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Chevrotain

January 01, 1970

This article is about the deer. For the French commune, see Chevrotaine.
Not to be confused with Chevrotin.
"Kancil" redirects here. For the car, see Perodua Kancil.

Chevrotains, or mouse-deer, are diminutive, even-toed ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, and are the only living members of the infraorder Tragulina. The 10 extant species are placed in three genera,[1][2] but several species also are known only from fossils.[3] The extant species are found in forests in South and Southeast Asia; a single species, the water chevrotain, is found in the rainforests of Central and West Africa.[4] They are solitary, or live in loose groupings or pairs, and feed almost exclusively on plant material.[4] Chevrotains are the smallest hoofed mammals in the world. The Asian species weigh between 0.7 and 8.0 kg (1+1⁄2 and 17+3⁄4 lb), while the African chevrotain is considerably larger, at 7–16 kg (15–35 lb).[5] With an average length of 45 cm (18 in) and an average height of 30 cm (12 in), the Java mouse-deer is the smallest surviving ungulate (hoofed) mammal, as well as the smallest artiodactyl (even-toed ungulate).[6] Despite their common name of "mouse deer", they are not closely related to true deer.

Chevrotain
Temporal range: late Eocene–Recent
Tragulus kanchil
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Suborder: Ruminantia
Infraorder: Tragulina
Family: Tragulidae
H. Milne-Edwards, 1864
Type genus
Tragulus
Brisson, 1762
Genera

In November 2019, conservation scientists announced that they had photographed silver-backed chevrotains (Tragulus versicolor) in a Vietnamese forest for the first time since the last confirmed sightings in 1990.[7][8][9]

Etymology edit

The word "chevrotain" comes from the Middle French word chevrot (kid or fawn), derived from chèvre (goat).[10]

The single African species is consistently known as "chevrotain".[1][4][11] The names "chevrotain" and "mouse-deer" have been used interchangeably among the Asian species,[4][12][13][14] though recent authorities typically have preferred chevrotain for the species in the genus Moschiola and mouse-deer for the species in the genus Tragulus.[1] Consequently, all species with pale-spotted or -striped upper parts are known as "chevrotain" and without are known as "mouse-deer".

The Telugu name for the Indian spotted chevrotain is jarini pandi, which literally means "a deer and a pig".[citation needed] In Kannada, it is called barka (ಬರ್ಕ), in Malayalam, it is called കൂരമാൻ kūramān, and the Konkani name for it is barinka. The Tamil term is சருகு மான் sarukumāṉ "leaf-pile deer". The Sinhala name meeminna roughly translates to "mouse-like deer". This was used in the scientific name of the Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain, M. meminna.

Biology edit

The family was widespread and successful from the Oligocene (34 million years ago) through the Miocene (about 5 million years ago), but has remained almost unchanged over that time and remains as an example of an archaic ruminant type. They have four-chambered stomachs to ferment tough plant foods, but the third chamber is poorly developed. Unlike other artiodactyls, they lack an carotid rete,[15] and so cannot heat exchange cool blood entering their brains, a thermoregulatory innoviation that allows other artiodactyls to exploit hot arid habitats.[16] Though most species feed exclusively on plant material, the water chevrotain occasionally takes insects and crabs or scavenges meat and fish.[17] Like other ruminants, they lack upper incisors. They give birth to only a single young.

In other respects, however, they have primitive features, closer to nonruminants such as pigs. All species in the family lack antlers and horns, but both sexes have elongated canine teeth. These are especially prominent in males, where they project out on either side of the lower jaw, and are used in fights.[4] Their legs are short and thin, which leave them lacking in agility, but also helps to maintain a smaller profile to aid in running through the dense foliage of their environments. Other pig-like features include the presence of four toes on each foot, the absence of facial scent glands, premolars with sharp crowns,[18] and the form of their sexual behaviour and copulation.[19][18]

 
Mating mouse-deer

They are solitary or live in pairs.[4] The young are weaned at three months of age, and reach sexual maturity between 5 and 10 months, depending on species. Parental care is relatively limited. Although they lack the types of scent glands found in most other ruminants, they do possess a chin gland for marking each other as mates or antagonists, and, in the case of the water chevrotain, anal and preputial glands for marking territory. Their territories are relatively small, on the order of 13–24 hectares (32–59 acres), but neighbors generally ignore each other, rather than compete aggressively.[18]

