Patsho Khiamniungan
Patsho Khiamniungan is a language spoken in Noklak District in Nagaland, India.[2] The language is gradually refining and grammatical development is underway.[3]
| Patsho Khiamniungan | |
|---|---|
| pɑ³³tsʰɒ⁵⁵ | |
| Pronunciation | Khiamniungan Naga pronunciation: [/pɑ³³tsʰɒ⁵⁵ kʰiɑm³³ɲu⁵⁵ŋn⁵⁵/] |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Noklak District, Nagaland |
| Ethnicity | Khiamniungan Naga |
Native speakers | 120,000 approx. in Myanmar and 61,983 approx (2011)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kix |
| Glottolog | khia |
Patsho-speaking region | |
Alphabet edit
The Patsho Khiamniungan alphabet consists of the following letters:
| Capital letters | A | CH | E | H | I | J | K | KH | L | M | N | NG | NY | O | P | PH | S | SH | T | TH | TS | TSH | U | Ü | V | W | Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small letters | a | ch | e | h | i | j | k | kh | l | m | n | ng | ny | o | p | ph | s | sh | t | th | ts | tsh | u | ü | v | w | y |
| IPA | a a̯ | tʃʰ | e ɛ ɛ̯ | h | i i̯ | tʃ | k | kʰ | l | m | n | ŋ | ɲ | o o̯ | p | pʰ | ʃ | ʃʰ | t | tʰ | ts | tsʰ | u ʊ u̯ | ə ɜ̯ | v | w | j |
This makes for 27 letters in Patsho Khiamniungan.
Background edit
Patsho is a language spoken in eastern part of Nagaland state and also refers to the people living under Noklak district in India. Above all, it is a village with one of the highest number of Population in the region. Sometimes, it refers to Patsho speaking group of people who are native to and belong to Patsho Village.[2]
Typology edit
Patsho Khiamniungan is related to sino-Tibetan and is[5] a compound of two words. Patsho is a village in Nagaland and Khiamniungan refers to one of the major tribes in Nagaland.[6]
Phonology edit
The phonological inventory of Patsho Khiamniungan is as follows.
| labial/ labiodental | dental | palatal/ palato-alveolar | velar | glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stop, unasiprated | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| stop, aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||
| affricate, unaspirated | ts | tʃ | |||
| affricate, aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ | |||
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| fricative | (v) | s | ʃ | ||
| approximant | w | l | j | h |
Vowels edit
| a | e | i |
| o | u | ü |
Phonemic tones edit
There are four phonemic tones in Patsho,
- high level /55/
- mid level /33/
- high falling /52/
- low /31/[4]
Monophthongs edit
Diphthongs edit
Patsho Khiamniungan has the following Diphthongs:
| Starting with a | Starting with e | Starting with i | Starting with u | Starting with o |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ai (/ai/, /ɑːi/ or /ai/) | ei (/eɪ/, /ɛi/ or /ɛɪ/) | ie (/iɛ/ | ou (/ou/ | ui (/ui/ |
| au (/au/, | eu (/ɛu/, /eʊ/ | iu (/ɪʊ/ or /iu/) | oi (/oi/ | ua (/uɑ/ |
Triphthongs edit
Patsho Khiamniungan has the following triphthongs:
- iai, as in hiai,
- iau as in hiauh, kiau,
- uai, as in huai,kuai,
- uau, as in liuau,
- uou, as in Tiuou,
- oua, as in touap,
Grammar edit
Case marking edit
- èi sōih-à jǖ-shíu-shī-ê.
1sg.ABS go.away-INF NEG-be.able-RSMPT-IRR
‘I won’t be able to go away again.’
(AC4-20170109_KIX1-002)
- ngǖ-ōh yôh nǜ hâkūtî vâuh tèu-nyê.
1SG-ERG pig DEM large rear keep-REAL
I am rearing a large pig
(AC4-20050127_KIX1_001)
- nyǖ-ōh ātsòu èi jūa-ê tə)náihtǖ,
2SG-ERG really 1SG.ABS call-IRR COND
nyǖ-ōh ā-jāmsǖkōuh mèi-kǖ ā-hīe.
