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Hellenic languages

January 13, 2023

Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek.[2] In most classifications, Hellenic consists of Greek alone,[3][4] but some linguists use the term Hellenic to refer to a group consisting of Greek proper and other varieties thought to be related but different enough to be separate languages, either among ancient neighboring languages[5] or among modern varieties of Greek.[6]

Hellenic
Greek
Geographic
distribution		Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Anatolia and the Black Sea region
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Proto-languageProto-Greek
Subdivisions
ISO 639-5grk
Linguasphere56= (phylozone)
Glottologgree1276

Greek and ancient Macedonian

While the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in Attic Greek (and later in Koine Greek),[7][8] fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from onomastic evidence, ancient glossaries and recent epigraphic discoveries in the Greek region of Macedonia, such as the Pella curse tablet.[9][10][11] This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of Northwest Doric Greek,[note 1] and occasionally as an Aeolic Greek dialect[note 2] or a distinct sister language of Greek;[note 3] due to the latter classification, a family under the name "Hellenic" has been suggested to group together Greek proper and the ancient Macedonian language.[5][23]

Modern Hellenic languages

In addition, some linguists use the term "Hellenic" to refer to modern Greek in a narrow sense together with certain other, divergent modern varieties deemed separate languages on the basis of a lack of mutual intelligibility.[24] Separate language status is most often posited for Tsakonian,[24] which is thought to be uniquely a descendant of Doric rather than Attic Greek, followed by Pontic and Cappadocian Greek of Anatolia.[25] The Griko or Italiot varieties of southern Italy are also not readily intelligible to speakers of standard Greek.[26] Separate status is sometimes also argued for Cypriot, though this is not as easily justified.[27] In contrast, Yevanic (Jewish Greek) is mutually intelligible with standard Greek but is sometimes considered a separate language for ethnic and cultural reasons.[27] Greek linguistics traditionally treats all of these as dialects of a single language.[3][28][29]

Language tree

Hellenic 
 Greek 
 Ionic–Attic 

Aeolic †

Arcadocypriot † (related to Mycenaean?)

Pamphylian †

Mycenaean †

 Doric 

Tsakonian (Doric-influenced Koine?; critically endangered)

(?) Ancient Macedonian †

Classification

Hellenic constitutes a branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient languages that might have been most closely related to it, ancient Macedonian,[30] (either an ancient Greek dialect or a separate Hellenic language) and Phrygian,[31] are not documented well enough to permit detailed comparison. Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian[32] (see also Graeco-Armenian) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan).[33][34]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),[12] and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson (1996),[13] Michael Meier-Brügger (2003),[14] Johannes Engels (2010),[15] J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),[16] Joachim Matzinger (2016),[17] Emilio Crespo (2017),[10] Claude Brixhe (2018)[18] and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).[12]
  2. ^ Suggested by August Fick (1874),[13] Otto Hoffmann (1906),[13] N. G. L. Hammond (1997)[19] and Ian Worthington (2012).[20]
  3. ^ Suggested by Georgiev (1966),[21] Joseph (2001)[5] and Hamp (2013).[22]

References

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Graeco-Phrygian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ^ In other contexts, "Hellenic" and "Greek" are generally synonyms.
  3. ^ a b Browning (1983), Medieval and Modern Greek, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987): Modern Greek. London: Routledge, p. 1.
  5. ^ a b c Joseph, Brian D. (2001). "Ancient Greek". In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl; Bodomo, Adams B.; Faber, Alice; French, Robert (eds.). Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. H. W. Wilson Company. p. 256. ISBN 9780824209704.
  6. ^ David Dalby. The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities (1999/2000, Linguasphere Press). Pp. 449-450.
  7. ^ Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7. Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek.
  8. ^ Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (2000). The Cambridge ancient history, 3rd edition, Volume VI. Cambridge University Press. p. 730. ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4.
  9. ^ Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, Oxford University Press, 2008, p.289
  10. ^ a b Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329. ISBN 978-3-11-053081-0.
  11. ^ Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia". The Greek World, 479-323 BC (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0-415-16326-9.
  12. ^ a b Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians". Ancient Macedonia. De Gruyter. pp. 64, 77. ISBN 978-3-11-071876-8.
  13. ^ a b c Masson, Olivier (2003). "[Ancient] Macedonian language". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (revised 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 905–906. ISBN 978-0-19-860641-3.
  14. ^ Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,on Google books
  15. ^ Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95
  16. ^ Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.). Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145. ISBN 978-960-7779-52-6.
  17. ^ Matzinger, Joachim (2016). Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen (PDF) (Speech) (in German). Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  18. ^ Brixhe, Claude (2018). "Macedonian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. pp. 1862–1867. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
  19. ^ Hammond, N.G.L (1997). Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79.
  20. ^ Worthington, Ian (2012). Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-136-64003-2.
  21. ^ Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966)
  22. ^ Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239.
  23. ^ . MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016.
  24. ^ a b Salminen, Tapani (2007). "Europe and North Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 211–284.
  25. ^ Ethnologue: Family tree for Greek.
  26. ^ N. Nicholas (1999), The Story of Pu: The Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser. PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne. p. 482f. ()
  27. ^ a b Joseph, Brian; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). "Modern Greek". In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.). Variationstypologie: Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europäischen Sprachen. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 836.
  28. ^ G. Horrocks (1997), Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers. London: Longman.
  29. ^ P. Trudgill (2002), Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece, in: P. Trudgill, Sociolinguistic Variation and Change, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  30. ^ Roger D. Woodard. "Introduction," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, ed. Roger D. Woodard (2004, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-18), pp. 12-14.
    Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 405.
  31. ^ Johannes Friedrich. Extinct Languages. Philosophical Library, 1957, pp. 146-147.
    Claude Brixhe. "Phrygian," The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, ed. Roger D. Woodard, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 777-788), p. 780.
    Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 403.
  32. ^ James Clackson. Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11-12.
  33. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.
  34. ^ Henry M. Hoenigswald, "Greek," The Indo-European Languages, ed. Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat (Routledge, 1998 pp. 228-260), p. 228.
    BBC: Languages across Europe: Greek

