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List of aerophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number

January 01, 1970

The Hornbostel–Sachs system of musical instrument classification groups all instruments in which sound is produced through vibrating air. This can include a column of air being set in vibration (as in wind instruments) or an air-flow being interrupted by an edge (as in free-reeds). The instrument itself does not vibrate, and there are no vibrating strings or membranes.

Aerophones (4) edit

Free aerophones (41) edit

Instruments where the vibrating air is not enclosed by the instrument itself.

Displacement free aerophones (411) edit

The air-stream meets a sharp edge, or a sharp edge is moved through the air. In either case, according to more recent views, a periodic displacement of air occurs to the alternate flanks of the edge. Examples are the swordblade or the whip.

Interruptive free aerophones (412) edit

The air-stream is interrupted periodically

412.1 Idiophonic interruptive aerophones or reeds - The air-stream is directed against a lamella, setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently. In this group also belong reeds with a 'cover,' i.e. a tube in which the air vibrates only in a secondary sense, not producing the sound but simply adding roundness and timbre to the sound made by the reed's vibration; generally recognizable by the absence of fingerholes.

412.11 Concussion reeds - Two lamellae make a gap which closes periodically during their vibration.

412.12 Percussion reeds - A single lamella strikes against a frame.

412.121 Independent percussion reeds.

412.122 Sets of percussion reeds. - Earlier organs

412.13 Free-reed instruments feature a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot (there may be an attached pipe, but it should only vibrate in sympathy with the reed, and not have an effect on the pitch - instruments of this class can be distinguished from 422.3 by the lack of finger-holes).

412.131 Individual free reeds.

412.132 Sets of free reeds.

412.14 Band reed instruments - The air hits the sharp edge of a band under tension. The acoustics of this instrument have so far not been investigated.[1]

412.2 Non-idiophonic interruptive instruments.

412.21. Rotating aerophones (the interruptive agent rotates in its own plane and does not turn on its axis)

412.22. Whirling aerophones (the interruptive agent turns on its axis)

Plosive aerophones (413) edit

The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air.

  • Udu "drum" or kimkim
  • Boomwhacker
  • End-struck pipe-based instruments, variations on earlier known instruments recently popularized by Blue Man Group, in forms that they refer to as Tubulum, Drumbone, etc.

Non-free aerophones (wind instruments proper) (42) edit

The vibrating air is contained within the instrument. This group includes most of the instruments called wind instruments in the west, such as the flute or French horn, as well as many other kinds of instruments such as conch shells.

Edge-blown aerophones or flutes (421) edit

The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with his lips (421.1), or his breath is directed through a duct against an edge (421.2).

421.1 Flutes without duct - The player himself creates a ribbon-shaped stream of air with his lips.

421.11 End-blown flutes - The player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube.

421.111 Individual end-blown flutes.

421.111.1 Open single end-blown flutes - The lower end of the flute is open.

421.111.11 Without fingerholes.

421.111.12 With fingerholes.

421.111.2 Stopped single end-blown flutes -The lower end of the flute is closed.

421.111.21 Without fingerholes.

421.111.22 With fingerholes.

421.112 Sets of end-blown flutes or panpipes - Several end-blown flutes of different pitch are combined to form a single instrument.

421.112.1 Open panpipes.

421.112.11 Open (raft) panpipes - The pipes are tied together in the form of a board, or they are made by drilling tubes *in a board.

421.112.12 Open bundle (pan-) pipes - The pipes are tied together in a round bundle.

421.112.2 Stopped panpipes.

421.112.3 Mixed open and stopped panpipes.

421.12 Side-blown flutes - The player blows against the sharp rim of a hole in the side of the tube.

421.121 (Single) side-blown flutes.

421.121.1 Open side-blown flutes.

421.121.11 Without fingerholes.

421.121.12 With fingerholes.

421.121.2 Partly stopped side-blown flutes - The lower end of the tube is a natural node of the pipe pierced by a small hole.

421.121.3 Stopped side-blown flutes.

421.121.31 Without fingerholes.

421.121.311 With fixed stopped lower end - (Apparently non-existent).

421.121.312 With adjustable stopped lower end

421.121.32 With fingerholes.

421.122 Sets of side-blown flutes.

421.122.1 Sets of open slide-blown flutes.

421.122.2 Sets of stopped side-blown flutes.

421.13 Vessel flutes (without distinct beak) The body of the pipe is not tubular but vessel-shaped

421.2 Flutes with duct or duct flutes - A narrow duct directs the air-stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice

421.21 Flutes with external duct - The duct is outside the wall of the flute; this group includes flutes with the duct chambered in the wall under a ring-like sleeve and other similar arrangements.

421.211 (Single) flutes with external duct.