Some of the species show a remarkable affinity with water, often remaining submerged for prolonged periods to evade predators or other unwelcome intrusions. This has also lent support to the idea that whales evolved from water-loving creatures that looked like small deer.[20][21]

Taxonomy edit

Tragulidae's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram:[22][23][24][25][26]

Artiodactyla 

Tylopoda (camels) 

 Artiofabula 

  Suina (pigs) 

 Cetruminantia 
 Ruminantia (ruminants) 

 Tragulidae (mouse deer) 

 Pecora (horn bearers) 

 Cetancodonta/Whippomorpha 

 Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses) 

 Cetacea (whales) 

Traditionally, only four extant species were recognized in the family Tragulidae.[4] In 2004, T. nigricans and T. versicolor were split from T. napu, and T. kanchil and T. williamsoni were split from T. javanicus.[27] In 2005, M. indica and M. kathygre were split from M. meminna.[2] With these changes, the 10 extant species are:

 
Indian spotted chevrotain
 
Tragulus sp.[a]

Ancient chevrotains edit

 
Reconstruction of Dorcatherium by Heinrich Harder.

The Hypertragulidae were closely related to the Tragulidae.

The six extinct chevrotain genera[3] include:

The extinct chevrotains might also include[31][32]

  • Genus Krabitherium
  • Genus Nalameryx
    • Nalameryx savagei[34]
    • Nalameryx sulaimani

Mythology edit

 
The Coat of arms of Malacca depicts two mouse deer as allusion to the founding legend of Malacca.

According to the Malay Annals, King Parameswara, seeking a place to found a new city, came to a place where he saw a mouse deer kicking his hunting dog into the water. He thought this boded well, remarking, 'this place is excellent, even the mouse deer is formidable; it is best that we establish a kingdom here'. He then founded there the city of Malacca.[citation needed] In memory of this founding legend, the Coat of arms of Malacca depicts two mouse deer.

