Doabi dialect
Doabi is a dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named for the region in which it was historically spoken, Doaba[1] (also known as Bist Doab); the word doab means "the land between two rivers" and this dialect was historically spoken in the doab between the Beas River and Sutlej River. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr districts of Indian Punjab, including the areas known as the Dona and Manjki; and the Toba Tek Singh and Faisalabad districts of Pakistani Punjab and some regions of una,Himachal Pradesh.[citation needed]
| Doabi Punjabi | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Doaba, Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab |
| Region | Punjab |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | doab1238 |
Doabi is in blue | |
The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.[2]
Analysis edit
The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana district, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic Linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below:[3]
Consonants edit
| Consonant | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| p ⟨ਪ⟩ | /pəl/ | ‘moment’ (ਪਲ) |
| pʰ ⟨ਫ⟩ | /pʰəl/ | ‘fruit’ (ਫਲ) |
| b ⟨ਬ⟩ | /baːlɳ / | ‘firewood’(ਬਾਲਣ) |
| t̪ ⟨ਤ⟩ | /taːɾ/ | ‘wire’ (ਤਾਰ) |
| t̪ʰ ⟨ਥ⟩ | /tʰaːl/ | ‘round tray’(ਥਾਲ) |
| d̪ ⟨ਦ⟩ | /daːl/ | ‘pulse’ (ਦਾਲ) |
| ʈ ⟨ਟ⟩ | /ʈaːl/ | ‘pile’ (ਟਾਲ) |
| ʈʰ ⟨ਠ⟩ | /ʈʰiːk/ | ‘correct’ (ਠੀਕ) |
| ɖ ⟨ਡ⟩ | /ɖaːk/ | ‘mail’ (ਡਾਕ) |
| t͡ʃʰ ⟨ਛ⟩ | /t͡ʃʰəp/ | ‘imprint’ (ਛਾਪ) |
| d͡ʒ ⟨ਜ⟩ | /dʒoːk/ | leech (ਜੋਕ) |
| k ⟨ਕ⟩ | /kaːɡ/ | ‘crow’ (ਕਾਂ) |
| kʰ ⟨ਖ⟩ | /kʰoːl/ | ‘open’ (ਖੋਲ) |
| ɡ ⟨ਗ⟩ | /ɡaːɭ/ | ‘abuse’ (ਗਾਲ਼) |
| m ⟨ਮ⟩ | /moːɾ/ | ‘peacock’ (ਮੋਰ) |
| n ⟨ਨ⟩ | /nəɾ/ | ‘male’ |
| ɳ* ⟨ਣ⟩ | /ɦoɳ / | ‘now’ (ਹੁਣ) |
| l ⟨ਲ⟩ | /laːl/ | ‘red’ (ਲਾਲ) |
| 𝼈* ⟨ਲ਼⟩ | /koː𝼈 / | ‘near’ (ਕੋਲ਼) |
| (s ⟨ਸ⟩) | /soɳ / | ‘hear’ (ਸੁਣ) |
| (ʃ ⟨ਸ਼⟩) | /ʃeːɾ/ | ‘lion’ (ਸ਼ੇਰ) |
| (z ⟨ਜ਼⟩) | /zoːɾ/ | ‘strength’ (ਜ਼ੋਰ) |
| (f ⟨ਫ਼⟩) | /fəslə/ | ‘distance’ |
| ɦ ⟨ਹ⟩ | /ɦoːɾ/ | ‘more’ (ਹੋਰ) |
| ɾ ⟨ਰ⟩ | /ɾoːɡ/ | ‘disease’ (ਰੋਗ) |
| ɽ* ⟨ੜ⟩ | /pɪɽ/ | ‘pain’ (ਪੀੜ) |
* does not occur word initially
Vowels edit
Doabi has ten vowels. These are /ə, ɪ, ʊ, aː, ɛː, eː, iː, ɔː, oː, uː/
For example:
| Vowel | Word | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| ə ਅ | ਅੱਖ /əkʰ.kʰ/ | 'eye' |
| ʊ ਉ | ਉਠ /ʊʈʰ/ | ‘awake’ |
| ɪ ਇ | ਇੱਟ /ɪʈʈ/ | ‘brick’ |
| aː ਆ | ਆਸ /aːs/ | ‘hope’ |
| ɛː ਐ | ਐਨਕ /ɛːnək/ | spectacles’ |
| uː ਊ | ਊਠ /uːʈʰ/ | ‘camel’ |
| eː ਏ | ਸ਼ੇਰ /ʃeːɾ/ | ‘lion’ |
| oː ਅੋ | ਮੋਰ /moːɾ/ | ‘peacock’ |
| ɔː ਔ | /ɦɔːl/ | ‘fear’ |
| īː ਈ | ਤੀਰ /tiːɾ/ | ‘arrow’ |
Other suprasegmental phonemes edit
Tone, stress and nasalization in Doabi are phonemic.
