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Vuvuzela

February 05, 2023

The vuvuzela /vuːvuːˈzɛlə/ is a horn, with an inexpensive injection-molded plastic shell about 65 centimetres (2 ft) long, which produces a loud monotone note, typically around B♭ 3[2] (the first B♭ below middle C).[3] Some models are made in two parts to facilitate storage, and this design also allows pitch variation. Many types of vuvuzela, made by several manufacturers, may produce various intensity and frequency outputs.[4] The intensity of these outputs depends on the blowing technique and pressure exerted.[4]

Vuvuzela
A modern plastic Vuvuzela
Brass instrument
Classification

Brass[1]

Hornbostel–Sachs classification423.121.22
(Tubular end-blown trumpet with mouthpiece)
Playing range
Varies by instrument, typically around B♭
Related instruments
Bugle
Vuvuzela note
A standard short 58-centimetre (1.9 ft) vuvuzela plays a single B♭ note.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The vuvuzela is commonly used at football matches in South Africa,[5] and it has become a symbol of South African football as the stadiums are filled with its sound.[6] The intensity of the sound caught the attention of the global football community during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in anticipation of South Africa hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[6]

The vuvuzela has been the subject of controversy when used by spectators at football matches. Its high volume can lead to permanent hearing loss for unprotected ears after close-range exposure,[7] with a sound level of 120 dB(A) (the threshold of pain) at one metre (3.3 ft) from the device opening.[6]

Origin

 
"The Dinner Horn" ("Blowing the Horn at Seaside"), by Winslow Homer, 1870

Plastic aerophones, like corneta and similar devices, have been used in Brazil and other Latin American countries since the 1960s, also similar "Stadium Horns" have been marketed and available in the United States since that same date.[8]

Similar horns have been in existence for much longer. An instrument that looks like a vuvuzela appears in Winslow Homer's 1870 painting "The Dinner Horn".[9]

The origin of the device is disputed. The term vuvuzela was first used in South Africa from the Zulu language or Nguni. It is also known in the Sepedi language as Lepatata, a Bokoni dialect word meaning to make a blowing sound (directly translated: ukuvuvuzela).[citation needed] Controversies over the invention arose in early 2010. South African Kaizer Chiefs fan Freddie "Saddam" Maake claimed the invention of the vuvuzela by fabricating an aluminium version in 1965 from a bicycle horn and has photographic evidence of himself holding the aluminium vuvuzela in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.[10] He also claimed to have coined vuvuzela from the Zulu language for "welcome", "unite" and "celebration".[11] Plastics factory Masincedane Sport popularised the ubiquitous plastic vuvuzela commonly heard at South African football games in 2002;[12] and the Nazareth Baptist Church claimed the vuvuzela belonged to their church.[13]

International tournaments

 
A 2010 FIFA World Cup crowd blowing vuvuzelas

The world association football governing body, FIFA, proposed banning vuvuzelas from stadiums, as they were seen as potential weapons for hooligans and could be used in ambush marketing.[citation needed] Columnist Jon Qwelane described the device as "an instrument from hell".[14] South African football authorities argued that the vuvuzela was part of the South African football experience.[15] The Spanish midfielder Xabi Alonso said, "Those trumpets? That noise I don't like ... FIFA must ban those things ... it is not nice to have a noise like that".[16] Dutch coach Bert van Marwijk remarked, "... it was annoying ... in the stadiums you get used to it but it is still unpleasant".[17]

Commentator Farayi Mungazi said, "Banning the vuvuzela would take away the distinctiveness of a South African World Cup ... absolutely essential for an authentic South African footballing experience".[18] FIFA President Sepp Blatter responded, "we should not try to Europeanise an African World Cup ... that is what African and South Africa football is all about – noise, excitement, dancing, shouting and enjoyment".[18][17] Despite the criticisms, FIFA agreed to permit their use in stadiums during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup.[19] The South African football authority argued that during FIFA World Cup 2010, vuvuzelas achieved great popularity, though TV spectators suffered a lot due to vuvuzela noise pollution.[17]

2010 FIFA World Cup

Marketing

Hyundai constructed the world's largest working vuvuzela as part of a marketing campaign for the World Cup. The 35-metre (115 ft) blue vuvuzela mounted on the Foreshore Freeway Bridge, Cape Town was intended to be used at the beginning of each match; however, it did not sound a note during the World Cup, as its volume was a cause of concern to city authorities.[20]

Reception

 
Noisy Vuvuzelas cause concern
Voice of America report on the impact of vuvuzelas at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Its ubiquity led to many suggestions for limiting its use, muffling its sound, and even an outright ban.[21][22]

Broadcasting organisations experienced difficulties with their presentations. Television and radio audiences often heard only the sound of vuvuzelas.[23][24][25][26] The BBC, RTÉ, ESPN and BSkyB have examined the possibility of filtering the ambient noise while maintaining game commentary.[23][24]

The vuvuzelas raised health and safety concerns. Competitors believed the incessant noise hampered the ability of the players to get their rest, and degraded the quality of team performance.[27][28] Other critics remarked that vuvuzelas disrupted team communication and players' concentration during matches.[29][30] Demand for earplugs to protect from hearing loss during the World Cup outstripped supply, with many pharmacies out of stock.[31] One major vuvuzela manufacturer even began selling its own earplugs to spectators.[32]

Audio filtration

Notch filtering, an audio filtration technique, is proposed to reduce the vuvuzela sound in broadcasts and increase clarity of commentary audio. The vuvuzela produces notes at a frequency of approximately 235 Hz and its first partial at 465 Hz.[33] However, this filtration technique affects the clarity of commentary audio. Proposals of adaptive filters by universities and research organisations address this issue by preserving the amplitude and clarity of the commentators' voices and crowd noise.[34][35][36] Such filtration techniques have been adopted by some cable television providers.[37]

2018 FIFA World Cup

Vuvuzelas made a comeback at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, used mainly by Iranian supporters.[38] Much like in 2010, there was a backlash against their use.[39][40]

Health effects and regulation

Health concerns

 
Some vuvuzelas carry a safety warning graphic.

