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People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)

November 24, 2023

People's democracy is a theoretical concept within Marxism–Leninism and a form of government which developed after World War II and allows in theory for a multi-class and multi-party democracy on the pathway to socialism. People's democracy was established in a number of European and Asian countries as a result of the people's democratic revolutions of the 1940s.[1]

Prior to the rise of fascism, communist parties had called for soviet republics to be implemented throughout the world, such as the Chinese Soviet Republic or William Z. Foster's book Toward Soviet America. However, after the rise of fascism, and the creation of the popular front governments in France and Spain, the Comintern under Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov began to advocate for a multi-party united front of the communist and social democratic parties as opposed to the one-party proletarian dictatorship of the Soviets.[2]

The possibility of a multi-party people's democracy was first put forward during the popular front period against fascism.[3]

History edit

György Lukács was one of the first to suggest the possibility of communists working for a democratic republic in his Blum Thesis of 1929. Lukacs recounted in 1967:

It is hard for most people to imagine how paradoxical this sounded then. Although the Sixth Congress of the Third International did mention this as a possibility, it was generally thought to be historically impossible to take such a retrograde step, as Hungary had already been a soviet republic in 1919.

Joseph Stalin, who had been in Soviet administration throughout the Russian Civil War and its aftermath, well remembered how the attempt to fight Bolshevik-style revolutions throughout Europe during and after World War I—the revolutions of 1917–1923—had mostly failed. Many Old Bolsheviks had thought at the time that these revolutions were the vanguard of the world revolution, but the latter never materialized. It was this very reality that had driven the development of the idea of socialism in one country as the Soviet Union's own path.

With such historical lessons in mind, Stalin suggested to the leaders of Eastern European communist parties at the end of World War II that they should present themselves as advocates of a people's democracy. After the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies in Eastern Europe, Marxist–Leninist theoreticians first began expanding on the idea of a possible peaceful transition to socialism, given the presence of the Soviet Red Army. In most areas of Eastern Europe, the Communist Parties did not immediately take power directly but instead worked in Popular Coalitions with progressive parties. Unlike the Soviet Union, which was officially a one-party state, a majority of people's democracies of Eastern Europe were theoretically multi-party states. Many of the ruling Marxist–Leninist parties no longer called themselves Communist in their official title as they had in the 1930s. The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) for instance was ostensibly a union of the SPD and the Communist Party of Germany. Many of the other European states were ruled by Worker's or Socialist Parties. In the Eastern Bloc, people's democracy was a synonym for socialist state.

The origins of the idea of people's democracy can be traced back to both the idea of popular front governments, which were coalitions of anti-fascist parties, such as the one that existed in Spain.[4] The theory was perhaps first articulated by Bulgarian Communist Georgi Dimitrov.[2]

Scholars have argued that the emergence of the theory acted as a way for the Soviet Union to legitimize its establishment of Socialist States, as well as the method by which they would be established. For one, the Soviet Union had to justify the creation of Soviet-aligned governments to the existing, non-Communist, political movements within Eastern European countries. The theory of people's democracy allowed the Soviet Union to assuage the concerns of such movements, as people's democracies were to be governed by a coalition of Anti-fascist parties.[5] By creating a theory which contrasted the peaceful nature by which Socialism would be established in Eastern European countries with the violent nature it was established in the Soviet Union, the USSR was able to ease fears that many in anti-fascist parties had of a Bolshevik-style revolution.[6]

Many Scholars and Historians have argued that the theory of people's democracy grew out of a need for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to find a place within Marxist–Leninist theory for the different circumstances under which Socialism would emerge in Eastern Europe. For example, Ruth Amende Rosa stated:

the U.S.S.R. apparently felt obliged to establish its own position of ideological "leadership" in eastern Europe and, simultaneously, to fit the concept of "people's democracy" into the body of orthodox Marxist-Leninist doctrine. — Ruth Amende Rosa, World Politics , Jul., 1949, Vol. 1, No. 4, The Soviet Theory of "People's Democracy"

