fbpx
Wikipedia

Penis

March 18, 2023

For other uses, see Penis (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Peanuts or Penix.
This article is about penises of animals in general. For the human organ, see Human penis.
"Penile" and "Penes" redirect here. For the community, see Penile, Louisville. For other uses, see Penes (disambiguation).

A penis (plural penises or penes (/piːnɪs/) is the primary sexual organ that male animals use to inseminate females (or hermaphrodites) during copulation.[1][2] Such organs occur in many animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, but males do not bear a penis in every animal species. Furthermore, penises are not necessarily homologous.

Penis of an Asian elephant

The term penis applies to many intromittent organs, but not to all. As an example, the intromittent organ of most Cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialized arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes.

In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might reasonably be described as a penis, it has no major function other than intromission, or at least conveying the sperm to the female, but in the placental mammals the penis bears the distal part of the urethra, which discharges both urine during urination and semen during copulation.[3]

Vertebrates

Birds

See also: Intromittent organ § Birds, and Bird anatomy § Urogenital and Endocrine systems

Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites)[4] and Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans).[5] A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood.[6] It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca.

While most male birds have no external genitalia, male waterfowl (Anatidae) have a phallus. Most birds mate with the males balancing on top of the females and touching cloacas in a "cloacal kiss"; this makes forceful insemination very difficult. The phallus that male waterfowl have evolved everts out of their bodies (in a clockwise coil) and aids in inseminating females without their cooperation.[7] The male waterfowl evolution of a phallus to forcefully copulate with females has led to counteradaptations in females in the form of vaginal structures called dead end sacs and clockwise coils. These structures make it harder for males to achieve intromission. The clockwise coils are significant because the male phallus everts out of their body in a counter-clockwise spiral; therefore, a clockwise vaginal structure would impede forceful copulation. Studies have shown that the longer a male's phallus is, the more elaborate the vaginal structures were.[7]

 
Females have corkscrew vaginas with many blind pockets designed for difficult penetration and to prevent becoming pregnant. This reduced the likelihood of fertilization by unwanted aggressors in favor of fitter mates.

The lake duck is notable for possessing, in relation to body length, the longest penis of all vertebrates; the penis, which is typically coiled up in flaccid state, can reach about the same length as the animal himself when fully erect, but is more commonly about half the bird's length.[8][9] It is theorized that the remarkable size of their spiny penises with bristled tips may have evolved in response to competitive pressure in these highly promiscuous birds, removing sperm from previous matings in the manner of a bottle brush. The lake duck has a corkscrew shaped penis.[10]

Male and female emus are similar in appearance,[11] although the male's penis can become visible when it defecates.[12]

The male tinamou has a corkscrew shaped penis, similar to those of the ratites and to the hemipenis of some reptiles. Females have a small phallic organ in the cloaca which becomes larger during the breeding season.[13]

Mammals

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mammal penis.
 
External male genitalia of a Labrador Retriever

As with any other bodily attribute, the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable between mammals of different species.[14][15] In many mammals, the size of a flaccid penis is smaller than its erect size.

A bone called the baculum or os penis is present in most mammals but absent in humans, cattle and horses.

In mammals the penis is divided into three parts:[16]

The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous, erectile tissue, which is a collection of blood sinusoids separated by sheets of connective tissue (trabeculae). Some mammals have a lot of erectile tissue relative to connective tissue, for example horses. Because of this a horse's penis can enlarge more than a bull's penis. The urethra is on the ventral side of the body of the penis. As a general rule, a mammal's penis is proportional to its body size, but this varies greatly between species – even between closely related ones. For example, an adult gorilla's erect penis is about 4.5 cm (1.8 in) in length; an adult chimpanzee, significantly smaller (in body size) than a gorilla, has a penis size about double that of the gorilla. In comparison, the human penis is larger than that of any other primate, both in proportion to body size and in absolute terms.[17]

Artiodactyls

The penises of even-toed ungulates are curved in an S-shape when not erect.[18] In bulls, rams and boars, the sigmoid flexure of the penis straightens out during erection.[19]

When mating, the tip of a male pronghorn's penis is often the first part to touch the female pronghorn.[20] The pronghorn's penis is about 13 cm (5 in) long, and is shaped like an ice pick.[21] The front of a pronghorn's glans penis is relatively flat, while the back is relatively thick.[22] The male pronghorn usually ejaculates immediately after intromission.[23][24]

The penis of a dromedary camel is covered by a triangular penile sheath opening backwards,[25] and is about 60 cm (24 in) long.[26][27] The camelmen often aid the male to enter his penis into the female's vulva, though the male is considered able to do it on his own. Copulation time ranges from 7 to 35 minutes, averaging 11–15 minutes.[28][29]

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bull penis.

Bulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure.[30][16][31]

The male genitalia of mouse deer are similar to those of pigs.[32] A boar's penis, which rotates rhythmically during copulation,[33] is about 46 cm (18 in) long, and ejaculates about a pint of semen.[34] Wild boars have a roughly egg-sized sack near the opening of the penis, which collects urine and emits a sharp odour. The purpose of this is not fully understood.[35]

Deer
Main article: Deer penis

A stag's penis forms an S-shaped curve when it is not erect, and is retracted into its sheath by the retractor penis muscle.[36] Some deer species spray urine on their bodies by urinating from an erect penis.[37] One type of scent-marking behavior in elk is known as "thrash-urination,[38][39] which typically involves palpitation of the erect penis.[39][40][41] A male elk's urethra points upward so that urine is sprayed almost at a right angle to the penis.[39] A sambar stag will mark himself by spraying urine directly in the face with a highly mobile penis, which is often erect during its rutting activities.[42] Red deer stags often have erect penises during combat.[43]

Cetaceans

See also: Dolphin § anatomy
 
Penises of minke whales on display at the Icelandic Phallological Museum
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cetacea penis.

Cetaceans' reproductive organs are located inside the body. Male cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have two slits, the genital groove concealing the penis and one further behind for the anus.[44][45][46][47] Cetaceans have fibroelastic penises, similar to those of Artiodactyla.[48] The tapering tip of the cetacean penis is called the pars intrapraeputialis or terminal cone.[49] The blue whale has the largest penis of any organism on the planet, typically measuring 2.4–3.0 m (8–10 ft).[50] Accurate measurements are difficult to take because its erect length can only be observed during mating,[51] which occurs underwater. The penis on a right whale can be up to 2.7 m (8.9 ft) – the testes, at up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length, 78 cm (2 ft 7 in) in diameter, and weighing up to 238 kg (525 lb), are also by far the largest of any animal on Earth.[52] On at least one occasion, a dolphin towed bathers through the water by hooking his erect penis around them.[53] Between male bottlenose dolphins, homosexual behaviour includes rubbing of genitals against each other, which sometimes leads to the males swimming belly to belly, inserting the penis in the other's genital slit and sometimes anus.[54]

Perissodactyls

Stallions (male horses) have a vascular penis. When non-erect, it is quite flaccid and contained within the prepuce (foreskin, or sheath).

Tapirs have exceptionally long penises relative to their body size.[55][56][57][58] The glans of the Malayan tapir resembles a mushroom, and is similar to the glans of the horse.[59] The penis of the Sumatran rhinoceros contains two lateral lobes and a structure called the processus glandis.[60]

Carnivores

 
Genitorinary system of a raccoon (Procyon lotor)

All members of Carnivora (except hyenas) have a baculum.[61] Canine penises have a structure at the base called the bulbus glandis.[62][63]

During copulation, the spotted hyena inserts his penis through the female's pseudo-penis instead of directly through the vagina, which is blocked by the false scrotum and testes. Once the female retracts her clitoris, the male enters the female by sliding beneath her, an operation facilitated by the penis's upward angle.[64][65] The pseudo-penis closely resembles the male hyena's penis, but can be distinguished from the male's genitalia by its greater thickness and more rounded glans.[66] In male spotted hyenas, as well as females, the base of the glans is covered with penile spines.[67][68][69]

Domestic cats have barbed penises, with about 120–150 one millimeter long backwards-pointing spines.[70] Upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation. Lions also have barbed penises.[71][72] Male felids urinate backwards by curving the tip of the glans penis backward.[63][73] When male cheetahs urine-mark their territories, they stand one meter away from a tree or rock surface with the tail raised, pointing the penis either horizontally backward or 60° upward.[74]

The male fossa has an unusually long penis and baculum (penis bone), reaching to between his front legs when erect[75] with backwards-pointing spines along most of its length.[76] The male fossa has scent glands near the penis, with the penile glands emitting a strong odor.[75]

The beech marten's penis is larger than the pine marten's, with the bacula of young beech martens often outsizing those of old pine martens.[77]

Raccoons have penis bones which bend at a 90 degree angle at the tip.[78] The extrusibility of a raccoon's penis can be used to distinguish mature males from immature males.[79][80]

Male walruses possess the largest penis bones of any land mammal, both in absolute size and relative to body size.[81][82]

The adult male American mink's penis is 5.6 cm (2+1⁄4 in) long, and is covered by a sheath. The baculum is well-developed, being triangular in cross section and curved at the tip.[83]

Bats

Males of Racey's pipistrelle bat have a long, straight penis with a notch between the shaft and the narrow, egg-shaped glans penis. Near the top, the penis is haired, but the base is almost naked. In the baculum (penis bone), the shaft is long and narrow and slightly curved.[84] The length of the penis and baculum distinguish P. raceyi from all comparably sized African and Malagasy vespertilionids.[85] In males, penis length is 9.6 to 11.8 mm (3⁄8 to 15⁄32 in) and baculum length is 8.8 to 10.0 mm (11⁄32 to 13⁄32 in).[86]

Copulation by male greater short-nosed fruit bats is dorsoventral and the females lick the shaft or the base of the male's penis, but not the glans which has already penetrated the vagina. While the females do this, the penis is not withdrawn and research has shown a positive relationship between length of the time that the penis is licked and the duration of copulation. Post copulation genital grooming has also been observed.[87]

Rodents

The glans penis of the marsh rice rat is long and robust,[88] averaging 7.3 mm (9⁄32 in) long and 4.6 mm (3⁄16 in) broad, and the baculum (penis bone) is 6.6 mm (1⁄4 in) long.[89] As is characteristic of Sigmodontinae, the marsh rice rat has a complex penis, with the distal (far) end of the baculum ending in three digits.[90] The central digit is notably larger than those at the sides.[88] The outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines, but there is a broad band of nonspinous tissue. The papilla (nipple-like projection) on the dorsal (upper) side of the penis is covered with small spines, a character the marsh rice rat shares only with Oligoryzomys and Oryzomys couesi among oryzomyines examined.[91] On the urethral process, located in the crater at the end of the penis,[92] a fleshy process (the subapical lobule) is present; it is absent in all other oryzomyines with studied penes except O. couesi and Holochilus brasiliensis.[93] The baculum is deeper than it is wide.[88]

In Transandinomys talamancae, the outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines, but there is a broad band of nonspinous tissue.[94]

Some features of the accessory glands in the male genital region vary among oryzomyines. In Transandinomys talamancae,[95] a single pair of preputial glands is present at the penis. As is usual for sigmodontines, there are two pairs of ventral prostate glands and a single pair of anterior and dorsal prostate glands. Part of the end of the vesicular gland is irregularly folded, not smooth as in most oryzomyines.[96]

In Pseudoryzomys, the baculum (penis bone) displays large protuberances at the sides. In the cartilaginous part of the baculum, the central digit is smaller than those at the sides.[90]

In Drymoreomys, there are three digits at the tip of the penis, of which the central one is the largest.[97]

In Thomasomys ucucha the glans penis is rounded, short, and small and is superficially divided into left and right halves by a trough at the top and a ridge at the bottom.[98]

The glans penis of a male cape ground squirrel is large with a prominent baculum.[99]

Unlike other squirrel species, red squirrels have long, thin, and narrow penises, without a prominent baculum.[100][101]

Winkelmann's mouse can easily be distinguished from its close relatives by the shape of its penis, which has a partially corrugated glans.[102]

The foreskin of a capybara is attached to the anus in an unusual way, forming an anogenital invagination.[103]

Primates

 
 
External male genitalia of Papio hamadryas and Chlorocebus pygerythrus

It has been postulated that the shape of the human penis may have been selected by sperm competition. The shape could have favored displacement of seminal fluids implanted within the female reproductive tract by rival males: the thrusting action which occurs during sexual intercourse can mechanically remove seminal fluid out of the cervix area from a previous mating.[104]

The penile morphology of some types of strepsirrhine primates has provided information about their taxonomy.[105] Male galago species possess very distinctive penile morphology that can be used to classify species.[106][107][108]

The northern greater galago penis is on average 18 mm (11⁄16 in) in length, with doubled headed or even tridentate spines pointing towards the body. They are less densely packed than in Otolemur crassicaudatus.[106][107][108] The penis of the ring-tailed lemur is nearly cylindrical in shape and is covered in small spines, as well as having two pairs of larger spines on both sides.[109]

The adult male of each vervet monkey species has a pale blue scrotum and a red penis,[110][111] and male proboscis monkeys have a red penis with a black scrotum.[112]

Male baboons and squirrel monkeys sometimes gesture with an erect penis as both a warning of impending danger and a threat to predators.[113][114] In male squirrel monkeys, this gesture is used for social communication.[115]

Humans
Main article: Human penis
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human penis.
 
