Calcium nitrate are inorganic compounds with the formula Ca(NO3)2(H2O)x. The anhydrous compound, which is rarely encountered, absorbs moisture from the air to give the tetrahydrate. Both anhydrous and hydrated forms are colourless salts. Hydrated calcium nitrate, also called Norgessalpeter (Norwegian salpeter), is mainly used as a component in fertilizers, but it has other applications. Nitrocalcite is the name for a mineral which is a hydrated calcium nitrate that forms as an efflorescence where manure contacts concrete or limestone in a dry environment as in stables or caverns. A variety of related salts are known including calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate and calcium potassium nitrate decahydrate.[3]
Norgessalpeter was synthesized at Notodden, Norway in 1905 by the Birkeland–Eyde process. Most of the world's calcium nitrate is now made in Porsgrunn. It is produced by treating limestone with nitric acid, followed by neutralization with ammonia:
CaCO3 + 2 HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
It is also an intermediate product of the Odda Process:
The fertilizer grade (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) is popular in the greenhouse and hydroponics trades; it contains ammonium nitrate and water, as the "double salt" 5Ca(NO3)2·NH4NO3·10H2O. This is called calcium ammonium nitrate and often the name calcium nitrate prill is used as it always comes in a prilled (granular) form. Formulations lacking ammonia are also known: Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (11.9-0-0 + 16.9 Ca) and the water-free 17-0-0 + 23.6 Ca. A liquid formulation (9-0-0 + 11 Ca) is also offered. An anhydrous, air-stable derivative is the urea complexCa(NO3)2·4[OC(NH2)2], which has been sold as Cal-Urea.
Calcium nitrate is also used to control certain plant diseases. For example, dilute calcium nitrate (and calcium chloride) sprays are used to control bitter pit and cork spot in apple trees.[4]
Waste water treatmentedit
Waste water treatment unit
Calcium nitrate is used in waste water pre-conditioning for odour emission prevention. The waste water pre-conditioning is based on establishing an anoxic biology in the waste water system. In the presence of nitrate, the metabolism for sulfates stops, thus preventing formation of hydrogen sulfide.[5] Additionally easy degradable organic matter is consumed, which otherwise can cause anaerobic conditions downstream as well as odour emissions itself. The concept is also applicable for surplus sludge treatment.[6]
Concreteedit
Calcium nitrate is used in set accelerating concrete admixtures. This use with concrete and mortar is based on two effects. The calcium ion accelerates formation of calcium hydroxide and thus precipitation and setting. This effect is used also in cold weather concreting agents as well as some combined plasticizers.[7] The nitrate ion leads to formation of iron hydroxide, whose protective layer reduces corrosion of the concrete reinforcement.[8]
Latex coagulantedit
Calcium nitrate is a very common coagulant in latex production, especially in dipping processes. Dissolved calcium nitrate is a part of the dipping bath solution. The warm former is dipped into the coagulation liquid and a thin film of the dipping liquid remains on the former. When now dipping the former into the latex the calcium nitrate will break up the stabilization of the latex solution and the latex will coagulate on the former.[9][10]
Cold packsedit
The dissolution of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is highly endothermic (cooling). For this reason, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is sometimes used for regenerable cold packs.[3]
Molten salts for heat transfer and storageedit
Calcium nitrate can be used as a part of molten salt mixtures. Typical are binary mixtures of calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate or ternary mixtures including also sodium nitrate.[11][12][13] Those molten salts can be used to replace thermo oil in concentrated solar power plants for the heat transfer, but mostly those are used in heat storage.
^Norwitz, George; Chasan, David E. (1968-05-01). "Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to the Analysis of Inorganic Nitrates" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Centre. Retrieved 2023-01-21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^"Bitter Pit and Cork Spot". University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension. UW-Madison, Dept of Horticulture.
^Bentzen, G; Smith, A; Bennett, D; Webster, N; Reinholt, F; Sletholt, E; Hobson, J (1995). "Controlled dosing of nitrate for prevention of H2S in a sewer network and the effects on the subsequent treatment process". Water Science and Technology. 31 (7): 293. doi:10.1016/0273-1223(95)00346-O.
^Einarsen, A.M.; ÆeesØy, A.; Rasmussen, A. I.; Bungum, S.; Sveberg, M. (2000). "Biological prevention and removal of hydrogen sulphide in sludge at Lillehammer Wastewater Treatment Plant". Water Sci. Technol. 41 (6): 175–187. doi:10.2166/wst.2000.0107.
^Justines, H. (2010) "Calcium Nitrate as a Multifunctional Concrete Admixture" Concrete Magazine, Vol 44, No. 1, p.34. ISSN 0010-5317
^Al-Amoudi, Omar S.Baghabra; Maslehuddin, Mohammed; Lashari, A.N; Almusallam, Abdullah A (2003). "Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in contaminated concrete". Cement and Concrete Composites. 25 (4–5): 439. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00084-7.