2SG-ERG 2SG.POSS-household good-SIM IMP-make
If you really plan to call me (to marry), then you set your [7]
Verbs edit
Conjugation edit
The verbs are not conjugated as in languages such as English and French by changing the desinence of words, but the tense (in a sentence) is clarified by the aspect and the addition of some particles, such as
- -e (Irrealis mood suffix -encoding a hypothetical or predicted situation. ),
For example: Ei phu-e/I will come
- nye (Realis mood - used to encode actualized events and states),
For example: Ei khu nye/I went
- -shī (resumptive aspect-nominal suffix),
For example: Lü khushi/go again(lü-imperative prefix/mood)(authoritative command)
- nyü (Prohibitive mood),
For example: Nyü khu/Don't go
- ie (nominal suffix. reciprocal suffix),
For example: Nyü vei-ie/Don't fight
Pluralisation edit
Nouns are pluralized by suffixing -hoi, for example:
| Noun | Plurals | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| kheunyoh mietshou jamkei | kheunyohhoi mietshouhoi jamkeihoi | kheunyoh – human hoi-beings or group/mietshouhoi – kids or children/jamkeihoi- vehicles |
Negation edit
For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle jü (not) in the middle of a sentence. For example,
| Sentence | Negation |
|---|---|
| Lamnyu shi je Lamnyu is coming | Lamnyu jüshi Lamnyu did not come |
| Sümieh nong-oh lüvok nü tsie-ie je Three divides six | Sümieh nong-oh lüvok nü jütsie-ie je Three does not divide six |
Replication and transfer(cognitive schemas) edit
(1).
- “Standard” Nagamese (Indo-Aryan):
kana hik-i-bole song learn-EP-INF6
‘to learn a song’
- Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):
tsūihāng līam-ā song search-INF
‘to learn a song’
- Nagamese of Patsho Khiamniungan speakersː
kana pisar-i-bole song search-EP-INF
‘to learn a song
(2)
- Mongsen Ao (Indo-Burmic):
tāŋ%āɹ tʃū nə) tə)-pāʔ khə) tə)-jā nə)t other DIST AGT RL-father CONJ RL-mother two tāŋ tʃū nə) wā-ə+ɹ, SIDE DIST ALL go-SEQ
‘Others went to the mother and father,…’
(lit. to the mother and father’s side), (Coupe 2017, p. 290)
- Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):
lōhō mīe-nyù nǖ tōŋ-lè khù-shī-nyè. again girl-F DEM SIDE-LOC go-RPET-REAL
‘Again he went to the girl.’ (lit. … to the girl’s side’)
Syntax edit
Patsho Khiamniungan is an SOV language with postpositions. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives comes after the nouns they modify, whilst relative clauses may be either externally or internally headed. Interrogative such as ateitsoh? appears after the noun or subject but the word mou? usually comes at the end, transforming the sentence into question.
- Example of interrogative?
- Example of numeral
- Example of adjective
- Example of demonstrative
Demonstratives seems to appear either before noun or after, shown by the example given below.
Language development edit
Orthography which is in Latin script has been written and published for language development and preservation for cultural identity. Along with other pedagogical materials and dictionary for the oral language.[2]
Writing system edit
Patsho Khiamniungan is written in Latin script with twenty seven letters, while some of them are combined to form one letter, for example t, s, and h are different and separate letters, but tsh is one letter, found in (among others) the word Patsho.[4]
Sample texts edit
The following is a sample text in Patsho Khiamniungan of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[8] or [9]
| Patsho Khiamniungan | English |
|---|---|
| Kheunyoh tshou apem mongthah kü kihie-a nühe avi nüko tshahnye. Asheu nong alianghie a shiuko nühe atshümua jü nüko ok kiuhnye. Nongteiphie, tsak hei tsak ajujie a-ie kü nühe teisüniu tü kihie-a apouting noinye. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Basic vocabulary edit
| Patsho Khiamniungan | English |
|---|---|
| Theumei | Thank You |
| Amei hüni? | How are you? |
| Amei. | I am fine. |
| Khiam | Water |
| Tsih | (cooked) rice |
