting up of isolation units and would provide additional safety to health workers in the area The military would also assist in providing transportation of medical equipment President Obama added that the steps are necessary to curtail the spread of the virus The announcement came amid fears that the virus might mutate and become more virulent and represents a serious national security concern 157 The United States also plans to send 400 000 home protective kits to the four counties in Liberia that have been hit the hardest by Ebola The kit will include protective gear for family members gloves and masks disinfectants and fever reducing drugs 158 On 8 September the Department of Defense announced that it had allocated 22 million to set up a 25 bed field hospital in Liberia to treat healthcare workers affected by the Ebola virus 159 On 9 September the United States Agency for International Development USAID announced that it would support the African Union s deployment of approximately 100 health workers to West Africa to manage and run Ebola treatment units 160 source source source source source source source Barack Obama calls Ebola a national security priority and announces the US will establish a military command center in Liberia United States Department of Defense video 17 September 2014 On 16 September President Obama announced that the Department of Defense would take the lead in overseeing the response to the epidemic 161 The military would dispatch up to 3 000 personnel to West Africa in an effort that could cost up to 750 million over the next six months U S Major General Darryl A Williams Commander United States Army Africa 162 would be in place in Monrovia Liberia within the week to lead the effort The general would head a regional command based in Liberia that would help oversee and coordinate U S and international relief efforts while a new separate regional staging base in Senegal would help accelerate transportation of urgently needed equipment supplies and personnel In addition the U S Department of Defense would send engineers to set up 17 treatment centers in Liberia each with a 100 bed capacity and would set up a site in the region to train up to 500 health care workers a week The President said that the armed forces are going to bring their expertise in command and control in logistics in engineering to help do tasks ranging from bringing in aid workers and medical equipment to distributing supplies and information kits to families in high risk areas so they can take the appropriate precautions 161 163 164 However the CDC warned on 20 September that there may be insufficient staff for the new treatment facilities that the international community was building 165 On October 6 the White House released a fact sheet detailing the key elements of the US response 166 These include deployment of medical personnel equipment and military logistical resources generally to the area but with a focus on Liberia construction of treatment logistics and training centers measures to screen incoming travellers and prevent spread of the disease within the US The United States Africa Command working through United States Army Africa has designated the Army s response to the epidemic as Operation United Assistance 167 Charitable organizations and foundations editMedecins Sans Frontieres edit According to a WHO report released on 18 September the humanitarian aid organisation Medecins Sans Frontieres Doctors Without Borders is the leading organization responding to the crisis 168 Medecins Sans Frontieres has campaigned since the beginning of the epidemic for a better response from governments and international agencies 169 Speaking at a United Nations UN briefing on 2 September Joanne Liu international president of Medecins Sans Frontieres criticized the lack of assistance from UN member countries Six months into the worst Ebola epidemic in history the world is losing the battle to contain it In West Africa cases and deaths continue to surge Riots are breaking out Isolation centers are overwhelmed Health workers on the front lines are becoming infected and are dying in shocking numbers Others have fled in fear leaving people without care for even the most common illnesses Entire health systems have crumbled Ebola treatment centers are reduced to places where people go to die alone where little more than palliative care is offered It is impossible to keep up with the sheer number of infected people pouring into facilities In Sierra Leone infectious bodies are rotting in the streets 170 Medecins Sans Frontieres has collaborated since March 2014 with CartONG and the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team HOT to map the areas impacted by the Ebola outbreak especially roads buildings and place names 171 These efforts started in Guinea then were extended to Sierra Leone and Liberia The data and maps are also being used by the Red Cross 172 On 30 October MSF announced that its budget for Ebola response was 51 million for 2014 with further budget requirement for 2015 They currently