Tone edit
Three tones are used in Doabi; low, mid and high. For example;
| Tone | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Falling | ਭਾ pà | ‘rate’ |
| Neutral | ਪਾ pa | ‘put’ |
| Rising | ਪਾਹ pá | ‘harsh’ |
Stress edit
Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.
Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.
For example:
| Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|
| ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/ | ‘pitcher’ |
| ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/ | ‘to shape, sculpt, mold’ |
Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;
| Unstressed | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| s[clarification needed] | satt[clarification needed] | ‘essence’ |
| t[clarification needed] | pata[clarification needed] | ‘address’ |
| Stressed | Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| s[clarification needed] | sat[clarification needed] | ‘seven’ |
| tt[clarification needed] | patta[clarification needed] | ‘leaf’ |
Some basic vocabulary items edit
| Doabi word | English translation |
|---|---|
| ਪੇਅ /peːə/ | ‘father’ |
| ਭੈਣ /pɛːɳ/ | ‘sister’ |
| ਭਰਾ /pəɾɑː/ | ‘brother’ |
| ਸੇਂਅ /sẽə/ | ‘apple’ |
| ਝੋੱਨਾ /t͡ʃoːn.nɑː/ | ‘paddy’ |
| ਬੱਡਾ /bəɖ.ɖɑː/ | ‘elder’ |
Features edit
Substituting letters edit
Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b"[4] as in "Vada" (big) to "Bada". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".
Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.
Sentence structure edit
Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.
Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)
Examples:
| Phrase | Doabi | Standard Punjabi |
| He is doing | Oh kardā ā ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ اوہ کردا آ | Oh kardā ɛ̀/e* ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ* اوہ کردا ہے/اے |
| They are doing | Oh karde (y)ā ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ اوہ کردے آ | Oh karde han ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ اوہ کردے ہِن |
| *spoken forms |
Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi
Examples:
| Phrase | Doabi | Standard Punjabi |
| He was doing | oh kardā sī/sīgā ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ اوہ کردا سی/سیگا | oh kardā sī ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ اوہ کردا سی |
| They were doing | oh karde sī/sīge ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ اوہ کردے سی/سیگے | oh karde san ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi) اوہ کردے سن |
| You (sing. m.) were doing | tũ kardā sī/sīgā ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ توں کردا سی/سیگا | tũ kardā sɛ̃ ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ توں کردا سیں |
| You (pl.) were doing | tusī̃ karde sī/sīge ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ تسی کردے سی/سیگے | tusī̃ karde so ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ تسی کردے سو |
| I (m.) was doing | mɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ میں کردا سی/سیگا | mɛ̃ kardā sã ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ میں کردا ساں |
| We were doing | āppā karde sī/sīge ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ آپاں کردے سی/سیگے | asī̃ karde sã ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ اسیں کردےساں |
Vocabulary edit
| Doabi | English | Standard Punjabi |
|---|---|---|
| ਹੋਊਗਾ "hō'ūgā" | Will Happen | "hōvēgā" |
| "bāɽa" | Cow shed | "havelī" |
| ਧੌਣ "dhauṇ" | Neck | "gardan" |
| "pāḷā or ṭhanḍ" | Cold weather | "sardī" |
| "konjī" | Key | "chābbī" |
| "gaṭhe" | Onions | "ganaḍē" |
| "niāṇe" | Children | "bacche" |
| "dekhnā" | To See | "vekhṇā" |
| "kardā hɛgā / kardā sī” | To Be Doing | "kar ría ɛ̀" |
| "gábbe" | Middle | "vichkār" |
| "līre/kappaṛe/talle" | Clothes | "kappaṛe" |
| "lītā" | Bought | "Kharīdi'ā" |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Tribune 28 January 2009 Sarbjit Dhaliwal
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
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