^N. C. Dafader, Y. N. Jolly, M. E. Haque, F. Akhtar & M. U. Ahmad: The Role of Coagulants on the Preparation of Dipped film from Radiation Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering. Volume 38, Issue 2, 1999, pages 267-274. Online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03602559909351576
^"Rubbercare - Choice Latex and Nitrile Gloves from a Trusted Manufacturer".
^"Potassium calcium nitrate promising for CSP heat storage – Solar Novus Today".
calcium, nitrate, inorganic, compounds, with, formula, anhydrous, compound, which, rarely, encountered, absorbs, moisture, from, give, tetrahydrate, both, anhydrous, hydrated, forms, colourless, salts, hydrated, calcium, nitrate, also, called, norgessalpeter, . Calcium nitrate are inorganic compounds with the formula Ca NO3 2 H2O x The anhydrous compound which is rarely encountered absorbs moisture from the air to give the tetrahydrate Both anhydrous and hydrated forms are colourless salts Hydrated calcium nitrate also called Norgessalpeter Norwegian salpeter is mainly used as a component in fertilizers but it has other applications Nitrocalcite is the name for a mineral which is a hydrated calcium nitrate that forms as an efflorescence where manure contacts concrete or limestone in a dry environment as in stables or caverns A variety of related salts are known including calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate and calcium potassium nitrate decahydrate 3 Calcium nitrate Names Other names Kalksalpeter Norgessalpeter nitrocalcite Norwegian salpeter lime nitrate Identifiers CAS Number 10124 37 5 Y13477 34 4 tetrahydrate Y 3D model JSmol Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI 64205 ChEMBL ChEMBL3183960 ChemSpider 23336 Y ECHA InfoCard 100 030 289 EC Number 233 332 1 PubChem CID 24963 RTECS number EW2985000 UNII NF52F38N1N YO8T8H4NBBR tetrahydrate Y UN number 1454 CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID1039719 InChI InChI 1S Ca 2NO3 c 2 2 1 3 4 q 2 2 1 YKey ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN UHFFFAOYSA N YInChI 1 Ca 2NO3 c 2 2 1 3 4 q 2 2 1Key ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN UHFFFAOYAF SMILES Ca 2 O N O O O N O O Properties Chemical formula Ca NO3 2 Molar mass 164 088 g mol anhydrous 236 15 g mol tetrahydrate Appearance colorless solid hygroscopic Density 2 504 g cm3 anhydrous 1 896 g cm3 tetrahydrate Melting point 561 C 1 042 F 834 K anhydrous 42 7 C 109 F 316 K tetrahydrate Boiling point decomposes anhydrous 132 C 270 F 405 K tetrahydrate Solubility in water anhydrous 1212 g L 20 C 2710 g L 40 C tetrahydrate 1050 g L 0 C 1290 g L 20 C 3630 g L 100 C Solubility soluble in ammonia almost insoluble in nitric acid Solubility in ethanol 51 4 g 100 g 20 C 62 9 g 100 g 40 C 1 Solubility in methanol 134 g 100 g 10 C 144 g 100 g 40 C 158 g 100 g 60 C 1 Solubility in acetone 33 08 g 100g anhydrous 25 C 2 Acidity pKa 6 0 Magnetic susceptibility x 45 9 10 6 cm3 mol Structure Crystal structure cubic anhydrous monoclinic tetrahydrate Hazards GHS labelling Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H272 H302 H315 H319 Precautionary statements P210 P220 P221 P264 P270 P280 P301 P312 P302 P352 P305 P351 P338 P310 P321 P330 P332 P313 P337 P313 P362 P370 P378 P501 NFPA 704 fire diamond 201OX Flash point Non flammable Lethal dose or concentration LD LC LD50 median dose 302 mg kg rat oral Safety data sheet SDS ICSC 1037 Related compounds Other anions Calcium sulfateCalcium chloride Other cations Magnesium nitrateStrontium nitrateBarium nitrate Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Production and reactivity 2 Applications 2 1 Use in agriculture 2 2 Waste water treatment 2 3 Concrete 2 4 Latex coagulant 2 5 Cold packs 2 6 Molten salts for heat transfer and storage 3 ReferencesProduction and reactivity editNorgessalpeter was synthesized at Notodden Norway in 1905 by the Birkeland Eyde process Most of the world s calcium nitrate is now made in Porsgrunn It is produced by treating limestone with nitric acid followed by neutralization with ammonia CaCO3 2 HNO3 Ca NO3 2 CO2 H2O It is also an intermediate product of the Odda Process Ca5 PO4 3OH 10 HNO3 3 H3PO4 5 Ca NO3 2 H2O It can also be prepared from an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate and calcium hydroxide 2 NH4NO3 Ca OH 2 Ca NO3 2 2 NH4OH Like related alkaline earth metal nitrates calcium nitrate decomposes upon heating starting at 500 C to release nitrogen dioxide 3 2 Ca NO3 2 2 CaO 4 NO2 O2 DH 369 kJ molApplications editUse in agriculture edit The fertilizer grade 15 5 0 0 19 Ca is popular in the greenhouse and hydroponics trades it contains ammonium nitrate and water as the double salt 5Ca NO3 2 NH4NO3 10H2O This is called calcium ammonium nitrate and often the name calcium nitrate prill is used as it always comes in a prilled granular form Formulations lacking ammonia are also known Ca NO3 2 4H2O 11 9 0 0 