A study conducted in 2010 by Dr Ruth McNerney of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and colleagues, concluded that the airborne transmission of diseases by means of vuvuzelas was possible.[41][42] They measured tiny droplets emitted from a vuvuzela that can carry flu and cold germs that are small enough to stay suspended in the air for hours, and can enter into the airways of a person's lungs.[43] The study concluded that vuvuzelas can infect others on a greater scale than coughing or shouting.[43]

The vuvuzelas have the potential to cause noise-induced hearing loss.[4][6][7][41] Prof James Hall III, Dr Dirk Koekemoer, De Wet Swanepoel and colleagues at the University of Pretoria found that vuvuzelas can have a negative effect when a listener's eardrums are exposed to the instrument's high-intensity sound. The vuvuzelas produce an average sound pressure of 113 dB(A) at two metres (7 ft) from the device opening.[6] The study finds that subjects should not be exposed to more than 15 minutes per day at an intensity of 100 dB(A).[6] The study assumes that if a single vuvuzela emits a sound that is dangerously loud to subjects within a two-metre (7 ft) radius, and numerous vuvuzelas are typically blown together for the duration of a match, it may put spectators at a significant risk of hearing loss.[6] Hearing loss experts at the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommend that exposure at the 113 dB(A) level not exceed 45 seconds per day.[44] A newer model has a modified mouthpiece that reduces the volume by 20 dB.[45]

Noise levels and bans

Concerns about the constant intensities produced by the vuvuzelas during the 2010 FIFA World Cup matches were raised independently by representatives of international football teams, spectators and sports commentators. The noise levels that were demonstrated during the 2010 FIFA World Cup prompted various sporting organisations to ban the vuvuzela at future events and venues, even including future World Cups:

 
Wesley Sneijder blowing on a vuvuzela

Some shopping centres in South Africa banned the use of vuvuzelas.[68][69][70] They were also banned at the 2010 Baltimore anime convention Otakon.[71] The convention committee declared that any attendee carrying a vuvuzela could have it confiscated from them, and that anyone blowing one could face expulsion from the event.[71][72]

Another such action was taken in response to the prevalence of the vuvuzelas at the 2010 Anime Expo based in Los Angeles, attended by representatives of Otakon who felt the disruption led to discomfort for some of the attendees of Anime Expo which they wished to avoid at the later Baltimore event.[72]

Nine English Premier League clubs have banned the device. Five clubs (Arsenal,[73] Birmingham City, Everton, Fulham and Liverpool) have banned them due to health and safety reasons while Sunderland, West Ham United, and West Bromwich Albion have barred them because of policy against musical instruments. Manchester United banned vuvuzelas from Old Trafford on August 13, 2010. However, two clubs (Manchester City and Stoke City) have allowed them.[citation needed]

The organisers of the 2012 Olympic Games placed a ban on vuvuzelas at the sporting event.[74]

Usage in protests

On July 13, 2010, protesters with vuvuzelas converged on BP's London headquarters to protest the company's handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[75]

Vuvuzelas were widely used during the 2011 Wisconsin pro-union protests against governor Scott Walker, after a Madison DJ, Nick Nice, ordered 200 of them and distributed them to his fellow protesters.[76] According to Nice, this caused vuvuzelas to be included in the list of items banned at the state's capitol.[76]

In March 2012, German protesters used vuvuzelas during the official traditional torchlight ceremony, the Großer Zapfenstreich, which bid farewell to President of Germany Christian Wulff. Wulff had resigned earlier over corruption allegations, yet he still received the honor of the military ceremony, which left Germany divided.[77]

Usage in music

Usage of vuvuzela in art music is limited. One of the few compositions made for it is a baroque-style double concerto in C major for vuvuzela, organ (or harpsichord) and string orchestra, written by Timo Kiiskinen, Professor of Church Music in Sibelius Academy, Helsinki; organ version of this concerto was premiered on 21 October 2010 at the Organ Hall of Sibelius Academy, and harpsichord version on 19 December 2010 at Pro Puu gallery in Lahti.[78][79]

