Olympia Snowe
Olympia Jean Snowe (née Bouchles; born February 21, 1947) is an American businesswoman and politician who was a United States Senator from Maine from 1995 to 2013. Snowe, a member of the Republican Party, became known for her ability to influence the outcome of close votes, including whether to end filibusters.[3][4] In 2006, she was named one of America's Best Senators by Time magazine.[5] Throughout her Senate career, she was considered one of the most moderate members of the chamber.[6]
Olympia Snowe | |
|---|---|
Snowe in 2010 | |
| United States Senator from Maine | |
| In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2013 | |
| Preceded by | George Mitchell |
| Succeeded by | Angus King |
| Chair of the Senate Small Business Committee | |
| In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007 | |
| Preceded by | John Kerry |
| Succeeded by | John Kerry |
| First Lady of Maine | |
| In role February 24, 1989 – January 5, 1995 | |
| Governor | John McKernan |
| Preceded by | Constance Brennan |
| Succeeded by | Mary Herman |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maine's 2nd district | |
| In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1995 | |
| Preceded by | Bill Cohen |
| Succeeded by | John Baldacci |
| Member of the Maine Senate from the 12th district | |
| In office January 5, 1977 – January 3, 1979 | |
| Preceded by | Elmer Berry[1] |
| Succeeded by | Barbara Trafton[2] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Olympia Jean Bouchles February 21, 1947 Augusta, Maine, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouses | |
| Education | University of Maine (BA) |
| Signature | |
| Website | Official website |
On February 28, 2012, Snowe announced that she would not seek re-election in November 2012, and retired when her third term ended on January 3, 2013.[7] She cited hyper-partisanship leading to a dysfunctional Congress as the reason for her retirement from the Senate. Her seat went to former governor Angus King, a former Democrat and current independent.
Snowe is a senior fellow for the Bipartisan Policy Center and co-chairs its Commission on Political Reform.[8]
Early life edit
Snowe was born Olympia Jean Bouchles in Augusta, Maine, the daughter of Georgia (née Goranites) and George John Bouchles. Her father emigrated to the United States from Sparti, Greece, and her maternal grandparents were also Greek.[9][10] She is a member of the Greek Orthodox Church.[11]
When she was eight years old, her mother died of breast cancer, and less than a year later, her father died of heart disease. Orphaned, she was moved to Auburn, to be raised by her aunt and uncle, a textile mill worker and a barber, respectively, along with their five children. Her brother John was raised separately by other family members. Within a few years, disease would also claim her uncle's life. Snowe attended St. Basil's Academy in Garrison, New York, from the third grade to the ninth. One of her teachers was Athena Hatziemmanuel, a notable Greek-American educator at the school. Returning to Auburn, she attended Edward Little High School before entering the University of Maine in Orono, from which she earned a degree in political science (1969). Shortly after graduation, Bouchles married her fiancé, Republican state legislator Peter T. Snowe, on December 29, 1969, in New York City.[12]
Early political career edit
Snowe entered politics and rose quickly, winning a seat on the Board of Voter Registration and working for Congressman (later U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of Defense) William Cohen. Tragedy struck Snowe again in 1973, when her husband was killed in an automobile accident. At the urging of family, friends, neighbors and local leaders, Snowe ran for her husband's Auburn-based seat in the Maine House of Representatives at the age of 26 and won. She was re-elected to the House in 1974, and, in 1976, won election to the Maine Senate, representing Androscoggin County. That same year, she was a delegate to both the state and national Republican conventions.
U.S. House of Representatives edit
Snowe was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978 and represented Maine's 2nd Congressional District from 1979 to 1995. The district included most of the northern two-thirds of the state, including Bangor and her hometown of Auburn. She served as a member of the Budget and International Relations Committees. [citation needed] Snowe voted for the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in August 1983 and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in March 1988 (as well as to override President Reagan's veto).[13][14][15]
Snowe married John R. McKernan, Jr., then Governor of Maine, in February 1989. Snowe and John McKernan served together in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986, McKernan representing the 1st District. While Snowe was First Lady of Maine from 1989 to 1995, she served as a member of Congress of the United States.
