Murtala Muhammed
Murtala Ramat Muhammad (listen) GCFR (8 November 1938 – 13 February 1976)[3][4][5] was a Nigerian general who led the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup in overthrowing the Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi military regime and featured prominently during the Nigerian Civil War and thereafter ruled over Nigeria from 30 July 1975 until his assassination on 13 February 1976.[6] This period in Nigerian history, from the Northern counter-coup victory to Murtala's death, is commonly associated with the institutionalization of the military in politics.
Murtala Ramat Muhammed | |
|---|---|
| 4th Head of State of Nigeria | |
| In office 30 July 1975 – 13 February 1976 | |
| Chief of Staff | Olusegun Obasanjo |
| Preceded by | Yakubu Gowon |
| Succeeded by | Olusegun Obasanjo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 8 November 1938 Kano, Northern Region, British Nigeria (now Kano, Kano State, Nigeria) |
| Died | 13 February 1976 (aged 37) Lagos, Nigeria |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
| Political party | (none) military |
| Spouse | [1] |
| Alma mater | Barewa College Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst |
| Nickname | "Monty of the Midwest"[2] |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Nigeria |
| Branch/service | Nigerian Army |
| Years of service | 1958–1976 |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | Congo Crisis Nigerian Civil War |
Born in Kano, into a ruling-class religious family, Murtala served in the Nigerian Army as a cadet in the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. He later served in Congo; eventually rose through the ranks to become brigadier general in 1971, aged 33, becoming one of the youngest generals in Nigeria. Three years later Murtala became the Federal Commissioner for Communications in Lagos. As a conservative and federalist, Murtala regretted the overthrow of the First Republic and the promulgation of Aguiyi Ironsi's unification decree of 1966. He was devastated by the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello, and for a time seriously considered the secession of Northern Nigeria. His career redoubled after Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and the young majors orchestrated the first military coup in Nigeria of 1966 coup empowering him to lead the mutiny of the night of 29 July 1966 in Abeokuta. Murtala was briefly considered as Supreme Commander before the appointment of Yakubu Gowon. He also masterminded the July 1966 counter coup, which evidently, sparked the Nigerian Civil War.
During the war, he commandeered Nigeria's second infantry division which was responsible for the death of civilians and much of the rebels. His command's use of veteran soldiers, no quarter, and scorched earth strategies led to between 10,000 and 30,000 deaths.[citation needed] Combined with the total wartime death toll of three million making the civil war one of the deadliest in modern history.[citation needed] Three years later the Federal military government declared victory which bolstered Murtala's image over Nigeria and in particular the north as a military leader through the post-war era of "reconciliation, reconstruction, and rehabilitation". In post-civil-war Nigeria, Murtala ruled with more power than any Nigerian leader before or since, and developed a charismatic authority and cult of personality. During the Cold War he maintained Nigerian neutrality through participation in the non-aligned movement but supported the Soviet Union — during the latter's effort in the Angolan Civil War
Nigeria under Murtala presided over a period of rampant economic prosperity.[contradictory] At the same time, his regime transitioned from being authoritarian into consensus decision-making with Murtala the leader of a military triumvirate, alongside Generals Olusegun Obasanjo and Theophilus Danjuma. The dictatorship softened and Murtala unveiled plans for the demilitarization of politics. In 1976 barely seven months into his nascent rule Murtala without having time to see his plans implemented was assassinated in a failed coup d'ètat attempt, being succeeded by Olusegun Obasanjo as Head of State, who, in turn, led the Nigerian transition to democracy with the Second Nigerian Republic.
The legacy of Murtala in Nigerian history remains controversial as the nature of his rule changed over time. His reign was marked by both brutal repression, and economic prosperity, which greatly improved the quality of life in Nigeria. His dictatorial style proved highly adaptable, which enabled wide-sweeping social and economic reform, while consistent pursuits during his reign centered on highly centralised government, authoritarianism, federalism, national Federalism, and pan-Africanism.
