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Pistia

Pistia is a genus of aquatic plants in the arum family, Araceae. It is the sole genus in the tribe Pistieae which reflects its systematic isolation within the family.[5] The single species it comprises, Pistia stratiotes, is often called water cabbage, water lettuce, Nile cabbage, or shellflower. Its native distribution is uncertain but is probably pantropical; it was first scientifically described from plants found on the Nile near Lake Victoria in Africa.[6] It is now present, either naturally or through human introduction, in nearly all tropical and subtropical fresh waterways and is considered an invasive species as well as a mosquito breeding habitat. The genus name is derived from the Greek word πιστός (pistos), meaning "water", and refers to the aquatic nature of the plants.[7] The specific epithet is also derived from a Greek word, στρατιώτης, meaning "soldier", which references the sword-shaped leaves of some plants in the Stratiotes genus.[8]

Pistia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Subfamily: Aroideae
Tribe: Pistieae
Genus: Pistia
L.[3]
Species:
P. stratiotes
Binomial name
Pistia stratiotes
Range of the genus Pistia
Synonyms[4]
List
    • Apiospermum obcordatum (Schleid.) Klotzsch
    • Limnonesis commutata (Schleid.) Klotzsch
    • Limnonesis friedrichsthaliana Klotzsch
    • Pistia aegyptiaca Schleid.
    • Pistia aethiopica Fenzl ex Klotzsch
    • Pistia africana C.Presl
    • Pistia amazonica C.Presl
    • Pistia brasiliensis Klotzsch
    • Pistia commutata Schleid.
    • Pistia crispata Blume
    • Pistia cumingii Klotzsch
    • Pistia gardneri Klotzsch
    • Pistia horkeliana Miq.
    • Pistia leprieuri Blume
    • Pistia linguiformis Blume
    • Pistia minor Blume
    • Pistia natalensis Klotzsch
    • Pistia obcordata Schleid.
    • Pistia occidentalis Blume
    • Pistia schleideniana Klotzsch
    • Pistia spathulata Michx.
    • Pistia stratiotes var. cuneata Engl.
    • Pistia stratiotes var. linguiformis Engl.
    • Pistia stratiotes var. obcordata (Schleid.) Engl.
    • Pistia stratiotes var. spathulata (Michx.) Engl.
    • Pistia texensis Klotzsch
    • Pistia turpinii K.Koch
    • Pistia weigeltiana C.Presl
    • Zala asiatica Lour.

Description edit

 
19th-century illustration of Pistia stratiotes

Pistia stratiotes is a perennial monocotyledon with thick, soft leaves that form a rosette.[9] It floats on the surface of the water, its roots hanging submersed beneath floating leaves. The leaves can measure 2 – 15 cm long and are light green, with parallel venations and wavy margins.[9] The surface of the leaves is covered in short, white hairs which form basket-like structures that can trap air bubbles and increase the plant's buoyancy. The spongy parenchyma with large intercellular spaces in the leaves also aids the plant in floating.[10] The flowers are dioecious, lack petals, and are hidden in the middle of the plant amongst the leaves. Pistia stratiotes has a spadix inflorescence, containing one pistillate flower with one ovary and 2–8 staminate flowers with two stamens.[11] The pistillate and carpellate flowers are separated by folds in the spathe, where the male flowers are located above the female flowers.[5] Oval, green berries with ovoid seeds form after successful fertilization. The plant undergoes asexual reproduction by propagating through stolons, yet evidence of sexual reproduction has also been observed in the ponds of Southern Brazil.[12]

Pistia stratiotes are found in slow-moving rivers, lakes, and ponds. The species displays optimal growth in the temperature range of  22–30 °C, but can endure extreme temperatures up to 35 °C.[13] As a result, Pistia stratiotes do not grow in colder temperatures, beyond the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The species also require slightly acidic water in the pH range of 6.5–7.2 for optimal growth.[13]

Invasion edit

Water lettuce is among the world's most productive freshwater aquatic plants and is considered an invasive species.[14] The species can be introduced to new areas by water dispersal, fragmentation, and hitchhiking on marine transportation or fishing equipment.[15] The invasion of Pistia stratiotes in the ecosystem can lead to environmental and socio-economic ramifications to the community it serves. In waters with high nutrient content, particularly those that have been contaminated with human loading of sewage or fertilizers, water lettuce can exhibit weedy overgrowth. It may also become invasive in hydrologically altered systems such as flood control canals and reservoirs.[16] The severe overgrowth of water lettuce can block gas exchange in the surface water, creating hypoxic conditions and eliminating or disrupting various native marine organisms.[17] Blocking access to sunlight, large mats of water lettuce can shade native submerged plants and alter communities relying on these native plants as a source of food.[18] The growth of these mats can also get tangled in boat propellers and create challenges for boaters or recreational fishermen.[19]