Tragedy struck Snowe once more in 1991 when her stepson Peter McKernan died from a heart ailment at the age of 20.[citation needed]
U.S. Senate edit
Elections edit
In 1994, when Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell declined to run for re-election, Snowe immediately declared her candidacy for the seat. The Democratic nominee was her House colleague, 1st District Congressman Tom Andrews. Snowe defeated Andrews 60–36%, carrying every county in the state. Snowe was part of the Republican election sweep of 1994, when the Republican party captured both the House and Senate for the first time since 1954. Snowe was easily re-elected in 2000 over State Senate President Mark Lawrence, increasing her winning margin to 69%–31%. She cruised past Democratic opponent Jean Hay Bright in 2006, winning by 74% to 20.6%.[16] She won every single county in Maine in all three of her elections.
Tenure edit
Snowe was an important voice during the Senate's 1999 impeachment trial of then-President Bill Clinton. She and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins sponsored a motion that would have allowed the Senate to vote separately on the charges and the remedy – a "finding of fact" resolution. When the motion failed, Snowe and Collins voted to acquit, arguing that Clinton's perjury did not warrant his removal from office. Her occasional breaks with the Bush administration drew attacks from conservative Republicans; the Club for Growth and Concerned Women for America label her a "Republican In Name Only" (RINO).
In October 2002, Snowe voted in favor of the War in Iraq.
In February 2006, TheWhiteHouseProject.org named Snowe one of its "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008.[citation needed]
Snowe voted in favor of the nominations of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan to the U.S. Supreme Court.
In April 2006, Snowe was selected by Time as one of "America's 10 Best Senators".[17] She was the only woman so recognized. Time praised Snowe for her sensitivity to her constituents, also noting that: "Because of her centrist views and eagerness to get beyond partisan point scoring, Maine Republican Olympia Snowe is in the center of every policy debate in Washington." She received an honorary degree from Bates College in 1998, and another from the University of Delaware in 2008. Snowe did not miss any of the 657 votes on the Senate floor during the 110th Congress from 2007 to 2009.[18] She was one of only eight senators who did not miss any votes during that session.[18]
Snowe is the fourth woman to serve on the Senate Armed Services Committee and the first to chair its seapower subcommittee which oversees the Navy and Marine Corps. In 2001, Snowe became the first Republican woman to secure a full-term seat on the Senate Finance Committee.
Snowe was the youngest female Republican ever elected to the United States House of Representatives; she is also the first woman to have served in both houses of a state legislature and both houses of the U.S. Congress. She never lost an election in her 35 years as an elected official, and in the 2006 midterm senatorial elections, she won with a reported 73.99% of votes. However, on Tuesday, February 27, 2012, citing excessive partisanship and a dispiriting political environment, Snowe announced she would not run for re-election in November 2012. Her unexpected decision delivered a potential blow to Republicans, who needed just a handful of seats to regain control of the Senate; Snowe was considered one of their safer incumbents.[21]
Gang of 14 edit
On May 23, 2005, Snowe was one of fourteen senators dubbed the Gang of 14, who defused a confrontation between Senate Democrats (who were filibustering several judicial nominees) and the Senate Republican leadership (who wanted to use the nominations as a flashpoint to eliminate filibusters on nominees through the so-called nuclear option). The Gang-brokered compromise precluded further filibusters and the implementation of the nuclear option for the remainder of the 109th Congress; under its terms, the Democrats retained the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee in an "extraordinary circumstance", and nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) received a simple majority vote by the full Senate. The Gang later played an important role in the confirmation of Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justice Samuel Alito, as they asserted that neither met the "extraordinary circumstances" provision outlined in their agreement. Snowe ultimately voted for both Roberts and Alito.[22]
Committee assignments edit
- Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
- Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
- Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet
- Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Insurance
- Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard (Ranking Member)
- Subcommittee on Science and Space
- Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
- Committee on Finance
- Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Ranking Member)
- Select Committee on Intelligence
Caucus memberships edit
- Dairy Farmer Caucus
- Health Technology Caucus (Co-Chair)
- International Conservation Caucus (Co-Chair)
- Senate Tourism Caucus
- Senate Women's Caucus
- Sportsmen's Caucus
- Senate Hunger Caucus
- Senate Oceans Caucus
Political positions edit
Snowe shares a centrist ideology with Susan Collins, her former colleague in the Senate from Maine, who still serves in the chamber. Collins is considered a "half-turn more conservative" than Snowe.[23] Snowe supports abortion rights and gay rights, and though she previously voted to block the repeal of "Don't ask, don't tell", she was one of eight Republican senators to vote for the act's repeal on December 18, 2010, ending the policy.[24] In her 2006 re-election campaign, she was one of two Republican Senate candidates endorsed by the prominent gay rights organization the Human Rights Campaign (the other was Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island, who became a Democrat in 2013 and a Libertarian in 2019).[25] According to GovTrack, Snowe was the most liberal Republican senator in 2012–13 being placed by GovTrack's analysis to the left of every Republican and several Democrats.[26] In 2012, the non-partisan National Journal gave Snowe a composite 57% conservative score and a 43% liberal score.[27]
Snowe supported both President Clinton's involvement in Kosovo and President George W. Bush's invasions in Afghanistan and Iraq. On fiscal issues, she has voiced support for cutting taxes as economic stimulus, although she joined fellow Republican senators Lincoln Chafee and John McCain in voting against the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. In 2004, she opposed the accelerated implementation of the Bush tax cuts citing budget concerns and she was joined by Senators Collins, McCain, and Chafee.[28]
Snowe is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and supports stem cell research. She is also a member of Republicans for Environmental Protection, the Republican Majority for Choice, Republicans for Choice and The Wish List (Women In the Senate and House), a group of pro-choice Republican women. Her highest composite conservative score according to the National Journal was a 63% in 2010 and her highest composite liberal score was a 55.5% in 2006.[27] She voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment, an amendment aimed at banning gay marriage, in 2004.[29] She voted against banning gay marriage in 2006 for a second time.[30] In 2005 and 2007, she voted to support embryonic stem-cell research.[31] In 2008, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate John McCain for President of the United States.[32]
In the 111th Congress, Snowe backed the release of additional Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. While she opposed President Obama's budget resolution, she pledged to work in a bipartisan manner on the issues of health care reform and energy.[33]
In 2007, Olympia Snowe was among the Republicans who voted in favor of the McCain-Kennedy bill to give citizenship to undocumented immigrants.[34] However, she voted against the DREAM Act in 2010.[35] She also voted to continue funding to 'sanctuary cities', voted against eliminating the 'Y' guestworker visa program, but she also voted in favor of building a fence along the southern border and voted to make English the official language of the United States.[36]
"In October 2009, Snowe was the sole Republican in the Senate to vote for the Finance Committee’s health care reform bill."[31] However, she stated that she might not support the final bill due to strong reservations.[37] Snowe was one of three Republicans to break with their party and vote with Democrats to end a filibuster of a defense spending bill; the filibuster was meant to delay or stop the vote on health care legislation.[38] In December 2009, Snowe voted against cloture for two procedural motions and ultimately against the Senate Health Care Reform Bill. Snowe again voted against health care reform when she voted "no" on the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.[39]
When Snowe announced in February 2012 that she would not seek re-election, it was reported that she and Democrat Ben Nelson, who also did not seek re-election, had the closest overlap [clarification needed] of any two members of the U.S. Senate.[40]
In 2012, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate Mitt Romney for President of the United States.[41]
After the Senate edit
After leaving the Senate, Snowe announced her support for same-sex marriage.[42]
Snowe has been on the board of directors for the investment counsel firm T. Rowe Price since 2013.[43] She opposed Donald Trump as the GOP nominee in 2016.[44] She said that Jeb Bush and Hillary Clinton were the least partisan 2016 presidential candidates.[45]
On November 8, 2020, five days after the election, while President Trump and some other members of the Republican Party were claiming he had won the election, Snowe congratulated President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris.[46] On January 9, 2021, following the January 6 United States Capitol attack, she called on President Trump to "resign from office now to allow our nation to begin to heal and prepare for the transition to the Biden presidency".[47]
Electoral history edit
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. (June 2010) |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 405,596 | 74.01% | ||
| Democratic | Jean Hay Bright | 113,131 | 20.59% | ||
| Independent | William H. Slavick | 26,222 | 5.37% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 437,689 | 68.94% | ||
| Democratic | Mark Lawrence | 197,183 | 31.06% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe | 308,244 | 60.24% | ||
| Democratic | Tom Andrews | 186,042 | 36.36% | ||
| Independent | Plato Truman | 17,205 | 3.36% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 153,022 | 49.13% | ||
| Democratic | Patrick K. McGowan | 130,824 | 42.01% | ||
| Green | Jonathan K. Carter | 27,526 | 8.84% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 121,704 | 51.02% | ||
| Democratic | Patrick K. McGowan | 116,798 | 48.97% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 167,226 | 66.17% | ||
| Democratic | Kenneth P. Hayes | 85,346 | 33.77% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 148,770 | 77.32% | ||
| Democratic | Richard R. Charette | 43,614 | 22.67% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 192,166 | 75.72% | ||
| Democratic | Chipman C. Bull | 57,347 | 22.60% | ||
| Constitution | Kenneth E. Stoddard | 4,242 | 1.67% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 136,075 | 66.65% | ||
| Democratic | James Patrick Dunleavy | 68,086 | 33.35% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe (incumbent) | 186,406 | 78.50% | ||
| Democratic | Harold L. Silverman | 51,026 | 21.49% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Olympia Snowe | 87,939 | 50.82% | ||
| Democratic | Markham J. Gartley | 70,691 | 40.85% | ||
| Independent | Frederick W. Whittaker | 8,035 | 4.64% | ||
| Independent | Eddie Shurtleff | 1,923 | 1.11% | ||
| Independent | Robert H. Burmeister | 1,653 | 0.96% | ||
| Independent | Margaret E. Cousins | 1,573 | 0.91% | ||
| Independent | Robert L. Cousins | 1,223 | 0.71% | ||
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Data" (PDF). lldc.mainelegislature.org. 1975. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). lldc.mainelegislature.org. 1979. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
- ^ Kane, Paul; Cillizza, Chris (February 29, 2012). "Sen. Olympia Snowe (R-Maine) says she'll retire, citing partisanship in Congress". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ McGregor, Jena (February 29, 2012). "Losing Olympia Snowe". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ . Time. 2006-04-14. Archived from the original on 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Hulse, Carl (February 10, 2009). "Maine Senators Break With Republican Party on Stimulus". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ "Maine GOP Sen. Olympia Snowe won't seek re-election". USA Today. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ^ . Bipartisan Policy Center. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
- ^ "Maine senator has history of being in the middle of things". Associated Press. April 11, 2003. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ Battle, Robert. "Ancestries of United States Senators: Olympia Snowe". self-published. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Broder, David S. (1997-06-08). . The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ 'Peter Snowe Killed in Turnpike Crash,' Lewiston Daily Sun, April 11, 1973, pg. 1, 2
- ^ "TO SUSPEND THE RULES AND PASS H.R. 3706, A BILL ... -- House Vote #289 -- Aug 2, 1983". GovTrack.us.
- ^ "TO PASS S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS RESTORATION ACT, A BILL ... -- House Vote #506 -- Mar 2, 1988". GovTrack.us.
- ^ "TO PASS, OVER PRESIDENT REAGAN'S VETO, S 557, CIVIL RIGHTS ... -- House Vote #527 -- Mar 22, 1988". GovTrack.us.
- ^ Trygstad, Kyle; Miller, Joshua; Toeplitz, Shira (28 February 2012). "Olympia Snowe Shocks Colleagues With Retirement". rollcall.com. CQ Roll Call. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ Calabresi, Massimo; Perry Bacon Jr. (2006-04-16). . Time. Archived from the original on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ a b . The Washington Post. 2009. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
- ^ "Topping 122 Feet, Snowman in Maine Vies for World Record". Fox News (Associated Press). 1 March 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- ^ "Tallest snowman". Guinness World Records. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (February 29, 2012). "Olympia Snowe Won't Seek Re-election". The New York Times. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
- ^ "Olympia Snowe on Principles & Values". ontheissues.org. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ . Time. 2009-02-12. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009.
- ^ "Senate votes to repeal ban on gays openly serving in military". CNN. December 20, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
- ^ . Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 2012-06-12. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Olympia Snowe, former Senator for Maine – GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
- ^ a b "Olympia Snowe's Ratings and Endorsements". votesmart.org.
- ^ Andrews, Edmund L. (21 May 2004). "Mutiny by 4 Republicans Over Bush's Tax Cutting Forces Delay on the Budget Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
- ^ Hulse, Carl (2004-07-14). "Senate Vote Blocks Effort to Ban Gay Marriage in Constitution". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
- ^ "Gay marriage ban defeated in Senate vote". MSNBC. 2006-06-07. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
- ^ a b "9 Snowe votes that angered the GOP". POLITICO. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
- ^ "Endorsement of John McCain". Youtube. 2007-02-02. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
- ^ . Senate Office of Olympia Snowe. 2009-04-14. Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
- ^ Goddard, Lisa. "The Senate immigration vote: How they voted". CNN. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
- ^ Willis, Derek. "Fails To Advance Dream Act – H.R.5281: Removal Clarification Act of 2010". ProPublica. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
- ^ "Olympia Snowe on Immigration". www.ontheissues.org. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
- ^ Republican's Vote Lifts a Health Bill, but Hurdles Remain, The New York Times, October 14, 2009.
- ^ "GOP Tries to Stall Bill to Fund Pentagon". Retrieved 2018-07-24.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ Olympia Snowe announces her retirement from the U.S. Senate 2012-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, policyshop.net; February 29, 2012; accessed June 26, 2014.
- ^ Sonmez, Felicia (29 December 2011). "Romney nabs N.C. Sen. Richard Burr endorsement, gaining support of one-quarter of Senate GOP". The Washington Post.
- ^ Lisa Desjardins (April 5, 2013). "Now out of Senate, Snowe supports same-sex marriage". CNN. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
- ^ . T. Rowe Price Group. Archived from the original on 2016-07-08. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
- ^ Mali, Meghashyam (2016-08-10). . The Hill. Archived from the original on 2018-07-18. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
- ^ "Olympia Snowe, speaking at Lesley event, says Jeb Bush and Hillary Clinton least partisan of potential presidential candidates". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
- ^ Snowe, Olympia [@FormerSenSnowe] (November 8, 2020). "Congratulations to @JoeBiden and @KamalaHarris. The President-elect's speech reflects the opportunity we now have to heal our nation. We can also celebrate the historic election of VP-elect Kamala Harris who has proven there are no boundaries to what is possible for all women" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Snowe, Olympia [@FormerSenSnowe] (January 9, 2021). "President Trump should resign from office now to allow our nation to begin to heal and prepare for the transition to the Biden presidency" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Federal Elections 2006: Election Results for the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives 4 / 15" (PDF). fec.gov. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
Further reading edit
- Nine & Counting: The Women of the Senate, Boxer, Collins, Snowe et al., ISBN 0-06-095706-9.
- Fighting for Common Ground: How We can Fix the Stalemate in Congress, Snowe, ISBN 1602862176
External links edit
- official U.S. Senate website
- official campaign website
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
- Profile at Vote Smart
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- at SourceWatch
- "The Anguished Moderate", The Washington Post, July 15, 2007.
- Olympia Snowe 2016-05-13 at the Wayback Machine Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America