Early life
Murtala Muhammed was born on November 8, 1938 in Kano. His father, Muhammed Riskuwa, was from the Fulani Genawa clan,[7] who had a history of Islamic jurisprudence as both his paternal grandfather Suleman and paternal great-grandfather Mohammed Zangi served as Chief Judges in Kano Emirate and held the title of chief Alkali of Kano.[8][9] His father worked in the Kano Native Authority and was related to Aminu Kano, Inuwa Wada, and Aminu Wali. He died in 1953,[10] his mother, Uwani Rahamatu, was from the Kanuri and Fulani Jobawa clan, the Jobawa clan members include the Makama of Kano and Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila,[11] his maternal grandfather Yakubu Soja a World War I veteran was from Dawakin Tofa while his maternal grandmother Hajiya Hauwau (Aya) was from Gezawa, he was educated at Cikin Gida Elementary School which was inside the emir's palace.[12]
He then transferred to Gidan Makama primary school in Kano which was just outside the palace.[13] He then proceeded to Kano Middle School (now Rumfa College, Kano) in 1949, before attending the famous Government College (now Barewa College) in Zaria, where he obtained his school certificate in 1957.[14] At Barewa College, Muhammed was a member of the Cadet Corps and was captain of shooting in his final year. In 1957, he obtained a school leaving certificate and applied to join the Nigerian army later in the year.[15]
Early career
Murtala Muhammed joined the Nigerian Army in 1958. He spent short training stints in Nigeria and Ghana and then was trained as an officer cadet at Sandhurst Royal Military Academy in England.[16] After his training, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1961 and assigned to the Nigerian Army Signals that same year, later spending a short stint with the No. 3 Brigade Signals Troop in Congo.[15] In 1962, Muhammed was appointed aide-de-camp to M. A. Majekodunmi, the federally-appointed administrator of the Western Region.
In 1963, he became the officer-in-charge of the First Brigade Signal Troop in Kaduna, Nigeria.[citation needed] That year he traveled to the Royal Corps of Signals at Catterick Garrison, England for a course on advanced telecommunications techniques. On his return to Nigeria in 1964, he was promoted to major and appointed officer-commanding, 1st Signal Squadron in Apapa, Lagos. In November 1965, he was made acting Chief of Signals of the Army, while his paternal uncle, Inuwa Wada had recently been appointed Defense Minister.
Unknown to Muhammed, majors planning the January 1966 coup recruited troops from the signal unit. The coup plotters later went on to assassinate leading politicians and soldiers from the Northern and Western region. After the coup plot failed, new military postings made by the new leader generated some discomfort in the North.[15] In April 1966, Muhammed was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and was the inspector of signals[16] posted to Army Headquarters, Lagos in a move that was partly to pacify Northerners weary about the new military regime.[16] Muhammed was also appointed member of a Post and Telecommunications management committee. Muhammed opposed the regime of Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, which took power after a coup d'etat on 15 January 1966.
Aguiyi-Ironsi, as GOC of the Nigerian Army, brought normalcy back to the nation by imprisoning the coup makers and intimidating the federal cabinet into handing over the helms of government to him. However, many northerners saw this and the reluctance of Ironsi to prosecute the coup leaders, and the fact that the army was purportedly giving exceptional privileges to the coupist as an indication of Ironsi's support for the killings. Consequently, northern politicians and civil servants mounted pressure upon northern officers such as Muhammed to avenge the coup. The promulgation of Decree No. 34 restructuring Nigeria from a federal constitutional structure to a unitary structure also raised suspicions among many Northern officers and Muhammed and a few others began to contemplate separation of the Northern region from the country.[15]
1966 counter-coup
On the night of 29 July 1966, northern soldiers at Abeokuta barracks mutinied, thus precipitating a counter-coup, which may very well have been in the planning stages. A group among the officers supported secession and thus gave the code name of the coup 'A raba' meaning secession in Hausa.[15] However, after the success of the counter-coup, a group of civilians including the Chief Justice Adetokunbo Ademola, Sule Katagum, head of the Federal Public service and Musa Daggash, Permanent Secretary, defense convinced the plotters including Muhammed about the advantages of a union.[15]
The counter-coup led to the installation of Lieutenant-Colonel Yakubu Gowon as Supreme Commander of the Nigerian Armed Forces, despite the intransigence of Muhammed who wanted the role of Supreme Commander for himself. However, as Gowon was militarily his senior, and finding a lack of support from the British and American advisors, he caved in. Gowon rewarded him by confirming his ranking (he had been an acting Lt. Colonel until then) and his appointment (Inspector of Signals).[17] The acceptance of Gowon as the Head of State was not supported by all the key military leaders, in particular, Odumegwu Ojukwu, military governor of the Eastern Region.
