The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes) was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkickhanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.[1]
Many scientists, starting with Vilhelm Thomsen (1893), suggested that Orkhon script is derived from descendants of the Aramaic alphabet in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets of Persia,[4][5][6] or possibly via Kharosthi used to write Sanskrit (cf. the Issyk inscription)[citation needed].[7][8][9]Vilhelm Thomsen (1893) also mentioned some reports that the Orkhon script could derive from Hunno-Scythian alphabet, but rejected them as being specious.[10] It has been also been speculated that tamgas represent one of the sources of the Old Turkic script,[11] but despite similarities in shape and forms, this hypothesis has been widely rejected as unverifiable, largely because early tamgas are too poorly attested and understood to be subject to a thorough comparison.[12]
Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a written language by the 6th century. The Book of Zhou, dating to the 7th century, mentions that the Turks had a written language similar to that of the Sogdians. Two other sources, the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties, claim that the Turks did not have a written language.[13] According to István Vásáry, Old Turkic script was invented under the rule of the first khagans and was modelled after the Sogdian fashion.[14] Several variants of the script came into being as early as the first half of the 6th century.[15]
Corpus
The Old Turkic corpus consists of about two hundred[16] inscriptions, plus a number of manuscripts.[17] The inscriptions, dating from the 7th to 10th century, were discovered in present-day Mongolia (the area of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate that succeeded it), in the upper Yenisey basin of central-south Siberia, and in smaller numbers, in the Altay mountains and Xinjiang. The texts are mostly epitaphs (official or private), but there are also graffiti and a handful of short inscriptions found on archaeological artifacts, including a number of bronze mirrors.[16]
The website of the Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan lists 54 inscriptions from the Orkhon area, 106 from the Yenisei area, 15 from the Talas area, and 78 from the Altai area. The most famous of the inscriptions are the two monuments (obelisks) which were erected in the Orkhon Valley between 732 and 735 in honor of the Göktürk prince Kül Tigin and his brother the emperor Bilge Kağan. The Tonyukuk inscription, a monument situated somewhat farther east, is slightly earlier, dating to ca. 722. These inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Chinese (Tang-Gokturk wars), and their liberation by Bilge[specify].[citation needed][18]
The Old Turkic manuscripts, of which there are none earlier than the 9th century, were found in present-day Xinjiang and represent Old Uyghur, a different Turkic dialect from the one represented in the Old Turkic inscriptions in the Orkhon valley and elsewhere.[16] They include Irk Bitig, a 9th-century manuscript book on divination.[19]
Table of characters
Table of characters as published by Thomsen (1893)
Old Turkic being a synharmonic language, a number of consonant signs are divided into two "synharmonic sets", one for front vowels and the other for back vowels. Such vowels can be taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign, giving the Old Turkic alphabet an aspect of an abugida script. In these cases, it is customary to use superscript numerals ¹ and ² to mark consonant signs used with back and front vowels, respectively. This convention was introduced by Thomsen (1893), and followed by Gabain (1941), Malov (1951) and Tekin (1968).[citation needed]
Examples of the Orkhon-Yenisei alphabet are depicted on the reverse of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006.[24]
Oldest known Turkic alphabet listings, Ryukoku and Toyok manuscripts. Toyok manuscript transliterates Turkic alphabet into the Old Uyghur alphabet. Per Кызласов, Игорь Леонидович [in Russian] (1994). Рунические письменности евразийских степей. Восточная литература РАН. ISBN978-5-02-017741-3.
Variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated to between the 8th and 10th centuries.
These alphabets are divided into four groups by Kyzlasov (1994)[25]
The Asiatic group is further divided into three related alphabets:
Orkhon alphabet, Göktürks, 8th to 10th centuries
Yenisei alphabet,
Talas alphabet, a derivative of the Yenisei alphabet, Kangly or Karluks 8th to 10th centuries. Talas inscriptions include Terek-Say rock inscriptions found in the 1897, Koysary text, Bakaiyr gorge inscriptions, Kalbak-Tash 6 and 12 inscriptions, Talas alphabet has 29 identified letters.[26]
The Eurasiatic group is further divided into five related alphabets:
South-Yenisei, used by the Göktürks 8th to 10th centuries.