421.211.1 Open flutes with external duct.

421.211.11 Without fingerholes.

421.211.12 With fingerholes.

421.211.2 Partly stopped flutes with external duct.

421.211.3 Stopped flutes with external duct.

421.212 Sets of flute with external duct.

421.22 Flutes with internal duct - The duct is inside the tube. This group includes flutes with the duct formed by an internal baffle (natural node, bock of resin) and an exterior tied-on cover (cane, wood, hide).

421.221 (Single) flutes with internal duct.

421.221.1 Open flutes with internal duct.

421.221.11 Without fingerholes

421.221.12 With fingerholes

421.221.2 Partly stopped flute with internal duct.

421.221.3 Stopped flutes with internal duct.

421.221.31 Without fingerholes.

421.221.311 With fixed stopped lower end.

421.221.312 With adjustable stopped lower end.

421.221.31 With fingerholes.

421.221.4 Vessel flutes with duct.

421.221.41 Without fingerholes.

421.221.42 With fingerholes.

421.222 Sets of flutes with internal duct.

421.222.1 Sets of open flutes with internal duct.

421.222.11 Without fingerholes - Open flue stops of the organ.

421.222.12 With fingerholes

  • Double flageolet.

421.222.2 Sets of partly stopped flutes with internal duct.

421.222.3 Sets of stopped flutes with internal duct.

Reed aerophones (422) edit

The player's breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion.

422.1 Double reed instruments - There are two lamellae which beat against one another.

422.11 (Single) oboes.

422.111 With cylindrical bore.

422.111 With cylindrical bore

422.111.1 Without fingerholes.

422.111.2 With fingerholes.

422.112 With conical bore

422.12 Sets of oboes.

422.121 With cylindrical bore.

422.122 With conical bore.

422.2 Single reed instruments - The pipe has a single 'reed' consisting of a percussion lamella.

422.21 (Single) clarinets.

422.211 With cylindrical bore.

422.211.1 Without fingerholes.

422.211.2 With fingerholes.

422.212 With conical bore.

422.22 Sets of clarinets.

422.3 Reedpipes with free reeds - The reed vibrates through [at] a closely fitted frame. There must be fingerholes, otherwise the instrument belongs to the free reeds 412.13.

422.31 Single pipes with free reed.

422.32 Double pipes with free reeds.

Trumpets (423) edit

The player's vibrating lips set the air in motion.

423.1 Natural trumpets - There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips.

423.11 Conches - A conch shell serves as trumpet.

423.111 End-blown.

423.111.1 Without mouthpiece.

423.111.2 With mouthpiece.

423.112 Side-blown.

423.12 Tubular trumpets.

423.121 End-blown trumpets - The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.

423.121.1 End-blown straight trumpets - The tube is neither curved nor folded.

423.121.11 Without mouthpiece.

423.121.12 With mouthpiece.

423.121.2 End-blown horns - The tube is curved or folded.

423.121.21 Without mouthpiece.

423.121.22 With mouthpiece.

423.122 Side blown trumpets.

423.2 Chromatic trumpets - The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically

423.21 Keyed trumpets

423.22 Slide trumpets

423.23 Valved trumpets

423.231 Conical bore

423.232 Semi-conical bore

423.233 Cylindrical bore

References edit

  1. ^ "412.14 Ribbon reeds", Mimo-db.eu.

External links edit

  • "SVH Classification", Virtual Instrument Museum.
  • "Aerophone", Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary.