January 13, 2023
hellenic, languages, hellenic, branch, indo, european, language, family, whose, principal, member, greek, most, classifications, hellenic, consists, greek, alone, some, linguists, term, hellenic, refer, group, consisting, greek, proper, other, varieties, thoug. Hellenic is the branch of the Indo European language family whose principal member is Greek 2 In most classifications Hellenic consists of Greek alone 3 4 but some linguists use the term Hellenic to refer to a group consisting of Greek proper and other varieties thought to be related but different enough to be separate languages either among ancient neighboring languages 5 or among modern varieties of Greek 6 HellenicGreekGeographicdistributionGreece Cyprus Italy Anatolia and the Black Sea regionLinguistic classificationIndo European Graeco Phrygian 1 HellenicProto languageProto GreekSubdivisionsGreek MacedonianISO 639 5grkLinguasphere56 phylozone Glottologgree1276 Contents 1 Greek and ancient Macedonian 2 Modern Hellenic languages 3 Language tree 4 Classification 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesGreek and ancient MacedonianWhile the bulk of surviving public and private inscriptions found in ancient Macedonia were written in Attic Greek and later in Koine Greek 7 8 fragmentary documentation of a vernacular local variety comes from onomastic evidence ancient glossaries and recent epigraphic discoveries in the Greek region of Macedonia such as the Pella curse tablet 9 10 11 This local variety is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of Northwest Doric Greek note 1 and occasionally as an Aeolic Greek dialect note 2 or a distinct sister language of Greek note 3 due to the latter classification a family under the name Hellenic has been suggested to group together Greek proper and the ancient Macedonian language 5 23 Modern Hellenic languagesIn addition some linguists use the term Hellenic to refer to modern Greek in a narrow sense together with certain other divergent modern varieties deemed separate languages on the basis of a lack of mutual intelligibility 24 Separate language status is most often posited for Tsakonian 24 which is thought to be uniquely a descendant of Doric rather than Attic Greek followed by Pontic and Cappadocian Greek of Anatolia 25 The Griko or Italiot varieties of southern Italy are also not readily intelligible to speakers of standard Greek 26 Separate status is sometimes also argued for Cypriot though this is not as easily justified 27 In contrast Yevanic Jewish Greek is mutually intelligible with standard Greek but is sometimes considered a separate language for ethnic and cultural reasons 27 Greek linguistics traditionally treats all of these as dialects of a single language 3 28 29 Language treeHellenic Greek Ionic Attic Standard Modern GreekYevanicCypriot GreekCappadocian GreekPonticCrimean Greek Mariupolitan Romano Greek a mixed language Italiot Greek disputed Griko Doric influenced Calabrian GreekAeolic Arcadocypriot related to Mycenaean Pamphylian Mycenaean Doric Tsakonian Doric influenced Koine critically endangered Ancient Macedonian ClassificationHellenic constitutes a branch of the Indo European language family The ancient languages that might have been most closely related to it ancient Macedonian 30 either an ancient Greek dialect or a separate Hellenic language and Phrygian 31 are not documented well enough to permit detailed comparison Among Indo European branches with living descendants Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian 32 see also Graeco Armenian and Indo Iranian languages see Graeco Aryan 33 34 See alsoAncient Greek dialects Varieties of Modern GreekNotes Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz 1808 12 and subsequently supported by Olivier Masson 1996 13 Michael Meier Brugger 2003 14 Johannes Engels 2010 15 J Mendez Dosuna 2012 16 Joachim Matzinger 2016 17 Emilio Crespo 2017 10 Claude Brixhe 2018 18 and M B Hatzopoulos 2020 12 Suggested by August Fick 1874 13 Otto Hoffmann 1906 13 N G L Hammond 1997 19 and Ian Worthington 2012 20 Suggested by Georgiev 1966 21 Joseph 2001 5 and Hamp 2013 22 References Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin eds 2017 Graeco Phrygian Glottolog 3 0 Jena Germany Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History In other contexts Hellenic and Greek are generally synonyms a b Browning 1983 Medieval and Modern Greek Cambridge Cambridge University Press Joseph Brian D and Irene Philippaki Warburton 1987 Modern Greek London Routledge p 1 a b c Joseph Brian D 2001 Ancient Greek In Garry Jane Rubino Carl Bodomo Adams B Faber Alice French Robert eds Facts about the World s Languages An Encyclopedia of the World s Major Languages Past and Present H W Wilson Company p 256 