Two especially similar alphabets: the Don alphabet, used by the Khazars, 8th to 10th centuries; and the Kuban alphabet, used by the Bulgars, 8th to 13th centuries. Inscriptions in both alphabets are found in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and on the banks of the Kama river.
Tisza, used by the Pechenegs 8th to 10th centuries.
A number of alphabets are incompletely collected due to the limitations of the extant inscriptions. Evidence in the study of the Turkic scripts includes Turkic-Chinese bilingual inscriptions, contemporaneous Turkic inscriptions in the Greek alphabet, literal translations into Slavic languages, and paper fragments with Turkic cursive writing from religion, Manichaeism, Buddhist, and legal subjects of the 8th to 10th centuries found in Xinjiang.
The Unicode block for Old Turkic is U+10C00–U+10C4F. It was added to the Unicode standard in October 2009, with the release of version 5.2. It includes separate "Orkhon" and "Yenisei" variants of individual characters.
Since Windows 8 Unicode Old Turkic writing support was added in the Segoe font.
^ abScharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. ISBN978-3-933847-00-3.
^Sinor, Denis (2002). "Old Turkic". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 4. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 331–333.
^Vilhelm Thomsen, [Turkic] Orkhon Inscriptions Deciphered (Helsinki : Society of Finnish Literature Press, 1893). Translated in French and later English (Ann Arbor MI: University Microfilms Intl., 1971). OCLC 7413840
^Turks, A. Samoylovitch, First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936, Vol. VI, (Brill, 1993), 911.
^Róna-Tas, András (1987). "ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND ORIGIN OF THE EAST TURKIC "RUNIC" SCRIPT". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 41 (1): 7–14. ISSN 0001-6446.
^Cooper, J.S. (2004). "Babylonian beginnings: The origin of the cuneiform writing system in comparative perspective". In Houston, Stephen (ed.). The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59.
^Mabry, Tristan James (2015). Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 109. ISBN978-0-8122-4691-9.
^Kara, György (1996). "Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages". In Daniels, Peter; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-507993-7.
^Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peter (1896). Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées [The Orkhon Inscriptions, deciphered] (in French). Helsingfors: Impr. de la Société de littérature finnoise. p. 54. LCCN 06008212. J'ajoute que les ressemblances spécieuses de l'alphabet turc et l'alphabet dit hunno-scythique (voir P. Kiraly de Dada. Babyl. and Oriental Record VI, no 10, 1893, p. 227 et suiv., 233) sont trop peu nombreuses et trop imperceptibles pour justifier une parenté des deux alphabets.
^Aristov, N. (1896) Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record. ZhS 3-4, 277-456
^cf. Talat Tekin (1965), A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles for a literature overview
^Lung 龍, Rachel 惠珠 (2011). Interpreters in Early Imperial China. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 54–55. ISBN978-90-272-2444-6.
^Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
^ abcErdal, Marcel. 2004. A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden, Brill. p. 7
^Vasilʹiev, D.D. (1983). Графический фонд памятников тюркской рунической письменности азиатского ареала (опыт систематизации) [Graphical corpus of Turkic Runic writing monuments in the Asian area.] (in Russian). Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science. pp. 37, 45. Руника Восточного Туркестана представлена двояко: в виде рукописных текстов и как граффити на фресках и на штукатурке пещерных храмов в Турфанском оазисе. Образцы тюркского рунического письма на бумаге имеют особое значение, так как только к этой группе могут быть применены традиционные приемы и методы палеографического исследования. Эти памятники относятся к периоду расцвета древнеуйгурских городов и торговли, к периоду зарождения тюркской письменной литературы и науки. Функциональное изменение характера памятников может быть признано свидетельством возникшей потребности в более широком и утилитарном использовании рунической грамоты.
^. bitig.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
^Tekin, Talât (1993). Irk bitig = The Book of omens. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN3-447-03426-2. OCLC 32352166.