The work of Marxian economist Eugen Varga was of particular importance to the development of the theory of people's democracy. His work entitled Changes in the Economy of Capitalism Resulting from the Second World War gave an explanation as to why newly emerging States were different from the Soviet model while still giving them their place as a transition stage facilitating the emergence of Socialism within the dominant Soviet theory of Marxism–Leninism.[4] However, in 1949, Varga recanted his ideas,[4] and many high ranking Communists, including Dimitrov, suggested that people's democracies actually were similar to the Soviet Union.[7] This reflected the changed view within the Soviet Union that the character of the people's democracies was identical to that of the USSR itself.[8]

The theory of people's democracy underwent a considerable change. In its initial conception, the theory stated that the newly emerging Soviet-aligned states were totally different in character than the Soviet Union, whereas its later conception held that they were quite similar to the Soviet model.[9] The reason for this change is debatable. While Richard F. Staar argues that the initial instance of the theory was used to conceal the true intentions of establishing a one-party dictatorship in the model of the Soviet Union,[10] other scholars have suggested that the uncertain nature of the time when the original theory was formulated help to account for why the theory underwent change once power was consolidated.[9][11]

Mao Zedong proposed a similar idea of a cross-class New Democracy in the 1940 essay On New Democracy. In 1949, he would make a speech on the people's democratic dictatorship. The people's democratic model would later be applied to socialist states in Asia, including China, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam.

Ideology edit

While people's democracies were considered a form of the dictatorship of the proletariat, classes such as the peasantry, petite bourgeoisie and progressive bourgeoisie were allowed to participate. Nikita Khrushchev explicitly stated that the possibility of peaceful transition to people's democracy was predicated on the global strength of the USSR as a superpower.

The Soviet Textbook A Dictionary of Scientific Communism defined people's democracy as follows:

People's Democracy, a form of the dictatorship of the proletariat established in several European and Asian countries as a result of popular-democratic revolutions in the 1940s which developed into socialist revolutions. It emerged at a new stage in the world revolutionary process and reflected the specific way in which the socialist revolution was developing at a time when imperialism was weakened and the balance of world forces had tipped in favour of socialism. The common features characteristic of people's democracy as a form of the dictatorship of the proletariat were determined by the broad social base underlying the socialist revolutions that occurred in the European and Asian countries after World War II, their relatively peaceful development and the assistance and support rendered to them by the Soviet Union. Yet, in each particular country, people's democracy has its own distinctive features, since the socialist changeover took place there under specific historical and national conditions. Unlike the Soviet Union, where a single-party system emerged in the course of history, in most of the countries under people's democratic rule, a multi-party system was formed. The parties united in the Popular Front to fight fascism and imperialism; under these conditions, the multi-party system helped to expand the social base of the revolution and better fulfil the tasks facing it. Leading positions were held by Communist and Workers' Parties (this was the case in the East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia). To strengthen cohesion within the ranks of the working class, the Communist and Workers' Parties in several European countries of P.D. merged with Social-Democratic parties on the basis of Marxism-Leninism (q. v.), while in Hungary and Romania the multi-party system was replaced by a single-party one.

Trotskyists and other dissident anti-Stalinist Communists were against the idea of people's democracy which they saw as denying the Leninist insistence on the class essence of all state power.

The Marxists Internet Archive dictionary critiques people's democracy as follows:

Stalin fully intended to establish Popular Front-type governments, that is multi-class governments, states representing an alliance between the working class and the Bourgeoisie. It was quite explicitly envisaged that capitalist property would be protected.

When no bourgeois party could be found with whom to form a 'popular front' the Communist Party created their own. Artificial 'parties' were created to represent the various social classes who were 'invited' to form coalition governments. The presence of 'deputies' representing absolutely impotent 'parties' in rubber-stamp 'parliaments' does not make a two-class or three-class state.

The 'Peoples Democracy' program proved unworkable however. The combination of the pressure of the working class and peasantry in favour of expropriation of the capitalists and landowners and the inability of the Soviet bureaucracy to manage a capitalist economy forced Stalin into a policy that he never anticipated.