| Ngouh (nyieh) | fish (meat) |
| Veu (nyieh) | chicken (meat) |
| Yoh (nyieh) | pork (meat) |
| Jang (nyieh) | beef (meat) |
| Uo (nyieh) | mutton (meat) |
| Kie (nyieh-kie sang o) | dish (meat/vegetable) |
| Sang-o (kie sang-o) | vegetable |
| Naga chum | lentils |
| Tsem | salt |
| Lutsoutsoh (Chauchau ko) | less |
| Püiuh | chilli |
| Jujie lianko ashua kiuh | Please give again (serve again). |
| Teitsoh | enough |
| Khiam nü asheu kiuh. | Please give water. |
| Tsih nü akhem kiuh. | Please give food (rice). |
| Sngewbha ai jyntah seh | Please give (side dish) vegetable / meat. |
| Atei euh je? | What do you want? |
| Atei? | What? |
| Avaih? Atei naih-oh? | When? |
| Atei le? | Where? |
| Atei ali? | How? |
| Asheuh amei. | Good Night. |
| Shiemong le aleu oh phu je? | How do I go to Shiemong? |
| Nongni ateitsoh mai no? | What is the price of this? |
| Mei kü lü-iu. | Happy journey. |
| Mongling kü anoi. | Stay happy. |
Numbers in Patsho edit
| Numerals | Hauvi | Tone(Shangliak) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | wa | wà | wa³¹ |
| 1 | tsak | tsāk | tsak³³ |
| 2 | lümih | lǖmīeh | lə³³.mɪʔ³³ |
| 3 | sümieh | sǖmīeh | sə³³.mɪəʔ³³ |
| 4 | pülie | pǖlīe | pə³³.lɪə³³ |
| 5 | müngou | mǖngōu | mə³³.ŋɒu³³ |
| 6 | lüvok | lǖvòk | lə³³.vɒk³³ |
| 7 | tshünyieh | tshūnyìeh | tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³ |
| 8 | püjeih | pǖjèih | pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³ |
| 9 | lükau | lǖkàu | lə³³.kɒu³³ |
| 10 | tshie | tshìe | tsʰɪɛ³³ |
| 20 | khei | khèi | kʰɛɪ³¹ |
| 30 | ausam | āusám | ɑu³³sɑm⁵⁵ |
| 40 | aupülie | àupǜlīe | au̯³¹pə³¹liɛ̯³³ |
| 50 | aumüngou | àumǜngōu | au̯³¹məŋ³¹ou̯³³ |
| 60 | aulüvok | àulǜvòk | au̯³¹lə³¹vok³² |
| 70 | autshienyieh | àutshǜnyìeh | au̯³¹tsʰə³¹ɲiɛ̯ʔ³² |
| 80 | aupüjeh | àupǜjèih | au̯³¹pə³¹tʃɛi̯ʔ³² |
| 90 | aulükau | àulǜkàu | au̯³¹lə³¹lau̯³¹ |
| 100 | tsum tsak | tsūm tsāk | tsum³³.tsak³³ |
| 200 | tsum lümieh | tsūm lǖmīeh | tsum³³.lə³³ mɪʔ³³ |
| 300 | tsum sümieh | tsūm sǖmīeh | tsum³³.sə³³ mɪəʔ³³ |
| 400 | tsum pülie | tsūm pǖlīe | tsum³³.pə³³.lɪə³³ |
| 500 | tsum müngou | tsūm mǖngōu | tsum³³.mə³³.ŋɒu³³ |
| 600 | tsum lüvok | tsūm lǖvòk | tsum³³.lə³³.vɒk³³ |
| 700 | tsum tshünyieh | tsūm tshūnyìeh | tsum³³.tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³ |
| 800 | tsum püjeih | tsūm pǖjèih | tsum³³. pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³ |
| 900 | tsum lükau | tsūm lǖkàu | tsum³³.lə³³.kɒu³³ |
| 1000 | ka tsak | ká tsāk | ka⁵⁵.tsak³³ |
| 10,000 | ka tshie | ká tshīe | ka⁵⁵.tsʰɪɛ³³ |
| 100,000 | tsang tsak | tsāng tsāk | tsaŋ³³.tsak³³ |
| 10000000 | pei tsak | péi tsāk | pei⁵⁵.tsak³³ |
| 1000000000 | iuh tsak | ìuh tsāk | iuʔ³¹.tsak³³ |
| 100000000000 | em tsak | ēm tsāk | em³³.tsak³³ |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
- ^ a b c "From oral tradition to written language-The Patsho Khiamniungan and Mongsen Ao dictionary projects". glocal.soas.ac.uk. Dec 17, 2023.
- ^ "How the Cocks Started Crowing -ISSUU". issuu.com. Aug 18, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Patsho Range Students' Union (2023): Patsho Khiamniungan Orthography : Published by Patsho range students' Union in collaboration with Patsho Khiamniungan dictionary team
- ^ "Ethnologue language kix Khiamniungan Naga". www.ethnologue.com. Aug 18, 2024.
- ^ "Linguistic diversity and language contact in Nagaland-Reaserchgate". www.researchgate.net. Aug 18, 2023.
- ^ a b "The role of cognitive schemas in linguistic convergence: From nominative-accusative to ergative-absolutive alignment in Nagamese -ResearchGate". researchgate.net. April 7, 2024.
- ^ "UDHR in Patsho Khiamniungan-Unicode". www.unicode.org. Aug 18, 2023.
- ^ "Document UDHR Translations Patsho Khiamniungan - OHCHR Website". www.ohchr.org. Aug 18, 2023.
- ^ "Khiamniungan Naga lemmas -Patsho Khiamniungan wiktionary". en.m.wiktionary.org. Aug 18, 2023.
External links edit
- Khiamniungan Naga phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage