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Legality of child pornography

March 29, 2023

Child pornography is illegal in most countries, but there is substantial variation in definitions, categories, penalties, and interpretations of laws. Differences include the definition of "child" under the laws, which can vary with the age of sexual consent; the definition of "child pornography" itself, for example on the basis of medium or degree of reality; and which actions are criminal (e.g. production, distribution, possession, and/or downloading and viewing of material).[1] Laws surrounding fictional child pornography are a major source of variation between jurisdictions; some maintain distinctions in legality between real and fictive pornography depicting minors, while others regulate fictive material under general laws against child pornography.

Several organizations and treaties have set non-binding guidelines (model legislation) for countries to follow. While a country may be a signatory, they may or may not have chosen to implement these guidelines. The information given in this article is subject to change as laws are consistently updated around the world.

International stance

Organizations

International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC)

This organization combats child sexual exploitation, child pornography, and child abduction. For child pornography they have set up "model legislation" which defines child pornography, and sets up recommended sanctions/sentencing. According to research performed in 2018; child pornography is illegal in 118 of the 196 Interpol member states. This figure represents countries that have sufficient legislation in establishing 4 or 5 of 5 criteria met as defined by the ICMEC.[1]

ECPAT International (ECPAT)

ECPAT focuses on halting the online sexual exploitation of children, the trafficking of children for sexual purposes and the sexual exploitation of children in the travel and tourism industry. This organization tracks countries that have implemented standards as defined by agreements such as the Convention on Cybercrime, and Lanzarote Convention through their human rights reports.[2][3]

Treaties

At least two major treaties are in place with one "optional protocol" to combat child pornography worldwide. These are considered international obligations to pass specific laws against child pornography which should be "punishable by appropriate penalties that take into account their grave nature". The first of these treaties has to do with The Council of Europe's Cybercrime Convention, the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, and the EU Framework Decision that became active in 2006. These required signatory or member states to criminalize all aspects of child pornography.[4] The second involves the United Nations which established Article 34 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). This stated that all signatories shall take appropriate measures to prevent the exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials. An optional protocol was also added that requires signatories to outlaw the "producing, distributing, disseminating, importing, exporting, offering, selling or possessing for the above purposes" of child pornography.[5] Some of the negotiations and reviews of the process took place at the World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children held in 1996 and 2001.[6]

Debate

While laws criminalizing child sexual abuse now exist in all countries of the world,[7][8] more diversity in law exists on issues such as the exact minimum age of those depicted in pornography, whether the mere possession of child pornography should be a crime, or whether sentences for such possession should be modified. Convictions for possessing child pornography also usually include prison sentences, but those sentences are often converted to probation for first-time offenders.[4]

In 1999, in the case of R. v. Sharpe, British Columbia's highest court struck down a law against possessing child pornography as unconstitutional.[9] That opinion, written by Justice Duncan Shaw, held, "There is no evidence that demonstrates a significant increase in the danger to children caused by pornography", and "A person who is prone to act on his fantasies will likely do so irrespective of the availability of pornography."[10] The Opposition in the Canadian Parliament considered invoking the notwithstanding clause to override the court's ruling.[11] However, it was not necessary because the Canadian Supreme Court overturned the decision with several findings including that viewing such material makes it more likely that the viewer will abuse, that the existence of such materials further hurts the victims as they know of its existence, and that the demand for such images encourages the abuse.[12]

In the United States, some federal judges have argued that the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines' recommended penalties for possessors of child pornography are too harsh.[13] Judge Jack B. Weinstein of New York criticizes the mandatory sentence for possession of child pornography as often higher than the penalty for actually committing the act of child abuse it depicts. Furthermore, child pornography prosecutions have led to dozens of suicides, some of them among the innocently accused.[14] The requirement that people convicted of possessing child pornography pay restitution has been criticized by some judges and law professors. This has been particularly controversial in cases involving millions of dollars of restitution, as in those pertaining to the Misty Series.[15] But in 2010, the US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that restitution directly to depicted minors was an appropriate penalty for possession of child pornography.[16]

During the nomination process at the 2008 Libertarian National Convention, anarcho-capitalist and U.S. presidential candidate Mary Ruwart came under fire for her comment in her 1998 book, Short answers to the tough questions, in which she stated her opposition not only to laws against possession of child pornography but even against its production, based on her belief that such laws actually encourage such behavior by increasing prices.[17] Shane Cory, on behalf of the minarchist United States Libertarian Party in his role as executive director, issued a response saying, "We have an obligation to protect children from sexual exploitation and abuse, and we can do this by increasing communication between state and federal agencies to help combat this repulsive industry. While privacy rights should always be respected in the pursuit of child pornographers, more needs to be done to track down and prosecute the twisted individuals who exploit innocent children." Cory resigned after the party refused to vote on a resolution asking states to strongly enforce existing child porn laws.[18]

Status by country

Table legend
Legality Description
Illegal Real child pornography: This tag assumes the sale, production, and distribution of child pornography is illegal (de jure) by default unless stated otherwise.

Fictional child pornography: This tag assumes the sale, production, and distribution of fictional child pornography is illegal (de jure) by default unless stated otherwise.
Possession: Possessing (including simple possession) is illegal (de jure) for both fictional and real child pornography by default unless stated otherwise.

Situational Real child pornography: This may cover a partially legal situation, or one where the law is not enforced. Details can be found in the "short summary" section.

Fictional child pornography: This is used when fictional child pornography is not clearly defined by law, or for countries which define what parts are legal/Illegal.
Possession: If only fictional child pornography is legal, then by default possession of it is legal as well. This also covers partly legal and unenforced situations.

Legal Real or fictional child pornography: No restrictions are in place.

Possession: No restrictions are in place.

No data The status of the law is unknown, this may change with additional sourcing.

Africa

Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary
Algeria Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Algeria by any means per Article 333 bis 1 of their penal code.[19] Punishments include prison sentences of up to 5 to 10 years with a fine of 500,000 DA to 1,000,000 DA.[20]
Angola Illegal No data Legal Article 184 of the Angolan penal code prohibits the production, transport and sale of sexually explicit material involving a child.[21] The law does not include simple possession or mention fictional material.[22]
Benin Illegal Illegal Illegal The "Child Code" of Benin prohibits child pornography including possession and simulated images. Persons convicted of child pornography face sentences of two to five years’ imprisonment and fines ranging from two to five million CFA francs ($3,610 to $9,025).[1]
Botswana Illegal Illegal: electronic forms Illegal Possession of child pornography is illegal in Botswana, and punishable with between 5 and 15 years' imprisonment.[23] Electronic forms of an apparent child are also illegal, but define a "child" as under the age of 14.[24]
Burkina Faso Illegal; not defined Legal Legal Child pornography is illegal in Burkina Faso, but not clearly defined. Mere possession, simulated representations, or realistic images of a non-existent child are not criminalized.[25][26]
Burundi Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in Burundi and punishable by fines and between 3 and 5 years in prison.[27] Possession of child pornography is not criminalized.[28]
Cameroon Illegal Illegal Illegal Producing, possessing, or distributing child pornography is illegal in Cameroon with punishments of 5 to 10 years of imprisonment and fines from 5 million CFA francs to 10 million CFA francs.[19][29] Virtual child pornography (“realistic” images) and a person “appearing” to be a child are also punishable conducts.[30]
Cape Verde Illegal No data Illegal Cape Verdean law prohibits the use of children under age 18 in pornography, with penalties for conviction of up to three years’ imprisonment.[1][31]
Central African Republic Legal Legal Legal No laws in the Central African Republic prohibit child pornography.[32]
Chad Illegal No data Illegal Article 362 of the Penal Code 2017 of Chad criminalizes the production, distribution, importation, exportation, supply, making available, sale, obtaining or handing over to others, possession of any material.[1]
Comoros Illegal No data No data Conviction of child pornography is punishable in Comoros by fines or imprisonment.[33] There is no information available regarding fictional forms or mere possession.
Democratic Republic of the Congo Illegal Illegal Illegal The Democratic Republic of the Congo's penal code prohibits child pornography by any means whatsoever. Those convicted face 10 to 20 years imprisonment.[1][34][35] Mere possession by any means is not addressed in the law.
Republic of Congo Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography (including possession) in the Republic of the Congo is punishable by Article 66 of the Law on the Protection of the Child of the Republic of Congo (Law No. 4-2010).[1]
Djibouti Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[36]
Egypt Illegal; not defined Illegal Illegal While all forms of pornography are prohibited, Egyptian laws do not specifically define or prohibit child pornography.[37][38]
Equatorial Guinea Legal Legal Legal No laws in Equatorial Guinea prohibit child pornography.[39]
Eritrea Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Eritrea, however this law does not mention possession or anything fictional.[40]
Eswatini Illegal Illegal Illegal Practices related to child pornography are illegal in Eswatini under the "Sexual Offences and Domestic Violence Act, 2018".[41] Offenders face up to 25 years imprisonment.[42]
Ethiopia Illegal; not defined Illegal: electronic forms Illegal Child pornography is illegal (but not defined) in Ethiopia per Article 12 of the "Computer Crime Proclamation (2016)" act.[43][44] There is no information given for physical forms such as drawings or paintings.
Gabon Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[45]
The Gambia Illegal; not defined No data Legal While child pornography is illegal in the Gambia, the law in place is "extremely under-developed".[46] Mere possession of "child sexual abuse materials" is not criminalized.[46]
Ghana Illegal; not defined Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Ghana, but no clear definition is given on what “sexually explicit conduct” means leaving the law open for discretion.[47] Virtual child pornography (“realistic” images) and a person “appearing” to be a child are also punishable conducts.[30]
Guinea Illegal, but unenforced Illegal, but unenforced Illegal, but unenforced Child pornography in any representation is illegal in Guinea under the "Criminal Code Act (1974)".[48] The United States Department of State notes that this law is "generally unenforced".[49]
Guinea-Bissau Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in Guinea-Bissau, but possession and distribution are not criminally prohibited.[50][51]
Ivory Coast Illegal No data No data The law in Ivory Coast prohibits the use, recruitment, or offering of minors for commercial sex or use in pornographic films, pictures, or events.[52]
Kenya Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[53]
Lesotho Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Lesotho, and is punishable by not less than 10 years’ imprisonment.[54]
Liberia Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal "in any form or manner" and is punishable by up to five years' imprisonment.[1][55]
Libya Legal Legal Legal No laws in Libya prohibit child pornography.[56]
Madagascar Illegal Illegal Illegal Article 346 of the Penal Code of Madagascar criminalizes the use of “any means” to disseminate child pornography.[1] Officials have stated that the laws were often not uniformly interpreted or applied.[57]
Malawi Illegal; not defined Illegal Illegal Although laws in Malawi do not clearly define child pornography, it criminalises possession with a sanction of 14 years’ imprisonment. This covers any visual depiction, including any photograph, film, video, image, whether made or produced by electronic, mechanical, or other means.[58]
Mali Illegal Illegal No data Child pornography is illegal in Mali per Article 228 of the 2001 adopted penal code.[59] Penalties for conviction range from five to 20 years in prison.[60] This law includes "pornographic pictures, films or drawings showing one or several minors aged less than thirteen".[59]
Mauritania Illegal No data Illegal Possession of child pornography is illegal in Mauritania with penalties of 2 months to 1 year in prison and a fine.[61]
Mauritius Illegal Legally unclear Illegal While child pornography and possession is illegal in Mauritius, its unclear whether pure fiction counts as a representation of a person.[62][63]
Morocco
(excluding Western Sahara)		 Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[64][65] However, there are no regulations when it comes to using children in illicit activities in Western Sahara.[66]
Mozambique Illegal, partly enforced No data Illegal, partly enforced Child pornography is illegal in Mozambique but is only partly enforced.[1][67]
Namibia Illegal No data Illegal Production and possession of child pornography is illegal in Namibia.[68]
Niger Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Niger.[69]
Nigeria Illegal Illegal Illegal The Child Rights Act makes child pornography illegal in Nigeria, but not all states have implemented it.[70] It is also criminalized by the Cybercrimes Prohibition Act of 2015.[71] Virtual child pornography (“realistic” images) and a person “appearing” to be a child are also punishable conducts.[30]
Rwanda Illegal Illegal No data Child pornography is illegal in Rwanda, and convictions are punishable by life imprisonment along with a substantial monetary fine.[72] The law also applies to "objects of sexual nature" which includes the production of writings and drawings.[73]
São Tomé and Príncipe Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in São Tomé and Príncipe per article 180 of the penal code.[1][74]
Senegal Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[75][76]
Seychelles Illegal Illegal; not defined Illegal Producing or possessing child pornography is illegal in Seychelles, with imprisonment for conviction of up to 20 years.[77] Fictional 'indecent' images or representations are also illegal, but these remain undefined in the law.[78]
Sierra Leone Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Sierra Leone ("includes other visual representation") punishable by a term of imprisonment of not more than 10 years.[1][79]
Somalia Legal Legal Legal No laws in Somalia criminally prohibit child pornography.[80]
South Africa Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in South Africa. This includes possessing, creating, or importing any image or description of a person "real or simulated".[81][82]
South Sudan Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[83]
Sudan Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[84]
Tanzania Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[85]
Togo Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Togo by any means whatsoever, and is punishable by 5 to 10 years in prison.[1][86]
Tunisia Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[87]
Uganda Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are prohibited.[88]
Zambia Illegal; not defined Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Zambia but is not defined.[89][90]
Zimbabwe Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Zimbabwe as anyone in possession can be charged with public indecency which is punishable by a 'small fine", imprisonment up to 6 months, or both.[91] All forms of pornography are prohibited.[92]
Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary

Asia

See also: Pornography in Asia
Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary
Afghanistan No data No data No data Child pornography was illegal in Afghanistan under the Afghan penal code: “[i]f an adult male has intercourse with a person younger than the legal age, his act shall be considered rape and the victim's consent is invalid.” This law also applied to women offenders who may have been additionally charged with adultery.[93] As the Taliban are now in control, the status of the law remains unknown.
Armenia Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Armenia and punishable by up to 7 years in prison.[94]
Azerbaijan Illegal Illegal No data All forms of child pornography are illegal in Azerbaijan, but laws regarding simple possession are not stated.[95][96]
Bahrain Illegal No data Legally unclear: In hand Child pornography is forbidden in Bahrain, its legally unclear if this applies to non electronic possession or fictional forms.[97][98]
Bangladesh Illegal Legal Legally unclear: fictional Child pornography is illegal in Bangladesh except for virtual forms which are not addressed.[99]
Bhutan Illegal Legally unclear No data Child pornography is illegal in Bhutan as it falls under "obscene material". Virtual child pornography, and mere possession are not addressed.[100][101]
Brunei Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[102]
Cambodia Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited in Cambodia, which includes photographs and drawings.[103]
China (including Hong Kong and Macau) Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited with the exceptions of Hong Kong and Macau, which only make child pornography illegal.[104][105]
Cyprus Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Cyprus with maximum sentences of up to life in prison.[106]
India Illegal Legal, art only Illegal All forms of pornography except fictional depictions "in the interest of art or literature" are prohibited.[107][108]
Indonesia Illegal; not defined Illegal, not defined Illegal, not defined All forms of pornography in Indonesia are prohibited in theory. The law makes no clear definition of child pornography and its forms.[109]
Iran Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[110]
Iraq Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[111]
Israel (excluding Palestinian territories) Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in Israel. This includes possession and fictional depictions.[112]
Japan Illegal Legal Legal; fictional only Simple possession, production, and distribution of child pornography is illegal in Japan.[113][114] Fictional child pornography, such as Lolicon and Shotacon, are excluded from the law. These fall under "cultural and artistic activities" which are protected by freedom of expression.[115]
Jordan Legal; restricted online Legally unclear Legal Child pornography is not explicitly defined nor criminalized in the Jordanian legislation, but there are online laws in place which criminalize dissemination.[116]
Kazakhstan Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in Kazakhstan except for mere possession.[117] The law also provides administrative penalties to cover the sale of pornographic materials to minors.[118]
North Korea Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[119][120]
South Korea Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography (real or fictional) are prohibited. These actively enforced laws also allow government monitoring and censorship, possession of any form (child or not) is also illegal.[121][122]
Kuwait Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[123]
Kyrgyzstan Illegal; not defined Legally unclear Legal; some restrictions While child pornography is illegal in Kyrgyzstan, there is no legislation that defines child pornography by law.[124] Computer related activities such as access to child pornography online, and mere possession are not fully criminalized.[124][125]
Laos Illegal Legally unclear Legal Laws in Laos prohibit the dissemination of pornography, giving it a broad definition that could be interpreted to include simulated representations of children. Simple possession is not criminalized.[126]
Lebanon Illegal Illegal No data The Penal Code and Law 422 protect children from child pornography which include the artificial practice of simulating sexual activities or virtual portrayals.[127][128]
Malaysia Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[129][130] Images of naked children or children taking part in a sexual act is haram in Islam.[131]
Maldives Illegal; not defined Legally unclear Illegal While all forms of pornography are prohibited in Maldives under Sharia, there are no specific provisions defining "child pornography".[132][133]
Mongolia Illegal; not defined Legally unclear No data While illegal, there are no specific provisions focused on child pornography. Legal penalties depend on the interpretation of other related laws.[134]
Myanmar Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Myanmar, it is unknown if the law covers simple possession or fictional forms.[135]
Nepal Illegal Legal Legally unclear; real Nepalese law prohibits taking or allowing to be taken any photograph of children for the purpose of engaging a child in immoral profession. Virtual child pornography is not criminalized under Nepalese law, while mere possession under "real" is not mentioned.[136][137]
Oman Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[138]
Pakistan Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography (adult and child) are prohibited.[139][140]
Philippines Illegal Illegal Illegal[Note 2] The "Anti-Child Pornography Act" makes child pornography illegal in the Philippines in all forms.[142]
Qatar Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[143]
Saudi Arabia Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Saudi Arabia. This includes possession but virtual/fictional forms are not addressed.[144]
Singapore Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[145][146][147] ICMEC Singapore has a voluntary Asia-Pacific Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography (APAC-FCACP) to fight online child sexual exploitation.[148]
Sri Lanka Illegal; not defined Legally unclear Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Sri Lanka, but is undefined, and not always enforced by authorities.[149][150] "Fictional" child pornography such as drawings and cartoons are also covered but face the same undefined issue.[150]
Syria Illegal, possibly unenforced No data Illegal, possibly unenforced Syrian law considers child pornography a trafficking crime, but the punishment for child pornography is set at the local level with unclear enforcement.[151]
Taiwan Illegal Legally unclear Illegal The "Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act" criminalizes the production, broadcast, distribution, and exhibition of pornography. Simple possession of such materials without justifiable cause is punishable by fines.[152] The law doesn't explicitly include "simulated images".[153]
Tajikistan Illegal Legally unclear Legal Child pornography is illegal in Tajikistan, except for possession which is not mentioned by law.[154][155] Virtual child pornography, and suggestive representations of children are not defined.[154]
Thailand Illegal Legally unclear Illegal Child pornography including possession is illegal in Thailand,[156] as is pornography in general.[157] According to ECPAT though, the law does not reflect the definition of virtual “child pornography” set forth in international legal instruments.[158]
East Timor Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including possession of it is illegal in East Timor. Convictions are punishable with 3 to 10 years imprisonment.[159]
Turkey Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Turkey with imprisonment of 2 to 5 years and a fine for violations. Fictional child pornography has been illegal since 2016.[160]
Turkmenistan Illegal; not defined Legally unclear No data While there are no specific child pornography laws in Turkmenistan, legislation states that the production and dissemination of (child) pornographic printed publications, films or any pornographic items shall be prohibited.[161][162]
United Arab Emirates Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited.[163]
Uzbekistan Illegal No data Legal Although the production and distribution of child pornography are criminally prohibited, possession is not criminalized in Uzbekistan.[164]
Vietnam Illegal; not defined Legally unclear No data Child pornography is illegal, but not defined under Vietnamese law.[165] The production, distribution, dissemination, and sale of material deemed to be child pornography is punishable by 3 to 10 years in prison.[166] Virtual "child pornography" is not defined or explicitly criminalized.[165]
Yemen Illegal, but unenforced No data No data The legal framework in Yemen does not adequately prohibit child pornography.[167] This country has been hampered by an ongoing civil war since 2014, and the extent of Sharia law implementation is unclear.[168]
Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary

Europe

See also: Pornography in Europe
Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary
Albania Illegal Legal Legal; fictional only The production and distribution of child pornography is illegal in Albania, and is punishable by a prison sentence of three to 10 years.[169] While the possession of "real" child pornography is illegal, there are no provisions for fictional forms.[170]
Andorra Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography (real or fictional) including ownership are illegal in Andorra. Prison sentences range from one to four years depending on the severity of the crime committed.[171][172]
Austria Illegal Legal; not realistic Legal; fictional only Child pornography is illegal in Austria except for unrealistic depictions.[173][174] Photorealistic (lit. "close to reality") forms are prohibited, and are treated as regular child pornography.[173]
Belarus Illegal Legal Legal Producing and distributing pornographic materials depicting a minor is illegal in Belarus, and punishable by up to 13 years in prison.[175] The law does not criminalize simple possession or virtual forms of "child pornography".[176]
Belgium Illegal Legal; not realistic Legal; fictional only Possession of, producing, and disseminating child pornography is illegal in Belgium.[177] While fictional child pornography is legal, the law applies to pornographic art that realistically depicts underage characters.[178]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Illegal Illegal Illegal The Criminal Codes of FBiH, RS, and BD prohibit the production, possession, and distribution of child pornography.[179] These laws also apply to a person who "looks like a child" in real or explicitly simulated evident sexual behaviour.[180]
Bulgaria Illegal Legal Legal; fictional only Child pornography and possession is illegal in Bulgaria.[181][182] Fictional forms such as "realistic images" or "virtual" representations are not included nor criminalized.[181][183]
Croatia Illegal Legal; Artwork only Legal; Artwork only Child pornography is illegal in Croatia with laws actively enforced.[184][185] Fictional forms are only allowed if they are considered to be "artistic, medical, scientific, and informative" content.[185]
Czech Republic Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in the Czech Republic with laws that are actively enforced.[186] There is no information regarding the implementation of fictional child pornography laws.
Denmark
(including all territories)		 Illegal Legal Legal; fictional only Possession, distribution, and production of child pornography is illegal under Danish law. Penalties for the distribution of child pornography include up to a six-year prison sentence.[187][188] Fictional forms are legal as there are no laws in Denmark which prohibit "pornographic" drawings of children.[189]
Estonia Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Estonia with punishments ranging from a fine to three years in prison.[190] While fictional forms are also illegal per article 178 of the Penal Code, this law does not apply to Estonian citizens who legally commit the offense abroad.[191]
Finland
(including Åland)		 Illegal Legal; not realistic Legal; fictional only Under Finnish law, it is illegal to possess, produce or distribute child pornography.[192] If there is no child (defined as a real person) in child pornography, then it is legal depending on realism.[192]
France
(including all territories)		 Illegal Legal; Artwork only Legal; Artwork only Child pornography is illegal in France, with a maximum penalty of 5 years in prison and a €75,000 fine for its use and distribution.[193] Fictional forms are also covered in the law except for works which are deemed artistic in value.[193][194]
Georgia Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including possession are illegal in Georgia, and punishable by up to five years’ imprisonment.[1][195]
Germany Illegal Legal; No real events related Legal; fictional only Distributing, acquiring, and possessing child pornography is illegal in Germany with punishments from one year to 10 years imprisonment.[196] Fictional "child pornography" is legal as long as it does not produce or reproduce an actual event.[196]
Greece Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in Greece. Article 348A of the Greek criminal code punishes offenders with imprisonment of at least one year and a fine of €10,000 to €100,000.[197]
Hungary Illegal Legal; not realistic Legal; fictional only Child pornography and possession is illegal in Hungary per "Act C" of the 2012 criminal code. Hungarian law defines "child pornography" as "any video, movie or photograph or other form of recording".[198] This law does not include capturing a child (under 18) by drawing or painting as long as the content is non "realistic".[199][200][201]
Iceland Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography (adult and child) are prohibited.[202]
Ireland Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography and possession are illegal in Ireland.[203] This includes 'pornography" that doesn't contain any "real children".[204]
Italy Illegal Illegal; Virtual forms No data; fictional only Child pornography and possession is illegal in Italy per Article 600 of the Italian criminal code. While this law also includes realistic virtual depictions, other fictional forms are unclear.[205][206]
Latvia Illegal Legal; Artwork only Legal; Artwork only All forms of child pornography are prohibited in Latvia except for works that are educational, informative, scientific, or artistic in value.[207]
Liechtenstein Illegal Illegal Illegal Possession or distribution of child pornography is a criminal offense, with penalties of up to three years in prison.[208] The legal definition of "pornographic depictions of minors" makes no distinction between real or fictional pornography.[209]
Lithuania Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Lithuania per Articles 162 and 309 of the Lithuanian criminal code. This law includes material "displaying a child or presenting a person as a child", with punishments of up to 3 years imprisonment.[210]
Luxembourg Illegal; not defined No data Illegal Child pornography (including possession) is illegal in Luxembourg. An ongoing issue is that there is no clear definition for "child pornography" as highly sexualised pictures of children are sometimes considered perfectly legal.[211][212] The law does not mention fictional forms leaving no data available.
Malta Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Malta with punishments ranging from 3 to 12 years imprisonment depending on the action involved.[213] This law also includes simulated images in the form of drawings and cartoons under Malta's criminal code.[214]
Moldova Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Moldova with punishments ranging from 1 to 3 years imprisonment.[215]
Monaco Illegal Legally unclear; not realistic Legally unclear: fictional Child pornography and possession is illegal in Monaco per Article 294-3 of the Monacan criminal code. The law also includes falsified "realistic" images of a physical person that was fully or partially created using digital technology.[216] No information is given for other possible real or unrealistic forms.
Montenegro Illegal; not defined Legally unclear Legally unclear: fictional Article 211 of the Criminal Code criminalises “pornographic” content and performances but does not define the term “pornographic” or what is considered to be “child pornography”.[217][218] Fictional forms are not defined or criminalized, but a provision under Article 211 could cover them.[218]
Netherlands
(including all territories)		 Illegal Legally unclear; not realistic Legally unclear: fictional Child pornography and possession is illegal in the Netherlands per Article 240b of the criminal code.[219] The law also includes "realistic" images which are in a legal grey area, as judgements are made that vary from image to image.[220]
North Macedonia Illegal Legally unclear; not realistic Legally unclear: fictional Child pornography and possession is illegal in North Macedonia per Article 193 (plus a and b) of the criminal code.[221] The law also covers "realistic pictures" without providing a definition.[221]
Norway
(including all territories)		 Illegal Legal; Artwork only Legal; Artwork only Child pornography and possession is illegal in Norway per Section 311 of the penal code. While fictional forms are also possibly covered as "a depiction which sexualises children", the law makes an exception for works deemed to be artistic, scientific, and/or informational.[222]
Poland Illegal; not defined Legally unclear Legally unclear: fictional Child pornography (including possession) is illegal in Poland, but legislation does not define the concept of "child pornography".[223] Fictional forms are in a legal gray area as they could arguably fall under Section 4b of article 202 of the penal code.[223]
Portugal
(including all territories)		 Illegal Legally unclear Legally unclear: fictional Child pornography and possession is illegal in Portugal under Article 176 of the Portuguese penal code.[2] The law is also vague in its definition of "pornographic depictions" when mentioning "realistic representations of children".[224][Note 3]
Romania Illegal Legally unclear Illegal Any form of "Child pornography material" is illegal in Romania, with no exception. The Romanian Criminal Code defines "Child pornography material" as any material “presenting a minor having explicit sexual behaviour or an adult who is presented as a minor having explicit sexual behaviour or images that, although not presenting a real person, simulate, credibly, a minor having that kind of behaviour and any representation of children sexual organs with the intent of depicting sexual behaviour.” It's unclear if an unrealistic fictional character can be considered a images "that simulate, credibly, a minor". Penal Code of Romania, art. 374[226][227][228]
Russia
(including Crimea)		 Illegal; not defined Illegal Legal Distribution or storage with the intend of distribution of child pornography is illegal in Russia, but there is no legal definition of it in Russia's national legislation consistent with the Lanzarote Convention. There is also nothing in the law that prohibits simple possession of child pornography.[229]
San Marino Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in San Marino except for simple possession.[230][231] There is no data available for fictional forms.
Serbia Illegal; not defined Legal; not "abusive" Legal; Fictional only Child pornography (including possession) is illegal in Serbia under article 185 of the criminal code, but is not defined.[232][233] Fictional forms are not criminalized unless they are found to be abusive to a "juvenile" by electronic or other means (which also lacks a definition).[232]
Slovakia Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography (including possession) is illegal in Slovakia under sections 368, 369, and 370 of the criminal code.[234] Penalties range from two to 20 years’ imprisonment.[235]
Slovenia Illegal Legally unclear; not realistic Legally unclear: fictional Child pornography (including possession) is illegal in Slovenia under article 176 of the criminal code.[236][237] While the law also covers "pornographic or other sexual material depicting minors or their realistic images", no definition of "realistic" is given.[236]
Spain
(including all territories)		 Illegal Legal; not realistic Legal; fictional only Child pornography (including "real" possession) is illegal in Spain per Article 189 of the Spanish criminal code.[238][239] Exceptions include fictional depictions that are not realistic enough to fall under the scope of the law.[240]
Sweden Illegal Legally unclear Legally unclear: fictional Child pornography (including "real" possession) is illegal in Sweden per chapter 16, section 10A of the Swedish penal code.[241] In terms of "fictional" depictions, Sweden's supreme court ruled that a "manga expert" could keep one or two drawings in his possession that could, in other cases, be regarded as illegal child pornography.[242][243]
Switzerland Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography, including possession, is illegal in Switzerland per article 197 of the Swiss Criminal Code.[244][245] This law includes purely fictional forms such as drawings or virtual depictions.[246]
Ukraine Illegal Illegal No data Child pornography is illegal in Ukraine which defines it as a "representation, by whatever means, of a child or a person appearing to be a child".[247][248] Simple possession remains legally questionable as there is no information available. As Ukraine is currently subject to an invasion, occupied land controlled by Russia is in a legal gray area.
United Kingdom (including all territories) Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography (real or fictional) including possession is illegal in the United Kingdom per the Protection of Children Act of 1978. The law includes real and fictional "indecent pseudo-photographs of a child".[249][250] Punishments for indictment incur a maximum of 10 years imprisonment.[251]
Vatican City Illegal No data Illegal Pope Francis specifically listed possession of child pornography as a crime against children that can be punished by up to 12 years in prison.[252]
Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary

North America

Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary
Antigua and Barbuda Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Antigua and Barbuda. Offenders are subject to fines of up to $500,000 XCD ($185,000) and 20 years in prison.[253]
The Bahamas Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including mere possession of it are illegal in the Bahamas. Those found guilty are liable to imprisonment for life.[254]
Barbados Legal: film distribution only Legal; not realistic Legal; fictional only The Protection of Children Act prohibits the use of children in pornographic activities, but this does not apply to distribution of films.[255] Non-realistic representations without involvement from a real person are excluded in the law.[256][257]
Belize Illegal Illegal Legal The law in Belize does not prohibit the simple possession of child pornography.
Canada Illegal Illegal Illegal Canadian law forbids the production, distribution, and possession of both real and fictional child pornography.[258] Maximum punishments vary from 5 to 20 years in prison depending on the type of offense.[259][260][261]
Costa Rica Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography, including its possession, are illegal in Costa Rica. Defendants found guilty of selling, financing, distributing or exhibiting child pornography will serve convictions of four to eight years.[262][263][264]
Cuba Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in Cuba, and the law imposes seven- to 15-years’ imprisonment. Mere possession of child pornography is not criminalized.[265]
Dominica Legal Legal Legal There are no laws in Dominica that prohibit child pornography.[266]
Dominican Republic Illegal Illegal Illegal: electronic form Laws in the Dominican Republic contain specific provisions that prohibit child pornography.[262][267] Possession is only illegal in electronic form.[268]
El Salvador Illegal, but unenforced Legal Legal; Fictional only El Salvador's penal Code prohibits child pornography involving real children. This remains unenforced due to inadequate training and resources.[262][269]
Grenada Illegal: electronic forms Legal; complex situation[Note 4] Illegal: electronic forms Electronic forms of child pornography are illegal in Grenada under the Electronic Crimes Act. Psychical forms and possession of them are not mentioned.[270]
Guatemala Illegal; production Illegal Legal Production of child pornography is illegal in Guatemala. Non-realistic images of child pornography are also criminalized, but possession remains legal.[262][271]
Haiti Illegal, but unenforced Legal Legal Haitian law prohibits child pornography, but there are no mechanisms established for enforcement.[272] There are also no provisions on the production, possession, and dissemination of child pornography.[273]
Honduras Illegal Legal Legal; Fictional only Pornography involving real children is illegal in Honduras. Penalties range from 4 to 15 years imprisonment from possession to distribution, production, etc.[262][274]
Jamaica Illegal Illegal Illegal The production, possession, importation, exportation, and distribution of child pornography is illegal in Jamaica and is punishable by a maximum penalty of 23 years in prison and a fine of J$500,000.[275]
Mexico Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in Mexico with prison sentences ranging from six months to 12 years depending on the felon's age.[262][276][277]
Nicaragua Illegal Illegal No data All forms of child pornography are illegal in Nicaragua, including fictional drawings.[262] The government generally enforces the law with prison sentences ranging from 10 to 15 years.[278]
Panama Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including possession are illegal in Panama.[262][279]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Illegal: electronic forms Legally unclear; not realistic Illegal; electronic forms The criminal code makes publishing, producing, or possessing child pornography through an electronic device a crime. There is no information given on psychical forms, unrealistic images, and possession of them.[280]
Saint Lucia Legal Legal Legal There are no laws in Saint Lucia that define or specifically prohibit child pornography.[281]
Trinidad and Tobago Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography and possession of it is illegal in Trinidad and Tobago. Offenders are liable on conviction on indictment, to a fine of thirty thousand dollars and to imprisonment for ten years.[282]
United States (including all territories) Illegal Legal; not "obscene" Legal; fictional only The U.S. laws against child pornography are virtually always enforced and among the harshest in the world.[283] "Fictional child pornography" is legally protected as freedom of expression under the First Amendment, unless it is considered obscene.[Note 5]
Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary

Oceania

Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary
Australia (all states and territories) Illegal Illegal Illegal Acts such as possession, production and distribution of child pornography (real or fictional) are illegal in Australia, and can be punished by up to a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison and/or a $275,000 fine.[287][288][289]
Federated States of Micronesia Illegal; in Pohnpei No data No data Only Pohnpei has a statute prohibiting child pornography. Both Chuuk and Pohnpei have provisions against filming explicit movies of underage children, but Yap and Kosrae have no such provisions.[290]
Fiji Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Fiji per Article 91 of the "Employment Relations Promulgation" (2007), and Article 62A of the "Juveniles Act".[291][292][293] This law includes the wording: "persons who look like juveniles whether they are or not".[291]
Kiribati Legally unclear Legally unclear Legally unclear The status of child pornography in Kiribati is unclear. A report by the United States Department of State conducted in 2020 explains that "(Kiribati's) penal code has no specific provision concerning child pornography". This however, contradicts an apparent amendment made in 2016 to their penal code.[294][295]
Marshall Islands Illegal; not defined No data Legal Child pornography is criminalized, but not defined in the Marshall Islands.[296] There is no mention of production, possession or dissemination of child pornography in the law.[297]
Nauru Illegal No data No data All forms of child pornography are illegal in Nauru.[298] It's unclear if this applies to unrealistic images or for possession.
New Zealand (including all territories) Illegal Illegal Illegal Browsing for, distributing, producing, and possessing child pornography are all illegal in New Zealand.[299]
Palau Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in Palau. This law makes no exceptions for simple possession, photographs, films, videos, pictures, and computer-generated images or pictures.[300]
Papua New Guinea Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography (including websites) are illegal in Papua New Guinea. Child pornography is punishable by 5 to 15 years' imprisonment and/or a fine up to 2 million kina.[301]
Samoa Illegal Illegal Illegal Samoan law specifies a seven-year prison sentence for any person found guilty of possessing, publishing, distributing, or exhibiting indecent material featuring a child.[302][303]
Solomon Islands Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in the Solomon Islands, and carries a maximum penalty of 10 years' imprisonment.[304][305]
Tonga Legal: film production only No data Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Tonga with penalties of a maximum fine of TOP 100,000 ($43,000) or a maximum of 10 years in prison for individuals. Using children younger than 14 in the production of pornography is not criminalized.[306][307]
Tuvalu Legally unclear No data Illegal; adult pornography All forms of pornography are prohibited, and the penal code includes penalties for those who make, distribute, or possess obscene publications. However, Tuvaluan law does not specifically address child pornography.[308]
Vanuatu Illegal No data Illegal The maximum penalty in Vanuatu for publishing child pornography is five years' imprisonment, and for possession, two years' imprisonment.[309]
Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary

South America

Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary
Argentina Illegal Legally unclear Illegal Article 128 of the Argentine penal code prohibits the possession and distribution of child pornography with prison sentences between four months and one year for possession and three to six years for distribution.[310] Fictional child pornography is in a legal gray area as the law does not specifically mention it.[310][311]
Bolivia Illegal Legal Legal; Fictional only Child pornography is illegal, and is persecuted in Bolivia. Sentences are punishable by privation of freedom from 2 to 6 years.[312] Fictional child pornography and possession thereof remains legal.[313][262]
Brazil Illegal Legal Legal; Fictional only Production, distribution and possession of child pornography is illegal, and prosecuted in Brazil in accordance with its "Code of Minors".[314] Fictional child pornography and possession thereof remains legal.[315][316]
Chile Illegal Illegal Illegal Possession of child pornography real or faked, or any representation of their genitalia with the purpose of sexual gratification is illegal under Chilean law. Sentences are punishable from 541 days to 5 years imprisonment depending on the situation.[317]
Colombia Illegal Legal Legal; Fictional only Real child pornography is illegal and is prosecuted in Colombia.[318] The Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia ruled in 2018 that "artificial child pornography" is not a crime. This applies to non nude photographs, drawings, animation, and situations that do not involve actual abuse.[319]
Ecuador Illegal Illegal Illegal The possession, storing, fabrication or distribution of child pornography or any other kind of sexually explicit pedophile material is illegal under Ecuadorian law.[320]
Guyana Legal, restricted by regulations Legal Legal There are no laws in Guyana that specifically prohibit child pornography. The sale, publishing, or exhibiting of obscene material, defined as anything that could deprive or corrupt those open to immoral influences is instead subject to regulations.[321]
Paraguay Illegal Legal Legal; Fictional only Child pornography involving actual children is illegal in Paraguay.[322] Virtual forms were not included in the "Paraguayan Criminal Code" of 1997.[323]
Peru Illegal Legal Legal; Fictional only Child pornography is illegal in Peru under article 183-A of the penal code except for fictional material that does not depict a real child.[262][324]
Suriname Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is prohibited in Suriname. Convictions carry a maximum penalty of six years’ imprisonment and maximum fine of SRD 50,000 ($6,650).[325][326]
Uruguay Illegal Illegal Legal All forms of child pornography are illegal, but Uruguay does not prohibit simple possession.[262][327]
Venezuela Illegal Legal Legal Venezuela does not prohibit the simple possession of child pornography.[328] But sale and distribution of child pornography is illegal and punished by fines and/or imprisonment from 3 months to 4 years.[329] There are no laws that criminalize fictional forms.[262]
Country[Note 1] Real Fictional Possession Short summary


See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l This only includes sovereign states
  2. ^ Possession with intent to distribute or possession of more than three items is illegal.[141]
  3. ^ "Realistic representations of children includes "virtual child pornography".[225]
  4. ^ Electronic forms of child pornography are legal if "the publication of which is proved to be justified as being for the public good on the ground that such book, pamphlet, paper, writing drawing, painting representation or figure is the interest of science, literature, art or learning or other objects of general concern". The other exemption for this covers "bona fide heritage or religious purposes".[270]
  5. ^ The definition of "obscene" is determined by a sitting judge or jury, and prosecutions of this type are exceedingly rare.[284][285][286]

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External links

  • National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (USA). . Archived from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
  • National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (UK). . Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2009.