John-Luke Mark Matthews has written a concerto in B-flat major for vuvuzela and orchestra. The score and parts for this are available on the IMSLP public-domain score library.[80]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "10 things about the vuvuzela". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. June 15, 2010.
  3. ^ "Trumping the trumpets: how audio engineering helps tone down vuvuzela disruption" (Press release). Queen Mary College University of London. June 18, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c Swanepoel, De Wet; Hall III, James W; Koekemoer, Dirk (April 2010). "Vuvuzela sound measurements" (PDF). South African Medical Journal. Cape Town, South Africa. 100 (4): 192. doi:10.7196/samj.4098. PMID 20459951.
  5. ^ . Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2008.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Swanepoel, De Wet; Hall III, James W; Koekemoer, Dirk (February 2010). "Vuvuzela – good for your team, bad for your ears" (PDF). South African Medical Journal. Cape Town, South Africa. 100 (4): 99–100. doi:10.7196/samj.3697. PMID 20459912.
  7. ^ a b Swanepoel, D Wet; Hall III, James W (April 2010). "Football match spectator sound exposure and effect on hearing: A pretest-post-test study". South African Medical Journal. Cape Town, South Africa. 100 (4): 239–42. doi:10.7196/samj.4091. PMID 20459971.
  8. ^ Ken Burns (September 27, 1994). "8th Inning – A Whole New Ballgame". Baseball. Season 1. 82 minutes in. PBS. at 1:22:12, crowd shot of Fenway Park. In the upper left corner of the frame, two mass-produced type plastic Stadium Horns/Vuvuzelas are clearly visible.
  9. ^ "The Dinner Horn". Brooklyn Museum of Art. 1870.
  10. ^ Moyo, Phathisani (January 8, 2010). "Vuvuzela creator blown off?". Mail & Guardian. South Africa.
  11. ^ Maake, Freddie (July 10, 2010). "Experience: I invented the vuvuzela". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited.
  12. ^ Casert, Raf (June 18, 2010). . Yahoo! Inc. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 22, 2010.
  13. ^ Fisher, Jonah (January 16, 2010). "Unholy row over World Cup trumpet". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
  14. ^ Qwelane, Jon (February 7, 2005). "Ban the vuvuzela". News24. South Africa: 24.com.
  15. ^ Makhaye, Chris (July 13, 2008). . IOL. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
  16. ^ "Ban the noisy vuvuzela, says Alonso". Cape Argus. Cape Argus & Independent Online. June 18, 2009.
  17. ^ a b c . ESPNsoccernet. Walt Disney Internet Group. Reuters. June 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
  18. ^ a b Mungazi, Farayi (June 19, 2009). "In defence of the vuvuzela". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  19. ^ "Fifa gives Vuvuzelas thumbs up". News24. South Africa: 24.com. South African Press Association. July 11, 2008.
  20. ^ Hudson, Alexandra (June 18, 2010). . Thomson Reuters Corporate. Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  21. ^ Schy, Steve (June 14, 2010). "Noisy Vuvuzelas Cause Concern at World Cup". Voice of America. Washington, D.C., United States of America: Federal Government of the United States. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  22. ^ . ESPNsoccernet. Walt Disney Internet Group. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  23. ^ a b "BBC receives 545 vuvuzela complaints over World Cup". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. June 15, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  24. ^ a b "Host broadcasters to 'filter' noise". ESPNsoccernet. Walt Disney Internet Group. Associated Press. June 15, 2010.
  25. ^ "BBC mulls vuvuzela-free option for irked viewers". Yahoo! Inc. Associated Press. June 15, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  26. ^ Valenti, Elio (June 13, 2010). "Buzz off, vuvuzelas!". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc.
  27. ^ "World Cup 2010: Organisers will not ban vuvuzelas". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  28. ^ "World Cup organiser mulls vuvuzela ban". Agence France-Presse. June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  29. ^ "It is impossible to communicate, it's like being deaf: Messi". The Hindu. Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  30. ^ . Radio Nederland Wereldomroep. Netherlands National News, Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  31. ^ Chilwane, Luphert (June 11, 2010). "Worried fans right to seek ear plugs, says Phonak". BusinessDay. BDFM Publishers. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  32. ^ . Sport24. South Africa: 24.com. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.
  33. ^ Pash, Adam (June 15, 2010). "How to Silence Vuvuzela Horns in World Cup Broadcasts". Lifehacker. Gawker Media. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  34. ^ "Trumping the trumpets: how audio engineering helps tone down vuvuzela disruption". Centre for Digital Music (Press release). Queen Mary University of London. June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  35. ^ "Prosoniq VuvuX". Prosoniq Products Software GmbH. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  36. ^ Bargmann, Jeff; University of London, Queen Mary. "The Devuvuzelator". Stardock Corporation. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
  37. ^ Ballve, Marcelo (June 17, 2010). "Portuguese cable provider offers vuvuzela muting service for World Cup games". True/Slant.
