A spermatophore or sperm ampulla is a capsule or mass containing spermatozoa created by males of various animal species, especially salamanders and arthropods, and transferred in entirety to the female's ovipore during reproduction. Spermatophores may additionally contain nourishment for the female, in which case it is called a nuptial gift, as in the instance of bush crickets.[1][2] In the case of the toxic moth Utetheisa ornatrix, the spermatophore includes sperm, nutrients, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids which prevent predation because it is poisonous to most organisms.[3] However, in some species such as the Edith's checkerspot butterfly, the "gift" provides little nutrient value. The weight of the spermatophore transferred at mating has little effect on female reproductive output.[4]
Spermatophores are the norm in arachnids and several soil arthropods. In various insects, such as bush crickets, the spermatophore is often surrounded by a proteinaceous spermatophylax. The function of the spermatophylax is to cause the female to relinquish some of her control over the insemination process allowing full sperm transfer from the spermatophore.[5] Some species of butterflies and moths also deposit a spermatophore into the female during copulation. Examples include the speckled wood butterfly[6] or the ornate moth, where males invest up to 10% of their body mass in creating a single spermatophore.[7]Malaysian stalk-eyed flies also deposit a spermatophore into the female during copulation, but the spermatophore is very small in size and occupies only part of the female's vaginal capacity. This is likely an adaptation to the tendency towards high mating frequency in this species.[8] These butterfly species have been known to use mud-puddling behavior, as demonstrated by Dryas iulia, to obtain the minerals needed in spermatophore production.[9]
Most cephalopods use a specialized arm called the hectocotylus to deliver spermatophores to the female. The spermatophores of the giant Pacific octopus are about a meter (or yard) long.[10] A complex hydraulic mechanism releases the sperm from the spermatophore, and it is stored internally by the female.[11] In some cephalopods, like the argonaut octopus, the arm is detachable and capable of autonomous movement and prolonged survival inside the female, to the point that it was mistaken for a parasitic worm by George Cuvier, who gave the hectocotylus (Latin: "hundred" "hollow thing") its name. In some cases, spermatophores from multiple males might be present inside the same female simultaneously.[12]
Males of most salamander and newt species create spermatophores, which the females may choose to take up or not, depending on the success of the male's mating display.[13]
^Nina Wedell, Tom Tregenza & Leigh W. Simmons (2008), "Nuptial gifts fail to resolve a sexual conflict in an insect", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8: 204, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-204, PMC2491630, PMID 18627603
^Peter D. Sozou & Robert M. Seymour (2005), "Costly but worthless gifts facilitate courtship", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272 (1575): 1877–1884, doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3152, PMC1559891, PMID 16191592
^Gonzalez, A.; Rossini, C.; Eisner, M.; Eisner, T. (1999). "Sexually transmitted chemical defense in a moth (Utetheisa ornatrix)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 96 (10): 5570–5574. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.5570G. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.10.5570. PMC21901. PMID 10318925.
^Jones; Odendaal, Ehrlich (January 1986). "Evidence against the spermatophore as paternal investment in checkerspot butterflies (Euphydras: Nymphalidae)". American Midland Naturalist. 116 (1): 1–6. doi:10.2307/2425932. JSTOR 2425932.
^K. Vahed (1998), (PDF), Biological Reviews, 73: 43–78, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00025.x, S2CID 86644963, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-11
^Svärd, L. (1985). "Paternal investment in a monandrous butterfly, Pararge aegeria". Oikos. 45 (1): 66–70. doi:10.2307/3565223. JSTOR 3565223.
^Iyengar, Vikram K.; Thomas Eisner (1999). "Female choice increases offspring fitness in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 96 (26): 15013–15016. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9615013I. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.26.15013. PMC24764. PMID 10611329.
^Kotrba, Marion (1996-07-01). "Sperm transfer by spermatophore in Diptera: new results from the Diopsidae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (3): 305–323. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02192.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
^Beck, Jan; Mühlenberg, Eva; Fiedler, Konrad (1999-04-01). "Mud-puddling behavior in tropical butterflies: in search of proteins or minerals?". Oecologia. 119 (1): 140–148. Bibcode:1999Oecol.119..140B. doi:10.1007/s004420050770. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28308154. S2CID 20103546.
^Carefoot, Thomas. . A Snail's Odyssey. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
^Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2008). Invertebrate Zoology. Cengage Learning. pp. 363–364. ISBN978-81-315-0104-7.
^Marah J. Hardt, Sex in the Sea: Our Intimate Connection with Sex-Changing Fish, Romantic Lobsters, Kinky Squid, and Other Salty Erotica of the Deep
^Wells, Kentwood D. (2007). "The Natural History of Amphibian Reproduction". The Ecology & Behavior of Amphibians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 451–515. ISBN9780226893334.