have a total of 3 347 staff working in Guinea Liberia and Sierra Leone operating 6 treatment centres 173 The Lasker Bloomberg Public Service Award for 2015 was awarded to MSF for its leadership role in a public health emergency This included their efforts against the Ebola outbreak 174 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies edit The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies has allocated a budget of more than 100 million Swiss francs to the Ebola crisis It is running an Ebola Treatment Centre in Kenema Sierra Leone as well as focusing on community engagement and safe burials throughout the region 175 GOAL edit The humanitarian charity GOAL is working in Sierra Leone focused on public health information dissemination and establishing and supporting child protection systems while also providing critical logistic and material support to health facilities surveillance teams and partner organisations 176 International Medical Corps edit The International Medical Corps is operating two Ebola Treatment Units one in Sierra Leone and another in Liberia as well as conducting community awareness programs and training of teachers and health workers 177 Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation edit On 10 September the Bill amp Melinda Gates Foundation released 50 million to the United Nations and other international aid agencies fighting the epidemic The foundation also donated 2 million to the CDC to assist them with their burden Previous donations consisted of 5 million to the WHO and 5 million to UNICEF to buy medical supplies and fund support efforts in the region We are working urgently with our partners to identify the most effective ways to help them save lives now and stop transmission of this deadly disease the Foundation CEO said in a statement 178 Direct Relief edit On September 20 Direct Relief in coordination with Clinton Global Initiative Members chartered a 747 filled with 100 tons of supplies for Ebola hit regions Valued at 6 million the cargo of 2 8 million surgical and exam gloves 170 000 coverall gowns 120 000 masks 40 000 liters of pre mixed oral rehydration solution and 9 8 million doses of essential medications was the largest single emergency shipment to date from the U S to the region 179 Paul G Allen Family Foundation edit On 11 September the Paul G Allen Family Foundation pledged 9 million to the CDC The funds will be appropriated to build treatment co ordination centers and assist in training programs This follows their earlier donation of 2 8 million in August to the Red Cross 180 On 23 October Paul Allen co founder of Microsoft Inc announced a personal pledge of US 100 million to provide for medevac facilities training of health workers supplies and medical personnel to combat the outbreak The funds will be donated to a number of established aid and emergency organisations including UNICEF MSF American Red Cross and CDC Foundation 181 On 6 November the Paul G Allen Family Foundation announced 3 25 million in grants in support of Ebola relief efforts The grants were issued to Direct Relief Action Against Hunger and Americares 182 Samaritan s Purse edit Samaritan s Purse has provided direct patient care in multiple locations in Liberia 4 On 1 October Samaritan s purse airlifted 100 tons of supplies to Liberia including tents infection control kits and caregiver kits intended to equip Community Care Centers and facilitate safe home based support The flight signals a new focus on establishing and supervising community based treatment in the area 183 Wellcome Trust edit The Wellcome Trust announced on 23 September a 3 2 million grant to fast track trials of the most promising Ebola treatments This will enable multiple partners around the world to quickly establish clinical trials at existing Ebola treatment centres in West Africa where treatments can be formally evaluated in patients with Ebola virus disease 184 On 29 October the Wellcome Trust announced that it is funding multiple vaccine trials in Europe Gabon Kenya and the USA This brings the Trust s total funding of Ebola research to approximately 10m 185 GAVI edit Gavi the Vaccine Alliance has committed up to US 300 million to procure vaccines which could be used to immunise at risk populations Gavi will be ready to act as soon as a safe effective vaccine is recommended for use by the World Health Organization Up to an additional US 90 million could be used to support countries to introduce the vaccines and to rebuild and restore immunisation services for all vaccines in Ebola affected countries 186 In December 2016 it was announced that an experimental Ebola vaccine produced by Merck was found to be highly protective against the virus after trial runs involving 11 000 people in Guinea 187 Previously a 2015 study in medical journal The Lancet reported that the vaccine was 100 percent effective after tests on 4000 people in Guinea who had been in close contact with Ebola patients 187 Gavi global alliance signed a 5 million advance to buy the vaccine and help expedite the