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ Changing taxonomy in the genus Tragulus make exact species identification uncertain, but either T. javanicus or T. kanchil. Note also the contradicting English and scientific names on the sign on the photo.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Groves, C.; Meijaard, E. (2005). "Intraspecific variation in Moschiola, the Indian chevrotain". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement 12: 413–421.
  3. ^ a b Farooq, U.; Khan, M.A.; Akhtar, M.; Khan, A.M. (2008). (PDF). Tur. J. Zool. 32: 91–98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Nowak, R.M., ed. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  5. ^ "Hyemoschus aquaticus". Ultimate Ungulate. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  6. ^ Fukuta, K.; Kudo, H; Jalaludin, S. (1996). "Unique pits on the erythrocytes of the lesser mouse-deer, Tragulus javanicus". Journal of Anatomy. 189 (1): 211–213. PMC 1167845. PMID 8771414.
  7. ^ Chappell, Bill (11 November 2019). "Silver-Backed Chevrotain, with Fangs and Hooves, Photographed In Wild for First Time". NPR. NPR.org. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  8. ^ Nguyen, An (11 November 2019). "Camera-trap evidence that the silver-backed chevrotain Tragulus versicolor remains in the wild in Vietnam". Nature.com. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  9. ^ "Tiny deer-like animal spotted after 25 years" (Video). CNN. 11 Nov 2019.
  10. ^ "Chevrotain". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  11. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Hyemoschus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10341A50188841. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10341A50188841.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  12. ^ Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136585A61979067. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136585A61979067.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  13. ^ Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola kathygre". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136799A61979620. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T136799A61979620.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  14. ^ Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Moschiola meminna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T41779A73575223. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41779A73575223.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  15. ^ Fukuta, Katsuhiro; Kudo, Hiroshi; Sasaki, Motoki; Kimura, Junpei; Ismail, Dahlan bin; Endo, Hideki (2007). "Absence of carotid rete mirabile in small tropical ruminants: implications for the evolution of the arterial system in artiodactyls". Journal of Anatomy. 210 (1): 112–116. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00667.x. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 2100259.
  16. ^ Mitchell, G; Lust, A (2008-08-23). "The carotid rete and artiodactyl success". Biology Letters. 4 (4): 415–418. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0138. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 2610139. PMID 18426746.
  17. ^ Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-408355-2.
  18. ^ a b c Dubost, G. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 516–517. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
  19. ^ Valerius Geist (1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0496-0.
  20. ^ Walker, M. (7 July 2009). "Aquatic deer and ancient whales". BBC News. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  21. ^ Meijaard, E.; Umilaela; de Silva Wijeyeratne, G. (September 2010). "Aquatic escape behaviour in mouse-deer provides insight into tragulid evolution". Mammalian Biology. 75 (5): 471–473. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2009.05.007.
  22. ^ Beck, N.R. (2006). "A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals". BMC Evol Biol. 6: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93. PMC 1654192. PMID 17101039.
  23. ^ O'Leary, M.A.; Bloch, J.I.; Flynn, J.J.; Gaudin, T.J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N.P.; Goldberg, S.L.; Kraatz, B.P.; Luo, Z.-X.; Meng, J.; Ni, X.; Novacek, M.J.; Perini, F.A.; Randall, Z.S.; Rougier, G.W.; Sargis, E.J.; Silcox, M.T.; Simmons, N.B.; Spaulding, M.; Velazco, P.M.; Weksler, M.; Wible, J.R.; Cirranello, A.L. (2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776.
  24. ^ Song, S.; Liu, L.; Edwards, S.V.; Wu, S. (2012). "Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (37): 14942–14947. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10914942S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211733109. PMC 3443116. PMID 22930817.
  25. ^ dos Reis, M.; Inoue, J.; Hasegawa, M.; Asher, R.J.; Donoghue, P.C.J.; Yang, Z. (2012). "Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1742): 3491–3500. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683. PMC 3396900. PMID 22628470.
  26. ^ Upham, N.S.; Esselstyn, J.A.; Jetz, W. (2019). "Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation". PLOS Biology. 17 (12): e3000494. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494. PMC 6892540. PMID 31800571.(see e.g. Fig S10)
  27. ^ Meijaard, I.; Groves, C.P. (2004). "A taxonomic revision of the Tragulus mouse-deer". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140: 63–102. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00091.x.
  28. ^ Thenius, E. (1950). "Über die Sichtung und Bearbeitung der jungtertiären Säugetierreste aus dem Hausruck und Kobernaußerwald (O.Ö.)". Verh. Geol. B.-A. 51 (2): 56.
  29. ^ Sánchez, Israel M.; Quiralte, Victoria; Morales, Jorge; Pickford, Martin (2010). "A new genus of tragulid ruminant from the early Miocene of Kenya" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (2): 177–187. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0087. S2CID 303897.
  30. ^ Métais, G.; Chaimanee, Y.; Jaeger, J.-J. & Ducrocq S. (2001). (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 30 (4): 231. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00071.x. S2CID 85647031. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011.
  31. ^ Vaughan, Terry A.; Ryan, James M.; Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (21 April 2011). Mammalogy (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-0-7637-6299-5. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  32. ^ Sánchez, Israel M.; Quiralte, Victoria; Morales, Jorge; Pickford, Martin (2010). "A new genus of Tragulid ruminant from the Early Miocene of Kenya". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (2): 177. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0087.
  33. ^ "Krabitherium". Paleobiology Database (Paleodb.org). Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  34. ^ Mennecart, B., Wazir, W.A., Sehgal, R.K., Patnaik, R., Singh, N.P., Kumar, N. and Nanda, A.C., 2021. New remains of Nalamaeryx (Tragulidae, Mammalia) from the Ladakh Himalaya and their phylogenetical and palaeoenvironmental implications. Historical Biology, pp.1-9.https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.2014479

