Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid
Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) (conjugate base perfluorohexanesulfonate) is a synthetic chemical compound. It is one of many compounds collectively known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). It is an anionic fluorosurfactant and a persistent organic pollutant with bioaccumulative properties. Although the use of products containing PFHxS and other PFASs have been banned or are being phased out in many jurisdictions, it remains ubiquitous in many environments and within the general population, and is one of the most commonly detected PFASs.[4]
| Names | |
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| IUPAC name 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tridecafluorohexane-1-sulfonic acid | |
Other names
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol) |
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| ChEBI |
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| ChEMBL |
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| ChemSpider |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.989 |
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PubChem CID |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| Properties | |
| C6HF13O3S | |
| Molar mass | 400.11 g·mol−1 |
| Density | 1.841 g·cm−3[1] |
| 6.2 mg/L (25 °C)[1] | |
| log P | 3.7 (estimated)[1] |
| Vapor pressure | 0.0046 mmHg (estimated)[2] |
| Acidity (pKa) | −3.45[2] |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
| [1] | |
| Danger | |
| H302, H312, H314, H332 | |
| P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P322, P330, P363, P405, P501 | |
| Pharmacology | |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Biochemical properties edit
PFHxS has a six carbon fluorocarbon chain that is both hydrophobic and lipophobic. Its sulfonic acid functional group imparts polarity, and allows it to interact with other polar compounds. Due to the strength of its carbon-fluorine bonds, it persists in the environment and in living organisms.
In humans, PFHxS binds to blood albumin,[5] and relatively little PFHxS is found in the liver compared to longer chain PFASs such as PFOS.[6] The half-life of PFASs in human blood generally decreases with decreasing backbone (CF2) length. However, PFHxS is an unusual exception in that its half-life is greater than both longer and shorter chain equivalents such as PFOS or PFBS.[7]
Production edit
PFHxS, its salts and isomers are anthropogenic chemicals that do not occur naturally. It is used as a surfactant and protective coating in applications such as aqueous firefighting foams, textile coating, metal plating and in polishing agents.[8][9] PFHxS production is slowly being phased out since 3M stopped producing C6 fluorotelomers in 2002, but production by other companies may be ongoing.[4] Between 1958 and 2015, an estimated 120-1022 metric tonnes of PFHxS were produced.[9] PFHxS was also used as replacement for PFOS after the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants restricted the use of PFOS.[8] The exact quantity of PFHxS produced or in production is difficult to estimate, as production volumes and relevant formulation information is often not publicly available. PFHxS may also be formed as an impurity of PFOS production, or as a breakdown product of larger PFASs.[10]
Occurrence in Humans edit
Data from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States found the average serum concentration of PFHxS in the general US population to be 1.9 μg/L, with the 10th and 90th percentiles being 0.7 and 8.3 μg/L, respectively. Some studies reported serum PFHxS concentrations in the United States to be gradually decreasing since at least 1999.[11][12] Nevertheless, evidence of exposure can be detected amongst people with historic exposure. Serum concentrations of PFHxS were elevated amongst a cohort of Australian firefighters with occupational exposure to PFHxS (mean = 33 μg/L) compared to the general Australian population (mean = 3.2 μg/L), and were significantly correlated with serum PFOS concentrations.[13] As with PFOS, serum PFHxS concentrations are lower amongst women and people who reported blood donation.[13][14]
There is limited evidence for a relationship between PFHxS exposure and various health outcomes. However, contributions from PFHxS specifically are difficult to isolate, as most studies in humans and higher order organisms investigate exposure to a complex mixture of PFASs, of which PFHxS is just one component.
Regulatory status edit
A number of jurisdictions have guidelines or limits for the concentration of PFHxS in water, in diets, and in the environment. There are fewer regulations on PFHxS compared to PFOS and PFOA. This reflects the relative lack of epidemiological and toxicological information on the human health effects of exposure to PFHxS.[4]
PFHxS, its salts and related compounds have been recommended to be added to Annex A of the United Nations Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The decision was initially scheduled to be made in June 2021.[15] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the decision at the conference of parties was deferred to June 2022, where the parties agreed to list PFHxS, its salts and related compounds in Annex a without specific exemptions.[16] Upon entry into force, nations party to the convention are legally bound to take act to cease production and use of PFHxS. Several hundred salts and precursors of PFHxS fall within the scope of the restriction.[17]
Australia edit
Food Standards Australia New Zealand found insufficient evidence to justify a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for PFHxS specifically. Therefore, the TDI level for PFOS (0.02 μg/kg) was adapted as the TDI for the sum of PFOS and PFHxS. Australia uses a drinking water guideline value of 0.07 μg/L for the sum of PFHxS and PFOS. In comparison, the drinking water guideline value for PFOA is 0.56 μg/L.[18]
Europe edit
A new EU drinking water directive issued in 2020 adopted PFAS limit values. The limit values are 0.1 μg/L for the sum of 20 PFASs including PFHxS, and 0.5 μg/L for the sum of all PFASs. This directive is binding for all EU member nations. It is a minimum directive, and member states can elect to adopt stricter regulations.[19]
Denmark edit
The Danish EPA has established a drinking water and groundwater limit value of 2 ng/L for the sum of 4 PFASs; , PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA).[20]
Sweden edit
The Swedish National Food Agency recommends a drinking water limit of 0.09 μg/L for the sum of 11 PFASs (PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, 6:2 FTSA, PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA and PFDA). If PFASs are found above this limit in drinking water, immediate action is recommended to reduce the PFAS concentration in the drinking water to as far below the action level as possible. If PFASs is found above 900 ng/L in drinking water, the advice is to avoid drinking the water or preparing food with the water until the concentration is reduced as low as possible below 90 ng/litre, and to contact the Swedish Food Agency.[19]
Republic of Korea edit
In 2018, a preliminary drinking water limit value of 0.48 μg/L was adopted for PFHxS. In comparison, the preliminary limit value for the sum of PFOS and PFOA is 0.07 μg/L.[4]
United States edit
As of 2019, there is no federal limit or guideline value for PFHxS. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developing toxicity values for PFHxS, as well as PFBA, PFHxA, PFNA and PFDA.[21][22] Meanwhile, some states have adopted their own guideline values for PFHxS. For example, Minnesota recommends a guidance value of 0.027 μg/L for PFHxS,[23] and Michigan has a screening level of 0.084 μg/L for PFHxS.[4]
In 2020, Michigan adopted drinking water standards for 5 previously unregulated PFASs including PFHxS, which has a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 51 parts per trillion (ppt) or 0.051 μg/L.[24][25]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d "Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid". Pubchem. National Library of MEdicine. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- ^ a b Wang, Zhanyun; MacLeod, Matthew; Cousins, Ian T.; Scheringer, Martin; Hungerbühler, Konrad (2011). "Using COSMOtherm to predict physicochemical properties of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs)". Environmental Chemistry. 8 (4): 389. doi:10.1071/EN10143. ISSN 1448-2517.