In Soviet-occupied Europe, the Red Army was the State. The social relations of production upon which the Red Army rested, i.e. the political-economy of the Soviet Union, imposed themselves upon the countries it occupied. Stalin's diplomacy could not eradicate the fundamental antagonism between the workers' state and international capitalism.

The same policy was carried in China under the banner of "Bloc of Four classes".

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Butenko, A. P. (1979). "People's Democracy". The Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  2. ^ a b Nation, R. Craig (1992). Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991. Cornell University Press. pp. 85–6. ISBN 978-0801480072. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  3. ^ Dimitrov, Georgi (1972). Selected Works. Vol. 2. Sofia Press.
  4. ^ a b c Rieber 2009, p. 123.
  5. ^ Rieber 2009, p. 108.
  6. ^ Rosa, Ruth (July 1949). "The Soviet Theory of "People's Democracy". World Politics. 1: 489 – via JSTOR.
  7. ^ Rieber 2009, p. 125.
  8. ^ Skilling, H. Gordon (July 1951). "'People's Democracy' in Soviet Theory I". Soviet Studies. 3 (1): 16–33. doi:10.1080/09668135108409801. JSTOR 149146.
  9. ^ a b Rieber 2009, p. 127.
  10. ^ Staar, Richard F. (1 December 1956). "Theory of the Polish People's Democracy". Western Political Quarterly. 9 (4): 835. doi:10.1177/106591295600900403. ISSN 0043-4078. S2CID 154298952.
  11. ^ Mastny, Vojtech (1984). "Stalin and the Militarization of the Cold War". International Security. 9 (3): 113. doi:10.2307/2538589. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 2538589. S2CID 155081034.

Bibliography edit

Further reading edit

  • "General Theory of People's Democracy". Revolutionary Democracy. Retrieved 22 August 2014.