Civil war
At the start of the Nigerian Civil War, Muhammed was the commander of the newly established 2nd Infantry Division.[15] The 2 Division was responsible for the beating back of the Biafran Army from the Mid-West region, as well as crossing the River Niger and linking up with the 1 Division, which was advancing from Nsukka and Enugu. However, this was only achieved after several failed river crossings in which thousands of troops died as a result of drowning or enemy fire. During his time as commander, Muhammed was implicated in several violations of appropriate conduct; Lieutenant Ishola Williams, an officer who served under Muhammed alleged that he ordered the summary execution of Biafran prisoners of war.[18]
In June 1968, he relinquished his commanding position and was posted to Lagos and appointed Inspector of Signals. In April 1968, he was promoted to colonel. The actions of the division during this period, mostly in Asaba became a subject of speculation. In a book published in 2017, S. Elizabeth Bird and Fraser Ottanelli document the 1967 mass murder of civilians by troops of the 2 Division under General Muhammed's command. They also discuss the events leading up to the massacre, and its impact on Asaba and on the progress of the war, as well as other civilian massacres carried out by soldiers of the 2nd Division at Onitsha and Isheagu.[19]
Military service
Between 1970 and 1971, he attended the Joint Service Staff College in England, his supervisor's report attributed him to having ''a quick agile mind, considerable ability and common sense.[20] He holds strong views which he puts forward in a forthright manner. He is a strong character and determined. However, he finds it difficult to moderate his opinions and finds it difficult to enter into debate with others whose views he may not share''.[15] After the war, he was promoted to brigadier-general in October 1971. Between 1971 and 1974, Muhammed was involved in routine activities within the signals unit of the army. However, he also disagreed with some of the policies being pursued by Gowon.
On 7 August 1974, the head of state, General Yakubu Gowon appointed him as the new Federal Commissioner for Communications, which he combined with his military duties as Inspector of Signals at the Army Signals Headquarters in Apapa, Lagos.[21] On 7 August 1974, General Yakubu Gowon appointed Muhammed as the Federal commissioner (position now called Minister) for communications to oversee and facilitate the nation's development of cost effective communication infrastructures during the oil boom.[22] After the war and after he took power as head of state, Muhammed started the reorganization and demobilization of 100,000 troops from the armed forces. The number of troops in the armed forces decreased from 250,000 to 150,000.[23]
In government
On 29 July 1975, General Yakubu Gowon was overthrown while attending the 12th summit of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in Kampala, Uganda. Muhammed took power as the new Military Head of State.[24] Brigadiers Obasanjo (later Lt. General) and Danjuma (later Lt. General) were appointed as Chief of Staff, Supreme HQ and Chief of Army Staff, respectively.