Penis of a human, with pubic hair removed to show anatomical detail

The human penis is an external sex organ of male humans. It is a reproductive, intromittent organ that additionally serves as the urinal duct. The main parts are the root of the penis (radix): It is the attached part, consisting of the bulb of penis in the middle and the crus of penis, one on either side of the bulb; the body of the penis (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis consists of the shaft skin, the foreskin, and the preputial mucosa on the inside of the foreskin and covering the glans penis.

The human penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa lie next to each other on the dorsal side and one corpus spongiosum lies between them on the ventral side. The urethra, which is the last part of the urinary tract, traverses the corpus spongiosum, and its opening, known as the meatus /miːˈeɪtəs/, lies on the tip of the glans penis. It is a passage both for urine and for the ejaculation of semen.

In males, the expulsion of urine from the body is done through the penis. The urethra drains the bladder through the prostate gland, where it is joined by the ejaculatory duct, and then onward to the penis.

An erection is the stiffening and rising of the penis, which occurs during sexual arousal, though it can also happen in non-sexual situations. Ejaculation is the ejecting of semen from the penis and is usually accompanied by orgasm. A series of muscular contractions delivers semen, containing male gametes known as sperm cells or spermatozoa, from the penis.

The most common form of genital alteration is circumcision, the removal of part or all of the foreskin for various cultural, religious, and more rarely medical reasons. There is controversy surrounding circumcision.

As of 2015, a systematic review of 15,521 men, who were measured by health professionals rather than themselves, concluded that the average length of an erect human penis is 13.12 cm (5.17 inches) long, while the average circumference of an erect human penis is 11.66 cm (4.59 inches).[116][117]

Marsupials

Most marsupials, except for the two largest species of kangaroos and marsupial moles[118] (assuming the latter are true marsupials), have a bifurcated penis, separated into two columns, so that the penis has two ends corresponding to the females' two vaginas.[119]

Monotremes

Monotremes and marsupial moles are the only mammals in which the penis is located inside the cloaca.[120][121]

Male echidnas have a bilaterally symmetrical, rosette-like, four-headed penis.[122] During mating, the heads on one side "shut down" and do not grow in size; the other two are used to release semen into the female's two-branched reproductive tract. The heads used are swapped each time the mammal copulates.[123][124][125] When not in use, the penis is retracted inside a preputial sac in the cloaca. The male echidna's penis is 7 cm (3 in) long when erect, and its shaft is covered with penile spines.[126] The penis is nearly a quarter of his body length when erect.[127]

Others

The penis of the bush hyrax is complex and distinct from that of the other hyrax genera. It has a short, thin appendage within a cup-like glans penis and measures greater than 6 cm (2+1⁄2 in) when erect. Additionally, it has been observed that the bush hyrax also has a greater distance between the anus and preputial opening in comparison to other hyraxes.[128]

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elephant penis.

An adult elephant has the largest penis of any land animal.[129][self-published source?] An elephant's penis can reach a length of 100 cm (40 in) and a diameter of 16 cm (6 in) at the base.[citation needed] It is S-shaped when fully erect and has a Y-shaped orifice.[130] During musth, a male elephant may urinate with his penis still in the sheath, which causes the urine to spray on the hind legs.[131][132] An elephant's penis is very mobile, being able to move independently of the male's pelvis,[133] and the penis curves forward and upward prior to mounting another elephant.[68]

In giant anteaters, the (retracted) penis and testes are located internally between the rectum and urinary bladder.[134]

When the male armadillo Chaetophractus villosus is sexually aroused, species determination is easier. Its penis can be as long as 35 mm (1+1⁄2 in), and usually remains completely withdrawn inside a skin receptacle.[135] Scientists conducting studies on the C. villosus penis muscles revealed this species' very long penis exhibits variability. During its waking hours, it remains hidden beneath a skin receptacle, until it becomes erect and it projects outside in a rostral direction.[136]

Fish and reptiles

See also: Intromittent organ § Vertebrata

Male turtles and crocodiles have a penis, while male specimens of the reptile order Squamata have two paired organs called hemipenes. Tuataras must use their cloacae for reproduction.[137] Due to evolutionary convergence, turtle and mammal penises have a similar structure.[138]

In some fish, the gonopodium, andropodium, and claspers are intromittent organs (to introduce sperm into the female) developed from modified fins.

Invertebrates

Further information: Intromittent organ § Invertebrates

Arthropods

 
The spine-covered penis of Callosobruchus analis, a bean weevil

The record for the largest penis size to body size ratio is held by the barnacle. The barnacle's penis can grow to up to forty times its own body length. This enables them to reach the nearest female for fertilization.

A number of invertebrate species have independently evolved the mating technique of traumatic insemination where the penis penetrates the female's abdomen, thereby creating a womb into which it deposits sperm. This has been most fully studied in bed bugs.

Some millipedes have penises. In these species, the penis is simply one or two projections on underneath the third body segment that produce a spermatophore or sperm packet. The act of insemination, however, occurs through specialized legs called gonopods which collect the spermatophore and insert it into the female.

Insects

See also: Intromittent organ § Insects

In male insects, the structure analogous to a penis is known as aedeagus. The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called the cirrus.[citation needed]

The lesser water boatman's mating call, generated by rubbing the penis against the abdomen, is the loudest sound, relative to body size, in the animal kingdom.[139]

In 2010, entomologist Charles Linehard described Neotrogla, a new genus of barkflies. Species of this genus have sex-reversed genitalia. Females have penis-like organs called gynosomes that are inserted into vagina-like openings of males during mating.[140] In 2014, a detailed study of the insects reproductive habits led by Kazunori Yoshizawae confirmed that the organ functions similar to a penis – for example, it swells during sexual intercourse – and is used to extract sperm from the male.[141][142]

Mollusks

The penis in most male Coleoid cephalopods is a long and muscular end of the gonoduct used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm called a hectocotylus. That, in turn, is used to transfer the spermatophores to the female. In species where the hectocotylus is missing, the penis is long and able to extend beyond the mantle cavity and transfers the spermatophores directly to the female. Deepwater squid have the greatest known penis length relative to body size of all mobile animals, second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain sessile barnacles Penis elongation in Onykia ingens may result in a penis that is as long as the mantle, head and arms combined.[143][144] Giant squid of the genus Architeuthis are unusual in that they possess both a large penis and modified arm tips, although it is uncertain whether the latter are used for spermatophore transfer.[143]

Etymology

The word "penis" is taken from the Latin word for "tail". Some derive that from Indo-European *pesnis, and the Greek word πέος = "penis" from Indo-European *pesos. Prior to the adoption of the Latin word in English, the penis was referred to as a "yard". The Oxford English Dictionary cites an example of the word yard used in this sense from 1379,[145] and notes that in his Physical Dictionary of 1684, Steven Blankaart defined the word penis as "the Yard, made up of two nervous Bodies, the Channel, Nut, Skin, and Fore-skin, etc."[146] According to Wiktionary, this term meant (among other senses) "rod" or "bar".

As with nearly any aspect of the body involved in sexual or excretory functions, the penis is the subject of many slang words and euphemisms for it, a particularly common and enduring one being "cock". See WikiSaurus:penis for a list of alternative words for penis.

The Latin word "phallus" (from Greek φαλλος) is sometimes used to describe the penis, although "phallus" originally was used to describe representations, pictorial or carved, of the penis.[147]