January 01, 1970
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The Hornbostel Sachs system of musical instrument classification groups all instruments in which sound is produced through vibrating air This can include a column of air being set in vibration as in wind instruments or an air flow being interrupted by an edge as in free reeds The instrument itself does not vibrate and there are no vibrating strings or membranes Contents 1 Aerophones 4 1 1 Free aerophones 41 1 1 1 Displacement free aerophones 411 1 1 2 Interruptive free aerophones 412 1 1 3 Plosive aerophones 413 1 2 Non free aerophones wind instruments proper 42 1 2 1 Edge blown aerophones or flutes 421 1 2 2 Reed aerophones 422 1 2 3 Trumpets 423 2 References 3 External linksAerophones 4 editFree aerophones 41 edit Instruments where the vibrating air is not enclosed by the instrument itself bullroarer Siren noisemaker Displacement free aerophones 411 edit The air stream meets a sharp edge or a sharp edge is moved through the air In either case according to more recent views a periodic displacement of air occurs to the alternate flanks of the edge Examples are the swordblade or the whip Swordblade Whip Interruptive free aerophones 412 edit The air stream is interrupted periodically412 1 Idiophonic interruptive aerophones or reeds The air stream is directed against a lamella setting it in periodic vibration to interrupt the stream intermittently In this group also belong reeds with a cover i e a tube in which the air vibrates only in a secondary sense not producing the sound but simply adding roundness and timbre to the sound made by the reed s vibration generally recognizable by the absence of fingerholes 412 11 Concussion reeds Two lamellae make a gap which closes periodically during their vibration 412 12 Percussion reeds A single lamella strikes against a frame 412 121 Independent percussion reeds 412 122 Sets of percussion reeds Earlier organs412 13 Free reed instruments feature a reed which vibrates within a closely fitting slot there may be an attached pipe but it should only vibrate in sympathy with the reed and not have an effect on the pitch instruments of this class can be distinguished from 422 3 by the lack of finger holes 412 131 Individual free reeds Bawu Party horn Pitch pipe 412 132 Sets of free reeds Accordica mouth organ Accordina instrument Accordion Accordola Accordolin mouth organ Bandoneon Bandonium Concertina Harmoneon Harmonica Harmonium Melodica Reed organ Sheng Vibrandoneon instrument Martinshorn 412 14 Band reed instruments The air hits the sharp edge of a band under tension The acoustics of this instrument have so far not been investigated 1 412 2 Non idiophonic interruptive instruments 412 21 Rotating aerophones the interruptive agent rotates in its own plane and does not turn on its axis Siren 412 22 Whirling aerophones the interruptive agent turns on its axis Bullroarer Corrugaphone Plosive aerophones 413 edit The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air Udu drum or kimkim Boomwhacker End struck pipe based instruments variations on earlier known instruments recently popularized by Blue Man Group in forms that they refer to as Tubulum Drumbone etc Non free aerophones wind instruments proper 42 edit The vibrating air is contained within the instrument This group includes most of the instruments called wind instruments in the west such as the flute or French horn as well as many other kinds of instruments such as conch shells Edge blown aerophones or flutes 421 edit The player makes a ribbon shaped flow of air with his lips 421 1 or his breath is directed through a duct against an edge 421 2 Flute 421 1 Flutes without duct The player himself creates a ribbon shaped stream of air with his lips 421 11 End blown flutes The player blows against the sharp rim at the upper open end of a tube 421 111 Individual end blown flutes 421 111 1 Open single end blown flutes The lower end of the flute is open 421 111 11 Without fingerholes 421 111 12 With fingerholes Hocchiku Inci Palendag Pulalu Shakuhachi Tumpong 421 111 2 Stopped single end blown flutes The lower end of the flute is closed 421 111 21 Without fingerholes 421 111 22 With fingerholes 421 112 Sets of end blown flutes or panpipes Several end blown flutes of different pitch are combined to form a single instrument Pan pipes 421 112 1 Open panpipes 421 112 11 Open raft panpipes The pipes are tied together in the form of a board or they are made by drilling tubes in a board 421 112 12 Open bundle pan pipes The pipes are tied together in a round bundle 421 112 2 Stopped panpipes 421 112 3 Mixed open and stopped panpipes 421 12 Side blown flutes The player blows against the sharp rim of a hole in the side of the tube 421 121 Single side blown flutes 421 121 1 Open side blown flutes 421 121 11 Without fingerholes 421 121 12 With fingerholes Western concert flutes Piccolo 421 121 2 Partly stopped side blown flutes The lower end of the tube is a natural node of the pipe pierced by a small hole 421 121 3 Stopped side blown flutes 421 121 31 Without fingerholes 421 121 311 With fixed stopped lower end Apparently non existent 421 121 312 With adjustable stopped lower end Piston flutes 421 121 32 With fingerholes 421 122 Sets of side blown flutes 421 122 1 Sets of open slide blown flutes 421 122 2 Sets of stopped side blown flutes 421 13 Vessel flutes without distinct beak The body of the pipe is not tubular but vessel shaped Conch instrument if played like a flute Jug Xun 421 2 Flutes with duct or duct flutes A narrow duct directs