Pistia stratiotes feature in the life cycles of certain insect vectors for malaria and filariasis.[20] Mosquitoes of the genus Mansonia can lay their eggs under the leaves of aquatic plants, such as Pistia stratiotes. Twenty-four hours later, the emerging larvae attach to the plant's roots using its siphon tube for respiration. Within a week, larvae can develop into adult mosquitos, making Pistia stratiotes a potential breeding ground for vectors of infectious disease.[21] The moth Samea multiplicalis also uses Pistia stratiotes as its primary host plant. Eggs are laid among leaves and stems of the host plant and larvae hatch and feed intensively as they develop.[22]

Control edit

  1. Chemical control: Herbicides have been effective in controlling Pistia stratiotes: diquat, glyphosate, terbutryn, 2,4-D, among many others.[23] Yet, the use of herbicides must be critically assessed to prevent negative environmental impacts and possible toxic effects on marine life and human health.[24]
  2. Physical control: Pistia stratiotes can be controlled with mechanical harvesters that remove the water lettuce from the infested waters and transport it to disposal onshore.[25] Larger infestations can be removed with the aid of hydraulic excavators and tractors. To prevent the re-growth of Pistia stratiotes colonies, a long-term maintenance program should be implemented.
  3. Biological control: Two species of insects are also being used as a biological control. Adults and larvae of the South American weevil Neohydronomous affinis feed on Pistia leaves, as do the larvae of the moth Spodoptera pectinicornis from Thailand.[26][27] Both are proving to be useful tools in the management of Pistia stratiotes through the experimental recovery of benthic communities with hypoxic conditions.[28]

The species is set to be banned in the EU from august of 2024 to prevent spreading.[29]

Range edit

The center of origin of Pistia stratiotes has long been a source of debate.[30] Nativity to northern Africa is indicated by Egyptian hieroglyphics and reports of plants meeting the description of Pistia by Greek botanists, Dioscorides and Theophrastus in the Nile River.[6] In addition, the co-evolution of Pistia stratiotes with various insects native to Brazil and Argentina, such as the water lettuce weevil,[31] indicates a long-term native tenure in South America.[32] Fossil specimens dating back to the late Pleistocene (~12,000 BP) and early Holocene (~3,500 BP) period are reported from Florida, indicating a native presence in the southeastern United States.[33] Recent genetic evidence also suggests that Pistia is not actually a monotypic genus, as had been long assumed.[34] Instead, Pistia appears to be composed of at least three genetically distinct, but morphologically and ecologically similar, species at a global scale.[34]

Temperate occurrences edit

Though Pistia stratiotes is intolerant of cold temperatures, it has been recorded growing at least temporarily in temperate areas of North America and Europe.[4][35] In the United States north of the Gulf of Mexico it has been found growing in Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wisconsin. One of these occurrences, in Idaho, survives in an area of a river fed by a hot spring. The rest are thought either to be completely eradicated by cold weather or possibly to survive by seed production.[36]

Fossil record edit

Pistia-like plants appear in the fossil record during the Late Cretaceous epoch in rock strata from the western interior of North America. They were first described as †Pistia corrugata by Leo Lesquereux in 1876 based on specimens from the Almond Formation of Wyoming (late Campanian age). However, based on more complete specimens from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, and other areas, they were redescribed as a separate genus, †Cobbania, primarily due to differences in leaf morphology.[37][38] Younger fossils attributed to Pistia stratiotes have described from Eocene strata in the southeastern United States,[39] and 350 fossil seeds of †Pistia sibirica have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark. Fossils of this species have also been described from the Oligocene and Miocene of Western Siberia and from the Miocene of Germany.[40]

A specimen of Pistia from the Florida peninsula dating from at least 3,550 years Before Present and a report of Holocene Pistia fossils from a lake in south central Florida are consistent with genetic evidence indicating that some varieties of Pistia stratiotes are native to the southeastern United States.[34][39][41]

Uses edit

Consumption edit

While considered edible, Pistia stratiotes is not palatable as it is rich in calcium oxalate crystals that are bitter in taste. Nevertheless, there are records of the plant being utilized as famine food in India during the Great Famine of 1876–1878.[42]

The Hausa people of Nigeria used the ash of the plant as a substitute for salt due to its high concentration of potassium chloride, a mineral salt.[20] This salt substitute, also called zakankau, was of high importance, especially when imported salt was unavailable.[43]

Caution is advised when consuming Pistia stratiotes, as the plant is a hyperaccumulator, and can absorb and accumulate toxic heavy metals present in its environment.[44] The presence of high concentrations of calcium oxalate crystals can induce various health concerns, such as inhibited mineral absorption and kidney stones.[45][46]

In Singapore and Southern China, Pistia stratiotes is commonly grown or collected as animal feed for ducks and pigs.[47] Water lettuce is also considered an alternative for poultry feed in Indonesia due to its high content of crude protein.[48]