  38. ^ "Five things we learned as vuvuzelas fail to drown out late Iran goal". The Independent. June 15, 2018.
  39. ^ "Vuvuzelas are back at the World Cup and people are fuming". inews.co.uk. June 16, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  40. ^ Krishna, Shyam A. (June 21, 2018). . Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  41. ^ a b Snyman, Mia (June 10, 2010). "Study: Vuvuzela could spread colds and flu". Boston.com. Associated Press. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  42. ^ Brian Mossop (May 24, 2011). "Besides Noise, Vuvuzelas May Spread Airborne Germs". Wired.
  43. ^ a b Lai, Ka-Man; Bottomley, Christian; McNerney, Ruth (May 23, 2011). "Propagation of Respiratory Aerosols by the Vuvuzela". PLOS ONE. 6 (5): e20086. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620086L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020086. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3100331. PMID 21629778.
  44. ^ "CDC/NIOSH Science Blog – Vuvuzelas: What's the Buzz? June 2010". NIOSH. cdc.com/niosh. June 2010.
  45. ^ . Sport24. South Africa: 24.com. June 14, 2010. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  46. ^ "Rules & Regulations". Wembley Stadium. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  47. ^ Simpson, Connor (June 4, 2014). "Wooomp: FIFA Bans Vuvuzelas from Brazilian World Cup". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  48. ^ "2018 World Cup: Roll up for 'obese person' tickets". Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  49. ^ "Sports fans in Cardiff spared vuvuzela". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  50. ^ Summers, Chris (June 16, 2010). "Wimbledon crackdown on vuvuzelas". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  51. ^ Elkes, Neil (July 9, 2010). "Call to ban vuvuzelas at Edgbaston". Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  52. ^ Doherty, Elissa (June 17, 2010). "Vuvu gets big no-no from AFL". Herald Sun. News Corporation. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  53. ^ "Ground Entry Conditions — WACA Western Australia Cricket Association". www.waca.com.au. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  54. ^ "Chant like England's Barmy Army". www.couriermail.com.au. November 23, 2017.
  55. ^ "Attending the ODI between Australia and India at the SCG". Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  56. ^ Marks, Vic; Wilson, Andy; Smyth, Rob (September 8, 2010). "County cricket — as it happened! — Andy Wilson, Rob Smyth and Vic Marks". The Guardian. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  57. ^ "Vuvuzelas BANNED From Yankee Stadium". The Huffington Post. June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  58. ^ "ブブゼラの持ち込み及び使用禁止のお願い". FujiRockFestival.com. SMASH Corporation. July 15, 2010.
  59. ^ Kristi E. Swartz. "SEC: leave your vuvuzelas at home". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  60. ^ "No Vuvuzelas allowed at UFC card". ESPN. Associated Press. June 30, 2010.
  61. ^ "GAA bans vuvuzelas before they blow away the Croke Park atmosphere – The Irish Times – Fri, Jun 18, 2010". The Irish Times. June 18, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  62. ^ "Prohibited List". Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  63. ^ . Portland Timbers. Archived from the original on January 27, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
  64. ^ UEFA Enacts Vuvuzelas Ban, ESPN.com, September 1, 2010
  65. ^ . SARugby.com. SARugby.com. June 29, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010.
  66. ^ КХЛ налагает запрет на использование вувузел (in Russian). Kontinental Hockey League. July 23, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  67. ^ "Pasaulio krepšinio čempionate vuvuzelų negirdėsime – DELFI Žinios". Sportas.delfi.lt. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  68. ^ Child, Katharine (June 12, 2010). . Eyewitness News. Primedia Broadcasting. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011.
  69. ^ Dardagan, Colleen (June 16, 2010). "Shopping mall silences vuvuzela". IOL. South African Press Association.
  70. ^ Fengu, Msindisi (June 18, 2010). "Vuvuzelas get red card in malls". Daily Dispatch Online. Avusa Media Limited.
  71. ^ a b Lou, Arruda (July 11, 2010). "Vuvuzela ban in effect". Otakon.com.
  72. ^ a b "No Vuvuzelas at Otakon". Anime News Network. July 14, 2010.
  73. ^ "Vuvuzelas not welcome at Emirates Stadium!". Arsenal.com. July 20, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  74. ^ "No frisbees, picnic hampers or vuvuzelas: items banned from the London 2012 Olympics". BBC News. July 12, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  75. ^ "Vuvuzela protest planned at BP HQ". CNN. July 13, 2010.
  76. ^ a b Knutsen, Kristian (May 12, 2011). "The New Activists: The Mixer, Nick Nice". Isthmus | Madison, Wisconsin. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  77. ^ "Tröten beim Zapfenstreich: Bellevue beschwert sich über Vuvuzela-Demo - DER SPIEGEL - Politik". Der Spiegel (in German). March 9, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  78. ^ https://cris.uniarts.fi/crisyp/disp/_/fi/cr_redir_all/fet/fet/sea?direction=2&id=3477372 (in Finnish)
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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vuvuzelas.
 