November 24, 2023
people, democracy, marxism, leninism, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, people, democracy, marxism, le. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources People s democracy Marxism Leninism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message People s democracy is a theoretical concept within Marxism Leninism and a form of government which developed after World War II and allows in theory for a multi class and multi party democracy on the pathway to socialism People s democracy was established in a number of European and Asian countries as a result of the people s democratic revolutions of the 1940s 1 Prior to the rise of fascism communist parties had called for soviet republics to be implemented throughout the world such as the Chinese Soviet Republic or William Z Foster s book Toward Soviet America However after the rise of fascism and the creation of the popular front governments in France and Spain the Comintern under Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov began to advocate for a multi party united front of the communist and social democratic parties as opposed to the one party proletarian dictatorship of the Soviets 2 The possibility of a multi party people s democracy was first put forward during the popular front period against fascism 3 Contents 1 History 2 Ideology 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Bibliography 5 Further readingHistory editGyorgy Lukacs was one of the first to suggest the possibility of communists working for a democratic republic in his Blum Thesis of 1929 Lukacs recounted in 1967 It is hard for most people to imagine how paradoxical this sounded then Although the Sixth Congress of the Third International did mention this as a possibility it was generally thought to be historically impossible to take such a retrograde step as Hungary had already been a soviet republic in 1919 Joseph Stalin who had been in Soviet administration throughout the Russian Civil War and its aftermath well remembered how the attempt to fight Bolshevik style revolutions throughout Europe during and after World War I the revolutions of 1917 1923 had mostly failed Many Old Bolsheviks had thought at the time that these revolutions were the vanguard of the world revolution but the latter never materialized It was this very reality that had driven the development of the idea of socialism in one country as the Soviet Union s own path With such historical lessons in mind Stalin suggested to the leaders of Eastern European communist parties at the end of World War II that they should present themselves as advocates of a people s democracy After the defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies in Eastern Europe Marxist Leninist theoreticians first began expanding on the idea of a possible peaceful transition to socialism given the presence of the Soviet Red Army In most areas of Eastern Europe the Communist Parties did not immediately take power directly but instead worked in Popular Coalitions with progressive parties Unlike the Soviet Union which was officially a one party state a majority of people s democracies of Eastern Europe were theoretically multi party states Many of the ruling Marxist Leninist parties no longer called themselves Communist in their official title as they had in the 1930s The Socialist Unity Party of Germany SED for instance was ostensibly a union of the SPD and the Communist Party of Germany Many of the other European states were ruled by Worker s or Socialist Parties In the Eastern Bloc people s democracy was a synonym for socialist state The origins of the idea of people s democracy can be traced back to both the idea of popular front governments which were coalitions of anti fascist parties such as the one that existed in Spain 4 The theory was perhaps first articulated by Bulgarian Communist Georgi Dimitrov 2 Scholars have argued that the emergence of the theory acted as a way for the Soviet Union to legitimize its establishment of Socialist States as well as the method by which they would be established For one the Soviet Union had to justify the creation of Soviet aligned governments to the existing non Communist political movements within Eastern European countries The theory of people s democracy allowed the Soviet Union to assuage the concerns of such movements as people s democracies were to be governed by a coalition of Anti fascist parties 5 By creating a theory which contrasted the peaceful nature by which Socialism would be established in Eastern European countries with the violent nature it was established in the Soviet Union the USSR was able to ease fears that many in anti fascist parties had of a Bolshevik style revolution 6 Many Scholars and Historians have argued that the theory of people s democracy grew out of a need for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to find a place within Marxist Leninist theory for the different circumstances under which Socialism would emerge in Eastern Europe For example Ruth Amende Rosa stated the U S S R apparently felt obliged to establish its own position of ideological leadership in eastern Europe and simultaneously to fit the concept of people s democracy into the body of orthodox Marxist Leninist doctrine Ruth Amende Rosa World Politics Jul 1949 Vol 1 No 4 The Soviet Theory of People s Democracy The work of Marxian economist Eugen Varga was of particular importance to the development of the theory of people s democracy His work entitled Changes in the Economy of Capitalism Resulting from the Second World War gave an explanation as to why newly emerging States were different from the Soviet model while still giving them their place as a transition stage facilitating the emergence of Socialism within the dominant Soviet theory of Marxism Leninism 4 However in 1949 Varga recanted his ideas 4 and many high ranking Communists including Dimitrov suggested that people s democracies actually were similar to the Soviet Union 7 This reflected the changed view within the Soviet Union that the character of the people s democracies was identical to that of the USSR itself 8 The theory of people s democracy underwent a considerable change In its initial conception the theory stated that the newly emerging Soviet aligned states were totally different in character than the Soviet Union whereas its later conception held that they were quite similar to the Soviet model 9 The reason for this change is debatable While Richard F Staar argues that the initial instance of the theory was used to conceal the true intentions of establishing a one party dictatorship in the model of the Soviet Union 10 other scholars have suggested that the uncertain nature of