Medical treatment edit

There are various medical uses of Pistia stratiotes throughout regions in Asia and Africa. In Nigeria, the dried leaves are prepared into a powder form and are applied to wounds and sores for disinfection.[49] A similar use is present in Indian traditional medicine, where the powdered leaf is applied to syphilitic eruptions and skin infections.[50] In Nigeria and Gambia, the leaf is infused in water to create an eyewash to treat allergic conjunctivitis.[51] The eyewash is known to have a cooling and analgesic effect. Therefore, the plant is commonly called 'eye-pity' in Africa.[52] In addition, the leaves of Pistia stratiotes can be burned into ash, and in Indian and Nigerian traditional medicine, the ash is used in treating ringworm infections of the scalp.[50]

Medicinal properties edit

  • Anti-inflammatory properties: Extractions of the leaves of P. stratiotes reduces mast infiltration and degranulation in allergic reactions and presents anti-inflammatory properties.[51][53] The ethanolic extracts have also been positively correlated with a reduction in inflammatory disorders, such as arthritis and fevers.[54]
  • Antifungal properties: With the popular use of Pistia stratiotes as a traditional treatment for ringworms, researchers have tested P. stratiotes methanolic extracts on dermatophyte fungi. The results of the studies depicted significant fungicidal activity on T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and E. floccosum.[55][50]

Environmental remediation edit

The high sorption property of water lettuce makes it a great candidate for biodegradable oil sorbents in marine oil spills. Particularly, the leaves of Pistia stratiotes can efficiently absorb significant amounts of hydrocarbons due to its large surface area and hydrophobicity.[56]

As a hyper-accumulator, Pistia stratiotes has been studied as a potential candidate for wastewater treatment plants. The roots and leaves of the plant have been found to absorb excess nutrients and heavy metals, such as zinc, chromium, and cadmium in contaminated waters.[57]

Pistia stratiotes can be grown in water gardens to reduce harmful algal blooms and eutrophic conditions.[58] The plant is able to control the growth of algae by restricting light penetration in the water column and competing for nutrients, with significant uptake of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen.[59]

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ "Pistia stratiotes". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
  3. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-02-23. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
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  57. ^ Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Dornelas; do Amaral Sobrinho, Nelson Moura Brasil; dos Santos, Fabiana Soares; dos Santos, André Marques; Pereira, Ana Carolina Callegario; Lima, Erica Souto Abreu (2017-03-28). "Biosorption of Toxic Metals by Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) Biomass". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 228 (4): 156. Bibcode:2017WASP..228..156R. doi:10.1007/s11270-017-3340-6. ISSN 0049-6979. S2CID 100580905.
  58. ^ Ali, Esmat F.; Galal, Tarek M.; Hassan, Loutfy M.; Al-Yasi, Hatim M.; Dakhil, Mohammed A.; Eid, Ebrahem M. (2021-01-01). "Seasonal potential of Pistia stratiotes in nutrient removal to eliminate eutrophication in Al-Sero Drain (South Nile Delta, Egypt)". Journal of Freshwater Ecology. 36 (1): 173–187. Bibcode:2021JFEco..36..173A. doi:10.1080/02705060.2021.1915397. ISSN 0270-5060. S2CID 237966184.
  59. ^ Wu, Xiang; Wu, Hao; Chen, Junren; Ye, Jinyun (2013-05-08). "Effects of allelochemical extracted from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes Linn.) on the growth, microcystin production and release of Microcystis aeruginosa". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 20 (11): 8192–8201. Bibcode:2013ESPR...20.8192W. doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1783-x. ISSN 0944-1344. PMID 23653319. S2CID 103835.

    External links edit

    •   Media related to Pistia stratiotes at Wikimedia Commons
    • Pistia stratiotes information from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)
    • Species Profile- Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Water Lettuce.
    • Pistia stratiotes in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

