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Black panther

January 07, 2023

For other uses, see Black panther (disambiguation).

A black panther is the melanistic colour variant of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and the jaguar (Panthera onca). Black panthers of both species have excess black pigments, but their typical rosettes are also present. They have been documented mostly in tropical forests, with black leopards in Kenya, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Java, and black jaguars of the Americas in Mexico, Panama, Costa Rica, Brazil and Paraguay. Melanism is caused by a recessive allele in the leopard, and by a dominant allele in the jaguar.

Leopard

 
A melanistic Indian leopard in Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka
 
A melanistic leopard in Out of Africa Wildlife Park, Camp Verde, Arizona
 
Markings on a female black leopard at the Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve, Kromdraai

In 1788, Jean-Claude Delamétherie described a black leopard that was kept in the Tower of London and had been brought from Bengal.[1] In 1794, Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer proposed the scientific name Felis fusca for this cat, the Indian leopard (P. p. fusca).[2][3] In 1809, Georges Cuvier described a black leopard kept in the Ménagerie du Jardin des plantes that had been brought from Java. Cuvier proposed the name Felis melas, the Javan leopard (P. p. melas).[4][3] By the late 19th century, the occurrence of black and spotted leopard cubs in the same litter had been repeatedly recorded in India. Black leopards were thought to be more common in Travancore and in the hills of southern India than in other parts of the country.[5] Black leopards were also frequently encountered in southern Myanmar.[6] By 1929, the Natural History Museum, London had skins of black leopards collected in South Africa, Nepal, Assam and Kanara in India.[7] Black leopards were thought to be common on the Malay Peninsula and on Java.[8]

A black African leopard (P. p. pardus) was sighted in the alpine zone of Mount Kenya in the winter of 1989–1990.[9] In Kenya's Laikipia County, a black leopard was photographed by a camera trap in 2007; in 2018, a female subadult black leopard was repeatedly recorded together with a spotted leopard about 50 km (31 mi) farther east in tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands.[10]

In India's Western Ghats, black leopards were sighted and photographed in 2010 and 2012 in the Kas Plateau Reserved Forest, and in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in 2012.[11] In 2015, a dead black leopard was found on a highway near Satara in Maharashtra.[12] In May 2012, a black leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,300 m (14,100 ft) in Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Area.[13]

At least one black leopard was photographed in mixed deciduous forest in Thailand's Kaeng Krachan National Park during a one-year-long camera trapping survey from 2003 to 2004.[14] In 2009, black leopards were photographed more often than spotted leopards in Kui Buri National Park.[15] Most leopards recorded at 16 sites south of the Kra Isthmus between 1996 and 2009 were black, indicating a near-fixation of melanism in Peninsular Malaysia.[16] In 2019, a black individual was photographed outside a protected area in Jeli District.[17] Both black and spotted leopards were recorded in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in West Java between 2005 and 2017.[18]

Frequency of melanism appears to be approximately 11% over the leopard's range. Data on the distribution of leopard populations indicates that melanism occurs in five subspecies in the wild: the Indian leopard, Javan leopard, African leopard, Indochinese leopard (P. p. delacouri) and Sri Lankan leopard (P. p. kotiya). Based on records from camera traps, melanistic leopards occur foremost in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests.[19]

Melanism in the leopard is conferred by a recessive allele.[20] It is thought that melanism confers a selective advantage under certain conditions since it is more common in regions of dense forest, where light levels are lower. Preliminary studies also suggest that melanism might be linked to beneficial mutations in the immune system.[21] The typical spots and rosettes are present but hidden due to the excess melanin.[22]

The taxonomic status of captive black leopards and the extent of hybridization between the Javan leopard and other leopard subspecies is uncertain. Therefore, coordinated breeding programs for black leopards do not exist in European and North American zoos.[23] Black leopards occupy space needed for breeding endangered leopard subspecies and are not included within the North American Species Survival Plan.[24][25] A black Amur leopard (P. p. orientalis) was exhibited at the San Diego Zoo in 2017.[26]