Look up vuvuzela in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • 10 Things about the Vuvuzela by the BBC
  • Promotional film for World Cup Mexico 86 – Mexican plastic trumpets are shown – YouTube
  • Vuvuzela Day – slideshow by The First Post
  • Moriarty, Philip (2010). "Vuvuzela". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.

February 05, 2023
vuvuzela, vuvuzela, horn, with, inexpensive, injection, molded, plastic, shell, about, centimetres, long, which, produces, loud, monotone, note, typically, around, first, below, middle, some, models, made, parts, facilitate, storage, this, design, also, allows. The vuvuzela v uː v uː ˈ z ɛ l e is a horn with an inexpensive injection molded plastic shell about 65 centimetres 2 ft long which produces a loud monotone note typically around B 3 2 the first B below middle C 3 Some models are made in two parts to facilitate storage and this design also allows pitch variation Many types of vuvuzela made by several manufacturers may produce various intensity and frequency outputs 4 The intensity of these outputs depends on the blowing technique and pressure exerted 4 VuvuzelaA modern plastic VuvuzelaBrass instrumentClassificationBrass 1 Wind Brass AerophoneHornbostel Sachs classification423 121 22 Tubular end blown trumpet with mouthpiece Playing rangeVaries by instrument typically around B Related instrumentsBugleVuvuzela note source source track A standard short 58 centimetre 1 9 ft vuvuzela plays a single B note Problems playing this file See media help The vuvuzela is commonly used at football matches in South Africa 5 and it has become a symbol of South African football as the stadiums are filled with its sound 6 The intensity of the sound caught the attention of the global football community during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in anticipation of South Africa hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup 6 The vuvuzela has been the subject of controversy when used by spectators at football matches Its high volume can lead to permanent hearing loss for unprotected ears after close range exposure 7 with a sound level of 120 dB A the threshold of pain at one metre 3 3 ft from the device opening 6 Contents 1 Origin 2 International tournaments 2 1 2010 FIFA World Cup 2 1 1 Marketing 2 1 2 Reception 2 1 3 Audio filtration 2 2 2018 FIFA World Cup 3 Health effects and regulation 3 1 Health concerns 3 2 Noise levels and bans 4 Usage in protests 5 Usage in music 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksOrigin Edit The Dinner Horn Blowing the Horn at Seaside by Winslow Homer 1870 Plastic aerophones like corneta and similar devices have been used in Brazil and other Latin American countries since the 1960s also similar Stadium Horns have been marketed and available in the United States since that same date 8 Similar horns have been in existence for much longer An instrument that looks like a vuvuzela appears in Winslow Homer s 1870 painting The Dinner Horn 9 The origin of the device is disputed The term vuvuzela was first used in South Africa from the Zulu language or Nguni It is also known in the Sepedi language as Lepatata a Bokoni dialect word meaning to make a blowing sound directly translated ukuvuvuzela citation needed Controversies over the invention arose in early 2010 South African Kaizer Chiefs fan Freddie Saddam Maake claimed the invention of the vuvuzela by fabricating an aluminium version in 1965 from a bicycle horn and has photographic evidence of himself holding the aluminium vuvuzela in the 1970s 1980s and 1990s 10 He also claimed to have coined vuvuzela from the Zulu language for welcome unite and celebration 11 Plastics factory Masincedane Sport popularised the ubiquitous plastic vuvuzela commonly heard at South African football games in 2002 12 and the Nazareth Baptist Church claimed the vuvuzela belonged to their church 13 International tournaments Edit A 2010 FIFA World Cup crowd blowing vuvuzelas The world association football governing body FIFA proposed banning vuvuzelas from stadiums as they were seen as potential weapons for hooligans and could be used in ambush marketing citation needed Columnist Jon Qwelane described the device as an instrument from hell 14 South African football authorities argued that the vuvuzela was part of the South African football experience 15 The Spanish midfielder Xabi Alonso said Those trumpets That noise I don t like FIFA must ban those things it is not nice to have a noise like that 16 Dutch coach Bert van Marwijk remarked it was annoying in the stadiums you get used to it but it is still unpleasant 17 Commentator Farayi Mungazi said Banning the vuvuzela would take away the distinctiveness of a South African World Cup absolutely essential for an authentic South African footballing experience 18 FIFA President Sepp Blatter responded we should not try to Europeanise an African World Cup that is what African and South Africa football is all about noise excitement dancing shouting and enjoyment 18 17 Despite the criticisms FIFA agreed to permit their use in stadiums during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup 19 The South African football authority argued that during FIFA World Cup 2010 vuvuzelas achieved great popularity though TV spectators suffered a lot due to vuvuzela noise pollution 17 2010 FIFA World Cup Edit Marketing Edit Hyundai constructed the world s largest working vuvuzela as part of a marketing campaign for the World Cup The 35 metre 115 ft blue vuvuzela mounted on the Foreshore Freeway Bridge Cape Town was intended to be used at the beginning of each match however it did not sound a note during the World Cup as its volume was a cause of concern to city authorities 20 Reception Edit Noisy Vuvuzelas cause concern source source Voice of America report on the impact of vuvuzelas at the 2010 FIFA World Cup Problems playing this file See media help Its ubiquity led to many