External links edit

 
Look up chevrotain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

January 01, 1970
chevrotain, this, article, about, deer, french, commune, confused, with, chevrotin, kancil, redirects, here, perodua, kancil, mouse, deer, diminutive, even, toed, ungulates, that, make, family, tragulidae, only, living, members, infraorder, tragulina, extant, . This article is about the deer For the French commune see Chevrotaine Not to be confused with Chevrotin Kancil redirects here For the car see Perodua Kancil Chevrotains or mouse deer are diminutive even toed ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae and are the only living members of the infraorder Tragulina The 10 extant species are placed in three genera 1 2 but several species also are known only from fossils 3 The extant species are found in forests in South and Southeast Asia a single species the water chevrotain is found in the rainforests of Central and West Africa 4 They are solitary or live in loose groupings or pairs and feed almost exclusively on plant material 4 Chevrotains are the smallest hoofed mammals in the world The Asian species weigh between 0 7 and 8 0 kg 1 1 2 and 17 3 4 lb while the African chevrotain is considerably larger at 7 16 kg 15 35 lb 5 With an average length of 45 cm 18 in and an average height of 30 cm 12 in the Java mouse deer is the smallest surviving ungulate hoofed mammal as well as the smallest artiodactyl even toed ungulate 6 Despite their common name of mouse deer they are not closely related to true deer ChevrotainTemporal range late Eocene Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Tragulus kanchil Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Ruminantia Infraorder Tragulina Family TragulidaeH Milne Edwards 1864 Type genus TragulusBrisson 1762 Genera Hyemoschus Moschiola Tragulus In November 2019 conservation scientists announced that they had photographed silver backed chevrotains Tragulus versicolor in a Vietnamese forest for the first time since the last confirmed sightings in 1990 7 8 9 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Biology 3 Taxonomy 4 Ancient chevrotains 5 Mythology 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External linksEtymology editThe word chevrotain comes from the Middle French word chevrot kid or fawn derived from chevre goat 10 The single African species is consistently known as chevrotain 1 4 11 The names chevrotain and mouse deer have been used interchangeably among the Asian species 4 12 13 14 though recent authorities typically have preferred chevrotain for the species in the genus Moschiola and mouse deer for the species in the genus Tragulus 1 Consequently all species with pale spotted or striped upper parts are known as chevrotain and without are known as mouse deer The Telugu name for the Indian spotted chevrotain is jarini pandi which literally means a deer and a pig citation needed In Kannada it is called barka ಬರ ಕ in Malayalam it is called ക രമ ൻ kuraman and the Konkani name for it is barinka The Tamil term is சர க ம ன sarukumaṉ leaf pile deer The Sinhala name meeminna roughly translates to mouse like deer This was used in the scientific name of the Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain M meminna Biology editThe family was widespread and successful from the Oligocene 34 million years ago through the Miocene about 5 million years ago but has remained almost unchanged over that time and remains as an example of an archaic ruminant type They have four chambered stomachs to ferment tough plant foods but the third chamber is poorly developed Unlike other artiodactyls they lack an carotid rete 15 and so cannot heat exchange cool blood entering their brains a thermoregulatory innoviation that allows other artiodactyls to exploit hot arid habitats 16 Though most species feed exclusively on plant material the water chevrotain occasionally takes insects and crabs or scavenges meat and fish 17 Like other ruminants they lack upper incisors They give birth to only a single young In other respects however they have primitive features closer to nonruminants such as pigs All species in the family lack antlers and horns but both sexes have elongated canine teeth These are especially prominent in males where they project out on either side of the lower jaw and are used in fights 4 Their legs are short and thin which leave them lacking in agility but also helps to maintain a smaller profile to aid in running through the dense foliage of their environments Other pig like features include the presence of four toes on each foot the absence of facial scent glands premolars with sharp crowns 18 and the form of their sexual behaviour and copulation 19 18 nbsp Mating mouse deer They are solitary or live in pairs 4 The young are weaned at three months of age and reach sexual maturity