licensing and WHO approval process 188 In April 2017 a panel of researchers from U S National Academy of Medicine questioned the vaccine s effectiveness in preventing Ebola contractions in a study sponsored by the National Institutes of Health the Food and Drug Administration and the U S Department of Health and Human Services 189 The panel argued that the methodology of the patient trail was flawed and concluded that while the vaccine may provide some protection it could be lower than officially announced 189 Oxfam edit Oxfam announced in November that it has scaled up its response to 30 million working in Sierra Leone and Liberia to develop new healthcare facilities improve access to clean water and toilets as increase awareness The objective is to improve the quality and quantity of health care facilities and stop the chain of infection by creating hygienic communities who understand how to minimise and eradicate onwards infection 190 HealthMap edit HealthMap part of Boston Children s Hospital Informatics Group was able to detect the first signs of hemorrhagic fever subsequently identified as Ebola in Guinea on March 14 2014 through a digital disease detection software algorithm which monitors online news and social media As the outbreak expanded a designated site was created to present a centralized source of data regarding situational context and disease spread 191 The Ebola timeline website which represents the highlights of over 10 000 unique news articles coming into the HealthMap database is updated in real time The outbreak timeline website provides a centralized source of official media and innovative information on the 2014 West African EVD outbreak This tool may help to inform the general public and communicate outbreak response methods and protocols The timeline website s goal is to provide fact and science based information to as broad an audience as possible 192 193 EbolaData org edit At the Ebola Open Data Jam held on 18 October 2014 a group of volunteers initiated an open data repository EbolaData org 194 containing the wide variety of data sources related to the Ebola response that are publicly available 195 Data driven decision making and planning which is enabled by this repository has much promise for effectively responding to the EVD epidemic EbolaData org is currently being curated by the Data Science Group of the Thomas J Watson Research Center 196 197 International Mutual Aid edit International Mutual Aid is a US based 501 c 3 nonprofit conducting Ebola treatment surveillance contact tracing and case investigation in Kono District Sierra Leone during the epidemic 198 Companies and individual contributors editResponse from big business has played a significant role when trying to stop the virus in Western Africa Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan have announced a donation of 25 million to the CDC Foundation to fight the Ebola crisis 199 The containment of the disease was partly due to the commitment of Oleg Deripaska the founder of the second largest aluminium producers RUSAL that has been working in Guinea for almost 20 years He mobilized all available resources to halt the spread of the virus and assisted medical institutions and helped isolate the sick He invested over 10 million in the construction of the clinical and diagnostic research centre of epidemiology and microbiology in Kindia Vaccine trials later took place at this center This substantial investment in the construction of the center and the development of additional medical infrastructure had helped to stop the epidemic when the national s healthcare system was not prepared for it 200 201 202 Saudi King Abdullah has donated 35 million to the Islamic Development Bank to support its Ebola fighting programme funding equipment and treatment centres in four West African countries 203 On 14 August the Nigerian government said Aliko Dangote had donated 1 million to halt the spread of the Ebola virus outbreak 204 On 29 October a South African businessman Patrice Motsepe donated 1 million on behalf of the Motsepe Foundation and African Rainbow Minerals to Guinea to help fight the disease 205 A lot of international companies donated substantial amounts of money over 50 million by May 2014 and medical equipment to help fight the Ebola disease To name a few Google donated up to 17 5 million IKEA Foundation pledged over 6 million to Medecins Sans Frontieres Volvo Group donated 1 5 million to the United Nations Ebola Response Fund Samsung provided 3 000 smartphones approximately 1 million to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Johnson amp Johnson committed 1 million to the Centers for Disease Control Foundation and other NGOs the Bridgestone Group pledged 1 million Among the commercial organizations that sponsored WHO or offered donations to combat the Ebola virus there also were FedEx 620k UPS 500k American Express 200k Xerox Foundation 100k Vale International Holdings GmbH 100k Societe des Mines de Fer de Guinee 25k Societe Anglogold Ashanti de Guinee 25k 