the air stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice421 21 Flutes with external duct The duct is outside the wall of the flute this group includes flutes with the duct chambered in the wall under a ring like sleeve and other similar arrangements 421 211 Single flutes with external duct 421 211 1 Open flutes with external duct 421 211 11 Without fingerholes 421 211 12 With fingerholes Babarak Suling 421 211 2 Partly stopped flutes with external duct 421 211 3 Stopped flutes with external duct 421 212 Sets of flute with external duct 421 22 Flutes with internal duct The duct is inside the tube This group includes flutes with the duct formed by an internal baffle natural node bock of resin and an exterior tied on cover cane wood hide 421 221 Single flutes with internal duct 421 221 1 Open flutes with internal duct 421 221 11 Without fingerholes Whistle Willow flute 421 221 12 With fingerholes Recorder Khloy Khlui Tin whistle 421 221 2 Partly stopped flute with internal duct 421 221 3 Stopped flutes with internal duct 421 221 31 Without fingerholes 421 221 311 With fixed stopped lower end 421 221 312 With adjustable stopped lower end Slide whistle 421 221 31 With fingerholes 421 221 4 Vessel flutes with duct 421 221 41 Without fingerholes 421 221 42 With fingerholes Huaca Ocarina 421 222 Sets of flutes with internal duct 421 222 1 Sets of open flutes with internal duct 421 222 11 Without fingerholes Open flue stops of the organ Calliope Flue pipe of an organ 421 222 12 With fingerholes Double flageolet 421 222 2 Sets of partly stopped flutes with internal duct 421 222 3 Sets of stopped flutes with internal duct Reed aerophones 422 edit The player s breath is directed against a lamella or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion 422 1 Double reed instruments There are two lamellae which beat against one another 422 11 Single oboes 422 111 With cylindrical bore 422 111 With cylindrical bore Cornamuse Crumhorn Hirtenschalmei 422 111 1 Without fingerholes 422 111 2 With fingerholes 422 112 With conical bore Oboe Musette modern small oboe in e Oboe d amore Cor anglais English horn same instrument Oboe da caccia Bass oboe Baritone oboe same instrument Heckelphone Bassoon Tenoroon Contrabassoon Bombarde Cromorne Sarrusophone Sopranino sarrusophone Soprano sarrusophone Alto sarrusophone Tenor sarrusophone Baritone sarrusophone Bass sarrusophone Contrabass sarrusophone Shawm Surma Tarogato traditional Bagpipes Cornemuse du Centre Great Highland Bagpipe Uilleann pipes Northumbrian smallpipes Musette de cour Biniou Gaita Dudelsack Volynka 422 12 Sets of oboes 422 121 With cylindrical bore 422 122 With conical bore 422 2 Single reed instruments The pipe has a single reed consisting of a percussion lamella 422 21 Single clarinets 422 211 With cylindrical bore 422 211 1 Without fingerholes 422 211 2 With fingerholes Clarinets Piccolo clarinet in A Sopranino clarinet in E or D Soprano clarinet in C B or A Basset clarinet in A or G Basset horn Alto clarinet Bass clarinet Contra alto clarinet Contrabass clarinet Octocontra alto clarinet Octocontrabass clarinet Bagpipes Duda Swedish bagpipes Zampogna see also main article Types of bagpipes for many others Experimental Folgerphone 422 212 With conical bore Octavin Saxophone Soprillo sopranissimo saxophone Sopranino saxophone Soprano saxophone in B or C Conn o sax Mezzo soprano saxophone in F Alto saxophone C melody saxophone Tenor saxophone Baritone saxophone Bass saxophone Contrabass saxophone Subcontrabass saxophone Tubax Sneng Tarogato modern 422 22 Sets of clarinets Zummara Double Clarinet 422 3 Reedpipes with free reeds The reed vibrates through at a closely fitted frame There must be fingerholes otherwise the instrument belongs to the free reeds 412 13 422 31 Single pipes with free reed 422 32 Double pipes with free reeds Trumpets 423 edit The player s vibrating lips set the air in motion 423 1 Natural trumpets There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player s lips Natural trumpet 423 11 Conches A conch shell serves as trumpet 423 111 End blown 423 111 1 Without mouthpiece Conch shell if played like a trumpet 423 111 2 With mouthpiece 423 112 Side blown 423 12 Tubular trumpets 423 121 End blown trumpets The mouth hole faces the axis of the trumpet 423 121 1 End blown straight trumpets The tube is neither curved nor folded 423 121 11 Without mouthpiece Didgeridoo 423 121 12 With mouthpiece Trembita 423 121 2 End blown horns The tube is curved or folded 423 121 21 Without mouthpiece Shofar 423 121 22 With mouthpiece Alphorn Bugle Lur Natural horn Vuvuzela Post Horn 423 122 Side blown trumpets 423 2 Chromatic trumpets The pitch of the instrument can be altered mechanically423 21 Keyed trumpets Cornett or Cornetto Serpent and later derivatives Upright serpent Basson Russe English bass horn Cimbasso early Keyed bugle Keyed trumpet Ophicleide 423 22 Slide trumpets Bazooka Sackbut Trombone 423 23 Valved trumpets423 231 Conical bore Tuba Euphonium Sousaphone Helicon Flugelhorn 423 232 Semi conical bore Cornet Horn Mellophone Tenor Horn Alto horn same instrument Wagner tuba Baritone horn 423 233 Cylindrical bore Trumpet Valve trombone Cimbasso modern References edit 412 14 Ribbon reeds Mimo db eu External links edit SVH Classification Virtual Instrument Museum Aerophone Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of aerophones by Hornbostel Sachs number amp oldid 1133753800 Plosive aerophones 413, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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