Paraná Basin
The Paraná Basin (Portuguese: Bacia do Paraná, Spanish: Cuenca del Paraná) is a large cratonic sedimentary basin situated in the central-eastern part of South America. About 75% of its areal distribution occurs in Brazil, from Mato Grosso to Rio Grande do Sul states. The remainder area is distributed in eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and northern Uruguay. The shape of the depression is roughly elliptical and covers an area of about 1,500,000 km2 (580,000 sq mi).
| Paraná Basin | |
|---|---|
| Bacia do Paraná, Cuenca Paraná | |
Outline of the Paraná and Chaco-Paraná Basins | |
Simplified geological map of Paraná Basin[1] | |
Paraná Basin – Simplified stratigraphic chart[1] | |
| Coordinates | 25°00′S 54°00′W / 25.000°S 54.000°W |
| Etymology | Paraná River |
| Location | South America |
| Region | Central-West, Southeast, South |
| Country | Brazil Paraguay Argentina Uruguay |
| State(s) | Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul Amambay, Concepción, San Pedro, Canindeyú, Caaguazú, Alto Paraná, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Itapúa, Ñeembucú Misiones, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Formosa, Chaco, Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe Artigas, Salto, Paysandú, Río Negro |
| Cities | Campo Grande, Asunción |
| Characteristics | |
| On/Offshore | Onshore |
| Boundaries | Paraguai/Araguaia Fold Belt, Goiánia/Alto Parnaíba Arch, Serra do Mar, Ponta Grossa Arch, Rio Grande Arch, Asunción Arch[2] |
| Part of | Brazilian onshore basins |
| Area | ~1,500,000 km2 (580,000 sq mi) |
| Hydrology | |
| River(s) | Paraná, Paraguay, Uruguay |
| Geology | |
| Basin type | Interior (Type 1, Klemme 1980)[3] Cratonic (Type 1211, Bally & Snelson 1980)[4] Interior sag (IS, Kingston, Dishroon & Williams 1983)[5] |
| Plate | South American |
| Age | Paleozoic-recent |
| Stratigraphy | Stratigraphy |
| Field(s) | Barra Bonita (gas) |
The Paraná River, from which the Paraná Basin derived its name, flows along the central axis of the Paraná Basin and drains it.
Description edit
The Paraná Basin stretches from the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso in the north to northern Argentina and Uruguay in the south. The southern portion in Uruguay is locally known as Norte Basin.[6][7]
Pioneer studies edit
The first study on the Brazilian side of the Paraná Basin dates from 1841, when a Brazilian Imperial Government Mission prospected for coal. Turning point in the basin's geological understanding was the "White Report", published in 1908 by the American geologist Israel C. White, head of the "Comissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brasil" (Commission for Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines). One of the main results of these studies, besides the reconnaissance for coal, was the discovery of Mesosaurus fossils within Permian black shales (Irati Formation), and the Glossopteris flora within the Permian coals. White was one of the first to propose the equivalence between the South American Permian strata and similar rocks of the Karoo Basin in South Africa.[10]
Basin evolution edit
The basin developed during the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic with a sedimentary record comprising rocks from the Ordovician right up to the Cretaceous, thus spanning the time interval between 460 and 66 million years. The maximum thickness of the infill reaches 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in its central area and is composed of sedimentary and igneous rocks.[1][11][12] The sedimentary cover extends across various Precambrian geologic provinces: the Río de la Plata Craton, the Mantiqueira Province, the Luis Alves craton fragment, the Tocantins Province and the Paranapanema block. This last province is distinct in that it is wholly covered by basin sediments and therefore poorly known.[13]
The Paraná Basin is a typical intra-cratonic flexural basin, although during the Paleozoic it was a gulf that opened to the southwest. The basin genesis is related to the convergence between the former Gondwana supercontinent and the oceanic crust of the former Panthalassa ocean. The basin formed, at least during the Paleozoic Gondwanide orogeny, as a foreland basin.[1][11][14] In the Permian and Triassic the area between Asunción and Río Grande was uplifted in connection to the Gondwanide orogeny effectively splitting the basin in the two.[15]