March 29, 2023
legality, child, pornography, child, pornography, illegal, most, countries, there, substantial, variation, definitions, categories, penalties, interpretations, laws, differences, include, definition, child, under, laws, which, vary, with, sexual, consent, defi. Child pornography is illegal in most countries but there is substantial variation in definitions categories penalties and interpretations of laws Differences include the definition of child under the laws which can vary with the age of sexual consent the definition of child pornography itself for example on the basis of medium or degree of reality and which actions are criminal e g production distribution possession and or downloading and viewing of material 1 Laws surrounding fictional child pornography are a major source of variation between jurisdictions some maintain distinctions in legality between real and fictive pornography depicting minors while others regulate fictive material under general laws against child pornography Several organizations and treaties have set non binding guidelines model legislation for countries to follow While a country may be a signatory they may or may not have chosen to implement these guidelines The information given in this article is subject to change as laws are consistently updated around the world Contents 1 International stance 1 1 Organizations 1 2 Treaties 2 Debate 3 Status by country 3 1 Africa 3 2 Asia 3 3 Europe 3 4 North America 3 5 Oceania 3 6 South America 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksInternational stanceOrganizations International Centre for Missing amp Exploited Children ICMEC This organization combats child sexual exploitation child pornography and child abduction For child pornography they have set up model legislation which defines child pornography and sets up recommended sanctions sentencing According to research performed in 2018 child pornography is illegal in 118 of the 196 Interpol member states This figure represents countries that have sufficient legislation in establishing 4 or 5 of 5 criteria met as defined by the ICMEC 1 ECPAT International ECPAT ECPAT focuses on halting the online sexual exploitation of children the trafficking of children for sexual purposes and the sexual exploitation of children in the travel and tourism industry This organization tracks countries that have implemented standards as defined by agreements such as the Convention on Cybercrime and Lanzarote Convention through their human rights reports 2 3 Treaties At least two major treaties are in place with one optional protocol to combat child pornography worldwide These are considered international obligations to pass specific laws against child pornography which should be punishable by appropriate penalties that take into account their grave nature The first of these treaties has to do with The Council of Europe s Cybercrime Convention the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse and the EU Framework Decision that became active in 2006 These required signatory or member states to criminalize all aspects of child pornography 4 The second involves the United Nations which established Article 34 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child UNCRC This stated that all signatories shall take appropriate measures to prevent the exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials An optional protocol was also added that requires signatories to outlaw the producing distributing disseminating importing exporting offering selling or possessing for the above purposes of child pornography 5 Some of the negotiations and reviews of the process took place at the World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children held in 1996 and 2001 6 DebateWhile laws criminalizing child sexual abuse now exist in all countries of the world 7 8 more diversity in law exists on issues such as the exact minimum age of those depicted in pornography whether the mere possession of child pornography should be a crime or whether sentences for such possession should be modified Convictions for possessing child pornography also usually include prison sentences but those sentences are often converted to probation for first time offenders 4 In 1999 in the case of R v Sharpe British Columbia s highest court struck down a law against possessing child pornography as unconstitutional 9 That opinion written by Justice Duncan Shaw held There is no evidence that demonstrates a significant increase in the danger to children caused by pornography and A person who is prone to act on his fantasies will likely do so irrespective of the availability of pornography 10 The Opposition in the Canadian Parliament considered invoking the notwithstanding clause to override the court s ruling 11 However it was not necessary because the Canadian Supreme Court overturned the decision with several findings including that viewing such material makes it more likely that the viewer will abuse that the existence of such materials further hurts the victims as they know of its existence and that the demand for such images encourages the abuse 12 In the United States some federal judges have argued that the U S Sentencing Guidelines recommended penalties for possessors of child pornography are too harsh 13 Judge Jack B Weinstein of New York criticizes the mandatory sentence for possession of child pornography as often higher than the penalty for actually committing the act of child abuse it depicts Furthermore child pornography prosecutions have led to dozens of suicides some of them among the innocently accused 14 The requirement that people convicted of possessing child pornography pay restitution has been criticized by some judges and law professors This has been particularly controversial in cases involving millions of dollars of restitution as in those pertaining to the Misty Series 15 But in 2010 the US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that restitution directly to depicted minors was an appropriate penalty for possession of child pornography 16 During the nomination process at the 2008 Libertarian National Convention anarcho capitalist and U S presidential candidate Mary Ruwart came under fire for her comment in her 1998 book Short answers to the tough questions in which she stated her opposition not only to laws against possession of child pornography but even against its production based on her belief that such laws actually encourage such behavior by increasing prices 17 Shane Cory on behalf of the minarchist United States Libertarian Party in his role as executive director issued a response saying We have an obligation to protect children from sexual exploitation and abuse and we can do this by increasing communication between state and federal agencies to help combat this repulsive industry While privacy rights should always be respected in the pursuit of child pornographers more needs to be done to track down and prosecute the twisted individuals who exploit innocent children Cory resigned after the party refused to vote on a resolution asking states to strongly enforce existing child porn laws 18 Status by countryTable legend Legality DescriptionIllegal Real child pornography This tag assumes the sale production and distribution of child pornography is illegal de jure by default unless stated otherwise Fictional child pornography This tag assumes the sale production and distribution of fictional child pornography is illegal de jure by default unless stated otherwise Possession Possessing including simple possession is illegal de jure for both fictional and real child pornography by default unless stated otherwise Situational Real child pornography This may cover a partially legal situation or one where the law is not enforced Details can be found in the short summary section Fictional child pornography This is used when fictional child pornography is not clearly defined by law or for countries which define what parts are legal Illegal Possession If only fictional child pornography is legal then by default possession of it is legal as well This also covers partly legal and unenforced situations Legal Real or fictional child pornography No restrictions are in place Possession No restrictions are in place No data The status of the law is unknown this may change with additional sourcing Africa Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryAlgeria Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Algeria by any means per Article 333 bis 1 of their penal code 19 Punishments include prison sentences of up to 5 to 10 years with a fine of 500 000 DA to 1 000 000 DA 20 Angola Illegal No data Legal Article 184 of the Angolan penal code prohibits the production transport and sale of sexually explicit material involving a child 21 The law does not include simple possession or mention fictional material 22 Benin Illegal Illegal Illegal The Child Code of Benin prohibits child pornography including possession and simulated images Persons convicted of child pornography face sentences of two to five years imprisonment and fines ranging from two to five million CFA francs 3 610 to 9 025 1 Botswana Illegal Illegal electronic forms Illegal Possession of child pornography is illegal in Botswana and punishable with between 5 and 15 years imprisonment 23 Electronic forms of an apparent child are also illegal but define a child as under the age of 14 24 Burkina Faso Illegal not defined Legal Legal Child pornography is illegal in Burkina Faso but not clearly defined Mere possession simulated representations or realistic images of a non existent child are not criminalized 25 26 Burundi Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in Burundi and punishable by fines and between 3 and 5 years in prison 27 Possession of child pornography is not criminalized 28 Cameroon Illegal Illegal Illegal Producing possessing or distributing child pornography is illegal in Cameroon with punishments of 5 to 10 years of imprisonment and fines from 5 million CFA francs to 10 million CFA francs 19 29 Virtual child pornography realistic images and a person appearing to be a child are also punishable conducts 30 Cape Verde Illegal No data Illegal Cape Verdean law prohibits the use of children under age 18 in pornography with penalties for conviction of up to three years imprisonment 1 31 Central African Republic Legal Legal Legal No laws in the Central African Republic prohibit child pornography 32 Chad Illegal No data Illegal Article 362 of the Penal Code 2017 of Chad criminalizes the production distribution importation exportation supply making available sale obtaining or handing over to others possession of any material 1 Comoros Illegal No data No data Conviction of child pornography is punishable in Comoros by fines or imprisonment 33 There is no information available regarding fictional forms or mere possession Democratic Republic of the Congo Illegal Illegal Illegal The Democratic Republic of the Congo s penal code prohibits child pornography by any means whatsoever Those convicted face 10 to 20 years imprisonment 1 34 35 Mere possession by any means is not addressed in the law Republic of Congo Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography including possession in the Republic of the Congo is punishable by Article 66 of the Law on the Protection of the Child of the Republic of Congo Law No 4 2010 1 Djibouti Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 36 Egypt Illegal not defined Illegal Illegal While all forms of pornography are prohibited Egyptian laws do not specifically define or prohibit child pornography 37 38 Equatorial Guinea Legal Legal Legal No laws in Equatorial Guinea prohibit child pornography 39 Eritrea Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Eritrea however this law does not mention possession or anything fictional 40 Eswatini Illegal Illegal Illegal Practices related to child pornography are illegal in Eswatini under the Sexual Offences and Domestic Violence Act 2018 41 Offenders face up to 25 years imprisonment 42 Ethiopia Illegal not defined Illegal electronic forms Illegal Child pornography is illegal but not defined in Ethiopia per Article 12 of the Computer Crime Proclamation 2016 act 43 44 There is no information given for physical forms such as drawings or paintings Gabon Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 45 The Gambia Illegal not defined No data Legal While child pornography is illegal in the Gambia the law in place is extremely under developed 46 Mere possession of child sexual abuse materials is not criminalized 46 Ghana Illegal not defined Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Ghana but no clear definition is given on what sexually explicit conduct means leaving the law open for discretion 47 Virtual child pornography realistic images and a person appearing to be a child are also punishable conducts 30 Guinea Illegal but unenforced Illegal but unenforced Illegal but unenforced Child pornography in any representation is illegal in Guinea under the Criminal Code Act 1974 48 The United States Department of State notes that this law is generally unenforced 49 Guinea Bissau Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in Guinea Bissau but possession and distribution are not criminally prohibited 50 51 Ivory Coast Illegal No data No data The law in Ivory Coast prohibits the use recruitment or offering of minors for commercial sex or use in pornographic films pictures or events 52 Kenya Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 53 Lesotho Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Lesotho and is punishable by not less than 10 years imprisonment 54 Liberia Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in any form or manner and is punishable by up to five years imprisonment 1 55 Libya Legal Legal Legal No laws in Libya prohibit child pornography 56 Madagascar Illegal Illegal Illegal Article 346 of the Penal Code of Madagascar criminalizes the use of any means to disseminate child pornography 1 Officials have stated that the laws were often not uniformly interpreted or applied 57 Malawi Illegal not defined Illegal Illegal Although laws in Malawi do not clearly define child pornography it criminalises possession with a sanction of 14 years imprisonment This covers any visual depiction including any photograph film video image whether made or produced by electronic mechanical or other means 58 Mali Illegal Illegal No data Child pornography is illegal in Mali per Article 228 of the 2001 adopted penal code 59 Penalties for conviction range from five to 20 years in prison 60 This law includes pornographic pictures films or drawings showing one or several minors aged less than thirteen 59 Mauritania Illegal No data Illegal Possession of child pornography is illegal in Mauritania with penalties of 2 months to 1 year in prison and a fine 61 Mauritius Illegal Legally unclear Illegal While child pornography and possession is illegal in Mauritius its unclear whether pure fiction counts as a representation of a person 62 63 Morocco excluding Western Sahara Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 64 65 However there are no regulations when it comes to using children in illicit activities in Western Sahara 66 Mozambique Illegal partly enforced No data Illegal partly enforced Child pornography is illegal in Mozambique but is only partly enforced 1 67 Namibia Illegal No data Illegal Production and possession of child pornography is illegal in Namibia 68 Niger Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Niger 69 Nigeria Illegal Illegal Illegal The Child Rights Act makes child pornography illegal in Nigeria but not all states have implemented it 70 It is also criminalized by the Cybercrimes Prohibition Act of 2015 71 Virtual child pornography realistic images and a person appearing to be a child are also punishable conducts 30 Rwanda Illegal Illegal No data Child pornography is illegal in Rwanda and convictions are punishable by life imprisonment along with a substantial monetary fine 72 The law also applies to objects of sexual nature which includes the production of writings and drawings 73 Sao Tome and Principe Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Sao Tome and Principe per article 180 of the penal code 1 74 Senegal Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 75 76 Seychelles Illegal Illegal not defined Illegal Producing or possessing child pornography is illegal in Seychelles with imprisonment for conviction of up to 20 years 77 Fictional indecent images or representations are also illegal but these remain undefined in the law 78 Sierra Leone Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Sierra Leone includes other visual representation punishable by a term of imprisonment of not more than 10 years 1 79 Somalia Legal Legal Legal No laws in Somalia criminally prohibit child pornography 80 South Africa Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in South Africa This includes possessing creating or importing any image or description of a person real or simulated 81 82 South Sudan Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 83 Sudan Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 84 Tanzania Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 85 Togo Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Togo by any means whatsoever and is punishable by 5 to 10 years in prison 1 86 Tunisia Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 87 Uganda Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are prohibited 88 Zambia Illegal not defined Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Zambia but is not defined 89 90 Zimbabwe Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Zimbabwe as anyone in possession can be charged with public indecency which is punishable by a small fine imprisonment up to 6 months or both 91 All forms of pornography are prohibited 92 Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryAsia See also Pornography in Asia Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryAfghanistan No data No data No data Child pornography was illegal in Afghanistan under the Afghan penal code i f an adult male has intercourse with a person younger than the legal age his act shall be considered rape and the victim s consent is invalid This law also applied to women offenders who may have been additionally charged with adultery 93 As the Taliban are now in control the status of the law remains unknown Armenia Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Armenia and punishable by up to 7 years in prison 94 Azerbaijan Illegal Illegal No data All forms of child pornography are illegal in Azerbaijan but laws regarding simple possession are not stated 95 96 Bahrain Illegal No data Legally unclear In hand Child pornography is forbidden in Bahrain its legally unclear if this applies to non electronic possession or fictional forms 97 98 Bangladesh Illegal Legal Legally unclear fictional Child pornography is illegal in Bangladesh except for virtual forms which are not addressed 99 Bhutan Illegal Legally unclear No data Child pornography is illegal in Bhutan as it falls under obscene material Virtual child pornography and mere possession are not addressed 100 101 Brunei Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 102 Cambodia Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited in Cambodia which includes photographs and drawings 103 China including Hong Kong and Macau Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited with the exceptions of Hong Kong and Macau which only make child pornography illegal 104 105 Cyprus Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Cyprus with maximum sentences of up to life in prison 106 India Illegal Legal art only Illegal All forms of pornography except fictional depictions in the interest of art or literature are prohibited 107 108 Indonesia Illegal not defined Illegal not defined Illegal not defined All forms of pornography in Indonesia are prohibited in theory The law makes no clear definition of child pornography and its forms 109 Iran Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 110 Iraq Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 111 Israel excluding Palestinian territories Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in Israel This includes possession and fictional depictions 112 Japan Illegal Legal Legal fictional only Simple possession production and distribution of child pornography is illegal in Japan 113 114 Fictional child pornography such as Lolicon and Shotacon are excluded from the law These fall under cultural and artistic activities which are protected by freedom of expression 115 Jordan Legal restricted online Legally unclear Legal Child pornography is not explicitly defined nor criminalized in the Jordanian legislation but there are online laws in place which criminalize dissemination 116 Kazakhstan Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in Kazakhstan except for mere possession 117 The law also provides administrative penalties to cover the sale of pornographic materials to minors 118 North Korea Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 119 120 South Korea Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography real or fictional are prohibited These actively enforced laws also allow government monitoring and censorship possession of any form child or not is also illegal 121 122 Kuwait Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 123 Kyrgyzstan Illegal not defined Legally unclear Legal some restrictions While child pornography is illegal in Kyrgyzstan there is no legislation that defines child pornography by law 124 Computer related activities such as access to child pornography online and mere possession are not fully criminalized 124 125 Laos Illegal Legally unclear Legal Laws in Laos prohibit the dissemination of pornography giving it a broad definition that could be interpreted to include simulated representations of children Simple possession is not criminalized 126 Lebanon Illegal Illegal No data The Penal Code and Law 422 protect children from child pornography which include the artificial practice of simulating sexual activities or virtual portrayals 127 128 Malaysia Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 129 130 Images of naked children or children taking part in a sexual act is haram in Islam 131 Maldives Illegal not defined Legally unclear Illegal While all forms of pornography are prohibited in Maldives under Sharia there are no specific provisions defining child pornography 132 133 Mongolia Illegal not defined Legally unclear No data While illegal there are no specific provisions focused on child pornography Legal penalties depend on the interpretation of other related laws 134 Myanmar Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Myanmar it is unknown if the law covers simple possession or fictional forms 135 Nepal Illegal Legal Legally unclear real Nepalese law prohibits taking or allowing to be taken any photograph of children for the purpose of engaging a child in immoral profession Virtual child pornography is not criminalized under Nepalese law while mere possession under real is not mentioned 136 137 Oman Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 138 Pakistan Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography adult and child are prohibited 139 140 Philippines Illegal Illegal Illegal Note 2 The Anti Child Pornography Act makes child pornography illegal in the Philippines in all forms 142 Qatar Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 143 Saudi Arabia Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Saudi Arabia This includes possession but virtual fictional forms are not addressed 144 Singapore Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 145 146 147 ICMEC Singapore has a voluntary Asia Pacific Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography APAC FCACP to fight online child sexual exploitation 148 Sri Lanka Illegal not defined Legally unclear Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Sri Lanka but is undefined and not always enforced by authorities 149 150 Fictional child pornography such as drawings and cartoons are also covered but face the same undefined issue 150 Syria Illegal possibly unenforced No data Illegal possibly unenforced Syrian law considers child pornography a trafficking crime but the punishment for child pornography is set at the local level with unclear enforcement 151 Taiwan Illegal Legally unclear Illegal The Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act criminalizes the production broadcast distribution and exhibition of pornography Simple possession of such materials without justifiable cause is punishable by fines 152 The law doesn t explicitly include simulated images 153 Tajikistan Illegal Legally unclear Legal Child pornography is illegal in Tajikistan except for possession which is not mentioned by law 154 155 Virtual child pornography and suggestive representations of children are not defined 154 Thailand Illegal Legally unclear Illegal Child pornography including possession is illegal in Thailand 156 as is pornography in general 157 According to ECPAT though the law does not reflect the definition of virtual child pornography set forth in international legal instruments 158 East Timor Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including possession of it is illegal in East Timor Convictions are punishable with 3 to 10 years imprisonment 159 Turkey Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Turkey with imprisonment of 2 to 5 years and a fine for violations Fictional child pornography has been illegal since 2016 160 Turkmenistan Illegal not defined Legally unclear No data While there are no specific child pornography laws in Turkmenistan legislation states that the production and dissemination of child pornographic printed publications films or any pornographic items shall be prohibited 161 162 United Arab Emirates Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography are prohibited 163 Uzbekistan Illegal No data Legal Although the production and distribution of child pornography are criminally prohibited possession is not criminalized in Uzbekistan 164 Vietnam Illegal not defined Legally unclear No data Child pornography is illegal but not defined under Vietnamese law 165 The production distribution dissemination and sale of material deemed to be child pornography is punishable by 3 to 10 years in prison 166 Virtual child pornography is not defined or explicitly criminalized 165 Yemen Illegal but unenforced No data No data The legal framework in Yemen does not adequately prohibit child pornography 167 This country has been hampered by an ongoing civil war since 2014 and the extent of Sharia law implementation is unclear 168 Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryEurope See also Pornography in Europe Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryAlbania Illegal Legal Legal fictional only The production and distribution of child pornography is illegal in Albania and is punishable by a prison sentence of three to 10 years 169 While the possession of real child pornography is illegal there are no provisions for fictional forms 170 Andorra Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography real or fictional including ownership are illegal in Andorra Prison sentences range from one to four years depending on the severity of the crime committed 171 172 Austria Illegal Legal not realistic Legal fictional only Child pornography is illegal in Austria except for unrealistic depictions 173 174 Photorealistic lit close to reality forms are prohibited and are treated as regular child pornography 173 Belarus Illegal Legal Legal Producing and distributing pornographic materials depicting a minor is illegal in Belarus and punishable by up to 13 years in prison 175 The law does not criminalize simple possession or virtual forms of child pornography 176 Belgium Illegal Legal not realistic Legal fictional only Possession of producing and disseminating child pornography is illegal in Belgium 177 While fictional child pornography is legal the law applies to pornographic art that realistically depicts underage characters 178 Bosnia and Herzegovina Illegal Illegal Illegal The Criminal Codes of FBiH RS and BD prohibit the production possession and distribution of child pornography 179 These laws also apply to a person who looks like a child in real or explicitly simulated evident sexual behaviour 180 Bulgaria Illegal Legal Legal fictional only Child pornography and possession is illegal in Bulgaria 181 182 Fictional forms such as realistic images or virtual representations are not included nor criminalized 181 183 Croatia Illegal Legal Artwork only Legal Artwork only Child pornography is illegal in Croatia with laws actively enforced 184 185 Fictional forms are only allowed if they are considered to be artistic medical scientific and informative content 185 Czech Republic Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in the Czech Republic with laws that are actively enforced 186 There is no information regarding the implementation of fictional child pornography laws Denmark including all territories Illegal Legal Legal fictional only Possession distribution and production of child pornography is illegal under Danish law Penalties for the distribution of child pornography include up to a six year prison sentence 187 188 Fictional forms are legal as there are no laws in Denmark which prohibit pornographic drawings of children 189 Estonia Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Estonia with punishments ranging from a fine to three years in prison 190 While fictional forms are also illegal per article 178 of the Penal Code this law does not apply to Estonian citizens who legally commit the offense abroad 191 Finland including Aland Illegal Legal not realistic Legal fictional only Under Finnish law it is illegal to possess produce or distribute child pornography 192 If there is no child defined as a real person in child pornography then it is legal depending on realism 192 France including all territories Illegal Legal Artwork only Legal Artwork only Child pornography is illegal in France with a maximum penalty of 5 years in prison and a 75 000 fine for its use and distribution 193 Fictional forms are also covered in the law except for works which are deemed artistic in value 193 194 Georgia Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including possession are illegal in Georgia and punishable by up to five years imprisonment 1 195 Germany Illegal Legal No real events related Legal fictional only Distributing acquiring and possessing child pornography is illegal in Germany with punishments from one year to 10 years imprisonment 196 Fictional child pornography is legal as long as it does not produce or reproduce an actual event 196 Greece Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in Greece Article 348A of the Greek criminal code punishes offenders with imprisonment of at least one year and a fine of 10 000 to 100 000 197 Hungary Illegal Legal not realistic Legal fictional only Child pornography and possession is illegal in Hungary per Act C of the 2012 criminal code Hungarian law defines child pornography as any video movie or photograph or other form of recording 198 This law does not include capturing a child under 18 by drawing or painting as long as the content is non realistic 199 200 201 Iceland Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography adult and child are prohibited 202 Ireland Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography and possession are illegal in Ireland 203 This includes pornography that doesn t contain any real children 204 Italy Illegal Illegal Virtual forms No data fictional only Child pornography and possession is illegal in Italy per Article 600 of the Italian criminal code While this law also includes realistic virtual depictions other fictional forms are unclear 205 206 Latvia Illegal Legal Artwork only Legal Artwork only All forms of child pornography are prohibited in Latvia except for works that are educational informative scientific or artistic in value 207 Liechtenstein Illegal Illegal Illegal Possession or distribution of child pornography is a criminal offense with penalties of up to three years in prison 208 The legal definition of pornographic depictions of minors makes no distinction between real or fictional pornography 209 Lithuania Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Lithuania per Articles 162 and 309 of the Lithuanian criminal code This law includes material displaying a child or presenting a person as a child with punishments of up to 3 years imprisonment 210 Luxembourg Illegal not defined No data Illegal Child pornography including possession is illegal in Luxembourg An ongoing issue is that there is no clear definition for child pornography as highly sexualised pictures of children are sometimes considered perfectly legal 211 212 The law does not mention fictional forms leaving no data available Malta Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Malta with punishments ranging from 3 to 12 years imprisonment depending on the action involved 213 This law also includes simulated images in the form of drawings and cartoons under Malta s criminal code 214 Moldova Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Moldova with punishments ranging from 1 to 3 years imprisonment 215 Monaco Illegal Legally unclear not realistic Legally unclear fictional Child pornography and possession is illegal in Monaco per Article 294 3 of the Monacan criminal code The law also includes falsified realistic images of a physical person that was fully or partially created using digital technology 216 No information is given for other possible real or unrealistic forms Montenegro Illegal not defined Legally unclear Legally unclear fictional Article 211 of the Criminal Code criminalises pornographic content and performances but does not define the term pornographic or what is considered to be child pornography 217 218 Fictional forms are not defined or criminalized but a provision under Article 211 could cover them 218 Netherlands including all territories Illegal Legally unclear not realistic Legally unclear fictional Child pornography and possession is illegal in the Netherlands per Article 240b of the criminal code 219 The law also includes realistic images which are in a legal grey area as judgements are made that vary from image to image 220 North Macedonia Illegal Legally unclear not realistic Legally unclear fictional Child pornography and possession is illegal in North Macedonia per Article 193 plus a and b of the criminal code 221 The law also covers realistic pictures without providing a definition 221 Norway including all territories Illegal Legal Artwork only Legal Artwork only Child pornography and possession is illegal in Norway per Section 311 of the penal code While fictional forms are also possibly covered as a depiction which sexualises children the law makes an exception for works deemed to be artistic scientific and or informational 222 Poland Illegal not defined Legally unclear Legally unclear fictional Child pornography including possession is illegal in Poland but legislation does not define the concept of child pornography 223 Fictional forms are in a legal gray area as they could arguably fall under Section 4b of article 202 of the penal code 223 Portugal including all territories Illegal Legally unclear Legally unclear fictional Child pornography and possession is illegal in Portugal under Article 176 of the Portuguese penal code 2 The law is also vague in its definition of pornographic depictions when mentioning realistic representations of children 224 Note 3 Romania Illegal Legally unclear Illegal Any form of Child pornography material is illegal in Romania with no exception The Romanian Criminal Code defines Child pornography material as any material presenting a minor having explicit sexual behaviour or an adult who is presented as a minor having explicit sexual