A pseudo-melanistic leopard has a normal background color, but the spots are more densely packed than normal, and merge to obscure the golden-brown background color. Any spots on the flanks and limbs that have not merged into the mass of swirls and stripes are unusually small and discrete, rather than forming rosettes. The face and underparts are paler and dappled, like those of ordinary spotted leopards.[27]

Jaguar

 
A melanistic jaguar
 
A melanistic jaguar at the Henry Doorly Zoo

In 1801, Félix de Azara described a black jaguar observed by local people near the Paraná River in Paraguay.[28] In 2004, a female black jaguar was recorded in Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental.[29] In 2009, a black jaguar was photographed by a camera trap for the first time in Costa Rica's Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve.[30] In Barbilla National Park, black jaguars were recorded in 2013.[31] In the mountains of the Cordillera de Talamanca, 104 records of jaguars were obtained between 2010 and 2019; 26 of them showed melanistic jaguars.[32] In eastern Panama, black jaguars were repeatedly photographed in the Mamoní River Valley between 2016 and 2018, mostly in primary forest.[33] Melanism in the jaguar is caused by deletions in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene and conferred by a dominant allele.[34] Five black jaguars were monitored by researchers in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve in the Brazilian State of Amazonas between 2003 and 2018. The researchers studied their behaviour in Várzea forest.[35]

Cougar

There is no authenticated case of a truly melanistic cougar. No specimen has been photographed or killed in the wild, nor has it ever been bred in captivity. Unconfirmed sightings known as the "North American black panther" are currently attributed to errors in species identification by non-experts, and by the mimetic exaggeration of size.[36][better source needed][clarification needed]