ISBN 9780824209704 David Dalby The Linguasphere Register of the World s Languages and Speech Communities 1999 2000 Linguasphere Press Pp 449 450 Joseph Roisman Ian Worthington 7 July 2011 A Companion to Ancient Macedonia John Wiley amp Sons p 94 ISBN 978 1 4443 5163 7 Many surviving public and private inscriptions indicate that in the Macedonian kingdom there was no dominant written language but standard Attic and later on koine Greek Lewis D M Boardman John 2000 The Cambridge ancient history 3rd edition Volume VI Cambridge University Press p 730 ISBN 978 0 521 23348 4 Sarah B Pomeroy Stanley M Burstein Walter Donlan Jennifer Tolbert Roberts A Brief History of Ancient Greece Politics Society and Culture Oxford University Press 2008 p 289 a b Crespo Emilio 2017 The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect In Giannakis Georgios K Crespo Emilio Filos Panagiotis eds Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects From Central Greece to the Black Sea Walter de Gruyter p 329 ISBN 978 3 11 053081 0 Hornblower Simon 2002 Macedon Thessaly and Boiotia The Greek World 479 323 BC Third ed Routledge p 90 ISBN 0 415 16326 9 a b Hatzopoulos Miltiades B 2020 The speech of the ancient Macedonians Ancient Macedonia De Gruyter pp 64 77 ISBN 978 3 11 071876 8 a b c Masson Olivier 2003 Ancient Macedonian language In Hornblower Simon Spawforth Antony eds The Oxford Classical Dictionary revised 3rd ed Oxford University Press pp 905 906 ISBN 978 0 19 860641 3 Michael Meier Brugger Indo European linguistics Walter de Gruyter 2003 p 28 on Google books Roisman Worthington 2010 A Companion to Ancient Macedonia Chapter 5 Johannes Engels Macedonians and Greeks p 95 Dosuna J Mendez 2012 Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect A critical survey on recent work Greek English French German text In Giannakis Georgios K ed Ancient Macedonia Language History Culture Centre for Greek Language p 145 ISBN 978 960 7779 52 6 Matzinger Joachim 2016 Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen PDF Speech in German Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Brixhe Claude 2018 Macedonian In Klein Jared Joseph Brian Fritz Matthias eds Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo European Linguistics Vol 3 De Gruyter pp 1862 1867 ISBN 978 3 11 054243 1 Hammond N G L 1997 Collected Studies Further studies on various topics A M Hakkert p 79 Worthington Ian 2012 Alexander the Great A Reader Routledge p 71 ISBN 978 1 136 64003 2 Vladimir Georgiev The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples The Slavonic and East European Review 44 103 285 297 July 1966 Eric Hamp amp Douglas Adams 2013 The Expansion of the Indo European Languages Sino Platonic Papers vol 239 Ancient Macedonian MultiTree A Digital Library of Language Relationships Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 a b Salminen Tapani 2007 Europe and North Asia In Moseley Christopher ed Encyclopedia of the World s Endangered Languages London Routledge pp 211 284 Ethnologue Family tree for Greek N Nicholas 1999 The Story of Pu The Grammaticalisation in Space and Time of a Modern Greek Complementiser PhD Dissertation University of Melbourne p 482f PDF a b Joseph Brian Tserdanelis Georgios 2003 Modern Greek In Roelcke Thorsten ed Variationstypologie Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch der europaischen Sprachen Berlin de Gruyter p 836 G Horrocks 1997 Greek A History of the Language and its Speakers London Longman P Trudgill 2002 Ausbau Sociolinguistics and Identity in Greece in P Trudgill Sociolinguistic Variation and Change Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press Roger D Woodard Introduction The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World s Ancient Languages ed Roger D Woodard 2004 Cambridge University Press pp 1 18 pp 12 14 Benjamin W Fortson Indo European Language and Culture Blackwell 2004 p 405 Johannes Friedrich Extinct Languages Philosophical Library 1957 pp 146 147 Claude Brixhe Phrygian The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World s Ancient Languages ed Roger D Woodard Cambridge University Press 2004 pp 777 788 p 780 Benjamin W Fortson Indo European Language and Culture Blackwell 2004 p 403 James Clackson Indo European Linguistics An Introduction Cambridge University Press 2007 pp 11 12 Benjamin W Fortson Indo European Language and Culture Blackwell 2004 p 181 Henry M Hoenigswald Greek The Indo European Languages ed Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat Routledge 1998 pp 228 260 p 228 BBC Languages across Europe Greek Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hellenic languages amp oldid 1103990437, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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