the time when the original theory was formulated help to account for why the theory underwent change once power was consolidated 9 11 Mao Zedong proposed a similar idea of a cross class New Democracy in the 1940 essay On New Democracy In 1949 he would make a speech on the people s democratic dictatorship The people s democratic model would later be applied to socialist states in Asia including China Laos North Korea and Vietnam Ideology editThis section contains too many or overly lengthy quotations Please help summarize the quotations Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or excerpts to Wikisource November 2022 This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message While people s democracies were considered a form of the dictatorship of the proletariat classes such as the peasantry petite bourgeoisie and progressive bourgeoisie were allowed to participate Nikita Khrushchev explicitly stated that the possibility of peaceful transition to people s democracy was predicated on the global strength of the USSR as a superpower The Soviet Textbook A Dictionary of Scientific Communism defined people s democracy as follows People s Democracy a form of the dictatorship of the proletariat established in several European and Asian countries as a result of popular democratic revolutions in the 1940s which developed into socialist revolutions It emerged at a new stage in the world revolutionary process and reflected the specific way in which the socialist revolution was developing at a time when imperialism was weakened and the balance of world forces had tipped in favour of socialism The common features characteristic of people s democracy as a form of the dictatorship of the proletariat were determined by the broad social base underlying the socialist revolutions that occurred in the European and Asian countries after World War II their relatively peaceful development and the assistance and support rendered to them by the Soviet Union Yet in each particular country people s democracy has its own distinctive features since the socialist changeover took place there under specific historical and national conditions Unlike the Soviet Union where a single party system emerged in the course of history in most of the countries under people s democratic rule a multi party system was formed The parties united in the Popular Front to fight fascism and imperialism under these conditions the multi party system helped to expand the social base of the revolution and better fulfil the tasks facing it Leading positions were held by Communist and Workers Parties this was the case in the East Germany Hungary Poland and Czechoslovakia To strengthen cohesion within the ranks of the working class the Communist and Workers Parties in several European countries of P D merged with Social Democratic parties on the basis of Marxism Leninism q v while in Hungary and Romania the multi party system was replaced by a single party one Trotskyists and other dissident anti Stalinist Communists were against the idea of people s democracy which they saw as denying the Leninist insistence on the class essence of all state power The Marxists Internet Archive dictionary critiques people s democracy as follows Stalin fully intended to establish Popular Front type governments that is multi class governments states representing an alliance between the working class and the Bourgeoisie It was quite explicitly envisaged that capitalist property would be protected When no bourgeois party could be found with whom to form a popular front the Communist Party created their own Artificial parties were created to represent the various social classes who were invited to form coalition governments The presence of deputies representing absolutely impotent parties in rubber stamp parliaments does not make a two class or three class state The Peoples Democracy program proved unworkable however The combination of the pressure of the working class and peasantry in favour of expropriation of the capitalists and landowners and the inability of the Soviet bureaucracy to manage a capitalist economy forced Stalin into a policy that he never anticipated In Soviet occupied Europe the Red Army was the State The social relations of production upon which the Red Army rested i e the political economy of the Soviet Union imposed themselves upon the countries it occupied Stalin s diplomacy could not eradicate the fundamental antagonism between the workers state and international capitalism The same policy was carried in China under the banner of Bloc of Four classes See also editDemocratic socialism Front organization People s republic Social democracy Bloc party Dominant party system National Front Czechoslovakia National Front GDR Democratic Front of Albania Front of National Unity Patriotic People s Front Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego People s Democratic Front Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy Fatherland Front Bulgaria United Front China People s Front of Yugoslavia Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea Vietnamese Fatherland Front Lao Front for National Development People s Multiparty DemocracyReferences edit Butenko A P 1979 People s Democracy The Great Soviet Encyclopedia Retrieved 9 April 2021 a b Nation R Craig 1992 Black Earth Red Star A History of Soviet Security Policy 1917 1991 Cornell University Press pp 85 6 ISBN 978 0801480072 Retrieved 19 December 2014 Dimitrov Georgi 1972 Selected Works Vol 2 Sofia Press a b c Rieber 2009 p 123 Rieber 2009 p 108 Rosa Ruth July 1949 The Soviet Theory of People s Democracy World Politics 1 489 via JSTOR Rieber 2009 p 125 Skilling H Gordon July 1951 People s Democracy in Soviet Theory I Soviet Studies 3 1 16 33 doi 10 1080 09668135108409801 JSTOR 149146 a b Rieber 2009 p 127 Staar Richard F 1 December 1956 Theory of the Polish People s Democracy Western Political Quarterly 9 4 835 doi 10 1177 106591295600900403 ISSN 0043 4078 S2CID 154298952 Mastny Vojtech 1984 Stalin and the Militarization of the Cold War International Security 9 3 113 doi 10 2307 2538589 ISSN 0162 2889 JSTOR 2538589 S2CID 155081034 Bibliography edit Rieber Alfred 2009 Popular Democracy An Illusion In Tismaneanu Vladimir ed Stalinism Revisited The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East Central Europe Budapest Hungary Central European University Press ISBN 978 963 9776 55 5 Further reading edit General Theory of People s Democracy Revolutionary Democracy Retrieved 22 August 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title People 27s democracy Marxism Leninism amp oldid 1182692033, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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