Charisma
In the coup d'état that brought him to power he introduced the phrases "Fellow Nigerians" and "with immediate effect" to the national lexicon.[25] In a short time, Murtala Muhammed's policies won him broad popular support, and his decisiveness elevated him to the status of a folk hero.[26]
However his highly popular, often televised "with immediate effect" style of governing, also gained some criticism amongst the countries top civil servants - some of which were Nigeria’s top intellectuals.[27] His ad-hoc Presidential proclamations left his civil service often unprepared, lacking details or even funding to implement his ideas, and his administration led to the dismissal of thousands of civil servants.[27] Over 10,000 civil servants, government employees were dismissed without benefits; reasons stated were age, health, incompetence, or malpractice. The removal of such a large amount of public officials affected the public service, the judiciary, the police and armed forces, the diplomatic service, public corporations, and university officials. Quite a few officials were tried on corruption charges, and an ex-military state governor was executed for gross office misconduct.[28]
National federalism
Muhammed took federal control of the country's two largest newspapers – Daily Times and New Nigerian; all media in Nigeria was now under federal control. He also took federal control of the remaining state-run universities.[29] On February 3, 1976, the Military Government of Murtala Muhammed created new states and renamed others, the states he created include: Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Imo, Niger, Ogun, and Ondo.[30] This brought the total number of states in Nigeria to nineteen in 1976.
As head of state, Muhammed put in place plans to build a new Federal Capital Territory due to Lagos being overcrowded. He set up a panel headed by Justice Akinola Aguda, which chose the Abuja area as the new capital ahead of other proposed locations. On 3 February 1976, Muhammed announced that the Federal Capital would in the future move to a federal territory location of about 8,000 square kilometres in the central part of the country.[29]
Towards the end of 1975, the administration implemented a mass purge in the Nigerian civil service. The civil service was viewed as undisciplined and lacking a sense of purpose. A retrenchment exercise was implemented as part of a strategy to refocus the service. However, because of the drastic nature of the purge, allegations that malice and revenge was used by heads of department in recommending people for retrenchment surfaced, and little was done to scrutinize the details and reasons staff were disengaged.[15]
Economic policy
As head of state Murtala Muhammed inherited an immense amount of oil and petroleum resources and enormous but untapped natural gas reserves. But in 1975, Muhammed saw reduced revenue due to low levels of petroleum production; this meant that the military government lacked the projected funds to meet Nigeria's development plan for 1975. The decline in petroleum production in 1975 was due to a global fall in demand, high costs of spare parts and high labour costs.[31]
Assassination
On 13 February 1976, General Muhammed set off for work along his usual route on George Street. Shortly after 8 a.m., his Mercedes Benz car traveled slowly in the infamous Lagos traffic near the Federal Secretariat at Ikoyi in Lagos and a group of soldiers (members of an abortive coup led by Dimka) emerged from an adjacent petrol station, ambushed the vehicle and assassinated Muhammed.[32]
Murtala Muhammed was killed, aged 37, along with his aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Akintunde Akinsehinwa, in his black Mercedes Benz saloon car on 13 February 1976. The car was ambushed en route to his office at Dodan Barracks, Lagos. The only visible sign of protection was a pistol carried by his orderly, making his assassination an easy task. The assassination was part of an attempted coup led by Lt. Col Buka Suka Dimka, he was executed on 15 May 1976[33] at the Kirikiri Maximum Security Prison in Lagos for treason.[34]
He was succeeded by the Chief of Staff, Supreme HQ Olusegun Obasanjo, who completed his plan of an orderly transfer to civilian rule by handing power to Shehu Shagari on 1 October 1979. Today, Muhammed's portrait adorns the 20 Naira note and Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos is named in his honour.[35]
Marriage
Murtala Muhammed was married to his only wife Ajoke. They had six children together.[9] In order of elder to youngest: Aisha, Zakari (deceased), Fatima, Abba (also known as Risqua), Zeliha and Jummai.[36] Abba Muhammed was a Special Adviser to President Olusegun Obasanjo on Privatisation.[37]
Medals
Murtala Muhammed had received several awards and medals. In alphabetical order they included:
- Forces Service Star (FSS)
- General Service Medal (GSM)
- Meritorious Service Star (MSS)
- National Service Medal (NSM)
- Republic Medal (RM)
See also
References
- ^ "MRS. Ajoke Muhammed- Vice Chairman".