16 9 Ca and the water free 17 0 0 23 6 Ca A liquid formulation 9 0 0 11 Ca is also offered An anhydrous air stable derivative is the urea complex Ca NO3 2 4 OC NH2 2 which has been sold as Cal Urea Calcium nitrate is also used to control certain plant diseases For example dilute calcium nitrate and calcium chloride sprays are used to control bitter pit and cork spot in apple trees 4 Waste water treatment edit nbsp Waste water treatment unit Calcium nitrate is used in waste water pre conditioning for odour emission prevention The waste water pre conditioning is based on establishing an anoxic biology in the waste water system In the presence of nitrate the metabolism for sulfates stops thus preventing formation of hydrogen sulfide 5 Additionally easy degradable organic matter is consumed which otherwise can cause anaerobic conditions downstream as well as odour emissions itself The concept is also applicable for surplus sludge treatment 6 Concrete edit Calcium nitrate is used in set accelerating concrete admixtures This use with concrete and mortar is based on two effects The calcium ion accelerates formation of calcium hydroxide and thus precipitation and setting This effect is used also in cold weather concreting agents as well as some combined plasticizers 7 The nitrate ion leads to formation of iron hydroxide whose protective layer reduces corrosion of the concrete reinforcement 8 Latex coagulant edit Calcium nitrate is a very common coagulant in latex production especially in dipping processes Dissolved calcium nitrate is a part of the dipping bath solution The warm former is dipped into the coagulation liquid and a thin film of the dipping liquid remains on the former When now dipping the former into the latex the calcium nitrate will break up the stabilization of the latex solution and the latex will coagulate on the former 9 10 Cold packs edit The dissolution of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is highly endothermic cooling For this reason calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is sometimes used for regenerable cold packs 3 Molten salts for heat transfer and storage edit Calcium nitrate can be used as a part of molten salt mixtures Typical are binary mixtures of calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate or ternary mixtures including also sodium nitrate 11 12 13 Those molten salts can be used to replace thermo oil in concentrated solar power plants for the heat transfer but mostly those are used in heat storage References edit a b Anatolievich Kiper Ruslan Properties of substance calcium nitrate Retrieved 2015 09 09 Norwitz George Chasan David E 1968 05 01 Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to the Analysis of Inorganic Nitrates PDF Defense Technical Information Centre Retrieved 2023 01 21 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint date and year link a b c Nitrates and Nitrites Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH 2002 doi 10 1002 14356007 a17 265 ISBN 978 3527306732 Bitter Pit and Cork Spot University of Wisconsin Extension Cooperative Extension UW Madison Dept of Horticulture Bentzen G Smith A Bennett D Webster N Reinholt F Sletholt E Hobson J 1995 Controlled dosing of nitrate for prevention of H2S in a sewer network and the effects on the subsequent treatment process Water Science and Technology 31 7 293 doi 10 1016 0273 1223 95 00346 O Einarsen A M AEeesOy A Rasmussen A I Bungum S Sveberg M 2000 Biological prevention and removal of hydrogen sulphide in sludge at Lillehammer Wastewater Treatment Plant Water Sci Technol 41 6 175 187 doi 10 2166 wst 2000 0107 Justines H 2010 Calcium Nitrate as a Multifunctional Concrete Admixture Concrete Magazine Vol 44 No 1 p 34 ISSN 0010 5317 Al Amoudi Omar S Baghabra Maslehuddin Mohammed Lashari A N Almusallam Abdullah A 2003 Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in contaminated concrete Cement and Concrete Composites 25 4 5 439 doi 10 1016 S0958 9465 02 00084 7 N C Dafader Y N Jolly M E Haque F Akhtar amp M U Ahmad The Role of Coagulants on the Preparation of Dipped film from Radiation Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering Volume 38 Issue 2 1999 pages 267 274 Online http www tandfonline com doi abs 10 1080 03602559909351576 Rubbercare Choice Latex and Nitrile Gloves from a Trusted Manufacturer Potassium calcium nitrate promising for CSP heat storage Solar Novus Today European Patent Application EP0049761 Use of a ternary mixture of salts as a heat transmitting medium and or as a heat storage medium http www freepatentsonline com EP0049761A1 html WIPO Patent Application WO 2014 044652 Use of a calcium potassium nitrate salt for the manufacture of a heat transfer fluid http www freepatentsonline com WO2014044652A1 html Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Calcium nitrate amp oldid 1216750384, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