Culture and literature

See also

References

  1. ^ Delamétherie, J.-C. (1788). "Description d'une Panthère noire" [Description of a black Panther]. Observations et Mémoires sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts et Métiers, etc. (in French). 33: 45.
  2. ^ Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther [About de la Metheries black Panther]". Zoologische Annalen (in German). Vol. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.
  3. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (1): 307–336.
  4. ^ Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. XIV: 136–164.
  5. ^ Blanford, W. T. (1888). "Felis pardus. The Leopard or Panther". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 67–71.
  6. ^ Mason, F. (1882). "F. pardus, L. The leopard". Burma, its people and productions; or, Notes on the fauna, flora, and minerals of Tenasserim, Pegu, and Burma. Vol. 1. Geology, mineralogy, and zoology (Rewritten and enlarged by W. Theobald ed.). Hertford: Chief Commissioner of British Burma. p. 472.
  7. ^ Pocock, R.I. (1929). "Black panthers – an inquiry". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 33 (3): 693–694.
  8. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 34 (1): 65–82.
  9. ^ Young, T. P. & Evans, M. E. (1993). "Alpine vertebrates of Mount Kenya, with particular notes on the rock hyrax". Journal of the East African Natural History Society. 82 (202): 54–79.
  10. ^ Pilfold, N.W.; Letoluai, A.; Ruppert, K.; Glikman, J.A.; Stacy-Dawes, J.; O'Connor, D. & Owen, M. (2019). "Confirmation of black leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) living in Laikipia County, Kenya". African Journal of Ecology. 57 (2): 270–273. doi:10.1111/aje.12586. S2CID 92543492.
  11. ^ Sayyed, A. & Mahabal, A. (2013). "Records of the melanistic Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus) from Western Ghats area of Maharashtra and Karnataka, India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 110 (2): 151.
  12. ^ Sayyed, A. & Mahabal, A. (2015). "Second record of melanistic leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus) from Satara, Maharashtra: a case of roadkill". Zoo's Print. 30 (5): 29.
  13. ^ Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Barker, J.; Dahal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S.; Singh, G. R. (2013). "High elevation record of a leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal". Cat News (58): 26–27.
  14. ^ Ngoprasert, D.; Lynam, A.J. & Gale, G.A. (2007). "Human disturbance affects habitat use and behaviour of Asiatic leopard "Panthera pardus" in Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand". Oryx. 41 (3): 343–351. doi:10.1017/S0030605307001102.
  15. ^ Steinmetz, R.; Seuaturien, N.; Chutipong, W. & Poonnil, B. (2009). The ecology and conservation of tigers and their prey in Kuiburi National Park, Thailand (PDF) (Report). Bangkok: WWF Thailand, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation. (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2021.
  16. ^ Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M.E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A.J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Shahruddin, W.N.W.; Rayan, D.M.; Sharma, D.S.K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in panthers of the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.
  17. ^ Hambali, K.; Fazli, N. F. M.; Amir, A.; Fauzi, N.; Hassin, N. H.; Abas, M. A.; Karim, M. F. A. & Sow, A. Y. (2021). "The discovery of a melanistc Leopard Panthera pardus delacouri (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) at Bukit Kudung in Jeli, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia: conservation and ecotourism". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13 (1): 17513–17516. doi:10.11609/jott.6060.13.1.17513-17516.
  18. ^ Ario, A.; Supian; Hidayat, E.; Hidayatullah, R.; Rustiadi, A.; Gunawan, A.; Triprajawan, T.; Sopian, I.; Zatnika, R. R.; Yusup, D. M.; Hindrayani, W.; Mulyanto, A. & Iskandar, D. (2018). "Population dynamics and ecology of Javan leopard, Panthera pardus melas, in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java". Journal of Indonesian Natural History. 6 (1): 6–13.
  19. ^ Da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS ONE. 12 (4): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.
  20. ^ Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of the black form of the leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (1): 190–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.
  21. ^ Sunquist, F. (2007). "Malaysian Mystery Leopards". National Wildlife Magazine. 45 (1).
  22. ^ Schneider, A.; David, V. A.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Barsh, G. S.; Menotti-Raymond, M. & Eizirik, E. (2012). "How the leopard hides its spots: ASIP mutations and melanism in wild cats". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e50386. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750386S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050386. PMC 3520955. PMID 23251368.
  23. ^ Gippoliti, S. & Meijaard, E. (2007). "Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard; an opportunity for zoos to save it". Contributions to Zoology. 76 (1): 55–57. doi:10.1163/18759866-07601005. S2CID 55715897.
  24. ^ Richardson, D. M. (2001). "A simple analysis of leopard (Panthera pardus) space within EAZA collections". In Hiddinga, B.; Brouwer, K. (eds.). EAZA Yearbook 1999/2000. Amsterdam: EAZA Executive Office. pp. 391–392.
  25. ^ Swanson, B.; Fletchall, N. & Shoemaker, A. (2003). Felid Taxon Advisory Group North American Regional Collection Plan 2003–2005. Bay Lake: Disney’s Animal Kingdom.
  26. ^ Parham, D. (2017). "Black Beauty". Zoonooz.
  27. ^ Gamble, C. (2004). Leopards: Natural History & Conservation. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0896586567.
  28. ^ Azara, F. de (1801). "L'Yagouarété". Essais sur l'histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la province du Paraguay. Vol. 1. Paris: Charles Pougens. pp. 114–132.
  29. ^ Dinets, V. & Polechla, P. J. (2005). . Cat News. 42: 18. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006.
  30. ^ Núñez, M.C. & Jiménez, E.C. (2009). "A new record of a black jaguar, Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) in Costa Rica". Brenesia. 71: 67–68.
  31. ^ Sáenz-Bolaños, C.; Montalvo, V.; Fuller, T.K. & Carrillo, E. (2015). "Records of black jaguars at Parque Nacional Barbilla, Costa Rica". Cat News (62): 38–39.
  32. ^ Mooring, M. S.; Eppert, A. A. & Botts, R. T. (2020). "Natural Selection of Melanism in Costa Rican Jaguar and Oncilla: A Test of Gloger's Rule and the Temporal Segregation Hypothesis". Tropical Conservation Science. 13: 1–15. doi:10.1177/1940082920910364.
  33. ^ Yacelga, M. & Craighead, K. (2019). "Melanistic jaguars in Panama". Cat News (70): 39–41.
  34. ^ Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S. & O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family". Current Biology. 13 (5): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807.
  35. ^ Publicidade, W5. "Onça-preta é monitorada na Amazônia por pesquisadores do Instituto Mamirauá". Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  36. ^ Holbert, C. (2002). "Stranded in the Wasteland: Literary Allusion in The Sharpest Sight". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 14 (1): 3. JSTOR 20737121.
  37. ^ Kipling, R. (1910). The Jungle Book (Reprinted ed.). New York: The Century Co.
  38. ^ Woolrich, C. (1982). Black Alibi. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-30707-0. OCLC 9160843.
  39. ^ Van Tilburg Clark, W. (1989). The Track of the Cat. Mattituck, NY: Amereon. ISBN 0-88411-389-2. OCLC 18533849.
  40. ^ Knuckey, C.K. (1960). History of the South Adelaide Football Club. Adelaide: South Adelaide Football Club.

External links

  • Dash, S. (2020). "Interview: Shaaz Jung opens up about the blood, sweat and years behind the viral images of a rare black panther". Business Insider India. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  • The Real Black Panther – Black Leopard Spotted in Kenya (Video). San Diego Zoo. 2019. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021.
  • Svidraitė, J. (2020). ""I Could Wait 6 Years for a Moment Like This": Wildlife Photographer Waits 6 Days for a Perfect Leopard and a Black Panther Shot". BoredPanda.

January 07, 2023
black, panther, other, uses, disambiguation, black, panther, melanistic, colour, variant, leopard, panthera, pardus, jaguar, panthera, onca, both, species, have, excess, black, pigments, their, typical, rosettes, also, present, they, have, been, documented, mo. For other uses see Black panther disambiguation A black panther is the melanistic colour variant of the leopard Panthera pardus and the jaguar Panthera onca Black panthers of both species have excess black pigments but their typical rosettes are also present They have been documented mostly in tropical forests with black leopards in Kenya India Sri Lanka Nepal Thailand Peninsular Malaysia and Java and black jaguars of the Americas in Mexico Panama Costa Rica Brazil and Paraguay Melanism is caused by a recessive allele in the leopard and by a dominant allele in the jaguar Contents 1 Leopard 2 Jaguar 3 Cougar 4 Culture and literature 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksLeopard Edit A melanistic Indian leopard in Nagarhole National Park Karnataka A melanistic leopard in Out of Africa Wildlife Park Camp Verde Arizona Markings on a female black leopard at the Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve Kromdraai In 1788 Jean Claude Delametherie described a black leopard that was kept in the Tower of London and had been brought from Bengal 1 In 1794 Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer proposed the scientific name Felis fusca for this cat the Indian leopard P p fusca 2 3 In 1809 Georges Cuvier described a black leopard kept in the Menagerie du Jardin des plantes that had been brought from Java Cuvier proposed the name Felis melas the Javan leopard P p melas 4 3 By the late 19th century the occurrence of black and spotted leopard cubs in the same litter had been repeatedly recorded in India Black leopards were thought to be more common in Travancore and in the hills of southern India than in other parts of the country 5 Black leopards were also frequently encountered in southern Myanmar 6 By 1929 the Natural History Museum London had skins of black leopards collected in South Africa Nepal Assam and Kanara in India 7 Black leopards were thought to be common on the Malay Peninsula and on Java 8 A black African leopard P p pardus was sighted in the alpine zone of Mount Kenya in the winter of 1989 1990 9 In Kenya s Laikipia County a black leopard was photographed by a camera trap in 2007 in 2018 a female subadult black leopard was repeatedly recorded together with a spotted leopard about 50 km 31 mi farther east in tropical and subtropical grasslands savannas and shrublands 10 In India s Western Ghats black leopards were sighted and photographed in 2010 and 2012 in the Kas Plateau Reserved Forest and in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in 2012 11 In 2015 a dead black leopard was found on a highway near Satara in Maharashtra 12 In May 2012 a black leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4 300 m 14 100 ft in Nepal s Kanchenjunga Conservation Area 13 At least one black leopard was photographed in mixed deciduous forest in Thailand s Kaeng Krachan National Park during a one year long camera trapping survey from 2003 to 2004 14 In 2009 black leopards were photographed more often than spotted leopards in Kui Buri National Park 15 Most leopards recorded at 16 sites south of the Kra Isthmus between 1996 and 2009 were black indicating a near fixation of melanism in Peninsular Malaysia 16 In 2019 a black individual was photographed outside a protected area in Jeli District 17 Both black and spotted leopards were recorded in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in West Java between 2005 and 2017 18 Frequency of melanism appears to be approximately 11 over the leopard s range Data on the distribution of leopard populations indicates that melanism occurs in five subspecies in the wild the Indian leopard Javan leopard African leopard Indochinese leopard P p delacouri and Sri Lankan leopard P p kotiya Based on records from camera traps melanistic leopards occur foremost in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests 19 Melanism in the leopard is conferred by a recessive allele 20 It is thought that melanism confers a selective advantage under certain conditions since it is more common in regions of dense forest where light levels are lower Preliminary studies also suggest that melanism might be linked to beneficial mutations in the immune system 21 The typical spots and rosettes are present but hidden due to the excess melanin 22 The taxonomic status of captive black leopards and the extent of hybridization between the Javan leopard and other leopard subspecies is uncertain Therefore coordinated breeding programs for black leopards do not exist in European and North American zoos 23 Black leopards occupy space needed for breeding endangered leopard subspecies and are not included within the North American Species Survival Plan 24 25 A black Amur leopard P p orientalis was exhibited at the San Diego Zoo in 2017 26 A pseudo melanistic leopard has a normal background color but the spots are more densely packed than normal and merge to obscure the golden brown background color Any spots on the flanks and limbs that have not merged into the mass of swirls and stripes are unusually small and discrete rather than forming rosettes The face and underparts are paler and dappled like those of ordinary spotted leopards 27 Jaguar Edit A melanistic jaguar A melanistic jaguar at the Henry Doorly Zoo In 1801 Felix de Azara described a black jaguar observed by local people near the Parana River in Paraguay 28 In 2004 a female black jaguar was recorded in Mexico s Sierra Madre Occidental 29 In 2009 a black jaguar was photographed by a camera trap for the first time in Costa Rica s Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve 30 In Barbilla National Park black jaguars were recorded in 2013 31 In the mountains of the Cordillera de Talamanca 104 records of jaguars were obtained between 2010 and 2019 26 of them showed melanistic jaguars 32 In eastern Panama black jaguars were repeatedly photographed in the Mamoni River Valley between 2016 and 2018 mostly in primary forest 33 Melanism in the jaguar is caused by deletions in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene and conferred by a dominant allele 34 Five black jaguars were monitored by researchers in the Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve in the Brazilian State of Amazonas between 2003 and 2018 The researchers studied their behaviour in Varzea forest 35 Cougar EditThere is no authenticated case of a truly melanistic cougar No specimen has been photographed or killed in the wild nor has it ever been bred in captivity Unconfirmed sightings known as the North American black panther are currently attributed to errors in species identification by non experts and by the mimetic exaggeration of size 36 better source needed clarification needed Culture and literature EditRudyard Kipling s 1894 short story collection The Jungle Book features the black Indian leopard Bagheera that mentors the human character Mowgli 37 Cornell Woolrich s novel Black Alibi 1942 features a black jaguar that escapes from captivity and wreaks havoc in a Mexican town 38 Walter Van Tilburg Clark s novel Track of the Cat 1949 features a marauding cougar that is supposed to be the black panther from a local legend 39 The South Adelaide Football Club adopted a black panther as logo in 1957 40 See also EditBlack cat Black squirrel Black tiger White pantherReferences Edit Delametherie J C 1788 Description d une Panthere noire Description of a black Panther Observations et Memoires sur la Physique sur l Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts et Metiers etc in French 33 45 Meyer F A A 1794 Uber de la Metheries schwarzen Panther About de la Metheries black Panther Zoologische Annalen in German Vol Erster Band Weimar Im Verlage des Industrie Comptoirs pp 394 396 a b Pocock R I 1930 The Panthers and Ounces of Asia Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34 1 307 336 Cuvier G 1809 Recherches sur les especes vivantes de grands chats pour servir de preuves et d eclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils Annales du Museum National d Histoire Naturelle XIV 136 164 Blanford W T 1888 Felis pardus The Leopard or Panther The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma Mammalia Volume 1 London Taylor and Francis pp 67 71 Mason F 1882 F pardus L The leopard Burma its people and productions or Notes on the fauna flora and minerals of Tenasserim Pegu and Burma Vol 1 Geology mineralogy and zoology Rewritten and enlarged by W Theobald ed Hertford Chief Commissioner of British Burma p 472 Pocock R I 1929 Black panthers an inquiry Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33 3 693 694 Pocock R I 1930 The Panthers and Ounces of Asia Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 34 1 65 82 Young T P amp Evans M E 1993 Alpine vertebrates of Mount Kenya with particular notes on the rock hyrax Journal of the East African Natural History Society 82 202 54 79 Pilfold N W Letoluai A Ruppert K Glikman J A Stacy Dawes J O Connor D amp Owen M 2019 Confirmation of black leopard Panthera pardus pardus living in Laikipia County Kenya African Journal of Ecology 57 2 270 273 doi 10 1111 aje 12586 S2CID 92543492 Sayyed A amp Mahabal A 2013 Records of the melanistic Leopard Panthera pardus Linnaeus from Western Ghats area of Maharashtra and Karnataka India Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 110 2 151 Sayyed A amp Mahabal A 2015 Second record of melanistic leopard Panthera pardus Linnaeus from Satara Maharashtra a case of roadkill Zoo s Print 30 5 29 Thapa K Pradhan N M B Barker J Dahal M Bhandari A R Gurung G S Rai D P Thapa G J Shrestha S Singh G R 2013 High elevation record of a leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area Nepal Cat News 58 26 27 Ngoprasert D Lynam A J amp Gale G A 2007 Human disturbance affects habitat use and behaviour of Asiatic leopard Panthera pardus in Kaeng Krachan National Park Thailand Oryx 41 3 343 