between 5 and 10 months depending on species Parental care is relatively limited Although they lack the types of scent glands found in most other ruminants they do possess a chin gland for marking each other as mates or antagonists and in the case of the water chevrotain anal and preputial glands for marking territory Their territories are relatively small on the order of 13 24 hectares 32 59 acres but neighbors generally ignore each other rather than compete aggressively 18 Some of the species show a remarkable affinity with water often remaining submerged for prolonged periods to evade predators or other unwelcome intrusions This has also lent support to the idea that whales evolved from water loving creatures that looked like small deer 20 21 Taxonomy editTragulidae s placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram 22 23 24 25 26 Artiodactyla Tylopoda camels nbsp Artiofabula Suina pigs nbsp Cetruminantia Ruminantia ruminants Tragulidae mouse deer nbsp Pecora horn bearers nbsp Cetancodonta Whippomorpha Hippopotamidae hippopotamuses nbsp Cetacea whales nbsp Traditionally only four extant species were recognized in the family Tragulidae 4 In 2004 T nigricans and T versicolor were split from T napu and T kanchil and T williamsoni were split from T javanicus 27 In 2005 M indica and M kathygre were split from M meminna 2 With these changes the 10 extant species are nbsp Indian spotted chevrotain nbsp Tragulus sp a Family Tragulidae Genus Hyemoschus Water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus Genus Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain Moschiola indica Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain Moschiola meminna Yellow striped chevrotain Moschiola kathygre Genus Tragulus Java mouse deer Tragulus javanicus Lesser mouse deer or kanchil Tragulus kanchil Greater mouse deer Tragulus napu Philippine mouse deer Tragulus nigricans Vietnam mouse deer Tragulus versicolor Williamson s mouse deer Tragulus williamsoniAncient chevrotains edit nbsp Reconstruction of Dorcatherium by Heinrich Harder The Hypertragulidae were closely related to the Tragulidae The six extinct chevrotain genera 3 include Genus Dorcatherium Dorcatherium minus from Pakistan Dorcatherium majus from Pakistan Dorcatherium naui from Central Europe 28 Genus Dorcabune Dorcabune anthracotherioides from Pakistan Dorcabune nagrii from Pakistan Genus Afrotragulus Sanchez Quiralte Morales and Pickford 2010 29 Afrotragulus moruorotensis previously Dorcatherium moruorotensis Pickford 2001 early Miocene from Moruorot Kenya Afrotragulus parvus previously D parvus Withworth 1958 early Miocene from Rusinga Island Kenya Genus Siamotragulus Siamotragulus sanyathanai Thomas Ginsburg Hintong and Suteethorn 1990 middle Miocene from Lampang Thailand Siamotragulus haripounchai Mein and Ginsburg 1997 Miocene from Lamphun Thailand Genus Yunnanotherium Genus Archaeotragulus 30 Archaeotragulus krabiensis Metais Chaimanee Jaeger and Ducrocq 2001 late Eocene from Krabi Thailand The extinct chevrotains might also include 31 32 Genus Krabitherium Krabitherium waileki Metais Chaimanee Jaeger and Ducrocq 2007 late Eocene from Krabi Thailand 33 Genus Nalameryx Nalameryx savagei 34 Nalameryx sulaimaniMythology edit nbsp The Coat of arms of Malacca depicts two mouse deer as allusion to the founding legend of Malacca According to the Malay Annals King Parameswara seeking a place to found a new city came to a place where he saw a mouse deer kicking his hunting dog into the water He thought this boded well remarking this place is excellent even the mouse deer is formidable it is best that we establish a kingdom here He then founded there the city of Malacca citation needed In memory of this founding legend the Coat of arms of Malacca depicts two mouse deer Footnotes edit Changing taxonomy in the genus Tragulus make exact species identification uncertain but either T javanicus or T kanchil Note also the contradicting English and scientific names on the sign on the photo References edit a b c Wilson D E Reeder D M eds 2005 Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 a b Groves C Meijaard E 2005 Intraspecific variation in Moschiola the Indian chevrotain The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 12 413 421 a b Farooq U Khan M A Akhtar M Khan A M 2008 Lower dentition of Dorcatherium majus Tragulidae Mammalia in the Lower and Middle Siwaliks Miocene of Pakistan PDF Tur J Zool 32 91 98 Archived from the original PDF on 28 September 2011 a b c d e f g Nowak R M ed 1999 Walker s Mammals of the World 6th ed Baltimore MD Johns Hopkins University Press Hyemoschus aquaticus Ultimate Ungulate Retrieved 12 October 2010 Fukuta K Kudo H Jalaludin S 1996 Unique pits on the erythrocytes of the lesser mouse deer Tragulus javanicus Journal of Anatomy 189 1 211 213 PMC 1167845 PMID 8771414 