^According to Gabain (1941), not listed in Thomsen (1893)
^According to Tekin (1968); not listed in Thomsen (1893) or Gabain (1941)[clarification needed]; Malov (1951) lists the sign but gives no sound value.
^ ab"The Unicode Standard, Chapter 14.8: Old Turkic" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. March 2020.
^Central Bank of Azerbaijan. National currency: 5 manat. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010.
^Kyzlasov I. L.; "Writings of Eurasian Steppes", Eastern Literature, Moscow, 1994, 327 pp. 321–323
^Kyzlasov I. L.; "Writings of Eurasian Steppes", Eastern Literature, Moscow, 1994, pp. 98–100
Sources
Diringer, David. The Alphabet: a Key to the History of Mankind, New York, NY: Philosophical Library, 1948, pp. 313–315.
Erdal, Marcel. 2004. A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
Guzev, V.G., Kljashtornyj, S.G. The Turkic Runic script: Is the hypothesis of its indigenous origin no more viable? Rocznik Orientalistyczny, T. 49, Z. 2 (1994), wyd. 1995 [19]
LFaulmann, Carl. 1990 (1880). Das Buch der Schrift. Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn. ISBN3-8218-1720-8(in German)
Février, James G. Histoire de l'écriture, Paris: Payot, 1948, pp. 311–317 (in French)
Ishjatms, N. "Nomads in Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN92-3-102846-4
Jensen, Hans (1970). Sign Symbol and Script. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. ISBN0-04-400021-9.
Malov, S.E. 1951, Pamjatniki Drevnitjurkskoj Pisʹmennosti (Памятники Древнитюркской Письменности), Moskva & Leningrad. (in Russian)
Muxamadiev, Azgar. (1995). Turanian Writing (Туранская Письменность). In Zakiev, M. Z.(Ed.), Problemy lingvoėtnoistorii tatarskogo naroda (Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа). Kazan: Akademija Nauk Tatarstana. (in Russian)
Róna-Tas, A. 1991. An introduction to Turkology. Szeged.
Tekin, Talat. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 69 (Bloomington/The Hague: Mouton, 1968)
Thomsen, Vilhelm. Inscriptions de l'Orkhon déchiffrées, Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, Helsinki Toimituksia, no. 5 Helsingfors: La société de littérature Finnoise [1](in French)
Vasilʹiev, D.D. Korpus tjurkskix runičeskix pamjatnikov Bassina Eniseja [Corpus of the Turkic Runic Monuments of the Yenisei Basin], Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science, 1983 (in Russian)
von Gabain, A. 1941. Alttürkische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, auch Neutürkisch. Mit vier Schrifttafeln und sieben Schriftproben. (Porta Linguarum Orientalium; 23) Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz. (in German)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Turkic script.
Orkhon Alphabet page from Omniglot
Gokturkish Keyboard by Isa SARI
Old Turkic Virtual Keyboard by Pamukkale University
(kyrgyz.ru)
Everson, Michael (25 January 2008). "L2/08-071: Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in the SMP of the UCS" (PDF).
