In linguistics, a pro-form is a type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context.[1] They are used either to avoid repetitive expressions or in quantification (limiting the variables of a proposition).
Pro-forms are divided into several categories, according to which part of speech they substitute:
A pro-adjective substitutes an adjective or a phrase that functions as an adjective: so as in "It is less so than we had expected."
A pro-adverb substitutes an adverb or a phrase that functions as an adverb: how or this way.
A pro-verb substitutes a verb or a verb phrase: do, as in: "I will go to the party if you do".
A pro-sentence substitutes an entire sentence or subsentence: Yes, or that as in "That is true".[2]
An interrogative pro-form is a pro-form that denotes the (unknown) item in question and may itself fall into any of the above categories.
The rules governing allowable syntactic relations between certain pro-forms (notably personal and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns) and their antecedents have been studied in what is called binding theory.
Some 19th-century grammars of Latin, such as Raphael Kühner's 1844 grammar,[3] organized non-personal pronouns (interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite/quantifier, relative) in a table of "correlative" pronouns due to their similarities in morphological derivation and their syntactic relationships (as correlative pairs) in that language. Later that century, L. L. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, made use of the concept to systematically create the pro-forms and determiners of Esperanto in a regular table of correlatives. The table of correlatives for English follows.
Some languages may have more categories. See demonstrative.
Note that some categories are regular and some are not. They may be regular or irregular also depending on languages. The following chart shows comparison between English, French (irregular) and Japanese (regular):
interrogative
quantifier
existential
negative
human
who qui dare
someone quelqu'un dareka
no one (neg. +) personne daremo + neg.
nonhuman
what que nani
something quelque chose nanika
nothing rien nanimo + neg.
location
where où doko
somewhere quelque part dokoka
nowhere nulle part dokomo + neg.
(Note that "daremo", "nanimo" and "dokomo" are universal quantifiers with positive verbs.)
Some languages do not distinguish interrogative and indefinite pro-forms. In Mandarin, "Shéi yǒu wèntí?" means either "Who has a question?" or "Does anyone have a question?", depending on context.
Deixis – Words requiring context to understand their meaning
Pro-drop language – Language in which certain pronouns may sometimes be omitted
Referent – Person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refers
Referencesedit
^Crystal, David (1985). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (2nd ed.). Basil Blackwell.
^Rödl, Sebastian (2012). Categories of the Temporal. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN978-0-674-04775-4.
^Kühner, Raphael (1844). Elementargrammatik der lateinischen Sprache mit eingereihten lateinischen und deutschen Übersetzungsaufgaben und einer Sammlung lateinischer Lesestücke nebst den dazu gehörigen Wörterverzeichnissen. p. 35. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
External linksedit
The dictionary definition of pro-form at Wiktionary
SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms: Pro-Adverb
January 01, 1970
form, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, december, 2009, learn. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Pro form news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2009 Learn how and when to remove this message In linguistics a pro form is a type of function word or expression that stands in for expresses the same content as another word phrase clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context 1 They are used either to avoid repetitive expressions or in quantification limiting the variables of a proposition Pro forms are divided into several categories according to which part of speech they substitute A pronoun substitutes a noun or a noun phrase with or without a determiner it this A prop word one as in the blue one A pro adjective substitutes an adjective or a phrase that functions as an adjective so as in It is less so than we had expected A pro adverb substitutes an adverb or a phrase that functions as an adverb how or this way A pro verb substitutes a verb or a verb phrase do as in I will go to the party if you do A pro sentence substitutes an entire sentence or subsentence Yes or that as in That is true 2 An interrogative pro form is a pro form that denotes the unknown item in question and may itself fall into any of the above categories The rules governing allowable syntactic relations between certain pro forms notably personal and reflexive reciprocal pronouns and their antecedents have been studied in what is called binding theory Contents 1 Table of correlatives 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksTable of correlatives editSome 19th century grammars of Latin such as Raphael Kuhner s 1844 grammar 3 organized non personal pronouns interrogative demonstrative indefinite quantifier relative in a table of correlative pronouns due to their similarities in morphological derivation and their syntactic relationships as correlative pairs in that language Later that century L L Zamenhof the inventor of Esperanto made use of the concept to systematically create the pro forms and determiners of Esperanto in a regular table of correlatives The table of correlatives for English follows Table of correlatives interrogative demonstrative quantifier proximal medial distal assertive existential elective dubitative existential universal negatory positive alternative determiner whichwhat this sg these pl that sg those pl yonyonder some anywhicheverwhichsoever everyeachall no another pronoun human whowhom obj this one sg these ones pl that one sg those ones pl yonyonder someonesomebody anyoneanybodywhoeverwhomever obj whosoeverwhomsoever obj everyoneeverybodyall no onenobody anothersomeone elsesomebody else nonhuman what this one sg these ones pl that one sg those ones pl yonyonder something anythingwhateverwhatsoever everythingall nothing something elseelseother out of two dual which this one sg these ones pl that one sg those ones pl yonyonder one eitherwhicheverwhichsoever both neither other out of many plural some pl one sg anywhicheverwhichsoever eachall none another pro adverb location where here there yonder somewhere anywherewhereverwheresoever everywhere nowhere elsewhere source whence hence thence somewhence anywhencewhenceverwhencesoever everywhence nowhence elsewhence goal whither hither thither somewhither anywhitherwhithereverwhithersoever everywhither nowhither elsewhither time when now then sometimesomewhen anytimeanywhenwheneverwhensoever everalwayseverywhen nevernowhen elsewhenanother time manner howwhereby thushereby thereby somehow anyhowhoweverhowsoever everyway everywise no way nowise otherwise elsewise reason whywherefore herefore therefore somewhy for some reason whyeverwhysoever Some languages may have more categories See demonstrative Note that some categories are regular and some are not They may be regular or irregular also depending on languages The following chart shows comparison between English French irregular and Japanese regular interrogative quantifier existential negative human whoquidare someonequelqu undareka no one neg personnedaremo neg nonhuman whatquenani somethingquelque chosenanika nothingriennanimo neg location whereoudoko somewherequelque partdokoka nowherenulle partdokomo neg Note that daremo nanimo and dokomo are universal quantifiers with positive verbs Some languages do not distinguish interrogative and indefinite pro forms In Mandarin Shei yǒu wenti means either Who has a question or Does anyone have a question depending on context See also editAnaphora linguistics Use of an expression whose interpretation depends on context Deixis Words requiring context to understand their meaning Pro drop language Language in which certain pronouns may sometimes be omitted Referent Person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refersReferences edit Crystal David 1985 A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics 2nd ed Basil Blackwell Rodl Sebastian 2012 Categories of the Temporal Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press pp 22 25 ISBN 978 0 674 04775 4 Kuhner Raphael 1844 Elementargrammatik der lateinischen Sprache mit eingereihten lateinischen und deutschen Ubersetzungsaufgaben und einer Sammlung lateinischer Lesestucke nebst den dazu gehorigen Worterverzeichnissen p 35 Retrieved 2022 12 02 External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of pro form at Wiktionary SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms Pro Adverb Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pro form amp oldid 1223125331, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,