    pistia, genus, aquatic, plants, arum, family, araceae, sole, genus, tribe, pistieae, which, reflects, systematic, isolation, within, family, single, species, comprises, stratiotes, often, called, water, cabbage, water, lettuce, nile, cabbage, shellflower, nati. Pistia is a genus of aquatic plants in the arum family Araceae It is the sole genus in the tribe Pistieae which reflects its systematic isolation within the family 5 The single species it comprises Pistia stratiotes is often called water cabbage water lettuce Nile cabbage or shellflower Its native distribution is uncertain but is probably pantropical it was first scientifically described from plants found on the Nile near Lake Victoria in Africa 6 It is now present either naturally or through human introduction in nearly all tropical and subtropical fresh waterways and is considered an invasive species as well as a mosquito breeding habitat The genus name is derived from the Greek word pistos pistos meaning water and refers to the aquatic nature of the plants 7 The specific epithet is also derived from a Greek word stratiwths meaning soldier which references the sword shaped leaves of some plants in the Stratiotes genus 8 Pistia Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Order Alismatales Family Araceae Subfamily Aroideae Tribe Pistieae Genus PistiaL 3 Species P stratiotes Binomial name Pistia stratiotesL 2 Range of the genus Pistia Synonyms 4 List Apiospermum obcordatum Schleid KlotzschLimnonesis commutata Schleid KlotzschLimnonesis friedrichsthaliana KlotzschPistia aegyptiaca Schleid Pistia aethiopica Fenzl ex KlotzschPistia africana C PreslPistia amazonica C PreslPistia brasiliensis KlotzschPistia commutata Schleid Pistia crispata BlumePistia cumingii KlotzschPistia gardneri KlotzschPistia horkeliana Miq Pistia leprieuri BlumePistia linguiformis BlumePistia minor BlumePistia natalensis KlotzschPistia obcordata Schleid Pistia occidentalis BlumePistia schleideniana KlotzschPistia spathulata Michx Pistia stratiotes var cuneata Engl Pistia stratiotes var linguiformis Engl Pistia stratiotes var obcordata Schleid Engl Pistia stratiotes var spathulata Michx Engl Pistia texensis KlotzschPistia turpinii K KochPistia weigeltiana C PreslZala asiatica Lour Contents 1 Description 2 Invasion 2 1 Control 3 Range 3 1 Temperate occurrences 4 Fossil record 5 Uses 5 1 Consumption 5 2 Medical treatment 5 2 1 Medicinal properties 5 3 Environmental remediation 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp 19th century illustration of Pistia stratiotes Pistia stratiotes is a perennial monocotyledon with thick soft leaves that form a rosette 9 It floats on the surface of the water its roots hanging submersed beneath floating leaves The leaves can measure 2 15 cm long and are light green with parallel venations and wavy margins 9 The surface of the leaves is covered in short white hairs which form basket like structures that can trap air bubbles and increase the plant s buoyancy The spongy parenchyma with large intercellular spaces in the leaves also aids the plant in floating 10 The flowers are dioecious lack petals and are hidden in the middle of the plant amongst the leaves Pistia stratiotes has a spadix inflorescence containing one pistillate flower with one ovary and 2 8 staminate flowers with two stamens 11 The pistillate and carpellate flowers are separated by folds in the spathe where the male flowers are located above the female flowers 5 Oval green berries with ovoid seeds form after successful fertilization The plant undergoes asexual reproduction by propagating through stolons yet evidence of sexual reproduction has also been observed in the ponds of Southern Brazil 12 Pistia stratiotes are found in slow moving rivers lakes and ponds The species displays optimal growth in the temperature range of 22 30 C but can endure extreme temperatures up to 35 C 13 As a result Pistia stratiotes do not grow in colder temperatures beyond the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn The species also require slightly acidic water in the pH range of 6 5 7 2 for optimal growth 13 Invasion editWater lettuce is among the world s most productive freshwater aquatic plants and is considered an invasive species 14 The species can be introduced to new areas by water dispersal fragmentation and hitchhiking on marine transportation or fishing equipment 15 The invasion of Pistia stratiotes in the ecosystem can lead to environmental and socio economic ramifications to the community it serves In waters with high nutrient content particularly those that have been contaminated with human loading of sewage or fertilizers water lettuce can exhibit weedy overgrowth It may also become invasive in hydrologically altered systems such as flood control canals and reservoirs 16 The severe overgrowth of water lettuce can block gas exchange in the surface water creating hypoxic conditions and eliminating or disrupting various native marine organisms 17 Blocking access to sunlight large mats of water lettuce can shade native submerged plants and alter communities relying on these native plants as a source of food 18 The growth of these mats can also get tangled in boat propellers and create challenges for boaters or recreational fishermen 19 Pistia stratiotes feature in the life