January 01, 1970
spermatophore, spermatophore, sperm, ampulla, capsule, mass, containing, spermatozoa, created, males, various, animal, species, especially, salamanders, arthropods, transferred, entirety, female, ovipore, during, reproduction, additionally, contain, nourishmen. A spermatophore or sperm ampulla is a capsule or mass containing spermatozoa created by males of various animal species especially salamanders and arthropods and transferred in entirety to the female s ovipore during reproduction Spermatophores may additionally contain nourishment for the female in which case it is called a nuptial gift as in the instance of bush crickets 1 2 In the case of the toxic moth Utetheisa ornatrix the spermatophore includes sperm nutrients and pyrrolizidine alkaloids which prevent predation because it is poisonous to most organisms 3 However in some species such as the Edith s checkerspot butterfly the gift provides little nutrient value The weight of the spermatophore transferred at mating has little effect on female reproductive output 4 Spermatophores of a mole salamander Giant squid spermatophores Contents 1 Arthropods 2 Cephalopods 3 Salamanders and newts 4 See also 5 ReferencesArthropods editMain article Arthropoda Spermatophores are the norm in arachnids and several soil arthropods In various insects such as bush crickets the spermatophore is often surrounded by a proteinaceous spermatophylax The function of the spermatophylax is to cause the female to relinquish some of her control over the insemination process allowing full sperm transfer from the spermatophore 5 Some species of butterflies and moths also deposit a spermatophore into the female during copulation Examples include the speckled wood butterfly 6 or the ornate moth where males invest up to 10 of their body mass in creating a single spermatophore 7 Malaysian stalk eyed flies also deposit a spermatophore into the female during copulation but the spermatophore is very small in size and occupies only part of the female s vaginal capacity This is likely an adaptation to the tendency towards high mating frequency in this species 8 These butterfly species have been known to use mud puddling behavior as demonstrated by Dryas iulia to obtain the minerals needed in spermatophore production 9 Cephalopods editMain article Cephalopoda Most cephalopods use a specialized arm called the hectocotylus to deliver spermatophores to the female The spermatophores of the giant Pacific octopus are about a meter or yard long 10 A complex hydraulic mechanism releases the sperm from the spermatophore and it is stored internally by the female 11 In some cephalopods like the argonaut octopus the arm is detachable and capable of autonomous movement and prolonged survival inside the female to the point that it was mistaken for a parasitic worm by George Cuvier who gave the hectocotylus Latin hundred hollow thing its name In some cases spermatophores from multiple males might be present inside the same female simultaneously 12 Salamanders and newts editMain article Urodela Males of most salamander and newt species create spermatophores which the females may choose to take up or not depending on the success of the male s mating display 13 See also editPhrynus longipes Mating and reproductionReferences edit Nina Wedell Tom Tregenza amp Leigh W Simmons 2008 Nuptial gifts fail to resolve a sexual conflict in an insect BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 204 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 8 204 PMC 2491630 PMID 18627603 Peter D Sozou amp Robert M Seymour 2005 Costly but worthless gifts facilitate courtship Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272 1575 1877 1884 doi 10 1098 rspb 2005 3152 PMC 1559891 PMID 16191592 Gonzalez A Rossini C Eisner M Eisner T 1999 Sexually transmitted chemical defense in a moth Utetheisa ornatrix Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96 10 5570 5574 Bibcode 1999PNAS 96 5570G doi 10 1073 pnas 96 10 5570 PMC 21901 PMID 10318925 Jones Odendaal Ehrlich January 1986 Evidence against the spermatophore as paternal investment in checkerspot butterflies Euphydras Nymphalidae American Midland Naturalist 116 1 1 6 doi 10 2307 2425932 JSTOR 2425932 K Vahed 1998 The function of nuptial feeding in insects review of empirical studies PDF Biological Reviews 73 43 78 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185X 1997 tb00025 x S2CID 86644963 archived from the original PDF on 2012 03 11 Svard L 1985 Paternal investment in a monandrous butterfly Pararge aegeria Oikos 45 1 66 70 doi 10 2307 3565223 JSTOR 3565223 Iyengar Vikram K Thomas Eisner 1999 Female choice increases offspring fitness in an arctiid moth Utetheisa ornatrix Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96 26 15013 15016 Bibcode 1999PNAS 9615013I doi 10 1073 pnas 96 26 15013 PMC 24764 PMID 10611329 Kotrba Marion 1996 07 01 Sperm transfer by spermatophore in Diptera new results from the Diopsidae Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 117 3 305 323 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 1996 tb02192 x ISSN 0024 4082 Beck Jan Muhlenberg Eva Fiedler Konrad 1999 04 01 Mud puddling behavior in tropical butterflies in search of proteins or minerals Oecologia 119 1 140 148 Bibcode 1999Oecol 119 140B doi 10 1007 s004420050770 ISSN 0029 8549 PMID 28308154 S2CID 20103546 Carefoot Thomas Octopuses and Relatives Reproduction A Snail s Odyssey Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 Retrieved 11 April 2017 Ruppert Edward E Fox Richard S Barnes Robert D 2008 Invertebrate Zoology Cengage Learning pp 363 364 ISBN 978 81 315 0104 7 Marah J Hardt Sex in the Sea Our Intimate Connection with Sex Changing Fish Romantic Lobsters Kinky Squid and Other Salty Erotica of the Deep Wells Kentwood D 2007 The Natural History of Amphibian Reproduction The Ecology amp Behavior of Amphibians Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 451 515 ISBN 9780226893334 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spermatophore amp oldid 1188091986, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