behaviour or images that although not presenting a real person simulate credibly a minor having that kind of behaviour and any representation of children sexual organs with the intent of depicting sexual behaviour It s unclear if an unrealistic fictional character can be considered a images that simulate credibly a minor Penal Code of Romania art 374 226 227 228 Russia including Crimea Illegal not defined Illegal Legal Distribution or storage with the intend of distribution of child pornography is illegal in Russia but there is no legal definition of it in Russia s national legislation consistent with the Lanzarote Convention There is also nothing in the law that prohibits simple possession of child pornography 229 San Marino Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in San Marino except for simple possession 230 231 There is no data available for fictional forms Serbia Illegal not defined Legal not abusive Legal Fictional only Child pornography including possession is illegal in Serbia under article 185 of the criminal code but is not defined 232 233 Fictional forms are not criminalized unless they are found to be abusive to a juvenile by electronic or other means which also lacks a definition 232 Slovakia Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography including possession is illegal in Slovakia under sections 368 369 and 370 of the criminal code 234 Penalties range from two to 20 years imprisonment 235 Slovenia Illegal Legally unclear not realistic Legally unclear fictional Child pornography including possession is illegal in Slovenia under article 176 of the criminal code 236 237 While the law also covers pornographic or other sexual material depicting minors or their realistic images no definition of realistic is given 236 Spain including all territories Illegal Legal not realistic Legal fictional only Child pornography including real possession is illegal in Spain per Article 189 of the Spanish criminal code 238 239 Exceptions include fictional depictions that are not realistic enough to fall under the scope of the law 240 Sweden Illegal Legally unclear Legally unclear fictional Child pornography including real possession is illegal in Sweden per chapter 16 section 10A of the Swedish penal code 241 In terms of fictional depictions Sweden s supreme court ruled that a manga expert could keep one or two drawings in his possession that could in other cases be regarded as illegal child pornography 242 243 Switzerland Illegal Illegal Illegal Child pornography including possession is illegal in Switzerland per article 197 of the Swiss Criminal Code 244 245 This law includes purely fictional forms such as drawings or virtual depictions 246 Ukraine Illegal Illegal No data Child pornography is illegal in Ukraine which defines it as a representation by whatever means of a child or a person appearing to be a child 247 248 Simple possession remains legally questionable as there is no information available As Ukraine is currently subject to an invasion occupied land controlled by Russia is in a legal gray area United Kingdom including all territories Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography real or fictional including possession is illegal in the United Kingdom per the Protection of Children Act of 1978 The law includes real and fictional indecent pseudo photographs of a child 249 250 Punishments for indictment incur a maximum of 10 years imprisonment 251 Vatican City Illegal No data Illegal Pope Francis specifically listed possession of child pornography as a crime against children that can be punished by up to 12 years in prison 252 Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryNorth America Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryAntigua and Barbuda Illegal No data No data Child pornography is illegal in Antigua and Barbuda Offenders are subject to fines of up to 500 000 XCD 185 000 and 20 years in prison 253 The Bahamas Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including mere possession of it are illegal in the Bahamas Those found guilty are liable to imprisonment for life 254 Barbados Legal film distribution only Legal not realistic Legal fictional only The Protection of Children Act prohibits the use of children in pornographic activities but this does not apply to distribution of films 255 Non realistic representations without involvement from a real person are excluded in the law 256 257 Belize Illegal Illegal Legal The law in Belize does not prohibit the simple possession of child pornography Canada Illegal Illegal Illegal Canadian law forbids the production distribution and possession of both real and fictional child pornography 258 Maximum punishments vary from 5 to 20 years in prison depending on the type of offense 259 260 261 Costa Rica Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including its possession are illegal in Costa Rica Defendants found guilty of selling financing distributing or exhibiting child pornography will serve convictions of four to eight years 262 263 264 Cuba Illegal No data Legal Child pornography is illegal in Cuba and the law imposes seven to 15 years imprisonment Mere possession of child pornography is not criminalized 265 Dominica Legal Legal Legal There are no laws in Dominica that prohibit child pornography 266 Dominican Republic Illegal Illegal Illegal electronic form Laws in the Dominican Republic contain specific provisions that prohibit child pornography 262 267 Possession is only illegal in electronic form 268 El Salvador Illegal but unenforced Legal Legal Fictional only El Salvador s penal Code prohibits child pornography involving real children This remains unenforced due to inadequate training and resources 262 269 Grenada Illegal electronic forms Legal complex situation Note 4 Illegal electronic forms Electronic forms of child pornography are illegal in Grenada under the Electronic Crimes Act Psychical forms and possession of them are not mentioned 270 Guatemala Illegal production Illegal Legal Production of child pornography is illegal in Guatemala Non realistic images of child pornography are also criminalized but possession remains legal 262 271 Haiti Illegal but unenforced Legal Legal Haitian law prohibits child pornography but there are no mechanisms established for enforcement 272 There are also no provisions on the production possession and dissemination of child pornography 273 Honduras Illegal Legal Legal Fictional only Pornography involving real children is illegal in Honduras Penalties range from 4 to 15 years imprisonment from possession to distribution production etc 262 274 Jamaica Illegal Illegal Illegal The production possession importation exportation and distribution of child pornography is illegal in Jamaica and is punishable by a maximum penalty of 23 years in prison and a fine of J 500 000 275 Mexico Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in Mexico with prison sentences ranging from six months to 12 years depending on the felon s age 262 276 277 Nicaragua Illegal Illegal No data All forms of child pornography are illegal in Nicaragua including fictional drawings 262 The government generally enforces the law with prison sentences ranging from 10 to 15 years 278 Panama Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography including possession are illegal in Panama 262 279 Saint Kitts and Nevis Illegal electronic forms Legally unclear not realistic Illegal electronic forms The criminal code makes publishing producing or possessing child pornography through an electronic device a crime There is no information given on psychical forms unrealistic images and possession of them 280 Saint Lucia Legal Legal Legal There are no laws in Saint Lucia that define or specifically prohibit child pornography 281 Trinidad and Tobago Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography and possession of it is illegal in Trinidad and Tobago Offenders are liable on conviction on indictment to a fine of thirty thousand dollars and to imprisonment for ten years 282 United States including all territories Illegal Legal not obscene Legal fictional only The U S laws against child pornography are virtually always enforced and among the harshest in the world 283 Fictional child pornography is legally protected as freedom of expression under the First Amendment unless it is considered obscene Note 5 Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryOceania Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryAustralia all states and territories Illegal Illegal Illegal Acts such as possession production and distribution of child pornography real or fictional are illegal in Australia and can be punished by up to a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison and or a 275 000 fine 287 288 289 Federated States of Micronesia Illegal in Pohnpei No data No data Only Pohnpei has a statute prohibiting child pornography Both Chuuk and Pohnpei have provisions against filming explicit movies of underage children but Yap and Kosrae have no such provisions 290 Fiji Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in Fiji per Article 91 of the Employment Relations Promulgation 2007 and Article 62A of the Juveniles Act 291 292 293 This law includes the wording persons who look like juveniles whether they are or not 291 Kiribati Legally unclear Legally unclear Legally unclear The status of child pornography in Kiribati is unclear A report by the United States Department of State conducted in 2020 explains that Kiribati s penal code has no specific provision concerning child pornography This however contradicts an apparent amendment made in 2016 to their penal code 294 295 Marshall Islands Illegal not defined No data Legal Child pornography is criminalized but not defined in the Marshall Islands 296 There is no mention of production possession or dissemination of child pornography in the law 297 Nauru Illegal No data No data All forms of child pornography are illegal in Nauru 298 It s unclear if this applies to unrealistic images or for possession New Zealand including all territories Illegal Illegal Illegal Browsing for distributing producing and possessing child pornography are all illegal in New Zealand 299 Palau Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of child pornography are illegal in Palau This law makes no exceptions for simple possession photographs films videos pictures and computer generated images or pictures 300 Papua New Guinea Illegal Illegal Illegal All forms of pornography including websites are illegal in Papua New Guinea Child pornography is punishable by 5 to 15 years imprisonment and or a fine up to 2 million kina 301 Samoa Illegal Illegal Illegal Samoan law specifies a seven year prison sentence for any person found guilty of possessing publishing distributing or exhibiting indecent material featuring a child 302 303 Solomon Islands Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is illegal in the Solomon Islands and carries a maximum penalty of 10 years imprisonment 304 305 Tonga Legal film production only No data Illegal Child pornography and possession is illegal in Tonga with penalties of a maximum fine of TOP 100 000 43 000 or a maximum of 10 years in prison for individuals Using children younger than 14 in the production of pornography is not criminalized 306 307 Tuvalu Legally unclear No data Illegal adult pornography All forms of pornography are prohibited and the penal code includes penalties for those who make distribute or possess obscene publications However Tuvaluan law does not specifically address child pornography 308 Vanuatu Illegal No data Illegal The maximum penalty in Vanuatu for publishing child pornography is five years imprisonment and for possession two years imprisonment 309 Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summarySouth America Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summaryArgentina Illegal Legally unclear Illegal Article 128 of the Argentine penal code prohibits the possession and distribution of child pornography with prison sentences between four months and one year for possession and three to six years for distribution 310 Fictional child pornography is in a legal gray area as the law does not specifically mention it 310 311 Bolivia Illegal Legal Legal Fictional only Child pornography is illegal and is persecuted in Bolivia Sentences are punishable by privation of freedom from 2 to 6 years 312 Fictional child pornography and possession thereof remains legal 313 262 Brazil Illegal Legal Legal Fictional only Production distribution and possession of child pornography is illegal and prosecuted in Brazil in accordance with its Code of Minors 314 Fictional child pornography and possession thereof remains legal 315 316 Chile Illegal Illegal Illegal Possession of child pornography real or faked or any representation of their genitalia with the purpose of sexual gratification is illegal under Chilean law Sentences are punishable from 541 days to 5 years imprisonment depending on the situation 317 Colombia Illegal Legal Legal Fictional only Real child pornography is illegal and is prosecuted in Colombia 318 The Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia ruled in 2018 that artificial child pornography is not a crime This applies to non nude photographs drawings animation and situations that do not involve actual abuse 319 Ecuador Illegal Illegal Illegal The possession storing fabrication or distribution of child pornography or any other kind of sexually explicit pedophile material is illegal under Ecuadorian law 320 Guyana Legal restricted by regulations Legal Legal There are no laws in Guyana that specifically prohibit child pornography The sale publishing or exhibiting of obscene material defined as anything that could deprive or corrupt those open to immoral influences is instead subject to regulations 321 Paraguay Illegal Legal Legal Fictional only Child pornography involving actual children is illegal in Paraguay 322 Virtual forms were not included in the Paraguayan Criminal Code of 1997 323 Peru Illegal Legal Legal Fictional only Child pornography is illegal in Peru under article 183 A of the penal code except for fictional material that does not depict a real child 262 324 Suriname Illegal No data Illegal Child pornography is prohibited in Suriname Convictions carry a maximum penalty of six years imprisonment and maximum fine of SRD 50 000 6 650 325 326 Uruguay Illegal Illegal Legal All forms of child pornography are illegal but Uruguay does not prohibit simple possession 262 327 Venezuela Illegal Legal Legal Venezuela does not prohibit the simple possession of child pornography 328 But sale and distribution of child pornography is illegal and punished by fines and or imprisonment from 3 months to 4 years 329 There are no laws that criminalize fictional forms 262 Country Note 1 Real Fictional Possession Short summarySee alsoLegal status of fictional pornography depicting minors List of pornography laws by countryNotes a b c d e f g h i j k l This only includes sovereign states Possession with intent to distribute or possession of more than three items is illegal 141 Realistic representations of children includes virtual child pornography 225 Electronic forms of child pornography are legal if the publication of which is proved to be justified as being for the public good on the ground that such book pamphlet paper writing drawing painting representation or figure is the interest of science literature art or learning or other objects of general concern The other exemption for this covers bona fide heritage or religious purposes 270 The definition of obscene is determined by a sitting judge or jury and prosecutions of this type are exceedingly rare 284 285 286 References a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Child Sexual Abuse Material Model Legislation amp Global Review 9th Edition PDF International Centre for Missing amp Exploited Children 2018 a b National legal frameworks protecting children from sexual exploitation online ECPAT International Retrieved 12 April 2021 Child Sexual Abuse Exploitation Material or Child Pornography PDF ECPAT International Retrieved 12 April 2021 a b Akdeniz Yaman 2008 Internet child pornography and the law national and international responses Ashgate Publishing Ltd p 11 ISBN 978 0 7546 2297 0 Article 3 1 c Undemocracy com 25 May 2000 Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 Retrieved 16 December 2012 World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Csecworldcongress org 27 July 2002 Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 Retrieved 16 December 2012 Levesque Roger J R 1999 Sexual Abuse of Children A Human Rights Perspective Indiana University Press pp 1 5 6 176 180 The world community recently has recognized every child s fundamental human right to protection from sexual maltreatment This right has been expressed in recent declarations conventions and programs of action Indeed the right to protection from sexual maltreatment is now entrenched so strongly in international human rights law that no country can relinquish its obligation United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 1989 Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative administrative social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence injury or abuse neglect or negligent treatment maltreatment or exploitation including sexual abuse States Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse For these purposes States Parties shall in particular take all appropriate national bilateral and multilateral measures to prevent a The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity b The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices c The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials Canada Court Quashes Child Porn Law dead link AP Online 1999 06 30 Top B C court strikes down child porn law The National Post 16 January 1999 Judicial Activism in R v Sharpe An Administration or Perversion of Justice Rev Current L amp L Reform 2000 pp 14 R v Sharpe Archived 