cycles of certain insect vectors for malaria and filariasis 20 Mosquitoes of the genus Mansonia can lay their eggs under the leaves of aquatic plants such as Pistia stratiotes Twenty four hours later the emerging larvae attach to the plant s roots using its siphon tube for respiration Within a week larvae can develop into adult mosquitos making Pistia stratiotes a potential breeding ground for vectors of infectious disease 21 The moth Samea multiplicalis also uses Pistia stratiotes as its primary host plant Eggs are laid among leaves and stems of the host plant and larvae hatch and feed intensively as they develop 22 Control edit Chemical control Herbicides have been effective in controlling Pistia stratiotes diquat glyphosate terbutryn 2 4 D among many others 23 Yet the use of herbicides must be critically assessed to prevent negative environmental impacts and possible toxic effects on marine life and human health 24 Physical control Pistia stratiotes can be controlled with mechanical harvesters that remove the water lettuce from the infested waters and transport it to disposal onshore 25 Larger infestations can be removed with the aid of hydraulic excavators and tractors To prevent the re growth of Pistia stratiotes colonies a long term maintenance program should be implemented Biological control Two species of insects are also being used as a biological control Adults and larvae of the South American weevil Neohydronomous affinis feed on Pistia leaves as do the larvae of the moth Spodoptera pectinicornis from Thailand 26 27 Both are proving to be useful tools in the management of Pistia stratiotes through the experimental recovery of benthic communities with hypoxic conditions 28 The species is set to be banned in the EU from august of 2024 to prevent spreading 29 Range editThe center of origin of Pistia stratiotes has long been a source of debate 30 Nativity to northern Africa is indicated by Egyptian hieroglyphics and reports of plants meeting the description of Pistia by Greek botanists Dioscorides and Theophrastus in the Nile River 6 In addition the co evolution of Pistia stratiotes with various insects native to Brazil and Argentina such as the water lettuce weevil 31 indicates a long term native tenure in South America 32 Fossil specimens dating back to the late Pleistocene 12 000 BP and early Holocene 3 500 BP period are reported from Florida indicating a native presence in the southeastern United States 33 Recent genetic evidence also suggests that Pistia is not actually a monotypic genus as had been long assumed 34 Instead Pistia appears to be composed of at least three genetically distinct but morphologically and ecologically similar species at a global scale 34 Temperate occurrences edit Though Pistia stratiotes is intolerant of cold temperatures it has been recorded growing at least temporarily in temperate areas of North America and Europe 4 35 In the United States north of the Gulf of Mexico it has been found growing in Colorado Connecticut Delaware Illinois Kansas Maryland Michigan Minnesota Missouri New York North Carolina Ohio Rhode Island South Carolina and Wisconsin One of these occurrences in Idaho survives in an area of a river fed by a hot spring The rest are thought either to be completely eradicated by cold weather or possibly to survive by seed production 36 Fossil record editPistia like plants appear in the fossil record during the Late Cretaceous epoch in rock strata from the western interior of North America They were first described as Pistia corrugata by Leo Lesquereux in 1876 based on specimens from the Almond Formation of Wyoming late Campanian age However based on more complete specimens from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta Canada and other areas they were redescribed as a separate genus Cobbania primarily due to differences in leaf morphology 37 38 Younger fossils attributed to Pistia stratiotes have described from Eocene strata in the southeastern United States 39 and 350 fossil seeds of Pistia sibirica have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland Denmark Fossils of this species have also been described from the Oligocene and Miocene of Western Siberia and from the Miocene of Germany 40 A specimen of Pistia from the Florida peninsula dating from at least 3 550 years Before Present and a report of Holocene Pistia fossils from a lake in south central Florida are consistent with genetic evidence indicating that some varieties of Pistia stratiotes are native to the southeastern United States 34 39 41 Uses editConsumption edit While considered edible Pistia stratiotes is not palatable as it is rich in calcium oxalate crystals that are bitter in taste Nevertheless there are records of the plant being utilized as famine food in India during the Great Famine of 1876 1878 42 The Hausa people of Nigeria used the ash of the plant as a substitute for salt due to its high concentration of potassium chloride a mineral salt 20 This salt substitute also called zakankau was of high importance especially when imported salt was unavailable 43 Caution is advised when consuming Pistia stratiotes as the plant is a hyperaccumulator and can absorb and accumulate toxic heavy metals present in its environment 44 The presence of high concentrations of calcium oxalate