The piling up of material in Bolivia and the Argentine Northwest during the Andean orogeny caused the Asunción arch, a forebulge, to develop in Paraguay. The Asunción arch makes up the modern western boundary of Paraná Basin.[16]
Stratigraphy edit
The sedimentary column of the Paraná Basin was divided by Milani in 1997,[17] into six second order allostratigraphic supersequences (in the sense of Vail, 1977).[18] These sequences define the stratigraphic framework of the basin and are bound by distinct depositional hiati, caused by erosive events.[1]
- Rio Ivaí Supersequence
The basal supersequence, deposited during the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian, is constituted by three formations: Alto Garças Formation composed mainly of sandstones, Rio Ivaí Formation, represented by glacial Ordovician deposits that affected large areas of Gondwana and the Vila Maria Formation, a thick muddy sequence rich in fossil content: graptolites, trilobites, brachiopods and chitinozoa.[1]
- Paraná Supersequence
This Devonian supersequence is represented, at the base, by sheet-like, cross-bedded coarse to medium sandstones of the Furnas Formation and, on top, by a muddy section, rich in macrofossils and forming a potential petroleum source rock, named Ponta Grossa Formation.[1]
- Gondwana I Supersequence
The Carboniferous to Early Triassic Gondwana I Supersequence has two distinctive features:[1]
- The major glaciation that covered almost all southern portions of Gondwana, known as Karoo Ice Age. The glaciation's apex was reached during the Mississippian (Early Carboniferous), stopping any further sedimentation until the onset of deglaciation during the Westphalian (Late Carboníferous). Left behind were huge glacial deposits, which are composed mainly by sandstones, diamictites, conglomerates and muddy rocks, grouped in the Itararé Group. Typical glacial facies are widespread, e.g., varvites.
- During the Middle Permian the waning glaciation allowed the flourishing of the Glossopteris flora in the sandstones of the Rio Bonito Formation and the development of huge coal deposits, extracted in southern Brazil and Uruguay since the 19th century.
Finally, during the Late Permian the Irati Formation was deposited, represented by bituminous shale, a potential petroleum source rock, and famous worldwide for its Mesosaurus fauna. The top of this supersequence defines the end of the marine phase.[1]
- Gondwana II Supersequence
This Triassic supersequence marks the beginning of continental sedimentation. The Santa Maria Group comprises the Candelária, Caturrita and Santa Maria Formations. In the Santa Maria Formation, it bears an important reptile and mammal fauna, that can be correlated to the African continent.[1]
- Gondwana III Supersequence
The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Gondwana III Supersequence is marked by two major events:
- The great desertification of the still united Gondwana supercontinent, the "Botucatu desert" with an area up to 1,200,000 km2 (460,000 sq mi). The large sand dune fields left behind thick, coarse to fine sandstones beds, the Botucatu Formation, housing the important Guaraní Aquifer, one of the world's largest aquifer systems.
- Above the Botucatu Formation, a large igneous province was formed by the Serra Geral Formation, part of the Paraná and Etendeka traps, enormous flood basalts that occurred 137 to 127 million years ago, associated with the rifting of Gondwana and the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Until today, the surface area still reaches more than 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi). The thickness of the flood basalts amounts to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and their area extends to the Etendeka basin in Namibia and Angola even into Southwestern Africa.[1]
- Bauru Supersequence
A Cretaceous supersequence occurring in the north-central part of the basin and composed mainly of sandy-conglomeratic deposits.[1]
The northeasternmost part of the basin contains the Goio-Erê Formation, dating to the Turonian.[19]
- Neogene cover
In the Argentinian part of the basin, the Serra Geral Formation is overlain by the Huayquerian Ituzaingó Formation that underlies the Pleistocene Toropí and Yupoí Formations.[20] Older Neogene formations in the basin comprise the Late Miocene Paraná Formation.[21] The Uruguayan part of the basin contains the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian) Dolores and Sopas Formations and the Brazilian portion hosts the Lujanian Touro Passo Formation.[22]