351 doi 10 1017 S0030605307001102 Steinmetz R Seuaturien N Chutipong W amp Poonnil B 2009 The ecology and conservation of tigers and their prey in Kuiburi National Park Thailand PDF Report Bangkok WWF Thailand Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation Archived PDF from the original on 2 May 2021 Kawanishi K Sunquist M E Eizirik E Lynam A J Ngoprasert D Shahruddin W N W Rayan D M Sharma D S K amp Steinmetz R 2010 Near fixation of melanism in panthers of the Malay Peninsula Journal of Zoology 282 3 201 206 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 2010 00731 x Hambali K Fazli N F M Amir A Fauzi N Hassin N H Abas M A Karim M F A amp Sow A Y 2021 The discovery of a melanistc Leopard Panthera pardus delacouri Linnaeus 1758 Mammalia Carnivora Felidae at Bukit Kudung in Jeli Kelantan Peninsular Malaysia conservation and ecotourism Journal of Threatened Taxa 13 1 17513 17516 doi 10 11609 jott 6060 13 1 17513 17516 Ario A Supian Hidayat E Hidayatullah R Rustiadi A Gunawan A Triprajawan T Sopian I Zatnika R R Yusup D M Hindrayani W Mulyanto A amp Iskandar D 2018 Population dynamics and ecology of Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park West Java Journal of Indonesian Natural History 6 1 6 13 Da Silva L G K Kawanishi K Henschel P Kittle A Sanei A Reebin A Miquelle D Stein A B Watson A Kekule L B Machado R B amp Eizirik E 2017 Mapping black panthers Macroecological modeling of melanism in leopards Panthera pardus PLOS ONE 12 4 e0170378 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1270378D doi 10 1371 journal pone 0170378 PMC 5381760 PMID 28379961 Robinson R 1970 Inheritance of the black form of the leopard Panthera pardus Genetica 41 1 190 197 doi 10 1007 BF00958904 PMID 5480762 S2CID 5446868 Sunquist F 2007 Malaysian Mystery Leopards National Wildlife Magazine 45 1 Schneider A David V A Johnson W E O Brien S J Barsh G S Menotti Raymond M amp Eizirik E 2012 How the leopard hides its spots ASIP mutations and melanism in wild cats PLOS ONE 7 12 e50386 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 750386S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0050386 PMC 3520955 PMID 23251368 Gippoliti S amp Meijaard E 2007 Taxonomic uniqueness of the Javan Leopard an opportunity for zoos to save it Contributions to Zoology 76 1 55 57 doi 10 1163 18759866 07601005 S2CID 55715897 Richardson D M 2001 A simple analysis of leopard Panthera pardus space within EAZA collections In Hiddinga B Brouwer K eds EAZA Yearbook 1999 2000 Amsterdam EAZA Executive Office pp 391 392 Swanson B Fletchall N amp Shoemaker A 2003 Felid Taxon Advisory Group North American Regional Collection Plan 2003 2005 Bay Lake Disney s Animal Kingdom Parham D 2017 Black Beauty Zoonooz Gamble C 2004 Leopards Natural History amp Conservation Stillwater MN Voyageur Press ISBN 978 0896586567 Azara F de 1801 L Yagouarete Essais sur l histoire naturelle des quadrupedes de la province du Paraguay Vol 1 Paris Charles Pougens pp 114 132 Dinets V amp Polechla P J 2005 First documentation of melanism in the jaguar Panthera onca from northern Mexico Cat News 42 18 Archived from the original on 26 September 2006 Nunez M C amp Jimenez E C 2009 A new record of a black jaguar Panthera onca Carnivora Felidae in Costa Rica Brenesia 71 67 68 Saenz Bolanos C Montalvo V Fuller T K amp Carrillo E 2015 Records of black jaguars at Parque Nacional Barbilla Costa Rica Cat News 62 38 39 Mooring M S Eppert A A amp Botts R T 2020 Natural Selection of Melanism in Costa Rican Jaguar and Oncilla A Test of Gloger s Rule and the Temporal Segregation Hypothesis Tropical Conservation Science 13 1 15 doi 10 1177 1940082920910364 Yacelga M amp Craighead K 2019 Melanistic jaguars in Panama Cat News 70 39 41 Eizirik E Yuhki N Johnson W E Menotti Raymond M Hannah S S amp O Brien S J 2003 Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family Current Biology 13 5 448 453 doi 10 1016 S0960 9822 03 00128 3 PMID 12620197 S2CID 19021807 Publicidade W5 Onca preta e monitorada na Amazonia por pesquisadores do Instituto Mamiraua Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentavel Mamiraua in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 20 August 2022 Holbert C 2002 Stranded in the Wasteland Literary Allusion in The Sharpest Sight Studies in American Indian Literatures 14 1 3 JSTOR 20737121 Kipling R 1910 The Jungle Book Reprinted ed New York The Century Co Woolrich C 1982 Black Alibi New York NY Ballantine Books ISBN 0 345 30707 0 OCLC 9160843 Van Tilburg Clark W 1989 The Track of the Cat Mattituck NY Amereon ISBN 0 88411 389 2 OCLC 18533849 Knuckey C K 1960 History of the South Adelaide Football Club Adelaide South Adelaide Football Club External links EditDash S 2020 Interview Shaaz Jung opens up about the blood sweat and years behind the viral images of a rare black panther Business Insider India Retrieved 4 May 2021 The Real Black Panther Black Leopard Spotted in Kenya Video San Diego Zoo 2019 Archived from the original on 3 November 2021 Svidraite J 2020 I Could Wait 6 Years for a Moment Like This Wildlife Photographer Waits 6 Days for a Perfect Leopard and a Black Panther Shot BoredPanda Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Black panther amp oldid 1131323534, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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