Heraldry

Main article: Pizzle

Pizzles are represented in heraldry, where the adjective pizzled (or vilené[148]) indicates that part of an animate charge's anatomy, especially if coloured differently.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Janet Leonard; Alex Cordoba-Aguilar R (18 June 2010). The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971703-3. from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  2. ^ Schmitt, V.; Anthes, N.; Michiels, N. K. (2007). "Mating behaviour in the sea slug Elysia timida (Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa): hypodermic injection, sperm transfer and balanced reciprocity". Frontiers in Zoology. 4: 17. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-17. PMC 1934903. PMID 17610714.
  3. ^ Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  4. ^ Julian Lombardi (1998). Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-8336-9. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  5. ^ MobileReference (15 December 2009). . MobileReference. ISBN 978-1-60501-557-6. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  6. ^ Frank B. Gill (6 October 2006). Ornithology. Macmillan. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7. from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  7. ^ a b Brennan, P. L. R. et al. Coevolution of male and female genital morphology in waterfowl. PLoS ONE 2, e418 (2007).
  8. ^ McCracken, Kevin G. (2000). "The 20-cm Spiny Penis of the Argentine Lake Duck (Oxyura vittata)" (PDF). The Auk. 117 (3): 820–825. doi:10.2307/4089612. JSTOR 4089612. (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23.
  9. ^ McCracken, Kevin G.; Wilson, Robert E.; McCracken, Pamela J.; Johnson, Kevin P. (2001). "Sexual selection: Are ducks impressed by drakes' display?" (PDF). Nature. 413 (6852): 128. Bibcode:2001Natur.413..128M. doi:10.1038/35093160. PMID 11557968. S2CID 4321156. (PDF) from the original on 2016-01-23.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
  11. ^ Eastman, p. 23.
  12. ^ Coddington and Cockburn, p. 366.
  13. ^ Cabot, J.; Carboneras, C.; Folch, A.; de Juanca, E.; Llimona, F.; Matheu, E. (1992). "Tinamiformes". In del Hoyo, J. (ed.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
  14. ^ Tim Birkhead (2000). Promiscuity: An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition. Harvard University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-674-00666-9. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  15. ^ Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven (1993). Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-Specific Data. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1753-5. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  16. ^ a b William O. Reece (2009-03-04). Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780813814513. from the original on 2018-03-20.
  17. ^ Sue Taylor Parker; Karin Enstam Jaffe (2008). Darwin's Legacy: Scenarios in Human Evolution. AltaMira Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7591-0316-0. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  18. ^ Uwe Gille (2008). urinary and sexual apparatus, urogenital Apparatus. In: F.-V. Salomon and others (eds.): Anatomy for veterinary medicine. pp. 368–403. ISBN 978-3-8304-1075-1.
  19. ^ Sergi Bonet; Isabel Casas; William V Holt; Marc Yeste (1 February 2013). Boar Reproduction: Fundamentals and New Biotechnological Trends. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-35049-8. from the original on 5 May 2016.
  20. ^ John A. Byers (1997). American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08699-6. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  21. ^ John A. Byers (30 June 2009). Built for Speed: A Year in the Life of Pronghorn. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02913-2. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  22. ^ Bart W. O'Gara; James D. Yoakum (2004). Pronghorn: ecology and management. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0-87081-757-1. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  23. ^ John A. Byers (1997). American Pronghorn: Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08699-6. from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  24. ^ John A. Byers (30 June 2009). Built for Speed: A Year in the Life of Pronghorn. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02913-2. from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  25. ^ R. Yagil (1985). The desert camel: comparative physiological adaptation. Karger. ISBN 978-3-8055-4065-0. from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  26. ^ Kohler-Rollefson, I. U. (12 April 1991). (PDF). Mammalian Species (375): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504297. JSTOR 3504297. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013.
  27. ^ Malie Marie Sophie Smuts; Abraham Johannes Bezuidenhout (1987). Anatomy of the dromedary. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-857188-9. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  28. ^ Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1981-01-01). The Camel (Camelus dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review. p. 20. from the original on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
  29. ^ Nomadic Peoples. Commission on Nomadic Peoples. 1992. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  30. ^ Sarkar, A. (2003). Sexual Behaviour In Animals. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-746-9.
  31. ^ Gillespie, James R.; Flanders, Frank (2009-01-28). Modern Livestock and Poultry Production - James R. Gillespie, Frank B. Flanders. ISBN 978-1428318083. from the original on 2013-02-04. Retrieved 2012-12-02.
  32. ^ Vidyadaran, M. K.; et al. (1999). "Male genital organs and accessory glands of the lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus" (PDF). Journal of Mammalogy. 80 (1): 199–204. doi:10.2307/1383219. JSTOR 1383219.
  33. ^ William G. Eberhard (1996). Female Control: Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01084-7. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  34. ^ Geoffrey Miller (21 December 2011). The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-81374-9. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  35. ^ Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffman, R. S. (1988) Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume I, Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, pp. 19-82
  36. ^ Leonard Lee Rue III (2004). . LYONS Press. ISBN 9781592284658. Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  37. ^ Fritz R. Walther (1984). Communication and expression in hoofed mammals. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-31380-5. from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  38. ^ Dale R. McCullough (1969). The tule elk: its history, behavior, and ecology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01921-8. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  39. ^ a b c Youngquist, Robert S; Threlfall, Walter R (2006-11-23). Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. ISBN 9781437713404. from the original on 2013-05-11.
  40. ^ Jay Houston (2008-07-07). Ultimate Elk Hunting: Strategies, Techniques & Methods. ISBN 9781616732813. from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
  41. ^ Struhsaker, Thomas T (1967). "Behavior of elk (Cervus canadensis) during the rut". Retrieved 2013-11-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. ^ Deer of the world: their evolution, behaviour, and ecology. Valerius Geist. Stackpole Books. 1998. Pg. 73-77.
  43. ^ Sommer, Volker; Vasey, Paul L. (2006-07-27). Homosexual Behaviour in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 9780521864466. from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  44. ^ William F. Perrin; Bernd Wursig; J. G.M. Thewissen (26 February 2009). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-091993-5. from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  45. ^ Spencer Wilkie Tinker (1 January 1988). Whales of the World. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-0-935848-47-2.
  46. ^ Würsig, Bernd; Wursig, Melany (2009-07-17). The Dusky Dolphin: Master Acrobat Off Different Shores - Bernd G. Würsig, Bernd Wursig, Melany Wursig. ISBN 9780080920351. from the original on 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
  47. ^ Gibbons, Edward F.; Durrant, Barbara Susan; Demarest, Jack (1995). Conservation Endangered Spe: An Interdisciplinary Approach - Edward F. Gibbons, Jr., Barbara Susan Durrant, Jack Demarest. ISBN 9780791419113. from the original on 2013-02-04. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
  48. ^ Debra Lee Miller (19 April 2016). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea: Whales, Porpoises and Dolphins. CRC Press. pp. 133–. ISBN 978-1-4398-4257-7. from the original on 20 March 2018.
  49. ^ American Institute of Biological Sciences (1977). Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises. University of California Press. GGKEY:T3BKXB87GHT. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  50. ^ "Reproduction". University of Wisconsin. from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  51. ^ "The Largest Penis in the World – Both for humans and animals, size does matter! – Softpedia". News.softpedia.com. 2007-01-05. from the original on 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
  52. ^ Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce C.; Chapman, Joseph A. (2003). Wild mammals of North America : biology, management, and conservation (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 432. ISBN 9780801874161. from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
  53. ^ Unwin, Brian (2008-01-22). . The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.
  54. ^ Wells, R.S. (1995). "Community structure of Bottlenose Dolphins near Sarasota, Florida". Paper presented at the 24th International Ethological Conference, Honoluly, Hawaii. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  55. ^ Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World. Marshall Cavendish. 1 January 2001. pp. 1460–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7194-3. from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  56. ^ M. R. N. Prasad (1974). Männliche Geschlechtsorgane. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-3-11-004974-9. from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  57. ^ Daniel W. Gade (1999). Nature & Culture in the Andes. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 125–. ISBN 978-0-299-16124-8. from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  58. ^ Jeffrey Quilter (1 April 2004). Cobble Circles and Standing Stones: Archaeology at the Rivas Site, Costa Rica. University of Iowa Press. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-1-58729-484-6. from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  59. ^ Lilia, K.; Rosnina, Y.; Abd Wahid, H.; Zahari, Z. Z.; Abraham, M. (2010). "Gross Anatomy and Ultrasonographic Images of the Reproductive System of the Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus)" (PDF). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 39 (6): 569–575. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01030.x. PMID 20809915. S2CID 46441225.
  60. ^ Zainal Zahari, Z., et al. "Gross anatomy and ultrasonographic images of the reproductive system of the sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). 2018-03-20 at the Wayback Machine" Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 31.6 (2002): 350-354.
  61. ^ "Baculum length and copulatory behaviour in carnivores and pinnipeds (Grand Order Ferae)". (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-03.
  62. ^ Susan Long (2006). Veterinary Genetics and Reproductive Physiology. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7506-8877-2. from the original on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
  63. ^ a b R. F. Ewer (1998). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  64. ^ Szykman, M.; Van Horn, R. C.; Engh, A.L. Boydston; Holekamp, K. E. (2007). "Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas" (PDF). Behaviour. 144 (7): 815–846. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.630.5755. doi:10.1163/156853907781476418. (PDF) from the original on 2012-11-30.
  65. ^ Estes 1998, p. 293
  66. ^ Glickman, SE; Cunha, GR; Drea, CM; Conley, AJ; Place, NJ (2006). "Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena" (PDF). Trends Endocrinol Metab. 17 (9): 349–356. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2006.09.005. PMID 17010637. S2CID 18227659. (PDF) from the original on 2013-02-22.
  67. ^ R. F. Ewer (1973). The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  68. ^ a b R. D. Estes (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  69. ^ Catherine Blackledge (2003). The Story of V: A Natural History of Female Sexuality. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3455-8. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  70. ^ Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. (1967). (PDF). Anat. Rec. 157 (1): 71–8. doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111. PMID 6030760. S2CID 13070242. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-20.
  71. ^ Cats of Africa. Struik. 2005. ISBN 978-1-77007-063-9. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  72. ^ Philip Caputo (1 June 2003). Ghosts of Tsavo: Stalking the Mystery Lions of East Africa. Adventure Press, National Geographic. ISBN 978-0-7922-4100-3. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  73. ^ Reena Mathur (2009). Animal Behaviour 3/e. Rastogi Publications. ISBN 978-81-7133-747-7. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  74. ^ T. M. Caro (15 August 1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: Group Living in an Asocial Species. University of Chicago Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-226-09433-5. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  75. ^ a b Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). "Cryptoprocta ferox" (PDF). Mammalian Species (254): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503919. JSTOR 3503919. (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  76. ^ Macdonald, D.W., ed. (2009). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14069-8.
  77. ^ Heptner & Sludskii 2002, p. 881
  78. ^ Leon Fradley Whitney (1952). The Raccoon. Practical Science Publishing Company. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  79. ^ Samuel I. Zeveloff (2002). Raccoons: A Natural History. UBC Press. pp. 5–. ISBN 978-0-7748-0964-1. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  80. ^ Julie Feinstein (January 2011). Field Guide to Urban Wildlife. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0585-1. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  81. ^ Fay, F.H. (1985). "Odobenus rosmarus". Mammalian Species (238): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3503810. JSTOR 3503810. from the original on 2013-09-15.
  82. ^ Born, E. W.; Gjertz, I.; Reeves, R. R. (1995). Population assessment of Atlantic Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L.). Oslo, Norway: Meddelelser. Norsk Polarinstitut. p. 100.
  83. ^ Feldhamer, Thompson & Chapman 2003, pp. 663–664
  84. ^ Bates et al. 2006, p. 304
  85. ^ Bates et al. 2006, pp. 306–307.
  86. ^ Bates et al. 2006, table 1
  87. ^ Tan, Min; Gareth Jones; Guangjian Zhu; Jianping Ye; Tiyu Hong; Shanyi Zhou; Shuyi Zhang; Libiao Zhang (October 28, 2009). Hosken, David (ed.). "Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7595. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7595T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007595. PMC 2762080. PMID 19862320.
  88. ^ a b c Hooper & Musser 1964, p. 13
  89. ^ Hooper & Musser 1964, table 1.
  90. ^ a b Weksler 2006, pp. 55–56.
  91. ^ Hooper & Musser 1964, p. 13; Weksler 2006, p. 57.
  92. ^ Hooper & Musser 1964, p. 7.
  93. ^ Weksler 2006, p. 57.
  94. ^ Weksler 2006, pp. 56–57.
  95. ^ Described by Voss & Linzey 1981. Noted in Weksler 2006, p. 58, footnote 10
  96. ^ Weksler 2006, pp. 57–58; Voss & Linzey 1981, p. 13.
  97. ^ Percequillo, Weksler & Costa 2011, p. 367.
  98. ^ Voss 2003, p. 11.
  99. ^ Skurski, D.; Waterman, J. (2005). "Xerus inauris". Mammalian Species. 781: 1–4. doi:10.1644/781.1.
  100. ^ Kim Long (1995). Squirrels: A Wildlife Handbook. Big Earth Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-55566-152-6. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  101. ^ Charles A. Long (2008). The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin. Pensoft Publishers. p. 341. ISBN 978-954-642-313-9. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  102. ^ Bradley, R.D. & Schmidley, D.J. (1987). "The glans penes and bacula in Latin American taxa of the Peromyscus boylii group". Journal of Mammalogy. 68 (3): 595–615. doi:10.2307/1381595. JSTOR 1381595.
  103. ^ José Roberto Moreira; Katia Maria P.M.B. Ferraz; Emilio A. Herrera (15 August 2012). Capybara: Biology, Use and Conservation of an Exceptional Neotropical Species. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-4000-0. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  104. ^ Shackelford, T. K.; Goetz, A. T. (2007). "Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 16: 47–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00473.x. S2CID 6179167.
  105. ^ Alan F. Dixson (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-150342-9. from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
  106. ^ a b Anderson, MJ (1998). "Comparative Morphology and Speciation in Galagos". Folia Primatol. 69 (7): 325–331. doi:10.1159/000052721. S2CID 202649686.
  107. ^ a b Dixson, AF (1989). "Sexual Selection, Genital Morphology, and Copulatory Behavior in Male Galagos". International Journal of Primatology. 1. 10: 47–55. doi:10.1007/bf02735703. S2CID 1129069.
  108. ^ a b Anderson, MJ (2000). "Penile Morphology and Classification of Bush Babies (Family Galagoninae)". International Journal of Primatology. 5. 21 (5): 815–836. doi:10.1023/A:1005542609002. S2CID 9983759.
  109. ^ Wilson, D.E.; Hanlon, E. (2010). "Lemur catta (Primates: Lemuridae)" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 42 (854): 58–74. doi:10.1644/854.1. S2CID 20361726. (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-10.
  110. ^ Fedigan L, Fedigan LM (1988). Cercopithecus aethiops: a review of field studies. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. pp. 389–411.
  111. ^ Peter Apps (2000). Wild Ways: Field Guide to the Behaviour of Southern African Mammals. Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-443-7. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  112. ^ Friderun Ankel-Simons (27 July 2010). Primate Anatomy: An Introduction. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-046911-9. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  113. ^ Nasaw, Daniel (February 6, 2012). "When did the middle finger become offensive?". BBC News Magazine. BBC. from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
  114. ^ Oricchio, Michael (June 20, 1996). "Davis' Infamous Finger Salute Has Had a Big Hand in History; Folklorists: Roots Go Back At Least 2,000 Years To Ancient Rome". San Jose Mercury News. p. 16A. from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2012. (subscription required)
  115. ^ Blitz J.; Ploog D.W.; Ploog F. (1963). "Studies on the social and sexual behavior of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)". Folia Primatologica. 1: 29–66. doi:10.1159/000164879.
  116. ^ Berezow, Alex B. (March 2, 2015). "Is Your Penis Normal? There's a Chart for That". RealClearScience.com. RealClearScience. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  117. ^ Veale, D.; Miles, S.; Bramley, S.; Muir, G.; Hodsoll, J. (2015). "Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15 521 men". BJU International. 115 (6): 978–986. doi:10.1111/bju.13010. PMID 25487360. S2CID 36836535.
  118. ^ On the Habits and Affinities of the New Australian Mammal, Notoryctes typhlops E. D. Cope The American Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 302 (Feb., 1892), pp. 121-128
  119. ^ Renfree, Marilyn; Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe (1987-01-30). Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521337922. from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  120. ^ Gadow, H. On the systematic position of Notoryctes typhlops. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1892, 361–370 (1892).
  121. ^ Riedelsheimer, B., Unterberger, P., Künzle, H. and U. Welsch. 2007. Histological study of the cloacal region and associated structures in the hedgehog tenrec Echinops telfairi. Mammalian Biology 72(6): 330-341.
  122. ^ Michael L. Augee; Brett A. Gooden; Anne Musser (January 2006). Echidna: Extraordinary Egg-laying Mammal. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09204-4. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  123. ^ Shultz, N. (26 October 2007). "Exhibitionist spiny anteater reveals bizarre penis". New Scientist. from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  124. ^ Augee, Gooden and Musser, p. 81.
  125. ^ Johnston, S.D.; Smith, B.; Pyne, M.; Stenzel, D.; Holt, W.V. (2007). "One-Sided Ejaculation of Echidna Sperm Bundles (Tachyglossus aculeatus)" (PDF). Am. Nat. 170 (6): E162–4. doi:10.1086/522847. PMID 18171162. S2CID 40632746.
  126. ^ Larry Vogelnest; Rupert Woods (18 August 2008). Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09928-9. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  127. ^ Mammalogy. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 21 April 2011. pp. 389–. ISBN 978-0-7637-6299-5. from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  128. ^ Barry, R.E.; Shoshani, J. (2000). "Heterohyrax brucei". Mammalian Species. 645: 1–7. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2000)645<0001:hb>2.0.co;2. S2CID 28256848.
  129. ^ Giustina, Anthony (31 December 2005). Sex World Records. Lulu.com. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-4116-6774-7. from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  130. ^ Shoshani, p. 80.
  131. ^ Smithers, Reay H. N. (March 2008). Smithers' Mammals of Southern Africa: A Field Guide. ISBN 9781868725502. from the original on 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
  132. ^ Sukumar, pp. 100–08.
  133. ^ Murray E. Fowler; Susan K. Mikota (2 October 2006). Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 353–. ISBN 978-0-8138-0676-1. from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
  134. ^ Naugher, K. B. (2004). "Anteaters (Myrmecophagidae)". In Hutchins, M.; Kleiman, D. G; Geist, V.; McDade, M. С. (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 13 (2nd ed.). Gale. pp. 171–79. ISBN 978-0-7876-7750-3.
  135. ^ "New data on armadillos (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae) for Central Patagonia, Argentina." Agustin M. Abba, et al.
  136. ^ Affanni, J. M.; Cervino, C. O.; Marcos, H. J. A. (2001). "Absence of penile erections during paradoxical sleep. Peculiar penile events during wakefulness and slow wave sleep in the armadillo". Journal of Sleep Research. 10 (3): 219–228. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2001.00259.x. PMID 11696075. S2CID 22421482.
  137. ^ Lutz, Dick (2005), Tuatara: A Living Fossil, Salem, Oregon: DIMI PRESS, ISBN 0-931625-43-2
  138. ^ Kelly, D. A. (2004). "Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 271 (Suppl 5): S293–S295. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0161. PMC 1810052. PMID 15503998.
  139. ^ Sueur, Jérôme; MacKie, David; Windmill, James F. C. (2011). "So Small, So Loud: Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygmy Aquatic Insect (Corixidae, Micronectinae)". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e21089. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621089S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021089. PMC 3115974. PMID 21698252.
  140. ^ Lienhard, Charles; Oliveira do Carmo, Thais; Lopes Ferreira, Rodrigo (2010). "A new genus of Sensitibillini from Brazilian caves (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Prionoglarididae)". Revue Suisse de Zoologie. 117 (4): 611–635. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.117600. ISSN 0035-418X. from the original on 2014-11-03.
  141. ^ Kazunori Yoshizawae; Rodrigo L. Ferreira; Yoshitaka Kamimura; Charles Lienhard (17 April 2014). "Female Penis, Male Vagina, and Their Correlated Evolution in a Cave Insect". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1006–1010. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.022. PMID 24746797.
  142. ^ Cell Press (17 April 2014). "In sex-reversed cave insects, females have the penises". Science Daily. from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  143. ^ a b Arkhipkin, A.I.; Laptikhovsky, V.V. (2010). "Observation of penis elongation in Onykia ingens: implications for spermatophore transfer in deep-water squid". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (3): 299–300. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq019.
  144. ^ Walker, M. 2010. Super squid sex organ discovered 2010-07-07 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Earth News, July 7, 2010.
  145. ^ Basu, S. C. (2011). Male Reproductive Dysfunction. JP Medical Ltd. p. 101. ISBN 9789350252208.
  146. ^ Simpson, John, ed. (1989). "penis, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8.[dead link]
  147. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
  148. ^ Rietstap, J. B. (1884). "Armorial général; précédé d'un Dictionnaire des termes du blason". G. B. van Goor zonen: XXXI. Vilené: se dit un animal qui a la marque du sexe d'un autre émail que le corps {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

