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Cyperus papyrus

January 01, 1970

Cyperus papyrus, better known by the common names papyrus,[2] papyrus sedge, paper reed, Indian matting plant, or Nile grass, is a species of aquatic flowering plant belonging to the sedge family Cyperaceae. It is a tender herbaceous perennial, native to Africa,[3] and forms tall stands of reed-like swamp vegetation in shallow water.

Cyperus papyrus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae
Genus: Cyperus
Species:
C. papyrus
Binomial name
Cyperus papyrus

Papyrus sedge (and its close relatives) has a very long history of use by humans, notably by the Ancient Egyptians (as it is the source of papyrus paper, one of the first types of paper ever made).[3] Parts of the plant can be eaten, and the highly buoyant stems can be made into boats. It is now often cultivated as an ornamental plant.

In nature, it grows in full sun, in flooded swamps, and on lake margins throughout Africa, Madagascar, and the Mediterranean countries.[4] It has been introduced outside its range to tropical regions worldwide (such as the Indian subcontinent, South America, and the Caribbean).

Description edit

 
Papyrus plant (Cyperus papyrus) at Kew Gardens, London

This tall, robust aquatic plant can grow 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) high,[5] but on the margins of high altitude lakes such as Lake Naivasha in Kenya and Lake Tana in Ethiopia, at altitudes around 6,000 feet (1,800 m) the papyrus culms can measure up to 29.5 feet (9.0 m) in length, with an additional 18 inches (46 cm) for the inflorescence (a spicate umbel; i.e. each of the up to one thousand rays of the umbel terminates in a spike of small flowers) for a total height of 31 feet (9.4 m).[6][7] Each culm is a single internode‍—‍the longest known of any plant. At Lake Naivasha, the culms, triangular in cross-section, were as much as 7 inches (18 cm) on a side in width.[8] It forms a grass-like clump of triangular green stems that rise up from thick, woody rhizomes. Each stem is topped by a dense cluster of thin, bright green, thread-like rays around 10 to 30 cm (4 to 10 in) in length, resembling a feather duster when the plant is young. Greenish-brown flower clusters eventually appear at the ends of the rays, giving way to brown, nut-like fruits.[3]

Although no leaves are apparent above the soil line, the younger parts of the rhizome are covered by red-brown, papery, triangular scales, which also cover the base of the culms. Technically, these are reduced leaves, so strictly it is not quite correct to call this plant fully "leafless".[9]

Papyrus in history edit

Main article: Papyrus
 
Papyrus paper

Egyptians used the plant (which they called aaru, or the subspecies C. p. papyrus,[2] which came very close to extinction, but was rediscovered in 1968.[10]) for many purposes, including for making papyrus paper. Its name has an uncertain origin, but was rendered in Hellenistic Greek as πάπυρος.[11]

In the Nile Delta, Cyperus papyrus was widely cultivated in ancient times. It is for example depicted on a restored stucco fragment from the palace of Amenhotep III near the present-day village of Malkata. Currently, only a small population remains in Egypt, in Wadi El Natrun. Theophrastus's History of Plants (Book iv. 10) states that it grew in Syria, and according to Pliny's Natural History, it was also a native plant of the Niger River and the Euphrates.[12] Neither the explorer Peter Forsskål, an apostle of Carl Linnaeus, in the 18th century, nor the Napoleonic expedition saw it in the delta.

Aside from papyrus, several other members of the genus Cyperus may also have been involved in the multiple uses Egyptians found for the plant. Its flowering heads were linked to make garlands for the gods in gratitude. The pith of young shoots was eaten both cooked and raw.[12] Its woody root made bowls and other utensils and was burned for fuel. From the stems were made reed boats (seen in bas-reliefs of the Fourth Dynasty showing men cutting papyrus to build a boat; similar boats are still made in southern Sudan), sails, mats, cloth, cordage, and sandals. Theophrastus states that King Antigonus made the rigging of his fleet of papyrus, an old practice illustrated by the ship's cable, wherewith the doors were fastened when Odysseus slew the suitors in his hall (Odyssey xxi. 390).[12]

The "rush" or "reed" basket in which the Biblical figure Moses is supposed to have been placed may have been made from papyrus.

The adventurer Thor Heyerdahl had a boat built for him of papyrus, Ra, in an attempt to demonstrate that ancient African or Mediterranean people could have reached America. He was unsuccessful with this boat. Fishermen in the Okavango Delta use small sections of the stem as floats for their nets.

Ecology edit

 
Papyrus growing wild on the banks of the Nile in Uganda

Papyrus can be found in tropical rain forests, tolerating annual temperatures of 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F) and a soil pH of 6.0 to 8.5. It flowers in late summer, and prefers full sun to partly shady conditions. Like most tropical plants, it is sensitive to frost. In the United States, it has become invasive in Florida and has escaped from cultivation in Louisiana, California, and Hawaii.[9]

Papyrus sedge forms vast stands in swamps, shallow lakes, and along stream banks throughout the wetter parts of Africa, but it has become rare in the Nile Delta. In deeper waters, it is the chief constituent of the floating, tangled masses of vegetation known as sudd. It also occurs in Madagascar, and some Mediterranean areas such as Sicily and the Levant.

The "feather-duster" flowering heads make ideal nesting sites for many social species of birds. As in most sedges, pollination is by wind, not insects, and the mature fruits after release are distributed by water.

Papyrus is a C4 sedge that forms highly productive monotypic stands over large areas of wetland in Africa.[citation needed]

Cultivation edit

The papyrus plant is relatively easy to grow from seed, though in Egypt, it is more common to split the rootstock,[13] and grows quite fast once established. Extremely moist soil or roots sunken in the water is preferred and the plant can flower all year long.[14] Vegetative propagation is the suggested process of creating new plants. It is done by splitting the rhizomes into small groups and planting normally.[15] It can reach heights of up to 16 feet tall.[16] C. papyrus is considered to be hardy in USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10.[3][9]

C. papyrus[2] and the dwarf cultivar C. papyrus 'Nanus'[17] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).[18]

Uses edit

In Ancient Egypt, papyrus was used for various of purposes such as baskets, sandals, blankets, medicine, incense, and boats. The woody root was used to make bowls and utensils, and was burned for fuel. The Papyrus Ebers refers to the use of soft papyrus tampons by Egyptian women in the 15th century BCE.[19] Egyptians made efficient use of all parts of the plant. Papyrus was an important "gift of the Nile" which is still preserved and perpetuated in Egyptian culture.[20]

References edit

  1. ^ Beentje, H.J. & Lansdown, R.V. (2018). "Papyrus Sedge Cyperus papyrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T164158A120152171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T164158A120152171.en. Retrieved 22 March 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b "Cyperus papyrus AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
  3. ^ a b c d "Cyperus papyrus - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
  4. ^ . PlantZAfrica.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-24. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
  5. ^ "Cyperus papyrus". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  6. ^ Correspondence with Keith Thompson of the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
  7. ^ Thompson, Keith; et al. (June 1979). "Papyrus Swamp Development in the Upemba Basin, Zaire...etc". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 78 (4): 300.
  8. ^ Thompson, corresp. loc. cit,
  9. ^ a b c "Cyperus papyrus (Egyptian Paper Reed, Giant Papyrus, Paper Reed, Papyrus) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
  10. ^ Day, David (1981). Doomsday Book of Animals. New York: Viking Press. p. 273.
  11. ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". OED. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  12. ^ a b c Thompson, Edward Maunde (1911). "Papyrus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 743–745.
  13. ^ "Cyperus papyrus L." Purdue University. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  14. ^ "Cyperus papyrus - Useful Tropical Plants". tropical.theferns.info. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
  15. ^ "Cyperus papyrus | PlantZAfrica.com". pza.sanbi.org. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
  16. ^ . Master Gardener Program. Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
  17. ^ "Cyperus papyrus 'Nanus' AGM". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
  18. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 22. (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-05. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  19. ^ Who invented tampons? June 6, 2006 The Straight Dope
  20. ^ [1], The Ancient Egypt website, retrieved on November 15, 2016.

Further reading edit

  • Boar, R. R., D. M. Harper and C. S. Adams. 1999. Biomass Allocation in Cyperus papyrus in a Tropical Wetland, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. 1999. Biotropica 3: 411.
  • Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, M. Chandler, L. Kaufman and A.E. Keiter. 1996. Refugia for endangered fishes from an introduced predator in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Conservation Biology 10: 554–561.
  • Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, P.J. Schofield, J.P. Olowo, L. Kaufman, O. Seehausen and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo. 2003. Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa. Conservation Biology 17: 500–511.
  • Gaudet, John. 1975. Mineral concentrations in papyrus in various African swamps. Journal of Ecology 63: 483–491.
  • Gaudet, John. 1976. Nutrient relationships in the detritus of a tropical swamp.Archiv für Hydrobiologie 78: 213–239.
  • Gaudet, John. 1977. Natural drawdown on Lake Naivasha, Kenya and the formation of papyrus swamps. Aquatic Botany 3: 1-47.
  • Gaudet, John. 1977. Uptake and loss of mineral nutrients by papyrus in tropical swamps. Ecology 58: 415–422.
  • Gaudet, John. 1978. Effect of a tropical swamp on water quality. Verh. Internat. Ver. Limnol. 20: 2202–2206.
  • Gaudet, John. 1978. Seasonal changes in nutrients in a tropical swamp. Journal of Ecology 67: 953–981.
  • Gaudet, John. 1980. Papyrus and the ecology of Lake Naivasha. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 12: 267–272.
  • Gaudet, J. and J. Melack. 1981. Major ion chemistry in a tropical African lake basin. Freshwater Biology 11: 309–333.
  • Gaudet, J. and C. Howard-Williams. 1985. "The structure and functioning of African swamps." In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 154–175).
  • Gaudet, John. 1991. Structure and function of African floodplains. Journal of the East African Natural Historical Society. 82(199): 1-32.
  • Harper, D.M., K.M. Mavuti and S. M. Muchiri. 1990: Ecology and management of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, in relation to climatic change, alien species introductions and agricultural development. Environmental Conservation 17: 328–336.
  • Harper, D. 1992. The ecological relationships of aquatic plants at Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hydrobiologia. 232: 65–71.
  • Howard-Williams, C. and K. Thompson. 1985. The conservation and management of African wetlands. In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 203–230).
  • Jones, M.B. and T. R. Milburn. 1978. Photosynthesis in Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), Photosynthetica. 12: 197 - 199.
  • Jones, M. B. and F. M. Muthuri. 1997. Standing biomass and carbon distribution in a papyrus (Cyperus Papyrus L) swamp on Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 13: 347–356.
  • Jones M.B. and S. W. Humphries. 2002. Impacts of the C4 sedge Cyperus papyrus L. on carbon and water fluxes in an African wetland. Hydrobiologia, Volume 488, pp. 107–113.
  • Maclean, I.M.D. 2004. An ecological and socio-economic analysis of biodiversity conservation in East African wetlands. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
  • Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, M. R. Boar and I. Lake. 2006. Effects of disturbance and habitat loss on papyrus-dwelling passerines. Biological Conservation., 131: 349–358.
  • Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, R. Boar, R. and O. Nasirwa. 2003a. Effects of habitat degradation on avian guilds in East African papyrus Cyperus papyrus L. swamps. Bird Conservation International, 13: 283–297.
  • Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar, R.R. 2003b. Social and economic use of wetland resources: a case study from Lake Bunyonyi, Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-09, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
  • Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar. 2003c. Towards optimal use of tropical wetlands: an economic evaluation of goods derived from papyrus swamps in southwest Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
  • Messenger Dally. 1908 How papyrus defeated South Sydney and assisted in making Eastern Suburbs great
  • Muthuri, F. M., M. B. Jones, and S.K. Imbamba. 1989. Primary productivity of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) in a tropical swamp - Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Biomass, 18: 1 - 14.
  • Muthuri, F. M. and M. B. Jones. 1997. Nutrient distribution in a papyrus swamp: Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Aquatic Botany, 56: 35–50.
  • Owino, A. O. and P. G. Ryan. 2006. Habitat associations of papyrus specialist birds at three papyrus swamps in western Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 44: 438–443.
  • Thompson, K. 1976. Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile. In (ed.J. Rzoska) The Nile. Biology of an Ancient River.Monographiae Biologicae, 29. Dr.W. Junk b.v., The Hague.
  • Thompson, K., P.R. Shewry & H.W. Woolhouse. 1979. Papyrus swamp development in the Upemba Basin, Zaire: Studies of population structure in Cyperus papyrus stands. Botanical Journal of the Linn. Soc. 78: 299–316.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyperus papyrus.
  • Purdue University: Cyperus papyrus factsheet
  • Floridata
  • Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Cyperus papyrus ". African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.

January 01, 1970
cyperus, papyrus, better, known, common, names, papyrus, papyrus, sedge, paper, reed, indian, matting, plant, nile, grass, species, aquatic, flowering, plant, belonging, sedge, family, cyperaceae, tender, herbaceous, perennial, native, africa, forms, tall, sta. Cyperus papyrus better known by the common names papyrus 2 papyrus sedge paper reed Indian matting plant or Nile grass is a species of aquatic flowering plant belonging to the sedge family Cyperaceae It is a tender herbaceous perennial native to Africa 3 and forms tall stands of reed like swamp vegetation in shallow water Cyperus papyrus Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Clade Commelinids Order Poales Family Cyperaceae Genus Cyperus Species C papyrus Binomial name Cyperus papyrusL Papyrus sedge and its close relatives has a very long history of use by humans notably by the Ancient Egyptians as it is the source of papyrus paper one of the first types of paper ever made 3 Parts of the plant can be eaten and the highly buoyant stems can be made into boats It is now often cultivated as an ornamental plant In nature it grows in full sun in flooded swamps and on lake margins throughout Africa Madagascar and the Mediterranean countries 4 It has been introduced outside its range to tropical regions worldwide such as the Indian subcontinent South America and the Caribbean Contents 1 Description 2 Papyrus in history 3 Ecology 4 Cultivation 5 Uses 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp Papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus at Kew Gardens London This tall robust aquatic plant can grow 4 to 5 m 13 to 16 ft high 5 but on the margins of high altitude lakes such as Lake Naivasha in Kenya and Lake Tana in Ethiopia at altitudes around 6 000 feet 1 800 m the papyrus culms can measure up to 29 5 feet 9 0 m in length with an additional 18 inches 46 cm for the inflorescence a spicate umbel i e each of the up to one thousand rays of the umbel terminates in a spike of small flowers for a total height of 31 feet 9 4 m 6 7 Each culm is a single internode the longest known of any plant At Lake Naivasha the culms triangular in cross section were as much as 7 inches 18 cm on a side in width 8 It forms a grass like clump of triangular green stems that rise up from thick woody rhizomes Each stem is topped by a dense cluster of thin bright green thread like rays around 10 to 30 cm 4 to 10 in in length resembling a feather duster when the plant is young Greenish brown flower clusters eventually appear at the ends of the rays giving way to brown nut like fruits 3 Although no leaves are apparent above the soil line the younger parts of the rhizome are covered by red brown papery triangular scales which also cover the base of the culms Technically these are reduced leaves so strictly it is not quite correct to call this plant fully leafless 9 Papyrus in history editMain article Papyrus nbsp Papyrus paper Egyptians used the plant which they called aaru or the subspecies C p papyrus 2 which came very close to extinction but was rediscovered in 1968 10 for many purposes including for making papyrus paper Its name has an uncertain origin but was rendered in Hellenistic Greek as papyros 11 In the Nile Delta Cyperus papyrus was widely cultivated in ancient times It is for example depicted on a restored stucco fragment from the palace of Amenhotep III near the present day village of Malkata Currently only a small population remains in Egypt in Wadi El Natrun Theophrastus s History of Plants Book iv 10 states that it grew in Syria and according to Pliny s Natural History it was also a native plant of the Niger River and the Euphrates 12 Neither the explorer Peter Forsskal an apostle of Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century nor the Napoleonic expedition saw it in the delta Aside from papyrus several other members of the genus Cyperus may also have been involved in the multiple uses Egyptians found for the plant Its flowering heads were linked to make garlands for the gods in gratitude The pith of young shoots was eaten both cooked and raw 12 Its woody root made bowls and other utensils and was burned for fuel From the stems were made reed boats seen in bas reliefs of the Fourth Dynasty showing men cutting papyrus to build a boat similar boats are still made in southern Sudan sails mats cloth cordage and sandals Theophrastus states that King Antigonus made the rigging of his fleet of papyrus an old practice illustrated by the ship s cable wherewith the doors were fastened when Odysseus slew the suitors in his hall Odyssey xxi 390 12 The rush or reed basket in which the Biblical figure Moses is supposed to have been placed may have been made from papyrus The adventurer Thor Heyerdahl had a boat built for him of papyrus Ra in an attempt to demonstrate that ancient African or Mediterranean people could have reached America He was unsuccessful with this boat Fishermen in the Okavango Delta use small sections of the stem as floats for their nets Ecology edit nbsp Papyrus growing wild on the banks of the Nile in Uganda Papyrus can be found in tropical rain forests tolerating annual temperatures of 20 to 30 C 68 to 86 F and a soil pH of 6 0 to 8 5 It flowers in late summer and prefers full sun to partly shady conditions Like most tropical plants it is sensitive to frost In the United States it has become invasive in Florida and has escaped from cultivation in Louisiana California and Hawaii 9 Papyrus sedge forms vast stands in swamps shallow lakes and along stream banks throughout the wetter parts of Africa but it has become rare in the Nile Delta In deeper waters it is the chief constituent of the floating tangled masses of vegetation known as sudd It also occurs in Madagascar and some Mediterranean areas such as Sicily and the Levant The feather duster flowering heads make ideal nesting sites for many social species of birds As in most sedges pollination is by wind not insects and the mature fruits after release are distributed by water Papyrus is a C4 sedge that forms highly productive monotypic stands over large areas of wetland in Africa citation needed Cultivation editThe papyrus plant is relatively easy to grow from seed though in Egypt it is more common to split the rootstock 13 and grows quite fast once established Extremely moist soil or roots sunken in the water is preferred and the plant can flower all year long 14 Vegetative propagation is the suggested process of creating new plants It is done by splitting the rhizomes into small groups and planting normally 15 It can reach heights of up to 16 feet tall 16 C papyrus is considered to be hardy in USDA hardiness zones 9 and 10 3 9 C papyrus 2 and the dwarf cultivar C papyrus Nanus 17 have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit confirmed 2017 18 Uses editIn Ancient Egypt papyrus was used for various of purposes such as baskets sandals blankets medicine incense and boats The woody root was used to make bowls and utensils and was burned for fuel The Papyrus Ebers refers to the use of soft papyrus tampons by Egyptian women in the 15th century BCE 19 Egyptians made efficient use of all parts of the plant Papyrus was an important gift of the Nile which is still preserved and perpetuated in Egyptian culture 20 References edit Beentje H J amp Lansdown R V 2018 Papyrus Sedge Cyperus papyrus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T164158A120152171 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T164158A120152171 en Retrieved 22 March 2022 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Cyperus papyrus AGM Royal Horticultural Society Retrieved 2012 10 16 a b c d Cyperus papyrus Plant Finder www missouribotanicalgarden org Retrieved 2021 02 20 Cyperus papyrus PlantZAfrica com Archived from the original on 2017 04 24 Retrieved 2015 03 12 Cyperus papyrus FloraBase Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Correspondence with Keith Thompson of the University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand Thompson Keith et al June 1979 Papyrus Swamp Development in the Upemba Basin Zaire etc Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 78 4 300 Thompson corresp loc cit a b c Cyperus papyrus Egyptian Paper Reed Giant Papyrus Paper Reed Papyrus North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox plants ces ncsu edu Retrieved 2021 02 20 Day David 1981 Doomsday Book of Animals New York Viking Press p 273 Oxford English Dictionary OED Retrieved 16 October 2019 a b c Thompson Edward Maunde 1911 Papyrus In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 20 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 743 745 Cyperus papyrus L Purdue University Retrieved December 30 2014 Cyperus papyrus Useful Tropical Plants tropical theferns info Retrieved 2018 04 17 Cyperus papyrus PlantZAfrica com pza sanbi org Retrieved 2018 04 17 Papyrus Cyperus papyrus Master Gardener Program Archived from the original on 2018 04 17 Retrieved 2018 04 17 Cyperus papyrus Nanus AGM Royal Horticultural Society Retrieved 2020 05 17 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 22 Archived PDF from the original on 2018 01 05 Retrieved 24 January 2018 Who invented tampons June 6 2006 The Straight Dope 1 The Ancient Egypt website retrieved on November 15 2016 Further reading editBoar R R D M Harper and C S Adams 1999 Biomass Allocation in Cyperus papyrus in a Tropical Wetland Lake Naivasha Kenya 1999 Biotropica 3 411 Chapman L J C A Chapman R Ogutu Ohwayo M Chandler L Kaufman and A E Keiter 1996 Refugia for endangered fishes from an introduced predator in Lake Nabugabo Uganda Conservation Biology 10 554 561 Chapman L J C A Chapman P J Schofield J P Olowo L Kaufman O Seehausen and R Ogutu Ohwayo 2003 Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo East Africa Conservation Biology 17 500 511 Gaudet John 1975 Mineral concentrations in papyrus in various African swamps Journal of Ecology 63 483 491 Gaudet John 1976 Nutrient relationships in the detritus of a tropical swamp Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 78 213 239 Gaudet John 1977 Natural drawdown on Lake Naivasha Kenya and the formation of papyrus swamps Aquatic Botany 3 1 47 Gaudet John 1977 Uptake and loss of mineral nutrients by papyrus in tropical swamps Ecology 58 415 422 Gaudet John 1978 Effect of a tropical swamp on water quality Verh Internat Ver Limnol 20 2202 2206 Gaudet John 1978 Seasonal changes in nutrients in a tropical swamp Journal of Ecology 67 953 981 Gaudet John 1980 Papyrus and the ecology of Lake Naivasha National Geographic Society Research Reports 12 267 272 Gaudet J and J Melack 1981 Major ion chemistry in a tropical African lake basin Freshwater Biology 11 309 333 Gaudet J and C Howard Williams 1985 The structure and functioning of African swamps In ed Denny The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation Dr w Junk Pub Dordrecht pp 154 175 Gaudet John 1991 Structure and function of African floodplains Journal of the East African Natural Historical Society 82 199 1 32 Harper D M K M Mavuti and S M Muchiri 1990 Ecology and management of Lake Naivasha Kenya in relation to climatic change alien species introductions and agricultural development Environmental Conservation 17 328 336 Harper D 1992 The ecological relationships of aquatic plants at Lake Naivasha Kenya Hydrobiologia 232 65 71 Howard Williams C and K Thompson 1985 The conservation and management of African wetlands In ed Denny The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation Dr w Junk Pub Dordrecht pp 203 230 Jones M B and T R Milburn 1978 Photosynthesis in Papyrus Cyperus papyrus L Photosynthetica 12 197 199 Jones M B and F M Muthuri 1997 Standing biomass and carbon distribution in a papyrus Cyperus Papyrus L swamp on Lake Naivasha Kenya Journal of Tropical Ecology 13 347 356 Jones M B and S W Humphries 2002 Impacts of the C4 sedge Cyperus papyrus L on carbon and water fluxes in an African wetland Hydrobiologia Volume 488 pp 107 113 Maclean I M D 2004 An ecological and socio economic analysis of biodiversity conservation in East African wetlands Unpublished PhD thesis University of East Anglia Norwich Maclean I M D M Hassall M R Boar and I Lake 2006 Effects of disturbance and habitat loss on papyrus dwelling passerines Biological Conservation 131 349 358 Maclean I M D M Hassall R Boar R and O Nasirwa 2003a Effects of habitat degradation on avian guilds in East African papyrus Cyperus papyrus L swamps Bird Conservation International 13 283 297 Maclean I M D R Tinch M Hassall and R R Boar R R 2003b Social and economic use of wetland resources a case study from Lake Bunyonyi Uganda Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No 2003 09 Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment University of East Anglia Norwich Maclean I M D R Tinch M Hassall and R R Boar 2003c Towards optimal use of tropical wetlands an economic evaluation of goods derived from papyrus swamps in southwest Uganda Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No 2003 10 Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment University of East Anglia Norwich Messenger Dally 1908 How papyrus defeated South Sydney and assisted in making Eastern Suburbs great Muthuri F M M B Jones and S K Imbamba 1989 Primary productivity of papyrus Cyperus papyrus in a tropical swamp Lake Naivasha Kenya Biomass 18 1 14 Muthuri F M and M B Jones 1997 Nutrient distribution in a papyrus swamp Lake Naivasha Kenya Aquatic Botany 56 35 50 Owino A O and P G Ryan 2006 Habitat associations of papyrus specialist birds at three papyrus swamps in western Kenya African Journal of Ecology 44 438 443 Thompson K 1976 Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile In ed J Rzoska The Nile Biology of an Ancient River Monographiae Biologicae 29 Dr W Junk b v The Hague Thompson K P R Shewry amp H W Woolhouse 1979 Papyrus swamp development in the Upemba Basin Zaire Studies of population structure in Cyperus papyrus stands Botanical Journal of the Linn Soc 78 299 316 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyperus papyrus Purdue University Cyperus papyrus factsheet Floridata University of Connecticut Ecology amp Evolutionary Biology Conservatory Dressler S Schmidt M amp Zizka G 2014 Cyperus papyrus African plants a Photo Guide Frankfurt Main Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cyperus papyrus amp oldid 1219075314, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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