- ^ An Act To Stop Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Pollution. 130th Maine Legislature, April 15, 2021
- ^ a b c d e Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (1 October 2019). Risk management evaluation on perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), its salts and PFHxS-related compounds (addendum) (Report). United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ Forsthuber M, Kaiser AM, Granitzer S, Hassl I, Hengstschläger M, Stangl H; et al. (2020). "Albumin is the major carrier protein for PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA and PFDA in human plasma". Environ Int. 137: 105324. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105324. PMID 32109724.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kärrman A, Domingo JL, Llebaria X, Nadal M, Bigas E, van Bavel B; et al. (2010). "Biomonitoring perfluorinated compounds in Catalonia, Spain: concentrations and trends in human liver and milk samples". Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 17 (3): 750–8. doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0178-5. PMID 19458971. S2CID 12628985.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Li Y, Fletcher T, Mucs D, Scott K, Lindh CH, Tallving P; et al. (2018). "Half-lives of PFOS, PFHxS and PFOA after end of exposure to contaminated drinking water". Occup Environ Med. 75 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104651. PMC 5749314. PMID 29133598.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Wang, Zhanyun; Cousins, Ian T.; Scheringer, Martin; Hungerbühler, Konrad (2013). "Fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their potential precursors". Environment International. 60: 242–248. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.021. ISSN 0160-4120. PMID 24660230.
- ^ a b Boucher, Justin M.; Cousins, Ian T.; Scheringer, Martin; Hungerbühler, Konrad; Wang, Zhanyun (2018). "Toward a Comprehensive Global Emission Inventory of C4–C10 Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids (PFSAs) and Related Precursors: Focus on the Life Cycle of C6- and C10-Based Products". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 6 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00531. hdl:20.500.11850/308867. ISSN 2328-8930. S2CID 135460867.
- ^ Jiang W, Zhang Y, Yang L, Chu X, Zhu L (2015). "Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with isomer analysis in the commercial PFOS and PFOA products in China". Chemosphere. 127: 180–7. Bibcode:2015Chmsp.127..180J. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.049. PMID 25703780.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Olsen GW, Mair DC, Lange CC, Harrington LM, Church TR, Goldberg CL; et al. (2017). "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000-2015". Environ Res. 157: 87–95. Bibcode:2017ER....157...87O. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.013. PMID 28528142.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Calafat AM, Wong LY, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Needham LL (2007). "Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999-2000". Environ Health Perspect. 115 (11): 1596–602. doi:10.1289/ehp.10598. PMC 2072821. PMID 18007991.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Rotander A, Toms LM, Aylward L, Kay M, Mueller JF (2015). "Elevated levels of PFOS and PFHxS in firefighters exposed to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)". Environ Int. 82: 28–34. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.005. PMID 26001497.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Yeung LW, So MK, Jiang G, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Song M; et al. (2006). "Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood samples from China". Environ Sci Technol. 40 (3): 715–20. Bibcode:2006EnST...40..715Y. doi:10.1021/es052067y. PMID 16509308.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Big Year for chemicals & waste continues as UN experts take steps to recommend eliminating UV-328 (a toxic plastic additive)" (Press release). Geneva, Switzerland: Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
- ^ "Report of main proceedings for 9 June 2022". IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ "PFAS and Fluorinated Compounds in PubChem Tree". PubChem Classification Browser. NCBI. Retrieved 2022-10-21. → Regulatory PFAS collections → PFHxS and related substances → [Annex A] PFHxS plus its salts and PFHxS-related compounds as defined in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention
- ^ National Health and Medical Research Council (March 2021). Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (2011) – Updated March 2021 (Report). National Health and Medical Research Council.
- ^ a b Swedish Food Agency (5 February 2021). "PFAS in drinking water and self-caught fish - risk management". Swedish Food Agency. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ "Skærpede krav til PFAS-stoffer i drikkevand". mst.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2023-01-30.
- ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency (February 2019). EPA's Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Action Plan (PDF) (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ "Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS)". Integrated Risk Information System. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
- ^ Minnesota Department of Health (April 2019). PFHxS and groundwater (PDF) (Report). Minnesota Department of Health. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ Matheny, Keith (3 August 2020). "Michigan's drinking water standards for these chemicals now among toughest in nation". Detroit Free Press. from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ "New state drinking water standards pave way for expansion of Michigan's PFAS clean-up efforts". Michigan.gov. 3 August 2020. from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
External links edit
- Minnesota guidance on PFHxS