suggestions for limiting its use muffling its sound and even an outright ban 21 22 Broadcasting organisations experienced difficulties with their presentations Television and radio audiences often heard only the sound of vuvuzelas 23 24 25 26 The BBC RTE ESPN and BSkyB have examined the possibility of filtering the ambient noise while maintaining game commentary 23 24 The vuvuzelas raised health and safety concerns Competitors believed the incessant noise hampered the ability of the players to get their rest and degraded the quality of team performance 27 28 Other critics remarked that vuvuzelas disrupted team communication and players concentration during matches 29 30 Demand for earplugs to protect from hearing loss during the World Cup outstripped supply with many pharmacies out of stock 31 One major vuvuzela manufacturer even began selling its own earplugs to spectators 32 Audio filtration Edit Notch filtering an audio filtration technique is proposed to reduce the vuvuzela sound in broadcasts and increase clarity of commentary audio The vuvuzela produces notes at a frequency of approximately 235 Hz and its first partial at 465 Hz 33 However this filtration technique affects the clarity of commentary audio Proposals of adaptive filters by universities and research organisations address this issue by preserving the amplitude and clarity of the commentators voices and crowd noise 34 35 36 Such filtration techniques have been adopted by some cable television providers 37 2018 FIFA World Cup Edit Vuvuzelas made a comeback at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia used mainly by Iranian supporters 38 Much like in 2010 there was a backlash against their use 39 40 Health effects and regulation EditHealth concerns Edit Some vuvuzelas carry a safety warning graphic A study conducted in 2010 by Dr Ruth McNerney of the London School of Hygiene amp Tropical Medicine and colleagues concluded that the airborne transmission of diseases by means of vuvuzelas was possible 41 42 They measured tiny droplets emitted from a vuvuzela that can carry flu and cold germs that are small enough to stay suspended in the air for hours and can enter into the airways of a person s lungs 43 The study concluded that vuvuzelas can infect others on a greater scale than coughing or shouting 43 The vuvuzelas have the potential to cause noise induced hearing loss 4 6 7 41 Prof James Hall III Dr Dirk Koekemoer De Wet Swanepoel and colleagues at the University of Pretoria found that vuvuzelas can have a negative effect when a listener s eardrums are exposed to the instrument s high intensity sound The vuvuzelas produce an average sound pressure of 113 dB A at two metres 7 ft from the device opening 6 The study finds that subjects should not be exposed to more than 15 minutes per day at an intensity of 100 dB A 6 The study assumes that if a single vuvuzela emits a sound that is dangerously loud to subjects within a two metre 7 ft radius and numerous vuvuzelas are typically blown together for the duration of a match it may put spectators at a significant risk of hearing loss 6 Hearing loss experts at the U S National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH recommend that exposure at the 113 dB A level not exceed 45 seconds per day 44 A newer model has a modified mouthpiece that reduces the volume by 20 dB 45 Noise levels and bans Edit Concerns about the constant intensities produced by the vuvuzelas during the 2010 FIFA World Cup matches were raised independently by representatives of international football teams spectators and sports commentators The noise levels that were demonstrated during the 2010 FIFA World Cup prompted various sporting organisations to ban the vuvuzela at future events and venues even including future World Cups Wembley Stadium as part of an overall ban of noisemakers 46 2014 47 2018 48 and 2022 FIFA World Cups All sporting events at the Cardiff City Sophia Gardens and Millennium Stadiums 49 Wimbledon 50 Lord s Cricket Ground 51 Melbourne Cricket Ground 52 The WACA Ground in Perth 53 The Gabba Cricket Ground in Brisbane 54 The Sydney Cricket Ground 55 The now defunct Champions League Twenty20 cricket tournament 56 Yankee Stadium 57 Fuji Rock Festival 58 The Southeastern Conference of US college sports 59 Ultimate Fighting Championship events 60 Gaelic Athletic Association events 61 Little League World Series 62 Providence Park 63 UEFA including all Champions League Europa League and European Championship matches 64 Rugby World Cup starting in 2011 65 Kontinental Hockey League 66 2010 FIBA World Championship and other basketball tournaments from then on 67 National Football League as part of an overall ban of noisemakers The Evolution Championship Series for fighting games citation needed Vermont Principals Association High school sports citation needed OFB Bundesliga citation needed Bundesliga in some stadiums citation needed Wesley Sneijder blowing on a vuvuzela Some shopping centres in South Africa banned the use of vuvuzelas 68 69 70 They were also banned at the 2010 Baltimore anime convention Otakon 71 The convention committee declared that any attendee carrying a vuvuzela could have it confiscated from them and that anyone blowing one could face expulsion from the event 71 72 Another such action was taken in response to the prevalence of the vuvuzelas at the 2010 Anime Expo based in Los Angeles attended by representatives of Otakon who felt the disruption led to discomfort for some of the attendees of Anime Expo which they wished to avoid at the later Baltimore event 72 Nine English Premier League clubs have banned the device Five clubs Arsenal 73 Birmingham City Everton Fulham and Liverpool have banned them due to health and safety reasons while Sunderland West Ham United and West Bromwich Albion have barred them because of policy against musical instruments Manchester United banned vuvuzelas from Old Trafford on August 13 2010 However