(in Mongolian)
Göktürükçe çevirici (An online converter for Turkish alphabet )
April 28, 2023
turkic, script, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, june, 2019,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Old Turkic script news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Old Turkic script also known as variously Gokturk script Orkhon script Orkhon Yenisey script Turkic runes was the alphabet used by the Gokturks and other early Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language 1 Old Turkic scriptOrkhon scriptA line dedicated to Bumin Qaghan in the Ongin inscription Script typeAlphabetTime period8th to 10th centuries 1 Directionright to left script LanguagesOld TurkicRelated scriptsParent systemsProto SinaiticPhoenicianAramaicSyriacSogdian Kharosthi Old Turkic scriptChild systemsOld HungarianISO 15924ISO 15924Orkh 175 Old Turkic Orkhon RunicUnicodeUnicode aliasOld TurkicUnicode rangeU 10C00 U 10C4F This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA For the distinction between and see IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters Kul tigin Monument of Orkhon Inscriptions Orkhon Museum Kharkhorin Mongolia Transcription of part of Bilge Kagan s inscription lines 36 40 Location of the Orkhon Valley The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev 2 These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893 3 This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate Additionally a Yenisei variant is known from 9th century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century Words were usually written from right to left Contents 1 Origins 2 Corpus 3 Table of characters 3 1 Vowels 3 2 Consonants 4 Variants 5 Unicode 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Sources 8 External linksOrigins EditMany scientists starting with Vilhelm Thomsen 1893 suggested that Orkhon script is derived from descendants of the Aramaic alphabet in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets of Persia 4 5 6 or possibly via Kharosthi used to write Sanskrit cf the Issyk inscription citation needed 7 8 9 Vilhelm Thomsen 1893 also mentioned some reports that the Orkhon script could derive from Hunno Scythian alphabet but rejected them as being specious 10 It has been also been speculated that tamgas represent one of the sources of the Old Turkic script 11 but despite similarities in shape and forms this hypothesis has been widely rejected as unverifiable largely because early tamgas are too poorly attested and understood to be subject to a thorough comparison 12 Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a written language by the 6th century The Book of Zhou dating to the 7th century mentions that the Turks had a written language similar to that of the Sogdians Two other sources the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties claim that the Turks did not have a written language 13 According to Istvan Vasary Old Turkic script was invented under the rule of the first khagans and was modelled after the Sogdian fashion 14 Several variants of the script came into being as early as the first half of the 6th century 15 Corpus EditThe Old Turkic corpus consists of about two hundred 16 inscriptions plus a number of manuscripts 17 The inscriptions dating from the 7th to 10th century were discovered in present day Mongolia the area of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate that succeeded it in the upper Yenisey basin of central south Siberia and in smaller numbers in the Altay mountains and Xinjiang The texts are mostly epitaphs official or private but there are also graffiti and a handful of short inscriptions found on archaeological artifacts including a number of bronze mirrors 16 The website of the Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan lists 54 inscriptions from the Orkhon area 106 from the Yenisei area 15 from the Talas area and 78 from the Altai area The most famous of the inscriptions are the two monuments obelisks which were erected in the Orkhon Valley between 732 and 735 in honor of the Gokturk prince Kul Tigin and his brother the emperor Bilge Kagan The Tonyukuk inscription a monument situated somewhat farther east is slightly earlier dating to ca 722 These inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the Turks the golden age of their history their subjugation by the Chinese Tang Gokturk wars and their liberation by Bilge specify citation needed 18 The Old Turkic manuscripts of which there are none earlier than the 9th century were found in present day Xinjiang and represent Old Uyghur a different Turkic dialect from the one represented in the Old Turkic inscriptions in the Orkhon valley and elsewhere 16 They include Irk Bitig a 9th century manuscript book on divination 19 Table of characters Edit Table of characters as published by Thomsen 1893 Old Turkic being a synharmonic language a number of consonant signs are divided into two synharmonic sets one for front vowels and the other for back vowels Such vowels can be taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign giving the Old Turkic alphabet an aspect of an abugida script In these cases it is customary to use superscript numerals and to mark consonant signs used with back and front vowels respectively This convention was introduced by Thomsen 1893 and followed by Gabain 1941 Malov 1951 and Tekin 1968 citation needed Vowels Edit Orkhon Yenisei variants Trans literation IPAImage Text 𐰀 𐰁 𐰂 a a ɑ ae 𐰃 𐰄 i i ɯ i 𐰅 𐰅 e e 𐰆 𐰆 o u o u 𐰇 𐰈 o u o y Consonants Edit Synharmonic setsBack vowel Front vowelOrkhon Yenisei variant Trans literation IPA Orkhon Yenisei variant Trans literation IPAImage Text Image Text 𐰉 𐰊 b b 𐰋 𐰌 b b 𐰑 𐰒 d d 𐰓 d d 𐰍 𐰎 g ɡ 𐰏 𐰐 g ɡ 𐰞 𐰟 l l 𐰠 l l 𐰣 n n 𐰤 𐰥 n n 𐰺 𐰻 r r 𐰼 r r 𐰽 s s 𐰾 s s 𐱃 𐱄 t t 𐱅 𐱆 t t 𐰖 𐰗 j j 𐰘 𐰙 j j 𐰴 𐰵 q q 𐰚 𐰛 k k 𐰸 𐰹 oq uq qo qu q oq uq qo qu q 𐰜 𐰝 ok uk ko ku k ok yk ko ky k Other consonantal signsOrkhon Yenisei variants Trans literation IPAImage Text 𐰲 𐰳 c tʃ 𐰢 m m 𐰯 p p 𐱁 𐱀 𐱂 20 s ʃ 𐰔 𐰕 z z 𐰭 𐰮 𐰬 n ŋ 𐰱 ic ci c itʃ tʃi tʃ 𐰶 𐰷 iq qi q ɯq qɯ q 𐰨 𐰩 nc ntʃ 𐰪 𐰫 nj ɲ 𐰡 lt lt ld 𐰦 𐰧 nt nt nd 𐰿 as aʃ 𐱇 ot ut 21 ot ut 𐱈 bas 22 baʃ A colon like symbol is sometimes used as a word separator 23 In some cases a ring is used instead 23 A reading example right to left 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 transliterated t nr i this spells the name of the Turkic sky god Tanri taeŋri Variants EditThis section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk Old Turkic script Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced November 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message Examples of the Orkhon Yenisei alphabet are depicted on the reverse of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006 24 Oldest known Turkic alphabet listings Ryukoku and Toyok manuscripts Toyok manuscript transliterates Turkic alphabet into the Old Uyghur alphabet Per Kyzlasov Igor Leonidovich in Russian 1994 Runicheskie pismennosti evrazijskih stepej Vostochnaya literatura RAN ISBN 978 5 02 017741 3 Variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to the Balkans in the west The preserved inscriptions were dated to between the 8th and 10th centuries These alphabets are divided into four groups by Kyzlasov 1994 25 Asiatic group includes Orkhon proper Eurasiatic group Southern Europe groupThe Asiatic group is further divided into three related alphabets Orkhon alphabet Gokturks 8th to 10th centuries Yenisei alphabet Talas alphabet a derivative of the Yenisei alphabet Kangly or Karluks 8th to 10th centuries Talas inscriptions include Terek Say rock inscriptions found in the 1897 Koysary text Bakaiyr gorge inscriptions Kalbak Tash 6 and 12 inscriptions Talas alphabet has 29 identified letters 26 The Eurasiatic group is further divided into five related alphabets Achiktash used in Sogdia 8th to 10th centuries South Yenisei used by the Gokturks 8th to 10th centuries Two especially similar alphabets the Don alphabet used by the Khazars 8th to 10th centuries and the Kuban alphabet used by the Bulgars 8th to 13th centuries Inscriptions in both alphabets are found in the