crystals can induce various health concerns such as inhibited mineral absorption and kidney stones 45 46 In Singapore and Southern China Pistia stratiotes is commonly grown or collected as animal feed for ducks and pigs 47 Water lettuce is also considered an alternative for poultry feed in Indonesia due to its high content of crude protein 48 Medical treatment edit There are various medical uses of Pistia stratiotes throughout regions in Asia and Africa In Nigeria the dried leaves are prepared into a powder form and are applied to wounds and sores for disinfection 49 A similar use is present in Indian traditional medicine where the powdered leaf is applied to syphilitic eruptions and skin infections 50 In Nigeria and Gambia the leaf is infused in water to create an eyewash to treat allergic conjunctivitis 51 The eyewash is known to have a cooling and analgesic effect Therefore the plant is commonly called eye pity in Africa 52 In addition the leaves of Pistia stratiotes can be burned into ash and in Indian and Nigerian traditional medicine the ash is used in treating ringworm infections of the scalp 50 Medicinal properties edit Anti inflammatory properties Extractions of the leaves of P stratiotes reduces mast infiltration and degranulation in allergic reactions and presents anti inflammatory properties 51 53 The ethanolic extracts have also been positively correlated with a reduction in inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and fevers 54 Antifungal properties With the popular use of Pistia stratiotes as a traditional treatment for ringworms researchers have tested P stratiotes methanolic extracts on dermatophyte fungi The results of the studies depicted significant fungicidal activity on T rubrum T mentagrophytes and E floccosum 55 50 Environmental remediation edit The high sorption property of water lettuce makes it a great candidate for biodegradable oil sorbents in marine oil spills Particularly the leaves of Pistia stratiotes can efficiently absorb significant amounts of hydrocarbons due to its large surface area and hydrophobicity 56 As a hyper accumulator Pistia stratiotes has been studied as a potential candidate for wastewater treatment plants The roots and leaves of the plant have been found to absorb excess nutrients and heavy metals such as zinc chromium and cadmium in contaminated waters 57 Pistia stratiotes can be grown in water gardens to reduce harmful algal blooms and eutrophic conditions 58 The plant is able to control the growth of algae by restricting light penetration in the water column and competing for nutrients with significant uptake of phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen 59 See also editPhytoremediation plants Hyperaccumulators table 3References edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Pistia stratiotes Lansdown R V 2019 Pistia stratiotes IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T168937A120126770 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T168937A120126770 en Retrieved 30 July 2023 Pistia stratiotes Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 2011 09 30 Genus Pistia L Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2006 02 23 Archived from the original on 2012 09 15 Retrieved 2011 09 30 a b Pistia stratiotes L Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 17 January 2024 a b Buzgo Matyas 1994 Inflorescence development of Pistia stratiotes Araceae Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 115 1 557 doi 10 1186 1999 3110 55 30 PMC 5432749 PMID 28510972 a b Khare C P 2007 Pistia stratiotes Linn Var Cuneata Engl Indian Medicinal Plants p 1 doi 10 1007 978 0 387 70638 2 1218 ISBN 978 0 387 70637 5 Quattrocchi Umberto 2000 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names Vol III M Q CRC Press p 2084 ISBN 978 0 8493 2677 6 stratiotes plantillustrations org Retrieved 2021 11 28 a b Schmid Rudolf Bown D November 2000 Aroids Plants of the Arum Family Taxon 49 4 839 doi 10 2307 1223991 ISSN 0040 0262 JSTOR 1223991 Neuenschwander Peter Julien Mic H Center Ted D Hill Martin P 2009 Muniappan Rangaswamy Reddy Gadi V P Raman Anantanarayanan eds Pistia stratiotes L Araceae Biological Control of Tropical Weeds Using Arthropods Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 332 352 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511576348 017 ISBN 978 0 511 57634 8 retrieved 2021 12 06 Pistia stratiotes L EPPO Bulletin 47 3 537 543 December 2017 doi 10 1111 epp 12429 Freitas Coelho Flavia Deboni Liene Santos Lopes Frederico 2014 05 29 Density dependent reproductive and vegetative allocation in the aquatic plant Pistia stratiotes Araceae Revista de Biologia Tropical 53 3 4 369 376 doi 10 15517 rbt v53i3 4 14599 ISSN 2215 2075 PMID 17354448 a b Tamada Katsuya Itoh Kazuyuki Uchida Yuko Higuchi Shunsuke Sasayama Daisuke Azuma Tetsushi 2014 10 27 Relationship between the temperature and the overwintering of water lettuce Pistia stratiotes at Kowataike a branch of Yodogawa River Japan Weed Biology and Management 15 1 20 26 doi 10 1111 wbm 12061 ISSN 1444 6162 Muniappan Rangaswamy Reddy Gadi Raman Anantanarayanan 2009 Biological Control of Tropical Weeds Using Arthropods Cambridge University Press pp 332 352 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511576348 017 ISBN 9780511576348 NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory NOAA National Center for Research on Aquatic Invasive Species NCRAIS nas er usgs gov Retrieved 2021 12 05 Kasulo V 2000 The impact of invasive species in African lakes In The economics of biological invasions eds C Perrings M Williamson and S Dalmozzone pp 183 207 Cheltenham UK Edward Elgar Wang Jinqing Fu Guihua Li Weiyue Shi Ying Pang Jicai Wang Qiang Lu Weiguang Liu Change Liu Jiansheng January 2018 The effects of two free floating plants Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes on the burrow morphology and water quality characteristics of pond loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus habitat Aquaculture and Fisheries 3 1 22 29 Bibcode 2018AqFis 3 22W doi 10 1016 j aaf 2017 12 001 ISSN 2468 550X Ramey Victor 2001 Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants University of Florida Retrieved 26 April 2010 Invasive Aquatic Plants Invasive Species Centre Retrieved 2021 11 30 a b Gupta R Tripathi P Kumar R Sharma AK Mishra A 2010 Pistia stratiotes Jalkumbhi Pharmacognosy Reviews 4 8 153 160 doi 10 4103 0973 7847 70909 ISSN 0973 7847 PMC 3249915 PMID 22228955 Park K 2007 Park s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine 19th ed Jabalpur India Banarsidas Bhanot Wheeler G S Halpern M D 1999 Compensatory responses of Samea multiplicalis larvae when fed leaves of different fertilization levels of the aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 92 2 205 216 Bibcode 1999EEApp 92 205W doi 10 1046 j 1570 7458 1999 00539 x S2CID 84780873 Datta Subhendu Kumar Ajit 2012 Effect of Some Herbicides in Controlling the Floating Aquatic weeds Diversification of Aquaculture Narendra Publishing House doi 10 13140 RG 2 1 4166 8967 Blackburn Robert D January 1963 Evaluating Herbicides against Aquatic Weeds Weeds 11 1 21 24 doi 10 2307 4040677 ISSN 0096 719X JSTOR 4040677 Pistia stratiotes L EPPO Bulletin 47 3 537 543 2017 doi 10 1111 epp 12429 ISSN 1365 2338 Harley K L S Kassulke R C Sands D P A Day M D September 1990 Biological control of water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Araceae by Neohydronomus affinis Coleoptera Curculionidae Entomophaga 35 3 363 374 doi 10 1007 BF02375260 ISSN 0013 8959 S2CID 15801 Aphrodyanti Lyswiana Rosa Helda Orbani Samharinto Samharinto 2017 03 21 The potential of Spodoptera pectinicornis in controlling water lettuce Pistia stratiotes in field Tropical Wetland Journal 3 1 10 16 doi 10 20527 twj v3i1 40 ISSN 2654 279X Coetzee J A Langa S D F Motitsoe S N Hill M P 2020 08 03 Biological control of water lettuce Pistia stratiotes L facilitates macroinvertebrate biodiversity recovery a mesocosm study Hydrobiologia 847 18 3917 3929 doi 10 1007 s10750 020 04369 w ISSN 0018 8158 S2CID 220948740 Commission Implementing Regulation EU 2022 1203 of 12 July 2022 amending Implementing Regulation EU 2016 1141 to update the list of invasive alien species of Union concern 2022 07 12 retrieved 2024 03 02 Cilliers Catharina J 1987 10 21 First Attempt at and Early Results on the Biological Control of Pistia stratiotes L in South Africa Koedoe 30 1 35 40 doi 10 4102 koedoe v30i1 500 ISSN 2071 0771 https www lsuagcenter com topics environment invasive 20species water lettuce biological control text The 20water 20lettuce 20weevil 20 Neohydronomus US 20in 201987 20 5B1 5D D Center Ted 2002 Insects and other arthropods that feed on aquatic and wetland plants U S Dept of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service OCLC 54673566 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Evans Jason M 2013 Pistia stratiotes L in the Florida Peninsula Biogeographic Evidence and Conservation Implications of Native Tenure for an Invasive Aquatic Plant Conservation and Society 11 3 233 doi 10 4103 0972 4923 121026 ISSN 0972 4923 a b c Madeira Paul T Dray F Allen Tipping Philip W 2022 08 01 The phytogeography and genetic diversity of the weedy hydrophyte Pistia stratiotes L Biological Invasions 24 8 2613 2634 Bibcode 2022BiInv 24 2613M doi 10 1007 s10530 022 02798 3 ISSN 1573 1464 S2CID 255451313 Hassler Michael 16 January 2024 Pistia World Plants Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora Version 18 3 Retrieved 17 January 2024 Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes Ecological Risk Screening Summary PDF U S Fish amp Wildlife Service 30 August 2018 Retrieved 17 January 2024 Stockey R A Rothwell G R Johnson K R 2007 Cobbania corrugata gen et comb nov Araceae A floating aquatic monocot from the Upper Cretaceous of western North America American Journal of Botany 94 4 609 624 doi 10 3732 ajb 94 4 609 JSTOR 27733220 PMID 21636430 Stockey R A Rothwell G R Johnson K R 2016 Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots A new species of Cobbania Araceae from the Upper Maastrichtian of South Dakota International Journal of Plant Sciences 177 8 706 725 doi 10 1086 688285 S2CID 89477112 a b Evans Jason M July 1 2013 Pistia stratiotes L in the Florida Peninsula Biogeographic Evidence and Conservation Implications of Native Tenure for an Invasive Aquatic Plant Conservation and Society 11 3 233 doi 10 4103 0972 4923 121026 via www conservationandsociety org Else Marie Friis 1985 Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland Denmark PDF Vol 24 