Chappell Bill 11 November 2019 Silver Backed Chevrotain with Fangs and Hooves Photographed In Wild for First Time NPR NPR org Retrieved 12 November 2019 Nguyen An 11 November 2019 Camera trap evidence that the silver backed chevrotain Tragulus versicolor remains in the wild in Vietnam Nature com Retrieved 12 November 2019 Tiny deer like animal spotted after 25 years Video CNN 11 Nov 2019 Chevrotain Merriam Webster com Dictionary Retrieved 15 December 2019 IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group 2016 Hyemoschus aquaticus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T10341A50188841 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T10341A50188841 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Duckworth J W Timmins R 2015 Moschiola indica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T136585A61979067 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 2 RLTS T136585A61979067 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Duckworth J W Timmins R 2015 Moschiola kathygre IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T136799A61979620 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 2 RLTS T136799A61979620 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Duckworth J W Timmins R 2015 Moschiola meminna IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T41779A73575223 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 2 RLTS T41779A73575223 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Fukuta Katsuhiro Kudo Hiroshi Sasaki Motoki Kimura Junpei Ismail Dahlan bin Endo Hideki 2007 Absence of carotid rete mirabile in small tropical ruminants implications for the evolution of the arterial system in artiodactyls Journal of Anatomy 210 1 112 116 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7580 2006 00667 x ISSN 0021 8782 PMC 2100259 Mitchell G Lust A 2008 08 23 The carotid rete and artiodactyl success Biology Letters 4 4 415 418 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2008 0138 ISSN 1744 9561 PMC 2610139 PMID 18426746 Kingdon J 1997 The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals Academic Press ISBN 0 12 408355 2 a b c Dubost G 1984 Macdonald D ed The Encyclopedia of Mammals New York Facts on File pp 516 517 ISBN 978 0 87196 871 5 Valerius Geist 1998 Deer of the World Their Evolution Behaviour and Ecology Stackpole Books ISBN 978 0 8117 0496 0 Walker M 7 July 2009 Aquatic deer and ancient whales BBC News Retrieved 26 March 2010 Meijaard E Umilaela de Silva Wijeyeratne G September 2010 Aquatic escape behaviour in mouse deer provides insight into tragulid evolution Mammalian Biology 75 5 471 473 doi 10 1016 j mambio 2009 05 007 Beck N R 2006 A higher level MRP supertree of placental mammals BMC Evol Biol 6 93 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 6 93 PMC 1654192 PMID 17101039 O Leary M A Bloch J I Flynn J J Gaudin T J Giallombardo A Giannini N P Goldberg S L Kraatz B P Luo Z X Meng J Ni X Novacek M J Perini F A Randall Z S Rougier G W Sargis E J Silcox M T Simmons N B Spaulding M Velazco P M Weksler M Wible J R Cirranello A L 2013 The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post K Pg Radiation of Placentals Science 339 6120 662 667 Bibcode 2013Sci 339 662O doi 10 1126 science 1229237 hdl 11336 7302 PMID 23393258 S2CID 206544776 Song S Liu L Edwards S V Wu S 2012 Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 37 14942 14947 Bibcode 2012PNAS 10914942S doi 10 1073 pnas 1211733109 PMC 3443116 PMID 22930817 dos Reis M Inoue J Hasegawa M Asher R J Donoghue P C J Yang Z 2012 Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 279 1742 3491 3500 doi 10 1098 rspb 2012 0683 PMC 3396900 PMID 22628470 Upham N S Esselstyn J A Jetz W 2019 Inferring the mammal tree Species level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology evolution and 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Mammalogy 5th ed Jones amp Bartlett Learning ISBN 978 0 7637 6299 5 Retrieved 4 April 2012 Sanchez Israel M Quiralte Victoria Morales Jorge Pickford Martin 2010 A new genus of Tragulid ruminant from the Early Miocene of Kenya Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55 2 177 doi 10 4202 app 2009 0087 Krabitherium Paleobiology Database Paleodb org Retrieved 18 January 2013 Mennecart B Wazir W A Sehgal R K Patnaik R Singh N P Kumar N and Nanda A C 2021 New remains of Nalamaeryx Tragulidae Mammalia from the Ladakh Himalaya and their phylogenetical and palaeoenvironmental implications Historical Biology pp 1 9 https doi org 10 1080 08912963 2021 2014479External links edit nbsp Look up chevrotain in Wiktionary the free dictionary Lydekker Richard 1911 Chevrotain Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chevrotain amp oldid 1214525737, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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