Pontic Caspian steppe and on the banks of the Kama river Tisza used by the Pechenegs 8th to 10th centuries A number of alphabets are incompletely collected due to the limitations of the extant inscriptions Evidence in the study of the Turkic scripts includes Turkic Chinese bilingual inscriptions contemporaneous Turkic inscriptions in the Greek alphabet literal translations into Slavic languages and paper fragments with Turkic cursive writing from religion Manichaeism Buddhist and legal subjects of the 8th to 10th centuries found in Xinjiang Unicode EditMain article Old Turkic Unicode block The Unicode block for Old Turkic is U 10C00 U 10C4F It was added to the Unicode standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5 2 It includes separate Orkhon and Yenisei variants of individual characters Since Windows 8 Unicode Old Turkic writing support was added in the Segoe font Old Turkic 1 2 Official Unicode Consortium code chart PDF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E FU 10C0x 𐰀 𐰁 𐰂 𐰃 𐰄 𐰅 𐰆 𐰇 𐰈 𐰉 𐰊 𐰋 𐰌 𐰍 𐰎 𐰏U 10C1x 𐰐 𐰑 𐰒 𐰓 𐰔 𐰕 𐰖 𐰗 𐰘 𐰙 𐰚 𐰛 𐰜 𐰝 𐰞 𐰟U 10C2x 𐰠 𐰡 𐰢 𐰣 𐰤 𐰥 𐰦 𐰧 𐰨 𐰩 𐰪 𐰫 𐰬 𐰭 𐰮 𐰯U 10C3x 𐰰 𐰱 𐰲 𐰳 𐰴 𐰵 𐰶 𐰷 𐰸 𐰹 𐰺 𐰻 𐰼 𐰽 𐰾 𐰿U 10C4x 𐱀 𐱁 𐱂 𐱃 𐱄 𐱅 𐱆 𐱇 𐱈Notes 1 As of Unicode version 15 0 2 Grey areas indicate non assigned code pointsSee also EditNeolithic signs in China Banpo and Jiangzhai Khazar language Tariat inscriptions Sukhbaatar inscriptionsReferences EditCitations Edit a b Scharlipp Wolfgang 2000 An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions Verlag auf dem Ruffel Engelschoff ISBN 978 3 933847 00 3 Sinor Denis 2002 Old Turkic History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol 4 Paris UNESCO pp 331 333 Vilhelm Thomsen Turkic Orkhon Inscriptions Deciphered Helsinki Society of Finnish Literature Press 1893 Translated in French and later English Ann Arbor MI University Microfilms Intl 1971 OCLC 7413840 Turks A Samoylovitch First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 Vol VI Brill 1993 911 Campbell George Moseley Christopher 2013 The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets Routledge p 40 ISBN 978 1 135 22296 3 Rona Tas Andras 1987 ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND ORIGIN OF THE EAST TURKIC RUNIC SCRIPT Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 41 1 7 14 ISSN 0001 6446 Cooper J S 2004 Babylonian beginnings The origin of the cuneiform writing system in comparative perspective In Houston Stephen ed The First Writing Script Invention as History and Process Cambridge University Press pp 58 59 Mabry Tristan James 2015 Nationalism Language and Muslim Exceptionalism University of Pennsylvania Press p 109 ISBN 978 0 8122 4691 9 Kara Gyorgy 1996 Aramaic scripts for Altaic languages In Daniels Peter Bright William eds The World s Writing Systems New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 507993 7 Thomsen Vilhelm Ludvig Peter 1896 Inscriptions de l Orkhon dechiffrees The Orkhon Inscriptions deciphered in French Helsingfors Impr de la Societe de litterature finnoise p 54 LCCN 06008212 J ajoute que les ressemblances specieuses de l alphabet turc et l alphabet dit hunno scythique voir P Kiraly de Dada Babyl and Oriental Record VI no 10 1893 p 227 et suiv 233 sont trop peu nombreuses et trop imperceptibles pour justifier une parente des deux alphabets Aristov N 1896 Notes on Ethnic Composition of Turkic Tribes and People and Population Record ZhS 3 4 277 456 cf Talat Tekin 1965 A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic PhD thesis University of California Los Angeles for a literature overview Lung 龍 Rachel 惠珠 2011 Interpreters in Early Imperial China John Benjamins Publishing pp 54 55 ISBN 978 90 272 2444 6 Mouton 2002 Archivum Ottomanicum p 49 Sigfried J de Laet Joachim Herrmann 1996 History of Humanity From the seventh century B C to the seventh century A D p 478 a b c Erdal Marcel 2004 A grammar of Old Turkic Leiden Brill p 7 Vasilʹiev D D 1983 Graficheskij fond pamyatnikov tyurkskoj runicheskoj pismennosti aziatskogo areala opyt sistematizacii Graphical corpus of Turkic Runic writing monuments