The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters Berry E W 1917 The fossil plants from Vero Florida The Journal of Geology 25 7 661 666 Bibcode 1917JG 25 661B doi 10 1086 622533 JSTOR 30062509 S2CID 128893139 Les Donald H 2020 05 11 Monocotyledons I Aquatic Monocotyledons of North America CRC Press pp 3 214 doi 10 1201 9781315166339 2 inactive 2024 02 07 ISBN 9781315166339 S2CID 243190762 retrieved 2021 12 06 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of February 2024 link Hygrophila auriculata in Global Plants on JSTOR plants jstor org Retrieved 2021 12 06 Lu Qin He Zhenli L Graetz Donald A Stoffella Peter J Yang Xiaoe July 2011 Uptake and distribution of metals by water lettuce Pistia stratiotes L Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 18 6 978 986 Bibcode 2011ESPR 18 978L doi 10 1007 s11356 011 0453 0 ISSN 1614 7499 PMID 21287283 S2CID 30818232 Water Lettuce 19 March 2012 Kumar Parveen Patel Mikita Oster Robert A Yarlagadda Vidhush Ambrosetti Adam Assimos Dean G Mitchell Tanecia 2021 Dietary Oxalate Loading Impacts Monocyte Metabolism and Inflammatory Signaling in Humans Frontiers in Immunology 12 105 doi 10 3389 fimmu 2021 617508 ISSN 1664 3224 PMC 7959803 PMID 33732242 Handbook of Utilization of Aquatic Plants www fao org Retrieved 2021 11 30 Use of Pistia stratiotes in diets of Kampong chicken www lrrd org Retrieved 2021 11 30 Ajibesin Kola Kayode 2012 11 25 Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Skin Diseases and Related Ailments in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria Ethnobotany Research and Applications 10 463 522 ISSN 1547 3465 a b c Shyamsundar D Premkumar VG 2005 Antidermatophytic activity ofPistia stratiotes Indian Journal of Pharmacology 37 2 127 doi 10 4103 0253 7613 15116 ISSN 0253 7613 a b Koffuor GeorgeAsumeng Kyei Samuel Asiamah EmmanuelA Atobiga ClementNsobire Awuah Agnes Abokyi Samuel 2014 Antiallergic effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Pistia stratiotes in murine model of ovalbumin induced allergic conjunctivitis Pharmacognosy Research 6 4 274 279 doi 10 4103 0974 8490 138243 ISSN 0974 8490 PMC 4166813 PMID 25276062 Pistia stratiotes Linn family ARACEAE on JSTOR plants jstor org Retrieved 2021 11 29 Koffuor G A Kyei S Woode E Ekuadzi E Ben I O 2012 Possible mechanism of anti inflammatory activity and safety profile of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Pistia stratiotes Linn Araceae Journal of the Ghana Science Association 14 1 69 81 ISSN 0855 3823 Koffuor George Kyei Boampong March 2012 Antiarthritic effect of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Pistia stratiotes in adjuvant induced arthritis in Sprague Dawley rats Journal of Experimental Pharmacology 4 41 51 doi 10 2147 jep s29792 ISSN 1179 1454 PMC 4863544 PMID 27186115 Gupta Arti Singh Nagendra Pratap 2021 Fungal Diseases in Animals From Infections to Prevention Springer Nature ISBN 978 3 030 69507 1 Gaballah M S Ismail K Beltagy A Zein Eldin A M Ismail M M May 2019 Wastewater Treatment Potential of Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes with Modified Engineering Design Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology 41 3 197 205 Bibcode 2019JWCT 41 197G doi 10 3103 s1063455x1903010x ISSN 1063 455X S2CID 197402470 Rodrigues Ana Carolina Dornelas do Amaral Sobrinho Nelson Moura Brasil dos Santos Fabiana Soares dos Santos Andre Marques Pereira Ana Carolina Callegario Lima Erica Souto Abreu 2017 03 28 Biosorption of Toxic Metals by Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes Biomass Water Air amp Soil Pollution 228 4 156 Bibcode 2017WASP 228 156R doi 10 1007 s11270 017 3340 6 ISSN 0049 6979 S2CID 100580905 Ali Esmat F Galal Tarek M Hassan Loutfy M Al Yasi Hatim M Dakhil Mohammed A Eid Ebrahem M 2021 01 01 Seasonal potential of Pistia stratiotes in nutrient removal to eliminate eutrophication in Al Sero Drain South Nile Delta Egypt Journal of Freshwater Ecology 36 1 173 187 Bibcode 2021JFEco 36 173A doi 10 1080 02705060 2021 1915397 ISSN 0270 5060 S2CID 237966184 Wu Xiang Wu Hao Chen Junren Ye Jinyun 2013 05 08 Effects of allelochemical extracted from water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Linn on the growth microcystin production and release of Microcystis aeruginosa Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20 11 8192 8201 Bibcode 2013ESPR 20 8192W doi 10 1007 s11356 013 1783 x ISSN 0944 1344 PMID 23653319 S2CID 103835 Biogeography of the Pistia clade Araceae Based on chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA sequences and Bayesian divergence time inference External links edit nbsp Media related to Pistia stratiotes at Wikimedia Commons Centre for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Pistia stratiotes information from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project HEAR Species Profile Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes National Invasive Species Information Center United States National Agricultural Library Lists general information and resources for Water Lettuce Pistia stratiotes in West African plants A Photo Guide Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pistia amp oldid 1216672272, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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