30 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine 26 January 2001 1 S C R 45 2001 SCC 2 Retrieved 20 February 2006 Federal judges argue for reduced sentences for child porn convicts The Denver Post 29 November 2009 Child porn laws kill destroy lives Judge Jack B Weinstein 1 November 2010 John Schwartz 2 February 2010 Child Pornography and an Issue of Restitution New York Times U S v BAXTER No 09 30364 20100901158 Leagle com Leagle Nathan Thornburgh 21 May 2008 Can the Libertarians Go Mainstream Time McCain Robert Stacy 23 May 2008 0Fear and Loathing in Denver Archived 4 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine The American Spectator a b Global Legislative Review PDF International Centre for Missing amp Exploited Children Retrieved 20 March 2021 Sexual Offenses Against Children PDF International Centre for Missing amp Exploited Children 2022 p 11 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Out of the shadows Shining light on the response to child sexual abuse and exploitation PDF The Economist Retrieved 20 March 2021 Prohibition of the sale of children child pornography and child prostitution and related matters arts 3 4 2 and 3 5 and 7 PDF Supplementary report to the fifth to seventh periodic reports of Angola on the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child regarding Sexual Exploitation of Children in Angola ECPAT International Retrieved 20 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Botswana United States Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 Chapter 08 06 Cybercrime and Computer Related Crimes PDF Government of Botswana Retrieved 31 March 2021 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Burkina Faso United States Department of State Retrieved 16 March 2021 Alternative report on the implementation of the Optional Protocol on the sale of children child prostitution and pornography Burkina Faso PDF ECPAT International p 3 Retrieved 29 March 2021 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Burundi PDF United States Department of State Retrieved 29 March 2021 Burundi PDF bi usembassy gov Retrieved 29 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Cameroon United States Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 a b c The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Africa PDF ECPAT 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Equatorial Guinea 2019 Human Rights Report PDF United States Department of State p 23 Retrieved 30 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Eritrea United States Department of State Retrieved 15 October 2021 Making and Distributing Pornographic Materials and Other Recordings in Breach of Privacy PDF The Sexual Offences and Domestic Violence Act 2018 Swaziland Government Gazette p S25 S30 Retrieved 15 October 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Eswatini United States Department of State Retrieved 15 October 2021 Child pornography PDF Article 19 p 17 Retrieved 15 October 2021 Ethiopia Brief Summary PDF The Economist 2019 Gabon 2019 Human Rights Report PDF U S Department of State p 14 Retrieved 30 March 2021 a b Executive Summary The Gambia PDF ECPAT International 2021 Retrieved 15 October 2021 Children s online safety concerns in Ghana A position paper on legislative and policy gaps PDF UNICEF 2018 p 13 Retrieved 30 March 2021 Criminal Code Act 1974 PDF 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Materials PDF Global Monitoring status of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children ECPAT International 2016 Retrieved 20 March 2021 a b Paragraph IV Padophilia PDF Penal Code Law No 01 079 OF 20 August 2001 Official Gazette Mali 2002 p 41 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Mali U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Mauritania U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Mauritius U S Department of State 2021 Retrieved 16 May 2022 21 Child pornography PDF The Children s Act 2020 Government Gazette of Mauritius 2020 pp 524 525 Moroccan film director charged with pornography Al Arabiya English Retrieved 20 March 2021 Tatic Sanja Walker Christopher 2006 Countries at the Crossroads A Survey of Democratic Governance Rowman amp Littlefield p 365 ISBN 9780742558014 Western Sahara Moderate Advancement Bureau of International Labor Affairs 2015 Retrieved 20 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Mozambique U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Namibia U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Niger U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Nigeria U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 Cybercime Prohibition Prevention Act Retrieved 20 August 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Rwanda U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 Organic law Instituting The Penal Code PDF Government of Rwanda 2012 Retrieved 30 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Sao Tome and Principe U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Senegal U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 Senegal ECPAT Global Database ECPAT International Retrieved 29 March 2021 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Seychelles PDF United States Department of State Retrieved 20 March 2021 Display of or traffic in indecent material 152 1 Laws of Seychelles The Penal Code greybook seylii org 2020 Retrieved 14 May 2022 The Sexual Offences Act 2012 PDF Sierra Leone Government Printing Department Retrieved 30 March 2021 Somalia PDF United States Department of Labor 2018 Retrieved 31 March 2021 Judgement Delivered on 21 July 2017 Case No A483 15 PDF Judiciary of South Africa Retrieved 20 March 2021 Films and Publications Amendment Bill of 2003 104kb pdf file PDF Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 14 January 2006 The Penal Code Act of 2008 PDF Ministry Legal Affairs and Constitutional Development South Sudan Retrieved 20 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Sudan U S Department of State Retrieved 30 March 2021 The Cybercrimes Act 2015 PDF Government of Tanzania Retrieved 30 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Togo 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Congress August 2007 Last updated 16 March 2015 Retrieved 25 April 2015 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Cyprus United States Department of State Retrieved 31 March 2021 Central Government Act Section 67 B in The Information Technology Act 2000 Indian Kanoon Retrieved 11 July 2018 Swati Deshpande 16 February 2009 Browsing child porn will land you in jail The Times of India Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 Retrieved 16 October 2009 2 1 1 Criminalisation of virtual child pornography in domestic law Indonesia ECPAT International 2021 Retrieved 4 April 2021 Iran 2016 Human Rights Report PDF United States Department of State 2016 Retrieved 5 April 2021 Immodest and shameful acts Paragraph 403 PDF The Penal Code Government of Iraq Retrieved 23 March 2021 Implementation Of The Optional Protocol To The Convention On The Rights Of The Child On The Sale Of Children Child Prostitution And Child Pornography PDF Ministry of Justice State of israel pp 13 14 Retrieved 31 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amp Exploited Children 2016 p 34 Archived from the original PDF on 18 December 2016 Retrieved 8 December 2016 Oh Ye jin 20 May 2020 아동 성착취물 소개하거나 보기만 해도 처벌 형량도 강화 YNA in Korean Act on the protection of children and youth against sex offenses Ministry of Justice Republic of Korea 2019 Retrieved 5 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Kuwait United States Department of State Retrieved 31 March 2021 a b 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Kyrgyz Republic United States Department of State Retrieved 5 April 2021 Protection PDF Executive Summary Kyrgyzstan ECPAT International 2016 Retrieved 23 March 2021 Executive Summary Laos PDF ECPAT International 2017 Retrieved 23 March 2021 Lebanon PDF Bureau of International Labor Affairs 2011 Retrieved 23 March 2021 Penalty in Article 586 4 BAU Journal Creative Sustainable Development 2019 p 6 Retrieved 24 March 2021 Sexual Offenses Against Children Act 2017 PDF Malaysian Federal Government Gazette Archived from the 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Human Rights Practices Pakistan United States Department of State Retrieved 5 April 2021 2 1 1 Criminalisation of virtual child pornography in domestic law Pakistan ECPAT International 2021 Retrieved 5 April 2021 Republic Act No 9775 Anti Child Pornography Act of 2009 Official Gazette of the Philippine Government 13 October 2009 2 1 1 Criminalisation of virtual child pornography in domestic law Philippines ECPAT International 2021 Retrieved 5 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Qatar United States Department of State Retrieved 31 March 2021 Out of the Shadows Saudi Arabia PDF The Economist 2019 Retrieved 5 April 2021 Undesirable Publications Act Singapore Statutes Online 2021 Retrieved 5 April 2021 Films Act Singapore Statutes Online 2021 Retrieved 5 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Singapore United States Department of State Retrieved 5 April 2021 Asia Pacific Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography The International Centre for 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Vietnam United States Department of State Retrieved 31 March 2021 Yemen PDF Bureau of International Labor Affairs 2018 Retrieved 24 March 2021 Yemen Republic of Law emory edu Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 Retrieved 18 February 2013 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Albania United States Department of State Retrieved 5 April 2021 Criminalisation of virtual child pornography in domestic law Albania ECPAT International 2021 Retrieved 5 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Andorra United States Department of State Retrieved 5 April 2021 Article 155 Utilisation de mineurs et incapables pour la pornographie Nouveau Code Penal in French Principality of Andorra 2005 p 72 Retrieved 5 April 2021 a b Pornographische Darstellungen Minderjahriger in German Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs 2017 Retrieved 5 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Austria United States Department of State Retrieved 5 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Belarus United States Department of State Retrieved 5 April 2021 Executive Summary Belarus PDF ECPAT International 2016 p 20 Retrieved 5 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Belgium United States Department of State Retrieved 5 April 2021 Belgian Law Regarding Child Pornography better source needed Bosnia and Herzegovina PDF Bureau of International Labor Affairs 2012 Retrieved 25 March 2021 ECPAT Country Overview Bosnia and Herzegovina PDF ECPAT International 2018 p 16 Retrieved 6 April 2021 a b The practical implementation and operation of European policies on prevention and combating Cybercrime Council of the European Union 2016 pp 34 35 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Bulgaria United States Department of State Retrieved 6 April 2021 Executive Summary Bulgaria PDF ECPAT International 2016 p 4 Retrieved 25 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Croatia United States Department of State Retrieved 6 April 2021 a b Exploitation of Children for Pornography Article 163 PDF Croatian Criminal Code Government of Croatia 2011 Archived from the original PDF on 15 January 2021 Retrieved 25 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Czech Republic United States Department of State Retrieved 6 April 2021 Straffeloven Bekendtgorelse af straffeloven retsinformation dk in Danish Ministry of Justice Denmark 2019 Retrieved 6 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Denmark United States Department of State Retrieved 6 April 2021 Report cartoon paedophilia harmless CPH Post 23 July 2012 Archived from the original on 18 January 2014 Retrieved 6 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Estonia United States Department of State Retrieved 6 April 2021 Andres Einmann 20 October 2017 Kaur Kender won the final victory in the accusation of creating child pornography Postimees in Estonian Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 Retrieved 6 April 2021 a b Chapter 17 sections 18 and 19 PDF The Criminal Code of Finland Ministry of Justice Finland Retrieved 6 April 2021 a b Child Pornography France Library of Congress Law Ministry of Justice France 2020 Retrieved 6 April 2021 Fransa dan Cocuk Pornosu ve Terorizme Dijital Sansur bilgicagi com in Turkish 9 February 2015 Archived from the original on 18 February 2015 Retrieved 6 April 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Georgia United States Department of State Retrieved 31 March 2021 a b 184b Verbreitung Erwerb und Besitz kinderpornographischer Inhalte Section 184b Distribution acquisition and possession of child pornographic content Criminal Code of Germany in German Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection 2021 Retrieved 23 August 2021 Sexual Exploitation of Children Greece Library of Congress Law Ministry of Justice Greece 2020 Retrieved 7 April 2021 Child Pornography Section 204 PDF Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code Government of Hungary p 70 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Rights Report United States Department of Justice p 17 Retrieved 25 October 2021 UNICEF and UN Human Rights welcome Fiji s commitment to combatting child exploitation UNICEF 19 March 2021 Retrieved 28 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Kiribati United States Department of State Retrieved 14 November 2021 Kiribati Sessional Legislation Republic of Kiribati 2017 Retrieved 14 November 2021 2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Marshall Islands United States Department of State Retrieved 28 March 2021 Child Protection Baseline Report Republic of Marshall Islands PDF UNICEF p 49 Retrieved 28 March 2021 Republic of Nauru Crimes Act 2016 PDF Government of Nauru Retrieved 28 March 2021 Executive Summary New Zealand PDF ECPAT International Archived from the original PDF on 25 May 2021 Retrieved 28 March 2021 Chapter 18 Child Exploitation Penal Code of the Republic of Palau RPPL No 9 21 2013 Republic of Palau 2013 Retrieved 14 November 2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices U S Department of State Samoa 2018 Human Rights Report PDF United States Department of State p 10 Retrieved 28 March 2021 Samoa Crimes Act of 2013 PDF Ministry of Police pp 37 40 Retrieved 28 March 2021 Solomon Islands 2018 Human Rights Report PDF United States Department of State p 11 Retrieved 28 March 2021 Solomon Islands PDF United States Department of Labor 2015 Retrieved 28 March 2021 2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Tonga United States Department of State Retrieved 28 March 2021 Criminalization of conducts BEYOND the OPSC 1 2 PDF www itu int Retrieved 28 March 2021 Tuvalu PDF United States Department of Labor Retrieved 28 March 2021 Vanuatu 2018 Human Rights Report United States Department of State p 11 Retrieved 28 March 2021 a b CODIGO PENAL DE LA NACION ARGENTINA servicios infoleg gob ar Child pornography drawn is it a crime www saberderecho com Retrieved 10 March 2021 Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Bolivia PDF www iin oea org Retrieved 21 March 2021 Article 9 Offences related to child pornography Council of Europe Retrieved 21 March 2021 Code of Minors of Brazil Article 244 A in Portuguese Civil House for Legal Affairs Retrieved 29 May 2021 Hypeness Redacao 8 November 2017 Capa do Nirvana e utilizada pelo Ministerio Publico para esclarecer o que e pedofilia Hypeness in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 19 February 2020 http pfdc pgr mpf mp br temas de atuacao direitos sexuais e reprodutivos nota tecnica liberdade artistica e protecao de criancas e adolescentes Technical Letter by Attorney of the Republic of the Federal Public Ministry Nacional Biblioteca del Congreso Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional Ley Chile www bcn cl leychile Retrieved 2 February 2021 ormatividad sobre delitos relacionados con contenidos de explotacion sexual infantil www policia gov co 25 July 2017 Retrieved 10 March 2021 In Colombia technical and artificial child pornography is not a crime Caracol 12 March 2018 Retrieved 10 March 2021 in Spanish Vacio legal para delitos en internet Archived 4 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Guyana www state gov Retrieved 25 October 2021 LEY Nº 3 440 08 PDF Government of Paraguay Retrieved 21 March 2021 Law Enforcement in Argentina and Paraguay PDF International Labour Organization 2005 Retrieved 21 March 2021 Peru PDF International Centre for Missing amp Exploited Children Retrieved 21 March 2021 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Suriname www state gov Retrieved 21 March 2021 Child Pornography Child Abuse Images PDF ECPAT International Retrieved 25 October 2021 In this article about Japan says that some countries including Uruguay still didn t ban the possession of child pornography In this article about Japan says that some countries including Venezuela still didn t ban the possession of child pornography Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refworld 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Venezuela Refworld Retrieved 4 November 2019 External linksNational Center for Missing and Exploited Children USA Child Pornography Fact Sheet Archived from the original on 15 November 2007 Retrieved 22 November 2009 National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children UK Child abuse images and the internet A reading list Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 Retrieved 22 November 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Legality of child pornography amp oldid 1146787446, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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