two clubs Manchester City and Stoke City have allowed them citation needed The organisers of the 2012 Olympic Games placed a ban on vuvuzelas at the sporting event 74 Usage in protests EditOn July 13 2010 protesters with vuvuzelas converged on BP s London headquarters to protest the company s handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill 75 Vuvuzelas were widely used during the 2011 Wisconsin pro union protests against governor Scott Walker after a Madison DJ Nick Nice ordered 200 of them and distributed them to his fellow protesters 76 According to Nice this caused vuvuzelas to be included in the list of items banned at the state s capitol 76 In March 2012 German protesters used vuvuzelas during the official traditional torchlight ceremony the Grosser Zapfenstreich which bid farewell to President of Germany Christian Wulff Wulff had resigned earlier over corruption allegations yet he still received the honor of the military ceremony which left Germany divided 77 Usage in music EditUsage of vuvuzela in art music is limited One of the few compositions made for it is a baroque style double concerto in C major for vuvuzela organ or harpsichord and string orchestra written by Timo Kiiskinen Professor of Church Music in Sibelius Academy Helsinki organ version of this concerto was premiered on 21 October 2010 at the Organ Hall of Sibelius Academy and harpsichord version on 19 December 2010 at Pro Puu gallery in Lahti 78 79 John Luke Mark Matthews has written a concerto in B flat major for vuvuzela and orchestra The score and parts for this are available on the IMSLP public domain score library 80 See also EditMakarapa hand made hats worn by spectators to show their team support Portable or personal air horns produce sounds similar to the vuvuzela Football rattle a percussion instrument which produces a clicking and rattling noise Thundersticks narrow plastic balloons used as promotional noise makersReferences Edit VUVUZELA Definition and synonyms of vuvuzela in the English dictionary educalingo com Retrieved April 28 2022 10 things about the vuvuzela BBC News British Broadcasting Corporation June 15 2010 Trumping the trumpets how audio engineering helps tone down vuvuzela disruption Press release Queen Mary College University of London June 18 2010 a b c Swanepoel De Wet Hall III James W Koekemoer Dirk April 2010 Vuvuzela sound measurements PDF South African Medical Journal Cape Town South Africa 100 4 192 doi 10 7196 samj 4098 PMID 20459951 V is for Vuvuzela Federation Internationale de Football Association Archived from the original on June 14 2007 Retrieved September 9 2008 a b c d e f g Swanepoel De Wet Hall III James W Koekemoer Dirk February 2010 Vuvuzela good for your team bad for your ears PDF South African Medical Journal Cape Town South Africa 100 4 99 100 doi 10 7196 samj 3697 PMID 20459912 a b Swanepoel D Wet Hall III James W April 2010 Football match spectator sound exposure and effect on hearing A pretest post test study South African Medical Journal Cape Town South Africa 100 4 239 42 doi 10 7196 samj 4091 PMID 20459971 Ken Burns September 27 1994 8th Inning A Whole New Ballgame Baseball Season 1 82 minutes in PBS at 1 22 12 crowd shot of Fenway Park In the upper left corner of the frame two mass produced type plastic Stadium Horns Vuvuzelas are clearly visible The Dinner Horn Brooklyn Museum of Art 1870 Moyo Phathisani January 8 2010 Vuvuzela creator blown off Mail amp Guardian South Africa Maake Freddie July 10 2010 Experience I invented the vuvuzela The Guardian London Guardian News and Media Limited Casert Raf June 18 2010 Vuvuzela innovator cashes in on success at WCup Yahoo Inc Associated Press Archived from the original on June 22 2010 Fisher Jonah January 16 2010 Unholy row over World Cup trumpet BBC News British Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved January 16 2010 Qwelane Jon February 7 2005 Ban the vuvuzela News24 South Africa 24 com Makhaye Chris July 13 2008 Blasts of joy as vuvuzelas unbanned IOL Archived from the original on July 20 2010 Retrieved September 8 2008 Ban the noisy vuvuzela says Alonso Cape Argus Cape Argus amp Independent Online June 18 2009 a b c Dutch coach joins chorus to ban vuvuzela ESPNsoccernet Walt Disney Internet Group Reuters June 20 2009 Archived from the original on January 29 2012 Retrieved June 20 2009 a b Mungazi Farayi June 19 2009 In defence of the vuvuzela BBC Sport British Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved June 14 2010 Fifa gives Vuvuzelas thumbs up News24 South Africa 24 com South African Press Association July 11 2008 Hudson Alexandra June 18 2010 Giant vuvuzela waits for council go ahead to toot Thomson Reuters Corporate Reuters Africa Archived from the original on July 23 2010 Retrieved June 19 2010 Schy Steve June 14 2010 Noisy Vuvuzelas Cause Concern at World Cup Voice of America Washington D C United States of America Federal Government of the United States Retrieved June 18 2010 Organizers consider silencing vuvuzelas ESPNsoccernet Walt Disney Internet Group Archived from the original on June 16 2010 Retrieved June 14 2010 a b BBC receives 545 vuvuzela complaints over World Cup BBC News British Broadcasting Corporation June 15 2010 Retrieved June 15 2010 a b Host broadcasters to filter noise ESPNsoccernet Walt Disney Internet Group Associated Press June 15 2010 BBC mulls vuvuzela free option for irked viewers Yahoo Inc Associated Press June 15 2010 Retrieved June 17 2010 Valenti Elio June 13 2010 Buzz off vuvuzelas New York Post NYP Holdings Inc World Cup 2010 Organisers will not ban vuvuzelas BBC Sport British Broadcasting Corporation June 13 2010 Retrieved June 13 2010 World Cup organiser mulls vuvuzela ban Agence France Presse June 13 2010 Retrieved June 13 2010 It is impossible to communicate it s like being deaf Messi The Hindu Deutsche Presse Agentur Retrieved June 13 2010 Ronaldo hits out at vuvuzelas Radio Nederland Wereldomroep