Natural resources edit
The main natural resources extracted in Paraná Basin are groundwater, coal and oil shale.[citation needed]
- Groundwater
The Guaraní Aquifer is one of the world's largest aquifer systems and an important source of fresh water in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The lithology of the Aquifer consists mainly of highly permeable sandstones of the Botucatu and Pirambóia formations. The aquifer covers 1,200,000 km2 (460,000 sq mi) with an estimated volume of about 37,000 km3 (3.0×1010 acre⋅ft) of water.[23]
- Energy resources
- Coal: The Brazilian coal resources are estimated at 32 billion metric tons (32 Pg), classified as bituminous to sub-bituminous coal and are mainly associated with sandstones of the Rio Bonito Formation. The major producers are located in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states and minor producers are located in Paraná and São Paulo states.[24]
- Natural gas: There is one gas field in the Paraná Basin, the Barra Bonita Field, located in Paraná state and discovered in 1996, with estimated reserves of about 496,000,000 m3 (1.75×1010 cu ft).[25]
- Oil shale: Since 1972 Petrobras extracts hydrocarbons from the Irati Formation oil shales in São Mateus do Sul, a city in the Brazilian state of Paraná, using the Petrosix process, a Petrobras patent. The Irati Formation reserves are estimated at 700,000,000 bbl (110,000,000 m3) of oil, 9 million metric tons of liquefied gas (LPG), 25 cubic kilometers (8.8×1011 cu ft) of shale gas and 18 million metric tons of sulfur in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.[26]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Milani et al., 2007a
- ^ Fernandez, 2013, p.6
- ^ Klemme, 1980, p.193
- ^ Bally & Snelson, 1980, p.25
- ^ Kingston, Dishroon & Williams, 1983, p.2178
- ^ De Santa Ana et al., 2004, p.88
- ^ Daners et al., 2006, p.148
- ^ MacGregor, 1908
- ^ White, David (1908) Flora Fóssil das Coal Measures do Brasil, pp. 337-617 + 14 estampas (inglês) IN: White, I.C. (1908) "Commissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brazil”, Relatório Final, Parte III, Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 617 pg. (Relatório bilíngue, em português e inglês). Edição facsimilar de 1988, DNPM
- ^ White, 1908
- ^ a b Zalán et al., 1991
- ^ Milani et al., 2007b
- ^ Mantovani et al., 2010
- ^ Melo, 1988
- ^ Rossello et al., 2006
- ^ Milani, José; Zalán, Pedro Victor (1999). "An outline of the geology and petroleum systems of the Paleozoic interior basins of South America". Episodes. 22 (3): 199–205. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i3/007.
- ^ Milani, 1997
- ^ Vail et al., 1977
- ^ Manzig et al., 2014, p.2
- ^ Franco et al., 2013, p.41
- ^ Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
- ^ Kerber et al., 2014, p.250
- ^ (in Portuguese) O Aqüífero Guarani - The Guarani Aquifer 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Brazilian Geological Survey Co. Report: Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais - Informe de Recursos Minerais
- ^ Zanotto et al., 2008
- ^ Petrobras Shale Industrialization Business Unit[permanent dead link]
Bibliography edit
Basin types and sequence stratigraphy edit
- Bally, A.W., and S. Snelson. 1980. Realms of subsidence. CSPG Memoir 6. 9–94. .
- Kingston, D.R.; C.P. Dishroon, and P.A. Williams. 1983. Global Basin Classification System. AAPG Bulletin 67. 2175–2193. Accessed 2017-06-23.
- Klemme, H.D. 1980. Petroleum Basins - Classifications and Characteristics. Journal of Petroleum Geology 3. 187–207. Accessed 2017-06-23.
- Vail, P.R.; R.M. Mitchum, and S. Thompson. 1977. Seismic Stratigraphy and global change of sea level, part 3: relative changes of sea level from coastal onlap. AAPG Memoir 26. 205–212. .
Paraná Basin edit
- Daners, Gloria; Jorge Montaño; Héctor De Santa Ana; Ana Ethel Morales; Vicente Fulfaro; Rossana Muzio; César Goso Aguilar; Elena Peel, and Nora Lorenzo, Andrés Pérez, Henri Masquelin, Graciela Piñeiro, Eduardo Rossello. 2006. Cuencas sedimentarias de Uruguay - geología, paleontología y recursos naturales - Paleozóico, 1–325. División Relaciones y Actividades Culturales de Facultad de Ciencias. Accessed 2017-09-11.
- Fernandez, Rodrigo de Oliveira. 2013. Paraná Basin - Brazil Round 12, 1–82. ANP. Accessed 2017-09-07.
- Mantovani, Marta S.M., and Benjamin B. De Brito Neves. 2010. Neoproterozoic-Cambrian tectonics, global change and evolution: a focus on south western Gondwana, 257–272. Elsevier.
- Milani, E.J.; J.H.G. Melo; P.A. Souza; L.A. Fernandes, and A.B. França. 2007a. Bacia do Paraná. Cartas Estratigráficas - Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 15. 265–287. .
- Milani, E.J.; A.B. França, and R.Á. Medeiros. 2007b. Roteiros Geológicos, Rochas geradoras e rochas-reservatório da Bacia do Paraná. Boletim de Geociências da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 15. 135–162. .
- Milani, E.J. 1997. Evolução tectono-estratigráfica da Bacia do Paraná e seu relacionamento com a geodinâmica fanerozoica do Gondwana sul-ocidental (PhD thesis), .. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
- Melo, J.H.G. 1988. The Malvinokaffric realm in the Devonian of Brazil. CSPG Memoir 14. 669–704. .
- Rossello, Eduardo A.; Gerardo Veroslavsky; Héctor de Santa Ana; Vicente J. Fúlfaro, and César A. Fernández Garrasino. 2006. La dorsal Asunción - Río Grande: Un altofondo regional entre las cuencas Paraná (Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay) y Chacoparanense (Argentina). Revista Brasileira de Geociências 36(). 181–196. Accessed 2018-09-7.
- De Santa Ana, Héctor; César Goso Aguilar; Jorge Montaño; Graciela Piñeiro; Rossana Muzio; Eduardo Rossello; Daniel Perea, and Nelson Ucha. 2004. Cuencas sedimentarias de Uruguay - geología, paleontología y recursos naturales - Mesozóico, 1–219. División Relaciones y Actividades Culturales de Facultad de Ciencias. Accessed 2017-09-11.
- Zalán, P.V.; S. Wolf; M.A.M. Astolfi; I.S. Vieira; J.C. Conceição; V.T. Appi; E.V. Santos Neto; J.R. Cerqueira, and A. Marques. 1991. The Paraná Basin, Brazil. AAPG Memoir 51. 707–708. .
- Zanotto, O.A.; C.R. Becker, and E.M. Durães. 2008. Barra Bonita - Primeiro Campo de Gás na Bacia Do Paraná, .. 44º Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia – Anais; Curitiba, Brasil.
Paleontology edit
- Brea, Mariana; María Jimena Franco, and Alejandro F. Zucol. 2013. Paleoflora de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno Tardío), Cuenca Chaco-Paranaense, Argentina. El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 14. 41–55. Accessed 2018-09-03.
- Cione, Alberto Luis; Daniel Alfredo Cabrera, and María Julia Barla. 2012. Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios 45. 167–172. Accessed 2017-10-22.
- Franco, María Jimena; Mariana Brea; Óscar Orfeo, and Alejandro F. Zucol. 2013. La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina. El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 14. 41–55. Accessed 2018-09-03.
- Kerber, Leonardo; Vanessa Gregis Pitana; Ana Maria Ribeiro; Annie Schmaltz Hsiou, and Edison V. Oliveira. 2014. Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 31. 248–259. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- MacGregor, J.H. 1908. Mesosaurus brasiliensis nov. sp.. Commission for Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines - Final Report, Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil _. 301–336. .
- Manzig, P.C.; A.W.A. Kellner; L.C. Weinschütz; C.E. Fragoso; C.S. Vega; G.B. Guimarães; L.C. Godoy; A. Liccardo, and J.H.C. Ricetti and C.C. Moura. 2014. Discovery of a Rare Pterosaur Bone Bed in a Cretaceous Desert with Insights on Ontogeny and Behavior of Flying Reptiles. PLOS ONE 9. e100005. Accessed 2019-02-04.
- Martín Pérez, Leandro. 2013. Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–398. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- White, I.C. 1908. Comissão de Estudos das Minas de Carvão de Pedra do Brasil – Relatório final: Commission for Studies on Brazilian Coal Mines - Final Report, 301–617. Imprensa Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.