General and cited references

Horses

  • Walker, Donald F.; Vaughan, John T. (1 June 1980). Bovine and equine urogenital surgery. Lea & Febiger. ISBN 978-0-8121-0284-0. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • . University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from the original on 2007-07-16. Retrieved 7 July 2007.
  • Munroe, Graham; Weese, Scott (15 March 2011). Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction. Manson Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84076-608-0. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  • Budras, Klaus Dieter; Sack (1 March 2012). Anatomy of the Horse. Manson Publishing. ISBN 978-3-8426-8368-6. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  • England, Gary (15 April 2008). Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-75041-4. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  • Equine Research (2004). . Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-487-0. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Evans, James Warren (15 February 1990). The Horse. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1811-6. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Hayes, M. Horace; Rossdale, Peter D. (March 1988). Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners: An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine and Surgery. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-76561-3. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  • McBane, Susan (2001). . Globe Pequot Press. ISBN 978-1-58574-389-6. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.

Marsupials

  • Parker, Rick (13 January 2012). Equine Science (4 ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-111-13877-6. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  • Flannery, Tim (2008). Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature. Grove/Atlantic, Incorporated. pp. 60–. ISBN 9780802143716. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  • Hunsaker, Don II (2 December 2012). The Biology of Marsupials. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-323-14620-3. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  • Jones, Menna E.; Dickman, Chris R.; Archer, Mike; Archer, Michael (2003). Predators With Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643066342. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
  • King, Anna (2001). . Iowa State University Biology Dept. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
  • Stonehouse, Bernard; Gilmore, Desmond (1977). The Biology of marsupials. University Park Press. ISBN 978-0-8391-0852-8. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  • Tyndale-Biscoe, C. Hugh (2005). Life of Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06257-3. Retrieved 18 February 2014.

Other animals

  • Austin, Colin Russell; Short, Roger Valentine (21 March 1985). Reproduction in Mammals: Volume 4, Reproductive Fitness. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31984-3. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  • Bassert, Joanna M.; McCurnin, Dennis M. (1 April 2013). McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4557-2884-8. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  • Bates, Paul J. J.; Ratrimomanarivo, Fanja H.; Harrison, David L.; Goodman, Steven M. (December 2006). "A description of a new species of Pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Madagascar with a review of related Vespertilioninae from the island". Acta Chiropterologica. 8 (2): 299–324. doi:10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8[299:ADOANS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85825521.
  • Beck, Benjamin B.; Wemmer, Christen M. (1983). The Biology and management of an extinct species: Père David's deer. Noyes Publications. ISBN 978-0-8155-0938-7. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  • Burns, Eugene (1953). The sex life of wild animals: a North American study. Rinehart. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Carnaby, Trevor (22 January 2007). Beat About the Bush: Mammals. Jacana Media. ISBN 978-1-77009-240-2. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  • Brehm, Alfred Edmund (1895). "Brehm's Life of Animals". Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Company. Retrieved 2013-11-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Elbroch, Lawrence Mark; Kresky, Michael Raymond; Evans, Jonah Wy (7 April 2012). Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95164-8. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  • Eltringham, Stewart Keith (1979). The ecology and conservation of large African mammals. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-23580-5. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  • Estes, Richard (1998). The safari companion: a guide to watching African mammals, including hoofed mammals, carnivores, and primates. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 978-1-890132-44-6.
  • Frandson, Rowen D.; Wilke, W. Lee; Fails, Anna Dee (30 June 2009). Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-8138-1394-3. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  • Geist, Valerius (1993). Elk Country. T&N Children's Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55971-208-8. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  • Hayssen, Virginia Douglass; Tienhoven, Ari Van (1993). Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-Specific Data. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1753-5. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (2002). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 1b, Carnivores (Mustelidae and Procyonidae). Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. ISBN 978-90-04-08876-4. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
  • Hoffmeister, Donald F. (2002). Mammals of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07083-9. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  • Hooper, E.T.; Musser, G.G. (1964). "The glans penis in Neotropical cricetines (Family Muridae) with comments on classification of muroid rodents". Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 123: 1–57. hdl:2027.42/56367.
  • Horowitz, Barbara N.; Bowers, Kathryn (12 June 2012). Zoobiquity: What Animals Can Teach Us About Being Human. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-385-67061-6. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  • Horwich, Robert H. (June 1972). The ontogeny of social behavior in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). P. Parey. ISBN 978-3-489-68036-9. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Jackson, Hartley H. (January 1961). Mammals of Wisconsin. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02150-4. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  • Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan. The Society. 1986. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  • Khanna, Dev Raj; Yadav, P. R. (1 January 2005). Biology Of Mammals. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-934-0. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  • Kingdon, Jonathan (January 1984). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. Vol. I. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-43718-7. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  • Kingdon, Jonathan (1984). East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226437187.
  • König, Horst Erich; Liebich, Hans-Georg (2007). Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Atlas. Schattauer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7945-2485-3. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Kotpal, R. L. (2010). Modern Text Book Of Zoology Vertebrates. Rastogi Publications. ISBN 978-81-7133-891-7. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Krause, William J. (1 March 2008). An Atlas of Opossum Organogenesis. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-969-4. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  • Linzey, Donald W. (28 December 2011). Vertebrate Biology. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0040-2. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  • Lukefahr, Steven D.; Cheeke, Peter R.; Patton, Nephi M. (2013). Rabbit Production. CABI. ISBN 978-1-78064-012-9. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  • Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society. 1975. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  • Percequillo, A.R.; Weksler, M.; Costa, L.P. (2011). "A new genus and species of rodent from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae: Oryzomyini), with comments on oryzomyine biogeography". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 357–390. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00643.x.
  • Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (22 February 2005). The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8022-3. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  • Roze, Uldis (2009). The North American Porcupine. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4646-7. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  • Sarkar, Amita (1 January 2003). Sexual Behaviour In Animals. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-7141-746-9. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  • Schatten, Heide; Constantinescu, Gheorghe M. (21 March 2008). Comparative Reproductive Biology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-39025-2. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Small, Meredith F. (1993). Female Choices: Sexual Behavior of Female Primates. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8305-9. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  • Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, Christian T. (15 November 2005). The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84418-5. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  • Staker, Lynda (2006). The Complete Guide to the Care of Macropods: A Comprehensive Guide to the Handrearing, Rehabilitation and Captive Management of Kangaroo Species. ISBN 978-0-9775751-0-7. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  • Strum, Shirley C.; Fedigan, Linda Marie (15 August 2000). Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender, and Society. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77754-2. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  • Sturtz, Robin; Asprea, Lori (30 July 2012). Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses: A Clinical Approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-40585-7. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  • Peter J Chenoweth; Steven Lorton (30 April 2014). Animal Andrology: Theories and Applications. CABI. ISBN 978-1-78064-316-8.
  • Verts, B. J.; Carraway, Leslie N. (1998). Land Mammals of Oregon. University of California Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-520-21199-5. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  • Voss, R.S.; Linzey, A.V. (1981). "Comparative gross morphology of male accessory glands among Neotropical Muridae (Mammalia: Rodentia) with comments on systematic implications". Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 159: 1–41. hdl:2027.42/56403.
  • Voss, R.S (2003). "A new species of Thomasomys (Rodentia: Muridae) from eastern Ecuador, with remarks on mammalian diversity and biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental". American Museum Novitates (3421): 1–47. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)421<0001:ansotr>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/2850. S2CID 62795333.
  • Weksler, M. (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 296: 1–149. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)296[0001:PROORM]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5777. S2CID 86057173.
  • Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (16 November 2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0801882210. Retrieved 20 July 2013.

External links

 
Look up penis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penis.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Male genitalia in heraldry.
  • Kinsey Institute on the penis

March 18, 2023
penis, other, uses, disambiguation, confused, with, peanuts, penix, this, article, about, penises, animals, general, human, organ, human, penis, penile, penes, redirect, here, community, penile, louisville, other, uses, penes, disambiguation, penis, plural, pe. For other uses see Penis disambiguation Not to be confused with Peanuts or Penix This article is about penises of animals in general For the human organ see Human penis Penile and Penes redirect here For the community see Penile Louisville For other uses see Penes disambiguation A penis plural penises or penes p iː n ɪ s is the primary sexual organ that male animals use to inseminate females or hermaphrodites during copulation 1 2 Such organs occur in many animals both vertebrate and invertebrate but males do not bear a penis in every animal species Furthermore penises are not necessarily homologous Penis of an Asian elephant The term penis applies to many intromittent organs but not to all As an example the intromittent organ of most Cephalopoda is the hectocotylus a specialized arm and male spiders use their pedipalps Even within the Vertebrata there are morphological variants with specific terminology such as hemipenes In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might reasonably be described as a penis it has no major function other than intromission or at least conveying the sperm to the female but in the placental mammals the penis bears the distal part of the urethra which discharges both urine during urination and semen during copulation 3 Contents 1 Vertebrates 1 1 Birds 1 2 Mammals 1 2 1 Artiodactyls 1 2 1 1 Deer 1 2 2 Cetaceans 1 2 3 Perissodactyls 1 2 4 Carnivores 1 2 5 Bats 1 2 6 Rodents 1 2 7 Primates 1 2 7 1 Humans 1 2 8 Marsupials 1 2 9 Monotremes 1 2 10 Others 1 3 Fish and reptiles 2 Invertebrates 2 1 Arthropods 2 1 1 Insects 2 2 Mollusks 3 Etymology 4 Heraldry 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 General and cited references 6 2 1 Horses 6 2 2 Marsupials 6 2 3 Other animals 7 External linksVertebratesBirds See also Intromittent organ Birds and Bird anatomy Urogenital and Endocrine systems Mallard pseudo penis Most male birds e g roosters and turkeys have a cloaca also present on the female but not a penis Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes tinamous and ratites 4 and Anatidae ducks geese and swans 5 A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph not blood 6 It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush like filaments and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca While most male birds have no external genitalia male waterfowl Anatidae have a phallus Most birds mate with the males balancing on top of the females and touching cloacas in a cloacal kiss this makes forceful insemination very difficult The phallus that male waterfowl have evolved everts out of their bodies in a clockwise coil and aids in inseminating females without their cooperation 7 The male waterfowl evolution of a phallus to forcefully copulate with females has led to counteradaptations in females in the form of vaginal structures called dead end sacs and clockwise coils These structures make it harder for males to achieve intromission The clockwise coils are significant because the male phallus everts out of their body in a counter clockwise spiral therefore a clockwise vaginal structure would impede forceful copulation Studies have shown that the longer a male s phallus is the more elaborate the vaginal structures were 7 Females have corkscrew vaginas with many blind pockets designed for difficult penetration and to prevent becoming pregnant This reduced the likelihood of fertilization by unwanted aggressors in favor of fitter mates The lake duck is notable for possessing in relation to body length the longest penis of all vertebrates the penis which is typically coiled up in flaccid state can reach about the same length as the animal himself when fully erect but is more commonly about half the bird s length 8 9 It is theorized that the remarkable size of their spiny penises with bristled tips may have evolved in response to competitive pressure in these highly promiscuous birds removing sperm from previous matings in the manner of a bottle brush The lake duck has a corkscrew shaped penis 10 Male and female emus are similar in appearance 11 although the male s penis can become visible when it defecates 12 The male tinamou has a corkscrew shaped penis similar to those of the ratites and to the hemipenis of some reptiles Females have a small phallic organ in the cloaca which becomes larger during the breeding season 13 Mammals Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mammal penis External male genitalia of a Labrador Retriever As with any other bodily attribute the length and girth of the penis can be highly variable between mammals of different species 14 15 In many mammals the size of a flaccid penis is smaller than its erect size A bone called the baculum or os penis is present in most mammals but absent in humans cattle and horses In mammals the penis is divided into three parts 16 Roots crura these begin at the caudal border of the pelvic ischial arch Body the part of the penis extending from the roots Glans the free end of the penis The internal structures of the penis consist mainly of cavernous erectile tissue which is a collection of blood sinusoids separated by sheets of connective tissue trabeculae Some mammals have a lot of erectile tissue relative to connective tissue for example horses Because of this a horse s penis can enlarge more than a bull s penis The urethra is on the ventral side of the body of the penis As a general rule a mammal s penis is proportional to its body size but this varies greatly between species even between closely related ones For example an adult gorilla s erect penis is about 4 5 cm 1 8 in in length an adult chimpanzee significantly smaller in body size than a gorilla has a penis size about double that of the gorilla In comparison the human penis is larger than that of any other primate both in proportion to body size and in absolute terms 17 Artiodactyls The penises of even toed ungulates are curved in an S shape when not erect 18 In bulls rams and boars the sigmoid flexure of the penis straightens out during erection 19 When mating the tip of a male pronghorn s penis is often the first part to touch the female pronghorn 20 The pronghorn s penis is about 13 cm 5 in long and is shaped like an ice pick 21 The front of a pronghorn s glans penis is relatively flat while the back is relatively thick 22 The male pronghorn usually ejaculates immediately after intromission 23 24 The penis of a dromedary camel is covered by a triangular penile sheath opening backwards 25 and is about 60 cm 24 in long 26 27 The camelmen often aid the male to enter his penis into the female s vulva though the male is considered able to do it on his own Copulation time ranges from 7 to 35 minutes averaging 11 15 minutes 28 29 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bull penis Bulls have a fibro elastic penis Given the small amount of erectile tissue there is little enlargement after erection The penis is quite rigid when non erect and becomes even more rigid during erection Protrusion is not affected much by erection but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure 30 16 31 The male genitalia of mouse deer are similar to those of pigs 32 A boar s penis which rotates rhythmically during copulation 33 is about 46 cm 18 in long and ejaculates about a pint of semen 34 Wild boars have a roughly egg sized sack near the opening of the penis which collects urine and emits a sharp odour The purpose of this is not fully understood 35 Deer Main article Deer penis A stag s penis forms an S shaped curve when it is not erect and is retracted into its sheath by the retractor penis muscle 36 Some deer species spray urine on their bodies by urinating from an erect penis 37 One type of scent marking behavior in elk is known as thrash urination 38 39 which typically involves palpitation of the erect penis 39 40 41 A male elk s urethra points upward so that urine is sprayed almost at a right angle to the penis 39 A sambar stag will mark himself by spraying urine directly in the face with a highly mobile penis which is often erect during its rutting activities 42 Red deer stags often have erect penises during combat 43 Cetaceans See also Dolphin anatomy Penises of minke whales on display at the Icelandic Phallological Museum Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cetacea penis Cetaceans reproductive organs are located inside the body Male cetaceans whales dolphins and porpoises have two slits the genital groove concealing the penis and one further behind for the anus 44 45 46 47 Cetaceans have fibroelastic penises similar to those of Artiodactyla 48 The tapering tip of the cetacean penis is called the pars intrapraeputialis or terminal cone 49 The blue whale has the largest penis of any organism on the planet typically measuring 2 4 3 0 m 8 10 ft 50 Accurate measurements are difficult to take because its erect length can only be observed during mating 51 which occurs underwater The penis on a right whale can be up to 2 7 m 8 9 ft the testes at up to 2 m 6 ft 7 in in length 78 cm 2 ft 7 in in diameter and weighing up to 238 kg 525 lb are also by far the largest of any animal on Earth 52 On at least one occasion a dolphin towed bathers through the water by hooking his erect penis around them 53 Between male bottlenose dolphins homosexual behaviour includes rubbing of genitals against each other which sometimes leads to the males swimming belly to belly inserting the penis in the other s genital slit and sometimes anus 54 Perissodactyls Stallions male horses have a vascular penis When non erect it is quite flaccid and contained within the prepuce foreskin or sheath Tapirs have exceptionally long penises relative to their body size 55 56 57 58 The glans of the Malayan tapir resembles a mushroom and is similar to the glans of the horse 59 The penis of the Sumatran rhinoceros contains two lateral lobes and a structure called the processus glandis 60 Carnivores Genitorinary system of a raccoon Procyon lotor All members of Carnivora except hyenas have a baculum 61 Canine penises have a structure at the base called the bulbus glandis 62 63 During copulation the spotted hyena inserts his penis through the female s pseudo penis instead of directly through the vagina which is blocked by the false scrotum and testes Once the female retracts her clitoris the male enters the female by sliding beneath her an operation facilitated by the penis s upward angle 64 65 The pseudo penis closely resembles the male hyena s penis but can be distinguished from the male s genitalia by its greater thickness and more rounded glans 66 In male spotted hyenas as well as females the base of the glans is covered with penile spines 67 68 69 Domestic cats have barbed penises with about 120 150 one millimeter long backwards pointing spines 70 Upon withdrawal of the penis the spines rake the walls of the female s vagina which is a trigger for ovulation Lions also have barbed penises 71 72 Male felids urinate backwards by curving the tip of the glans penis backward 63 73 When male cheetahs urine mark their territories they stand one meter away from a tree or rock surface with the tail raised pointing the penis either horizontally backward or 60 upward 74 The male fossa has an unusually long penis and baculum penis bone reaching to between his front legs when erect 75 with backwards pointing spines along most of its length 76 The male fossa has scent glands near the penis with the penile glands emitting a strong odor 75 The beech marten s penis is larger than the pine marten s with the bacula of young beech martens often outsizing those of old pine martens 77 Raccoons have penis bones which bend at a 90 degree angle at the tip 78 The extrusibility of a raccoon s penis can be used to distinguish mature males from immature males 79 80 Male walruses possess the largest penis bones of any land mammal both in absolute size and relative to body size 81 82 The adult male American mink s penis is 5 6 cm 2 1 4 in long and is covered by a sheath The baculum is well developed being triangular in cross section and curved at the tip 83 Bats Males of Racey s pipistrelle bat have a long straight penis with a notch between the shaft and the narrow egg shaped glans penis Near the top the penis is haired but the base is almost naked In the baculum penis bone the shaft is long and narrow and slightly curved 84 The length of the penis and baculum distinguish P raceyi from all comparably sized African and Malagasy vespertilionids 85 In males penis length is 9 6 to 11 8 mm 3 8 to 15 32 in and baculum length is 8 8 to 10 0 mm 11 32 to 13 32 in 86 Copulation by male greater short nosed fruit bats is dorsoventral and the females lick the shaft or the base of the male s penis but not the glans which has already penetrated the vagina While the females do this the penis is not withdrawn and research has shown a positive relationship between length of the time that the penis is licked and the duration of copulation Post copulation genital grooming has also been observed 87 Rodents The glans penis of the marsh rice rat is long and robust 88 averaging 7 3 mm 9 32 in long and 4 6 mm 3 16 in broad and the baculum penis bone is 6 6 mm 1 4 in long 89 As is characteristic of Sigmodontinae the marsh rice rat has a complex penis with the distal far end of the baculum ending in three digits 90 The central digit is notably larger than those at the sides 88 The outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines but there is a broad band of nonspinous tissue The papilla nipple like projection on the dorsal upper side of the penis is covered with small spines a character the marsh rice rat shares only with Oligoryzomys and Oryzomys couesi among oryzomyines examined 91 On the urethral process located in the crater at the end of the penis 92 a fleshy process the subapical lobule is present it is absent in all other oryzomyines with studied penes except O couesi and Holochilus brasiliensis 93 The baculum is deeper than it is wide 88 In Transandinomys talamancae the outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines but there is a broad band of nonspinous tissue 94 Some features of the accessory glands in the male genital region vary among oryzomyines In Transandinomys talamancae 95 a single pair of preputial glands is present at the penis As is usual for sigmodontines there are two pairs of ventral prostate glands and a single pair of anterior and dorsal prostate glands Part of the end of the vesicular gland is irregularly folded not smooth as in most oryzomyines 96 In Pseudoryzomys the baculum penis bone displays large protuberances at the sides In the cartilaginous part of the baculum the central digit is smaller than those at the sides 90 In Drymoreomys there are three digits at the tip of the penis of which the central one is the largest 97 In Thomasomys ucucha the glans penis is rounded short and small and is superficially divided into left and right halves by a trough at the top and a ridge at the bottom 98 The glans penis of a male cape ground squirrel is large with a prominent baculum 99 Unlike other squirrel species red squirrels have long thin and narrow penises without a prominent baculum 100 101 Winkelmann s mouse can easily be distinguished from its close relatives by the shape of its penis which has a partially corrugated glans 102 The foreskin of a capybara is attached to the anus in an unusual way forming an anogenital invagination 103 Primates External male genitalia of Papio hamadryas and Chlorocebus pygerythrus It has been postulated that the shape of the human penis may have been selected by sperm competition The shape could have favored displacement of seminal fluids implanted within the female reproductive tract by rival males the thrusting action which occurs during sexual intercourse can mechanically remove seminal fluid out of the cervix area from a previous mating 104 The penile morphology of some types of strepsirrhine primates has provided information about their taxonomy 105 Male galago species possess very distinctive penile morphology that can be used to classify species 106 107 108 The northern greater galago penis is on average 18 mm 11 16 in in length with doubled headed or even tridentate spines pointing towards the body They are less densely packed than in Otolemur crassicaudatus 106 107 108 The penis of the ring tailed lemur is nearly cylindrical in shape and is covered in small spines as well as having two pairs of larger spines on both sides 109 The adult male of each vervet monkey species has a pale blue scrotum and a red penis 110 111 and male proboscis monkeys have a red penis with a black scrotum 112 Male baboons and squirrel monkeys sometimes gesture with an erect penis as both a warning of impending danger and a threat to predators 113 114 In male squirrel monkeys this gesture is used for social communication 115 Humans Main article Human penis Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human penis Penis of a human with pubic hair removed to show anatomical detail The human penis is an external sex organ of male humans It is a reproductive intromittent organ that additionally serves as the urinal duct The main parts are the root of the penis radix It is the attached part consisting of the bulb of penis in the middle and the crus of penis one on either side of the bulb the body of the penis corpus and the epithelium of the penis consists of the shaft skin the foreskin and the preputial mucosa on the inside of the foreskin and covering the glans penis The human penis is made up of three columns of tissue two corpora cavernosa lie next to each other on the dorsal side and one corpus spongiosum lies between them on the ventral side The urethra which is the last part of the urinary tract traverses the corpus spongiosum and its opening known as the meatus m iː ˈ eɪ t e s lies on the tip of the glans penis It is a passage both for urine and for the ejaculation of semen In males the expulsion of urine from the body is done through the penis The urethra drains the bladder through the prostate gland where it is joined by the ejaculatory duct and then onward to the penis An erection is the stiffening and rising of the penis which occurs during sexual arousal though it can also happen in non sexual situations Ejaculation is the ejecting of semen from the penis and is usually accompanied by orgasm A series of muscular contractions delivers semen containing male gametes known as sperm cells or spermatozoa from the penis The most common form of genital alteration is circumcision the removal of part or all of the foreskin for various cultural religious and more rarely medical reasons There is controversy surrounding circumcision As of 2015 update a systematic review of 15 521 men who were measured by health professionals rather than themselves concluded that the average length of an erect human penis is 13 12 cm 5 17 inches long while the average circumference of an erect human penis is 11 66 cm 4 59 inches 116 117 Marsupials Most marsupials except for the two largest species of kangaroos and marsupial moles 118 assuming the latter are true marsupials have a bifurcated penis separated into two columns so that the penis has two ends corresponding to the females two vaginas 119 Monotremes Monotremes and marsupial moles are the only mammals in which the penis is located inside the cloaca 120 121 Male echidnas have a bilaterally symmetrical rosette like four headed penis 122 During mating the heads on one side shut down and do not grow in size the other two are used to release semen into the female s two branched reproductive tract The heads used are swapped each time the mammal copulates 123 124 125 When not in use the penis is retracted inside a preputial sac in the cloaca The male echidna s penis is 7 cm 3 in long when erect and its shaft is covered with penile spines 126 The penis is nearly a quarter of his body length when erect 127 Others This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia s layout guidelines Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure June 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message The penis of the bush hyrax is complex and distinct from that of the other hyrax genera It has a short thin appendage within a cup like glans penis and measures greater than 6 cm 2 1 2 in when erect Additionally it has been observed that the bush hyrax also has a greater distance between the anus and preputial opening in comparison to other hyraxes 128 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elephant penis An adult elephant has the largest penis of any land animal 129 self published source An elephant s penis can reach a length of 100 cm 40 in and a diameter of 16 cm 6 in at the base citation needed It is S shaped when fully erect and has a Y shaped orifice 130 During musth a male elephant may urinate with his penis still in the sheath which causes the urine to spray on the hind legs 131 132 An elephant s penis is very mobile being able to move independently of the male s pelvis 133 and the penis curves forward and upward prior to mounting another elephant 68 In giant anteaters the retracted penis and testes are located internally between the rectum and urinary bladder 134 When the male armadillo Chaetophractus villosus is sexually aroused species determination is easier Its penis can be as long as 35 mm 1 1 2 in and usually remains completely withdrawn inside a skin receptacle 135 Scientists conducting studies on the C villosus penis muscles revealed this species very long penis exhibits variability During its waking hours it remains hidden beneath a skin receptacle until it becomes erect and it projects outside in a rostral direction 136 Fish and reptiles See also Intromittent organ Vertebrata Male turtles and crocodiles have a penis while male specimens of the reptile order Squamata have two paired organs called hemipenes Tuataras must use their cloacae for reproduction 137 Due to evolutionary convergence turtle and mammal penises have a similar structure 138 In some fish the gonopodium andropodium and claspers are intromittent organs to introduce sperm into the female developed from modified fins InvertebratesFurther information Intromittent organ Invertebrates Arthropods The spine covered penis of Callosobruchus analis a bean weevil The record for the largest penis size to body size ratio is held by the barnacle The barnacle s penis can grow to up to forty times its own body length This enables them to reach the nearest female for fertilization A number of invertebrate species have independently evolved the mating technique of traumatic insemination where the penis penetrates the female s abdomen thereby creating a womb into which it deposits sperm This has been most fully studied in bed bugs Some millipedes have penises In these species the penis is simply one or two projections on underneath the third body segment that produce a spermatophore or sperm packet The act of insemination however occurs through specialized legs called gonopods which collect the spermatophore and insert it into the female Insects See also Intromittent organ Insects In male insects the structure analogous to a penis is known as aedeagus The male copulatory organ of various lower invertebrate animals is often called the cirrus citation needed The lesser water boatman s mating call generated by rubbing the penis against the abdomen is the loudest sound relative to body size in the animal kingdom 139 In 2010 entomologist Charles Linehard described Neotrogla a new genus of barkflies Species of this genus have sex reversed genitalia Females have penis like organs called gynosomes that are inserted into vagina like openings of males during mating 140 In 2014 a detailed study of the insects reproductive habits led by Kazunori Yoshizawae confirmed that the organ functions similar to a penis for example it swells during sexual intercourse and is used to extract sperm from the male 141 142 Mollusks The penis in most male Coleoid cephalopods is a long and muscular end of the gonoduct used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm called a hectocotylus That in turn is used to transfer the spermatophores to the female In species where the hectocotylus is missing the penis is long and able to extend beyond the mantle cavity and transfers the spermatophores directly to the female Deepwater squid have the greatest known penis length relative to body size of all mobile animals second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain sessile barnacles Penis elongation in Onykia ingens may result in a penis that is as long as the mantle head and arms combined 143 144 Giant squid of the genus Architeuthis are unusual in that they possess both a large penis and modified arm tips although it is uncertain whether the latter are used for spermatophore transfer 143 EtymologyThe word penis is taken from the Latin word for tail Some derive that from Indo European pesnis and the Greek word peos penis from Indo European pesos Prior to the adoption of the Latin word in English the penis was referred to as a yard The Oxford English Dictionary cites an example of the word yard used in this sense from 1379 145 and notes that in his Physical Dictionary of 1684 Steven Blankaart defined the word penis as the Yard made up of two nervous Bodies the Channel Nut Skin and Fore skin etc 146 According to Wiktionary this term meant among other senses rod or bar As with nearly any aspect of the body involved in sexual or excretory functions the penis is the subject of many slang words and euphemisms for it a particularly common and enduring one being cock See WikiSaurus penis for a list of alternative words for penis The Latin word phallus from Greek fallos is sometimes used to describe the penis although phallus originally was used to describe representations pictorial or carved of the penis 147 HeraldryMain article Pizzle Pizzles are represented in heraldry where the adjective pizzled or vilene 148 indicates that part of an animate charge s anatomy especially if coloured differently See alsoBuried penis Castration anxiety Dick joke Dildo Diphallia Erogenous zone Fascinus Koteka Micropenis Penis enlargement Penis envy Penis removal Phallic architecture Preputioplasty Pubic hair Stamen Stunt cock TesticleReferencesCitations Janet Leonard Alex Cordoba Aguilar R 18 June 2010 The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 971703 3 Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 Retrieved 20 July 2013 Schmitt V Anthes N Michiels N K 2007 Mating behaviour in the sea slug Elysia timida Opisthobranchia Sacoglossa hypodermic injection sperm transfer and balanced reciprocity Frontiers in Zoology 4 17 doi 10 1186 1742 9994 4 17 PMC 1934903 PMID 17610714 Marvalee H Wake 15 September 1992 Hyman s Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy University of Chicago Press p 583 ISBN 978 0 226 87013 7 Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Julian Lombardi 1998 Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction Springer ISBN 978 0 7923 8336 9 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 5 December 2012 MobileReference 15 December 2009 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of European Birds An Essential Guide to Birds of Europe MobileReference ISBN 978 1 60501 557 6 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 5 December 2012 Frank B Gill 6 October 2006 Ornithology Macmillan pp 414 ISBN 978 0 7167 4983 7 Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 Retrieved 5 December 2012 a b Brennan P L R et al Coevolution of male and female genital morphology in waterfowl PLoS ONE 2 e418 2007 McCracken Kevin G 2000 The 20 cm Spiny Penis of the Argentine Lake Duck Oxyura vittata PDF The Auk 117 3 820 825 doi 10 2307 4089612 JSTOR 4089612 Archived PDF from the original on 2015 09 23 McCracken Kevin G Wilson Robert E McCracken Pamela J Johnson Kevin P 2001 Sexual selection Are ducks impressed by drakes display PDF Nature 413 6852 128 Bibcode 2001Natur 413 128M doi 10 1038 35093160 PMID 11557968 S2CID 4321156 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 01 23 Duck genitals locked in arms race COSMOS magazine Archived from the original on July 25 2008 Eastman p 23 Coddington and Cockburn p 366 Cabot J Carboneras C Folch A de Juanca E Llimona F Matheu E 1992 Tinamiformes In del Hoyo J ed Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol I Ostrich to Ducks Barcelona Spain Lynx Edicions Tim Birkhead 2000 Promiscuity An Evolutionary History of Sperm Competition Harvard University Press p 102 ISBN 978 0 674 00666 9 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Virginia Douglass Hayssen Ari Van Tienhoven 1993 Asdell s Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction A Compendium of Species Specific Data Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 1753 5 Retrieved 23 July 2013 a b William O Reece 2009 03 04 Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 9780813814513 Archived from the original on 2018 03 20 Sue Taylor Parker Karin Enstam Jaffe 2008 Darwin s Legacy Scenarios in Human Evolution AltaMira Press p 121 ISBN 978 0 7591 0316 0 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Uwe Gille 2008 urinary and sexual apparatus urogenital Apparatus In F V Salomon and others eds Anatomy for veterinary medicine pp 368 403 ISBN 978 3 8304 1075 1 Sergi Bonet Isabel Casas William V Holt Marc Yeste 1 February 2013 Boar Reproduction Fundamentals and New Biotechnological Trends Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 978 3 642 35049 8 Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 John A Byers 1997 American Pronghorn Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 08699 6 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 John A Byers 30 June 2009 Built for Speed A Year in the Life of Pronghorn Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 02913 2 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Bart W O Gara James D Yoakum 2004 Pronghorn ecology and management University Press of Colorado ISBN 978 0 87081 757 1 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 John A Byers 1997 American Pronghorn Social Adaptations and the Ghosts of Predators Past University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 08699 6 Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 Retrieved 15 July 2013 John A Byers 30 June 2009 Built for Speed A Year in the Life of Pronghorn Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 02913 2 Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 Retrieved 15 July 2013 R Yagil 1985 The desert camel comparative physiological adaptation Karger ISBN 978 3 8055 4065 0 Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 Retrieved 5 September 2013 Kohler Rollefson I U 12 April 1991 Camelus dromedarius PDF Mammalian Species 375 1 8 doi 10 2307 3504297 JSTOR 3504297 Archived from the original PDF on 21 May 2013 Malie Marie Sophie Smuts Abraham Johannes Bezuidenhout 1987 Anatomy of the dromedary Clarendon Press ISBN 978 0 19 857188 9 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 11 June 2013 Mukasa Mugerwa E 1981 01 01 The Camel Camelus dromedarius A Bibliographical Review p 20 Archived from the original on 2014 03 26 Retrieved 2013 11 08 Nomadic Peoples Commission on Nomadic Peoples 1992 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 11 June 2013 Sarkar A 2003 Sexual Behaviour In Animals Discovery Publishing House ISBN 978 81 7141 746 9 Gillespie James R Flanders Frank 2009 01 28 Modern Livestock and Poultry Production James R Gillespie Frank B Flanders ISBN 978 1428318083 Archived from the original on 2013 02 04 Retrieved 2012 12 02 Vidyadaran M K et al 1999 Male genital organs and accessory glands of the lesser mouse deer Tragulus javanicus PDF Journal of Mammalogy 80 1 199 204 doi 10 2307 1383219 JSTOR 1383219 William G Eberhard 1996 Female Control Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 01084 7 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Geoffrey Miller 21 December 2011 The Mating Mind How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 307 81374 9 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Heptner V G Nasimovich A A Bannikov A G Hoffman R S 1988 Mammals of the Soviet Union Volume I Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation pp 19 82 Leonard Lee Rue III 2004 The Deer of North America The Standard Reference on All North American Deer Species Behavior Habitat Distribution and More LYONS Press ISBN 9781592284658 Archived from the original on 2013 05 28 Retrieved 2013 05 05 Fritz R Walther 1984 Communication and expression in hoofed mammals Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 31380 5 Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 Retrieved 5 July 2013 Dale R McCullough 1969 The tule elk its history behavior and ecology University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 01921 8 Retrieved 22 July 2013 a b c Youngquist Robert S Threlfall Walter R 2006 11 23 Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology ISBN 9781437713404 Archived from the original on 2013 05 11 Jay Houston 2008 07 07 Ultimate Elk Hunting Strategies Techniques amp Methods ISBN 9781616732813 Archived from the original on 2013 05 11 Retrieved 2013 02 10 Struhsaker Thomas T 1967 Behavior of elk Cervus canadensis during the rut Retrieved 2013 11 08 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Deer of the world their evolution behaviour and ecology Valerius Geist Stackpole Books 1998 Pg 73 77 Sommer Volker Vasey Paul L 2006 07 27 Homosexual Behaviour in Animals An Evolutionary Perspective Cambridge University Press pp 166 ISBN 9780521864466 Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 Retrieved 5 May 2013 William F Perrin Bernd Wursig J G M Thewissen 26 February 2009 Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals Academic Press ISBN 978 0 08 091993 5 Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 Retrieved 28 June 2013 Spencer Wilkie Tinker 1 January 1988 Whales of the World Brill Archive ISBN 978 0 935848 47 2 Wursig Bernd Wursig Melany 2009 07 17 The Dusky Dolphin Master Acrobat Off Different Shores Bernd G Wursig Bernd Wursig Melany Wursig ISBN 9780080920351 Archived from the original on 2013 10 11 Retrieved 2012 11 22 Gibbons Edward F Durrant Barbara Susan Demarest Jack 1995 Conservation Endangered Spe An Interdisciplinary Approach Edward F Gibbons Jr Barbara Susan Durrant Jack Demarest ISBN 9780791419113 Archived from the original on 2013 02 04 Retrieved 2012 11 22 Debra Lee Miller 19 April 2016 Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea Whales Porpoises and Dolphins CRC Press pp 133 ISBN 978 1 4398 4257 7 Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 American Institute of Biological Sciences 1977 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises University of California Press GGKEY T3BKXB87GHT Retrieved 8 August 2013 Reproduction University of Wisconsin Archived from the original on 30 July 2012 Retrieved 3 October 2012 The Largest Penis in the World Both for humans and animals size does matter Softpedia News softpedia com 2007 01 05 Archived from the original on 2011 05 15 Retrieved 2011 05 28 Feldhamer George A Thompson Bruce C Chapman Joseph A 2003 Wild mammals of North America biology management and conservation 2nd ed Baltimore Md Johns Hopkins University Press p 432 ISBN 9780801874161 Archived from the original on 2013 11 04 Retrieved 2013 11 08 Unwin Brian 2008 01 22 Tougher laws to protect friendly dolphins The Telegraph London Archived from the original on 2012 12 27 Wells R S 1995 Community structure of Bottlenose Dolphins near Sarasota Florida Paper presented at the 24th International Ethological Conference Honoluly Hawaii a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World Marshall Cavendish 1 January 2001 pp 1460 ISBN 978 0 7614 7194 3 Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 23 January 2013 M R N Prasad 1974 Mannliche Geschlechtsorgane Walter de Gruyter pp 119 ISBN 978 3 11 004974 9 Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 23 January 2013 Daniel W Gade 1999 Nature amp Culture in the Andes Univ of Wisconsin Press pp 125 ISBN 978 0 299 16124 8 Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2013 Jeffrey Quilter 1 April 2004 Cobble Circles and Standing Stones Archaeology at the Rivas Site Costa Rica University of Iowa Press pp 181 ISBN 978 1 58729 484 6 Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2013 Lilia K Rosnina Y Abd Wahid H Zahari Z Z Abraham M 2010 Gross Anatomy and Ultrasonographic Images of the Reproductive System of the Malayan Tapir Tapirus indicus PDF Anatomia Histologia Embryologia 39 6 569 575 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0264 2010 01030 x PMID 20809915 S2CID 46441225 Zainal Zahari Z et al Gross anatomy and ultrasonographic images of the reproductive system of the sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Archived 2018 03 20 at the Wayback Machine Anatomia histologia embryologia 31 6 2002 350 354 Baculum length and copulatory behaviour in carnivores and pinnipeds Grand Order Ferae Archived PDF from the original on 2016 06 03 Susan Long 2006 Veterinary Genetics and Reproductive Physiology Churchill Livingstone Elsevier ISBN 978 0 7506 8877 2 Archived from the original on 2014 03 26 Retrieved 2013 11 08 a b R F Ewer 1998 The Carnivores Cornell University Press p 116 ISBN 978 0 8014 8493 3 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Szykman M Van Horn R C Engh A L Boydston Holekamp K E 2007 Courtship and mating in free living spotted hyenas PDF Behaviour 144 7 815 846 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 630 5755 doi 10 1163 156853907781476418 Archived PDF from the original on 2012 11 30 Estes 1998 p 293 Glickman SE Cunha GR Drea CM Conley AJ Place NJ 2006 Mammalian sexual differentiation lessons from the spotted hyena PDF Trends Endocrinol Metab 17 9 349 356 doi 10 1016 j tem 2006 09 005 PMID 17010637 S2CID 18227659 Archived PDF from the original on 2013 02 22 R F Ewer 1973 The Carnivores Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 8493 3 Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 9 January 2013 a b R D Estes 1991 The Behavior Guide to African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals Carnivores Primates University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 08085 0 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Catherine Blackledge 2003 The Story of V A Natural History of Female Sexuality Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0 8135 3455 8 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Aronson L R Cooper M L 1967 Penile spines of the domestic cat their endocrine behavior relations PDF Anat Rec 157 1 71 8 doi 10 1002 ar 1091570111 PMID 6030760 S2CID 13070242 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 06 20 Cats of Africa Struik 2005 ISBN 978 1 77007 063 9 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Philip Caputo 1 June 2003 Ghosts of Tsavo Stalking the Mystery Lions of East Africa Adventure Press National Geographic ISBN 978 0 7922 4100 3 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Reena Mathur 2009 Animal Behaviour 3 e Rastogi Publications ISBN 978 81 7133 747 7 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 T M Caro 15 August 1994 Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains Group Living in an Asocial Species University of Chicago Press p 203 ISBN 978 0 226 09433 5 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 a b Kohncke M Leonhardt K 1986 Cryptoprocta ferox PDF Mammalian Species 254 1 5 doi 10 2307 3503919 JSTOR 3503919 Archived PDF from the original on 21 June 2010 Retrieved 19 May 2010 Macdonald D W ed 2009 The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 14069 8 Heptner amp Sludskii 2002 p 881 Leon Fradley Whitney 1952 The Raccoon Practical Science Publishing Company Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 24 July 2013 Samuel I Zeveloff 2002 Raccoons A Natural History UBC Press pp 5 ISBN 978 0 7748 0964 1 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 25 July 2013 Julie Feinstein January 2011 Field Guide to Urban Wildlife Stackpole Books ISBN 978 0 8117 0585 1 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Fay F H 1985 Odobenus rosmarus Mammalian Species 238 1 7 doi 10 2307 3503810 JSTOR 3503810 Archived from the original on 2013 09 15 Born E W Gjertz I Reeves R R 1995 Population assessment of Atlantic Walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L Oslo Norway Meddelelser Norsk Polarinstitut p 100 Feldhamer Thompson amp Chapman 2003 pp 663 664 Bates et al 2006 p 304 Bates et al 2006 pp 306 307 Bates et al 2006 table 1 Tan Min Gareth Jones Guangjian Zhu Jianping Ye Tiyu Hong Shanyi Zhou Shuyi Zhang Libiao Zhang October 28 2009 Hosken David ed Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time PLOS ONE 4 10 e7595 Bibcode 2009PLoSO 4 7595T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0007595 PMC 2762080 PMID 19862320 a b c Hooper amp Musser 1964 p 13 Hooper amp Musser 1964 table 1 a b Weksler 2006 pp 55 56 Hooper amp Musser 1964 p 13 Weksler 2006 p 57 Hooper amp Musser 1964 p 7 Weksler 2006 p 57 Weksler 2006 pp 56 57 Described by Voss amp Linzey 1981 Noted in Weksler 2006 p 58 footnote 10 Weksler 2006 pp 57 58 Voss amp Linzey 1981 p 13 Percequillo Weksler amp Costa 2011 p 367 Voss 2003 p 11 Skurski D Waterman J 2005 Xerus inauris Mammalian Species 781 1 4 doi 10 1644 781 1 Kim Long 1995 Squirrels A Wildlife Handbook Big Earth Publishing p 127 ISBN 978 1 55566 152 6 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Charles A Long 2008 The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin Pensoft Publishers p 341 ISBN 978 954 642 313 9 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Bradley R D amp Schmidley D J 1987 The glans penes and bacula in Latin American taxa of the Peromyscus boylii group Journal of Mammalogy 68 3 595 615 doi 10 2307 1381595 JSTOR 1381595 Jose Roberto Moreira Katia Maria P M B Ferraz Emilio A Herrera 15 August 2012 Capybara Biology Use and Conservation of an Exceptional Neotropical Species Springer ISBN 978 1 4614 4000 0 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 25 July 2013 Shackelford T K Goetz A T 2007 Adaptation to Sperm Competition in Humans Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 47 50 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8721 2007 00473 x S2CID 6179167 Alan F Dixson 26 January 2012 Primate Sexuality Comparative Studies of the Prosimians Monkeys Apes and Humans Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 150342 9 Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 Retrieved 6 September 2013 a b Anderson MJ 1998 Comparative Morphology and Speciation in Galagos Folia Primatol 69 7 325 331 doi 10 1159 000052721 S2CID 202649686 a b Dixson AF 1989 Sexual Selection Genital Morphology and Copulatory Behavior in Male Galagos International Journal of Primatology 1 10 47 55 doi 10 1007 bf02735703 S2CID 1129069 a b Anderson MJ 2000 Penile Morphology and Classification of Bush Babies Family Galagoninae International Journal of Primatology 5 21 5 815 836 doi 10 1023 A 1005542609002 S2CID 9983759 Wilson D E Hanlon E 2010 Lemur catta Primates Lemuridae PDF Mammalian Species 42 854 58 74 doi 10 1644 854 1 S2CID 20361726 Archived PDF from the original on 2013 05 10 Fedigan L Fedigan LM 1988 Cercopithecus aethiops a review of field studies Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press pp 389 411 Peter Apps 2000 Wild Ways Field Guide to the Behaviour of Southern African Mammals Struik ISBN 978 1 86872 443 7 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Friderun Ankel Simons 27 July 2010 Primate Anatomy An Introduction Academic Press ISBN 978 0 08 046911 9 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Nasaw Daniel February 6 2012 When did the middle finger become offensive BBC News Magazine BBC Archived from the original on February 6 2012 Retrieved February 7 2012 Oricchio Michael June 20 1996 Davis Infamous Finger Salute Has Had a Big Hand in History Folklorists Roots Go Back At Least 2 000 Years To Ancient Rome San Jose Mercury News p 16A Archived from the original on May 11 2013 Retrieved July 9 2012 subscription required Blitz J Ploog D W Ploog F 1963 Studies on the social and sexual behavior of the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus Folia Primatologica 1 29 66 doi 10 1159 000164879 Berezow Alex B March 2 2015 Is Your Penis Normal There s a Chart for That RealClearScience com RealClearScience Retrieved April 12 2019 Veale D Miles S Bramley S Muir G Hodsoll J 2015 Am I normal A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15 521 men BJU International 115 6 978 986 doi 10 1111 bju 13010 PMID 25487360 S2CID 36836535 On the Habits and Affinities of the New Australian Mammal Notoryctes typhlops E D Cope The American Naturalist Vol 26 No 302 Feb 1892 pp 121 128 Renfree Marilyn Hugh Tyndale Biscoe 1987 01 30 Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521337922 Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 Retrieved 5 May 2013 Gadow H On the systematic position of Notoryctes typhlops Proc Zool Soc London 1892 361 370 1892 Riedelsheimer B Unterberger P Kunzle H and U Welsch 2007 Histological study of the cloacal region and associated structures in the hedgehog tenrec Echinops telfairi Mammalian Biology 72 6 330 341 Michael