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Liberian Observer Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 4 October 2014 Ebola treatment trials to be fast tracked in West Africa Wellcome Trust Archived from the original on 2 October 2014 Retrieved 23 September 2014 Multiple trials of VSV Ebola vaccine accelerated by international collaborative Wellcome Trust Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 Retrieved 29 October 2014 Gavi commits to purchasing Ebola vaccine for affected countries GAVI Retrieved 11 December 2014 a b Ebola Vaccine Protects Against Deadly Virus Bloomberg com 2016 12 23 Retrieved 2017 05 22 Vaccines alliance signs 5 million advance deal for Merck s Ebola shot Reuters 2017 01 20 Retrieved 2017 05 22 a b Burton Thomas M Hackman Michelle 2017 04 24 Vaunted Ebola Vaccine Faces Questions Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved 2017 05 22 Scots Oxfam boss leads 30m mission to help bring deadly Ebola virus under control Daily Record Retrieved 9 November 2014 Ebola Map Virus amp Contagious Disease Surveillance healthmap org Associated Press 9 August 2014 Online tool nailed Ebola epidemic Politico Retrieved 10 August 2014 How an algorithm detected the Ebola outbreak a week early and what it could do next 26 August 2014 Retrieved 22 November 2014 About EbolaData org 4 September 2015 Archived from the original on 2015 09 04 Retrieved 22 August 2016 Civic technologists take aim at Ebola with data Capital Retrieved 18 November 2014 Best Coursera Courses for Data driven Decision Making Best Coursera Course Finder bestcourseracourse com Retrieved 2020 05 27 Data science for a better world IBM Research Blog 2016 01 21 Retrieved 2020 05 28 INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL AID INTERNATIONAL MUTUAL AID Retrieved 2019 10 04 Facebook Founder Mark Zuckerberg Kicks in 25 Million for Ebola NBC News 14 October 2014 Retrieved 14 October 2014 RUSAL Struggling Ebola in Guinea YouTube 2018 10 10 Retrieved 5 April 2020 Rusal s Medical Center in Guinea Trials New Ebola Vaccine Engineering amp Mining Journal 2016 03 17 Retrieved 5 April 2020 Russian Aluminium Health Ministry Announce Ebola Vaccine 2018 12 13 Retrieved 5 April 2020 Saudi King gives 35 million grant for Ebola fight Reuters 2014 12 12 Retrieved 12 December 2014 Nigeria reports one more Ebola case 11 in total Top News Reuters Af reuters com 2014 08 14 Archived from the original on 2014 08 16 Retrieved 2014 08 20 Patrice Motsepe donates millions to fight Ebola News24 com 30 October 2014 Retrieved 30 October 2014 IKEA Foundation Bridgestone Commit 7 4 Million for Ebola Response 2014 09 30 Retrieved 5 April 2020 Ebola Outbreak Corporate Aid Tracker The U S Chamber of Commerce Foundation 2014 05 12 Retrieved 5 April 2020 McKesson joins the fight against deadly Ebola virus outbreak fight World Vision Inc 2015 05 15 Retrieved 5 April 2020 Ebola response funding WHO 2016 04 17 Archived from the original on December 27 2014 Retrieved 5 April 2020 Further reading editKeller SSG Sara October 22 2014 Ramstein Airmen support Ebola fight mitigate risks at home 86th Airlift Wing Public Affairs Retrieved March 10 2016 Taunton Capt Sybil October 22 2014 AF Ebola support winds down United States Air Forces Europe and Air Forces Africa Public Affairs Retrieved March 10 2016 Brown SSG Jason J October 17 2014 First 90 returnees enter controlled monitoring period after Ebola response Devense Media Activity Retrieved March 12 2016 Simeone Nick November 14 2014 Obama activates reserves for Operation United Assistance 633 Air Base Wing Public Affairs Retrieved March 10 2016 Board on Health Sciences Policy Institute Of Medicine National Academies Of Sciences Engineering 2016 Global Health Risk Framework Resilient and Sustainable Health Systems to Respond to Global Infectious Disease Outbreaks Workshop Summary National Academies Press US ISBN 9780309381147 PMID 27308691 Retrieved 18 June 2016 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author1 has generic name help Roshania Reshma Mallow Michaela Dunbar Nelson Mansary David Shetty Pranav Lyon Taralyn Pham Kacey Abad Matthew Shedd Erin Tran Anh Minh A Cundy Sarah Levine Adam C 28 September 2016 Successful Implementation of a Multicountry Clinical Surveillance and Data Collection System for Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa Findings and Lessons Learned Global Health Science and Practice 4 3 394 409 doi 10 9745 GHSP D 16 00186 ISSN 2169 575X PMC 5042696 PMID 27688716 Gillespie Amaya M Obregon Rafael El Asawi Rania Richey Catherine Manoncourt Erma Joshi Kshiitij Naqvi Savita Pouye Ade Safi Naqibullah Chitnis Ketan Quereshi Sabeeha 23 December 2016 Social Mobilization and Community Engagement Central to the Ebola Response in West Africa Lessons for Future Public Health Emergencies Global Health Science and Practice 4 4 626 646 doi 10 9745 GHSP D 16 00226 ISSN 2169 575X PMC 5199179 PMID 28031301 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic amp oldid 1219179721, wikipedia, wiki, 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