in the Asian area in Russian Leningrad USSR Academy of Science pp 37 45 Runika Vostochnogo Turkestana predstavlena dvoyako v vide rukopisnyh tekstov i kak graffiti na freskah i na shtukaturke peshernyh hramov v Turfanskom oazise Obrazcy tyurkskogo runicheskogo pisma na bumage imeyut osoboe znachenie tak kak tolko k etoj gruppe mogut byt primeneny tradicionnye priemy i metody paleograficheskogo issledovaniya Eti pamyatniki otnosyatsya k periodu rascveta drevneujgurskih gorodov i torgovli k periodu zarozhdeniya tyurkskoj pismennoj literatury i nauki Funkcionalnoe izmenenie haraktera pamyatnikov mozhet byt priznano svidetelstvom voznikshej potrebnosti v bolee shirokom i utilitarnom ispolzovanii runicheskoj gramoty TURK BITIG bitig org Archived from the original on 24 June 2018 Retrieved 27 June 2019 Tekin Talat 1993 Irk bitig The Book of omens Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 3 447 03426 2 OCLC 32352166 According to Gabain 1941 According to Gabain 1941 not listed in Thomsen 1893 According to Tekin 1968 not listed in Thomsen 1893 or Gabain 1941 clarification needed Malov 1951 lists the sign but gives no sound value a b The Unicode Standard Chapter 14 8 Old Turkic PDF Unicode Consortium March 2020 Central Bank of Azerbaijan National currency 5 manat Retrieved on 25 February 2010 Kyzlasov I L Writings of Eurasian Steppes Eastern Literature Moscow 1994 327 pp 321 323 Kyzlasov I L Writings of Eurasian Steppes Eastern Literature Moscow 1994 pp 98 100 Sources Edit Diringer David The Alphabet a Key to the History of Mankind New York NY Philosophical Library 1948 pp 313 315 Erdal Marcel 2004 A grammar of Old Turkic Leiden amp Boston Brill Guzev V G Kljashtornyj S G The Turkic Runic script Is the hypothesis of its indigenous origin no more viable Rocznik Orientalistyczny T 49 Z 2 1994 wyd 1995 19 LFaulmann Carl 1990 1880 Das Buch der Schrift Frankfurt am Main Eichborn ISBN 3 8218 1720 8 in German Fevrier James G Histoire de l ecriture Paris Payot 1948 pp 311 317 in French Ishjatms N Nomads in Eastern Central Asia in the History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume 2 UNESCO Publishing 1996 ISBN 92 3 102846 4 Jensen Hans 1970 Sign Symbol and Script London George Allen and Unwin Ltd ISBN 0 04 400021 9 Kyzlasov I L Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes Moscow Eastern Literature 1994 ISBN 5 02 017741 5 Malov S E 1951 Pamjatniki Drevnitjurkskoj Pisʹmennosti Pamyatniki Drevnityurkskoj Pismennosti Moskva amp Leningrad in Russian Muxamadiev Azgar 1995 Turanian Writing Turanskaya Pismennost In Zakiev M Z Ed Problemy lingvoetnoistorii tatarskogo naroda Problemy lingvoetnoistorii tatarskogo naroda Kazan Akademija Nauk Tatarstana in Russian Rona Tas A 1991 An introduction to Turkology Szeged Tekin Talat A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series vol 69 Bloomington The Hague Mouton 1968 Thomsen Vilhelm Inscriptions de l Orkhon dechiffrees Suomalais ugrilainen seura Helsinki Toimituksia no 5 Helsingfors La societe de litterature Finnoise 1 in French Vasilʹiev D D Korpus tjurkskix runiceskix pamjatnikov Bassina Eniseja Corpus of the Turkic Runic Monuments of the Yenisei Basin Leningrad USSR Academy of Science 1983 in Russian von Gabain A 1941 Altturkische Grammatik mit Bibliographie Lesestucken und Worterverzeichnis auch Neuturkisch Mit vier Schrifttafeln und sieben Schriftproben Porta Linguarum Orientalium 23 Leipzig Otto Harrassowitz in German External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Turkic script Turk bitig Old Turkic inscriptions Texts Translations Orkhon Alphabet page from Omniglot Gokturkish Keyboard by Isa SARI Old Turkic Virtual Keyboard by Pamukkale University glyph table kyrgyz ru Everson Michael 25 January 2008 L2 08 071 Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in the SMP of the UCS PDF Hoh Tүrүgijn Bichig in Mongolian Gokturukce cevirici An online converter for Turkish alphabet Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Old Turkic script amp oldid 1150694602, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