Netherlands National News Agence France Presse Archived from the original on June 17 2010 Retrieved June 13 2010 Chilwane Luphert June 11 2010 Worried fans right to seek ear plugs says Phonak BusinessDay BDFM Publishers Retrieved June 15 2010 Vuvuzelas unplugged for some Sport24 South Africa 24 com June 11 2010 Archived from the original on July 22 2011 Pash Adam June 15 2010 How to Silence Vuvuzela Horns in World Cup Broadcasts Lifehacker Gawker Media Retrieved June 17 2010 Trumping the trumpets how audio engineering helps tone down vuvuzela disruption Centre for Digital Music Press release Queen Mary University of London June 18 2010 Retrieved June 21 2010 Prosoniq VuvuX Prosoniq Products Software GmbH Retrieved June 21 2010 Bargmann Jeff University of London Queen Mary The Devuvuzelator Stardock Corporation Retrieved June 21 2010 Ballve Marcelo June 17 2010 Portuguese cable provider offers vuvuzela muting service for World Cup games True Slant Five things we learned as vuvuzelas fail to drown out late Iran goal The Independent June 15 2018 Vuvuzelas are back at the World Cup and people are fuming inews co uk June 16 2018 Retrieved June 21 2018 Krishna Shyam A June 21 2018 Vuvuzelas I hate them but they are back Archived from the original on June 22 2018 Retrieved June 21 2018 a b Snyman Mia June 10 2010 Study Vuvuzela could spread colds and flu Boston com Associated Press Retrieved November 16 2015 Brian Mossop May 24 2011 Besides Noise Vuvuzelas May Spread Airborne Germs Wired a b Lai Ka Man Bottomley Christian McNerney Ruth May 23 2011 Propagation of Respiratory Aerosols by the Vuvuzela PLOS ONE 6 5 e20086 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 620086L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0020086 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3100331 PMID 21629778 CDC NIOSH Science Blog Vuvuzelas What s the Buzz June 2010 NIOSH cdc com niosh June 2010 New vuvuzelas turn down volume Sport24 South Africa 24 com June 14 2010 Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved June 14 2010 Rules amp Regulations Wembley Stadium Retrieved July 9 2020 Simpson Connor June 4 2014 Wooomp FIFA Bans Vuvuzelas from Brazilian World Cup The Atlantic Retrieved June 21 2018 2018 World Cup Roll up for obese person tickets Retrieved June 21 2018 Sports fans in Cardiff spared vuvuzela BBC Sport British Broadcasting Corporation June 18 2010 Retrieved June 19 2010 Summers Chris June 16 2010 Wimbledon crackdown on vuvuzelas BBC Sport British Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved June 19 2010 Elkes Neil July 9 2010 Call to ban vuvuzelas at Edgbaston Retrieved June 21 2018 Doherty Elissa June 17 2010 Vuvu gets big no no from AFL Herald Sun News Corporation Retrieved June 19 2010 Ground Entry Conditions WACA Western Australia Cricket Association www waca com au Retrieved June 21 2018 Chant like England s Barmy Army www couriermail com au November 23 2017 Attending the ODI between Australia and India at the SCG Retrieved June 21 2018 Marks Vic Wilson Andy Smyth Rob September 8 2010 County cricket as it happened Andy Wilson Rob Smyth and Vic Marks The Guardian Retrieved June 21 2018 Vuvuzelas BANNED From Yankee Stadium The Huffington Post June 17 2010 Retrieved June 19 2010 ブブゼラの持ち込み及び使用禁止のお願い FujiRockFestival com SMASH Corporation July 15 2010 Kristi E Swartz SEC leave your vuvuzelas at home The Atlanta Journal Constitution Retrieved July 5 2010 No Vuvuzelas allowed at UFC card ESPN Associated Press June 30 2010 GAA bans vuvuzelas before they blow away the Croke Park atmosphere The Irish Times Fri Jun 18 2010 The Irish Times June 18 2010 Retrieved September 14 2010 Prohibited List Retrieved July 23 2022 Guest Guide Portland Timbers Archived from the original on January 27 2011 Retrieved March 3 2011 UEFA Enacts Vuvuzelas Ban ESPN com September 1 2010 No vuvuzelas at RWC 2011 SARugby com SARugby com June 29 2010 Archived from the original on July 3 2010 KHL nalagaet zapret na ispolzovanie vuvuzel in Russian Kontinental Hockey League July 23 2010 Retrieved July 23 2010 Pasaulio krepsinio cempionate vuvuzelu negirdesime DELFI Zinios Sportas delfi lt Retrieved September 14 2010 Child Katharine June 12 2010 No vuvuzelas inside Sandton City Eyewitness News Primedia Broadcasting Archived from the original on October 6 2011 Dardagan Colleen June 16 2010 Shopping mall silences vuvuzela IOL South African Press Association Fengu Msindisi June 18 2010 Vuvuzelas get red card in malls Daily Dispatch Online Avusa Media Limited a b Lou Arruda July 11 2010 Vuvuzela ban in effect Otakon com a b No Vuvuzelas at Otakon Anime News Network July 14 2010 Vuvuzelas not welcome at Emirates Stadium Arsenal com July 20 2010 Retrieved September 14 2010 No frisbees picnic hampers or vuvuzelas items banned from the London 2012 Olympics BBC News July 12 2012 Retrieved August 30 2012 Vuvuzela protest planned at BP HQ CNN July 13 2010 a b Knutsen Kristian May 12 2011 The New Activists The Mixer Nick Nice Isthmus Madison Wisconsin Retrieved November 10 2020 Troten beim Zapfenstreich Bellevue beschwert sich uber Vuvuzela Demo DER SPIEGEL Politik Der Spiegel in German March 9 2012 Retrieved November 10 2020 https cris uniarts fi crisyp disp fi cr redir all fet fet sea direction 2 amp id 3477372 in Finnish Barokkiyhtyeen joulukonsertissa soi vuvuzela Etela Suomen sanomat in Finnish December 16 2010 Vuvuzela Concerto by John Luke Mark Matthews imslp org Retrieved January 24 2021 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vuvuzelas Look up vuvuzela in Wiktionary the free dictionary 10 Things about the Vuvuzela by the BBC Promotional film for World Cup Mexico 86 Mexican plastic trumpets are shown YouTube Vuvuzela Day slideshow by The First Post Moriarty Philip 2010 Vuvuzela Sixty Symbols Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vuvuzela amp oldid 1130092961, wikipedia, wiki, 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