L Augee Brett A Gooden Anne Musser January 2006 Echidna Extraordinary Egg laying Mammal Csiro Publishing ISBN 978 0 643 09204 4 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Shultz N 26 October 2007 Exhibitionist spiny anteater reveals bizarre penis New Scientist Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 Retrieved 27 October 2006 Augee Gooden and Musser p 81 Johnston S D Smith B Pyne M Stenzel D Holt W V 2007 One Sided Ejaculation of Echidna Sperm Bundles Tachyglossus aculeatus PDF Am Nat 170 6 E162 4 doi 10 1086 522847 PMID 18171162 S2CID 40632746 Larry Vogelnest Rupert Woods 18 August 2008 Medicine of Australian Mammals Csiro Publishing ISBN 978 0 643 09928 9 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Mammalogy Jones amp Bartlett Learning 21 April 2011 pp 389 ISBN 978 0 7637 6299 5 Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 5 May 2013 Barry R E Shoshani J 2000 Heterohyrax brucei Mammalian Species 645 1 7 doi 10 1644 1545 1410 2000 645 lt 0001 hb gt 2 0 co 2 S2CID 28256848 Giustina Anthony 31 December 2005 Sex World Records Lulu com p 152 ISBN 978 1 4116 6774 7 Archived from the original on 11 October 2013 Retrieved 3 October 2012 Shoshani p 80 Smithers Reay H N March 2008 Smithers Mammals of Southern Africa A Field Guide ISBN 9781868725502 Archived from the original on 2013 10 11 Retrieved 2013 06 22 Sukumar pp 100 08 Murray E Fowler Susan K Mikota 2 October 2006 Biology Medicine and Surgery of Elephants John Wiley amp Sons pp 353 ISBN 978 0 8138 0676 1 Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 4 May 2013 Naugher K B 2004 Anteaters Myrmecophagidae In Hutchins M Kleiman D G Geist V McDade M S eds Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 13 2nd ed Gale pp 171 79 ISBN 978 0 7876 7750 3 New data on armadillos Xenarthra Dasypodidae for Central Patagonia Argentina Agustin M Abba et al Affanni J M Cervino C O Marcos H J A 2001 Absence of penile erections during paradoxical sleep Peculiar penile events during wakefulness and slow wave sleep in the armadillo Journal of Sleep Research 10 3 219 228 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2869 2001 00259 x PMID 11696075 S2CID 22421482 Lutz Dick 2005 Tuatara A Living Fossil Salem Oregon DIMI PRESS ISBN 0 931625 43 2 Kelly D A 2004 Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent Proceedings Biological Sciences 271 Suppl 5 S293 S295 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2004 0161 PMC 1810052 PMID 15503998 Sueur Jerome MacKie David Windmill James F C 2011 So Small So Loud Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygmy Aquatic Insect Corixidae Micronectinae PLOS ONE 6 6 e21089 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 621089S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0021089 PMC 3115974 PMID 21698252 Lienhard Charles Oliveira do Carmo Thais Lopes Ferreira Rodrigo 2010 A new genus of Sensitibillini from Brazilian caves Psocodea Psocoptera Prionoglarididae Revue Suisse de Zoologie 117 4 611 635 doi 10 5962 bhl part 117600 ISSN 0035 418X Archived from the original on 2014 11 03 Kazunori Yoshizawae Rodrigo L Ferreira Yoshitaka Kamimura Charles Lienhard 17 April 2014 Female Penis Male Vagina and Their Correlated Evolution in a Cave Insect Current Biology 24 9 1006 1010 doi 10 1016 j cub 2014 03 022 PMID 24746797 Cell Press 17 April 2014 In sex reversed cave insects females have the penises Science Daily Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 a b Arkhipkin A I Laptikhovsky V V 2010 Observation of penis elongation in Onykia ingens implications for spermatophore transfer in deep water squid Journal of Molluscan Studies 76 3 299 300 doi 10 1093 mollus eyq019 Walker M 2010 Super squid sex organ discovered Archived 2010 07 07 at the Wayback Machine BBC Earth News July 7 2010 Basu S C 2011 Male Reproductive Dysfunction JP Medical Ltd p 101 ISBN 9789350252208 Simpson John ed 1989 penis n Oxford English Dictionary second ed Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 861186 8 dead link Online Etymology Dictionary Etymonline com Archived from the original on 2011 06 06 Retrieved 2011 05 28 Rietstap J B 1884 Armorial general precede d un Dictionnaire des termes du blason G B van Goor zonen XXXI Vilene se dit un animal qui a la marque du sexe d un autre email que le corps a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help General and cited references Horses Walker Donald F Vaughan John T 1 June 1980 Bovine and equine urogenital surgery Lea amp Febiger ISBN 978 0 8121 0284 0 Retrieved 23 July 2013 The Stallion Breeding Soundness Examination amp Reproductive Anatomy University of Wisconsin Madison Archived from the original on 2007 07 16 Retrieved 7 July 2007 Munroe Graham Weese Scott 15 March 2011 Equine Clinical Medicine Surgery and Reproduction Manson Publishing ISBN 978 1 84076 608 0 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Budras Klaus Dieter Sack 1 March 2012 Anatomy of the Horse Manson Publishing ISBN 978 3 8426 8368 6 Retrieved 1 July 2013 England Gary 15 April 2008 Fertility and Obstetrics in the Horse John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 75041 4 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Equine Research 2004 Horse Conformation Structure Soundness and Performance Lyons Press ISBN 978 1 59228 487 0 Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Evans James Warren 15 February 1990 The Horse W H Freeman ISBN 978 0 7167 1811 6 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Hayes M Horace Rossdale Peter D March 1988 Veterinary Notes for Horse Owners An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine and Surgery Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 671 76561 3 Retrieved 1 July 2013 McBane Susan 2001 Modern Horse Breeding A Guide for Owners Globe Pequot Press ISBN 978 1 58574 389 6 Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Marsupials Parker Rick 13 January 2012 Equine Science 4 ed Cengage Learning ISBN 978 1 111 13877 6 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Flannery Tim 2008 Chasing Kangaroos A Continent a Scientist and a Search for the World s Most Extraordinary Creature Grove Atlantic Incorporated pp 60 ISBN 9780802143716 Retrieved 5 May 2013 Hunsaker Don II 2 December 2012 The Biology of Marsupials Elsevier Science ISBN 978 0 323 14620 3 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Jones Menna E Dickman Chris R Archer Mike Archer Michael 2003 Predators With Pouches The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials Csiro Publishing ISBN 9780643066342 Retrieved 5 May 2013 King Anna 2001 Discoveries about Marsupial Reproduction Iowa State University Biology Dept Archived from the original on September 5 2012 Retrieved 2012 11 22 Stonehouse Bernard Gilmore Desmond 1977 The Biology of marsupials University Park Press ISBN 978 0 8391 0852 8 Retrieved 25 July 2013 Tyndale Biscoe C Hugh 2005 Life of Marsupials Csiro Publishing ISBN 978 0 643 06257 3 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Other animals Austin Colin Russell Short Roger Valentine 21 March 1985 Reproduction in Mammals Volume 4 Reproductive Fitness Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 31984 3 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Bassert Joanna M McCurnin Dennis M 1 April 2013 McCurnin s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 1 4557 2884 8 Retrieved 18 February 2014 Bates Paul J J Ratrimomanarivo Fanja H Harrison David L Goodman Steven M December 2006 A description of a new species of Pipistrellus Chiroptera Vespertilionidae from Madagascar with a review of related Vespertilioninae from the island Acta Chiropterologica 8 2 299 324 doi 10 3161 1733 5329 2006 8 299 ADOANS 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 85825521 Beck Benjamin B Wemmer Christen M 1983 The Biology and management of an extinct species Pere David s deer Noyes Publications ISBN 978 0 8155 0938 7 Retrieved 5 July 2013 Burns Eugene 1953 The sex life of wild animals a North American study Rinehart Retrieved 23 July 2013 Carnaby Trevor 22 January 2007 Beat About the Bush Mammals Jacana Media ISBN 978 1 77009 240 2 Retrieved 19 July 2013 Brehm Alfred Edmund 1895 Brehm s Life of Animals Chicago A N Marquis amp Company Retrieved 2013 11 08 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Elbroch Lawrence Mark Kresky Michael Raymond Evans Jonah Wy 7 April 2012 Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 95164 8 Retrieved 5 July 2013 Eltringham Stewart Keith 1979 The ecology and conservation of large African mammals Macmillan ISBN 978 0 333 23580 5 Retrieved 20 July 2013 Estes Richard 1998 The safari companion a guide to watching African mammals including hoofed mammals carnivores and primates Chelsea Green Publishing ISBN 978 1 890132 44 6 Frandson Rowen D Wilke W Lee Fails Anna Dee 30 June 2009 Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 8138 1394 3 Retrieved 1 July 2013 Geist Valerius 1993 Elk Country T amp N Children s Publishing ISBN 978 1 55971 208 8 Retrieved 5 July 2013 Hayssen Virginia Douglass Tienhoven Ari Van 1993 Asdell s Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction A Compendium of Species Specific Data Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 1753 5 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Heptner V G Sludskii A A 2002 Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol II part 1b Carnivores Mustelidae and Procyonidae Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation ISBN 978 90 04 08876 4 Retrieved 2013 11 08 Hoffmeister Donald F 2002 Mammals of Illinois University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0 252 07083 9 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Hooper E T Musser G G 1964 The glans penis in Neotropical cricetines Family Muridae with comments on classification of muroid rodents Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 123 1 57 hdl 2027 42 56367 Horowitz Barbara N Bowers Kathryn 12 June 2012 Zoobiquity What Animals Can Teach Us About Being Human Doubleday Canada ISBN 978 0 385 67061 6 Retrieved 25 July 2013 Horwich Robert H June 1972 The ontogeny of social behavior in the gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis P Parey ISBN 978 3 489 68036 9 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Jackson Hartley H January 1961 Mammals of Wisconsin Univ of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 02150 4 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan The Society 1986 Retrieved 5 July 2013 Khanna Dev Raj Yadav P R 1 January 2005 Biology Of Mammals Discovery Publishing House ISBN 978 81 7141 934 0 Retrieved 20 July 2013 Kingdon Jonathan January 1984 East African Mammals An Atlas of Evolution in Africa Vol I University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 43718 7 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Kingdon Jonathan 1984 East African Mammals An Atlas of Evolution in Africa University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226437187 Konig Horst Erich Liebich Hans Georg 2007 Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals Textbook and Atlas Schattauer Verlag ISBN 978 3 7945 2485 3 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Kotpal R L 2010 Modern Text Book Of Zoology Vertebrates Rastogi Publications ISBN 978 81 7133 891 7 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Krause William J 1 March 2008 An Atlas of Opossum Organogenesis Universal Publishers ISBN 978 1 58112 969 4 Retrieved 20 July 2013 Linzey Donald W 28 December 2011 Vertebrate Biology JHU Press ISBN 978 1 4214 0040 2 Retrieved 20 July 2013 Lukefahr Steven D Cheeke Peter R Patton Nephi M 2013 Rabbit Production CABI ISBN 978 1 78064 012 9 Retrieved 20 July 2013 Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 1975 Retrieved 5 July 2013 Percequillo A R Weksler M Costa L P 2011 A new genus and species of rodent from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Rodentia Cricetidae Sigmodontinae Oryzomyini with comments on oryzomyine biogeography Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 357 390 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 2010 00643 x Rose Kenneth D Archibald J David 22 February 2005 The Rise of Placental Mammals Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades JHU Press ISBN 978 0 8018 8022 3 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Roze Uldis 2009 The North American Porcupine Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 4646 7 Retrieved 25 July 2013 Sarkar Amita 1 January 2003 Sexual Behaviour In Animals Discovery Publishing House ISBN 978 81 7141 746 9 Retrieved 20 July 2013 Schatten Heide Constantinescu Gheorghe M 21 March 2008 Comparative Reproductive Biology John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0 470 39025 2 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Small Meredith F 1993 Female Choices Sexual Behavior of Female Primates Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 8305 9 Retrieved 23 July 2013 Skinner J D Chimimba Christian T 15 November 2005 The Mammals of the Southern African Sub region Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 84418 5 Retrieved 19 July 2013 Staker Lynda 2006 The Complete Guide to the Care of Macropods A Comprehensive Guide to the Handrearing Rehabilitation and Captive Management of Kangaroo Species ISBN 978 0 9775751 0 7 Retrieved 19 July 2013 Strum Shirley C Fedigan Linda Marie 15 August 2000 Primate Encounters Models of Science Gender and Society University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 77754 2 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Sturtz Robin Asprea Lori 30 July 2012 Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses A Clinical Approach John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 118 40585 7 Retrieved 22 July 2013 Peter J Chenoweth Steven Lorton 30 April 2014 Animal Andrology Theories and Applications CABI ISBN 978 1 78064 316 8 Verts B J Carraway Leslie N 1998 Land Mammals of Oregon University of California Press p 41 ISBN 978 0 520 21199 5 Retrieved 20 July 2013 Voss R S Linzey A V 1981 Comparative gross morphology of male accessory glands among Neotropical Muridae Mammalia Rodentia with comments on systematic implications Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 159 1 41 hdl 2027 42 56403 Voss R S 2003 A new species of Thomasomys Rodentia Muridae from eastern Ecuador with remarks on mammalian diversity and biogeography in the Cordillera Oriental American Museum Novitates 3421 1 47 doi 10 1206 0003 0082 2003 421 lt 0001 ansotr gt 2 0 co 2 hdl 2246 2850 S2CID 62795333 Weksler M 2006 Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents Muroidea Sigmodontinae separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 296 1 149 doi 10 1206 0003 0090 2006 296 0001 PROORM 2 0 CO 2 hdl 2246 5777 S2CID 86057173 Wilson Don E Reeder DeeAnn M 16 November 2005 Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference JHU Press ISBN 978 0801882210 Retrieved 20 July 2013 External links Look up penis in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penis Wikimedia Commons has media related to Male genitalia in heraldry Kinsey Institute on the penis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Penis amp oldid 1141670854, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.