- ^ Nowa, Omoigui. "Nicknames, Slogans, Local and Operational Names Associated with the Nigerian Civil War". Dawodu.com. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ^ "Collections Online | British Museum".
- ^ "Nigeria: General Murtala Ramat Muhammad - 44 Years After". 20 February 2020.
- ^ "Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ "Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics | Dailytrust". Daily Trust. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
- ^ "Interview:Why Fulani leaders dominate in Northern Nigeria and why they speak Hausa Language by Murtala Muhammed's cousin". 16 December 2017.
- ^ Dasuki, Ibrahim Ado (1988). History and Genealogy of the Genawa. Kurawa Holdings. p. 391.
- ^ a b Obialo, Maduawuchi (5 March 2020). "General Murtala Muhammed Biography: Former Military Head of State". Nigerian Infopedia. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ "The true Origin of General Murtala Mohammed by Adnan Bawa Bello". 11 November 2020.
- ^ Ogundipe, Taiwo (2001). The Hurricane:General Murtala Muhammed. Topseal Communications.
- ^ "Remembering murtala ramat muhammed: A Fulani Nigerian". 16 February 2020.
- ^ Eke, Bernice (13 February 2020). "late General Murtala Muhammed, 44 years after (Full biography), by Bernice Eke". Neptune Prime. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Uwechue, Ralph (1991). Makers of Modern Africa: Profiles in History. Africa Journal Limited. p. 391.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nigeria; Federal Department of Information (1982). Nigerian heroes. Lagos: Federal Dept. of Information. OCLC 18561384.
- ^ a b c "MURTALA RAMAT MUHAMMED". dawodu.com. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "allAfrica.com: myAfrica". myafrica.allafrica.com. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Siollun, Max (2009). Siollun, Max. Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 163. ISBN 9780875867090.
- ^ Bird, S. Elizabeth and Fraser Ottanelli, The Asaba Massacre: Trauma, Memory and the Nigerian Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 2017).
- ^ "Which military regimes in Nigeria played a prominent role In the liberation of colonized African..." myschool.ng. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Ago, Ghenghislain #nigeria • 2 Years (13 February 2018). "General Muritala Rufai Ramat Mohammed". Steemit. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Omodara, Toyin (7 April 2020). "General Murtala Mohammed – 4TH HEAD OF STATE OF NIGERIA (1975 – 1976)". Glimpse Nigeria. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- ^ Weekly, Concord (1985). Concord Weekly Issues 22-44. Concord Press of Nigeria. p. 13.
- ^ Solomon Obotetukudo (2011). The Inaugural Addresses and Ascension Speeches of Nigerian Elected and Non-elected presidents and prime ministers from 1960-2010. University Press of America. pp. 66–68.
- ^ Ndaeyo Uko, Romancing the Gun: The Press as a Promoter of Military Rule, Africa Research & Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-1592211890
- ^ Clapham, Christopher (1985). Third World Politics: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 0-7099-0757-5.
- ^ a b "Nigeria: The story of Murtala Muhammed who ruled 'with immediate effect'". The Africa Report.com. 8 November 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ "Nigeria - The Regime of Murtala Muhammad". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ a b Ndujihe, Clifford (12 February 2016). "Murtala Muhammed's 198 days of action". Vanguard News. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- ^ "How Nigeria got to 36 States[Timeline of State creation in Nigeria]". 2 August 2018.
- ^ "The mining industry of Nigeria" (PDF).
- ^ Max Siollun (2009). Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966-1976 ). p. 193.
- ^ "Murtala would have transformed Nigeria if he hadn't been killed – Ibrahim, brother". Punch Newspapers. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Famoroti, Francis. . National Mirror. Archived from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Editor (13 February 2016). "The Assassination of Murtala Mohammed February 13 1976". New Nigeria Post. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ "12 interesting facts about murtala mohammed you should know". 13 February 2015.
- ^ "RISQUA: My Father Was Selfless, He Never Owned A House". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 14 February 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.