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Mood swing

May 12, 2024

"Mood swings" redirects here. For other uses of Mood swing or Mood swings, see Mood swing (disambiguation).
"Mood changes" redirects here. For the album, see Mood Changes (album).

A mood swing is an extreme or sudden change of mood. Such changes can play a positive part in promoting problem solving and in producing flexible forward planning,[1] or be disruptive. When mood swings are severe, they may be categorized as part of a mental illness, such as bipolar disorder, where erratic and disruptive mood swings are a defining feature.[2]

Graphical comparison of mood swings, compared with bipolar disorder and cyclothymia

To determine mental health problem, people usually use charting with papers, interviews, or smartphone to track their mood/affect/emotion.[3][4] Furthermore, mood swings not just fluctuate between mania and depression, but in some conditions, involve anxiety.[5][6]

Terminology edit

Definitions of the terms mood swings, mood instability, affective lability, or emotional lability are commonly similar, which describe fluctuating or oscillating of mood and emotions. But each has unique characteristics that are used to describe specific phenomena or patterns of oscillation.[7][8] Different from emotions or affect,[9] mood associated with emotional responses without knowing the reason (unaware).[10][11]

The dynamics of mood, mood patterns for long times are commonly erratic,[12] labile[13] or instable, also known as euthymic.[14] Although the term of mood swing is unspecific, it may be used to describe a pattern where mood goes down from positive to negative valency immediately (without delay in baseline) at specific periods.[15] And also generally have aperiodic patterns.[16][17] This is because mood dynamics are influenced by various factors which can magnify or lessen fluctuations,[18] such as when expectations become reality or not.[19] Other terms for describing patterns are episodic, periodic, cyclothymia, rapid cycling, mixed states, short episodes, soft spectrum,[20] diurnal variation, etc., although the definition of each term may be unclear.[21]

Overview edit

Speed and extent edit

Mood swings can happen any time at any place, varying from the microscopic to the wild oscillations of bipolar disorder,[22] so that a continuum can be traced from normal struggles around self-esteem, through cyclothymia, up to a depressive disease.[23] However most people's mood swings remain in the mild to moderate range of emotional ups and downs.[24] The duration of bipolar mood swings also varies. They may last a few hours – ultrarapid – or extend over days – ultradian: clinicians maintain that only when four continuous days of hypomania, or seven days of mania, occur, is a diagnosis of bipolar disorder justified.[25] In such cases, mood swings can extend over several days, even weeks: these episodes may consist of rapid alternation between feelings of depression and euphoria.[26]

Characteristics edit

 
People with high energy levels
 
Person with low spirited mood
  • Changing mood up and down without knowing the reason or external stimuli,[27] in various degrees, duration and frequent, from high mood (happy, elevated, irritated) to low mood (sad, depressed).[5][28]
  • Sometimes it's mixed,[29] a combination between manic and depression symptoms[30] or similar with bittersweet experiences that last for a day.[31][32]
  • Mood swings in normal people appear like "climate changing" at mild to moderate degree.[9][33] Thus, unless it happens at a moderate degree or more, some people need more high emotional intelligence[34] to recognize their mood change.[35]
  • Mood swings in mental illness simply can be described by generalized complexity[36] based on mood dynamics (patterns that characterize the oscillation) like intensity (mild, moderate, severe), duration (days, weeks, years), average mood and other features, such as:[37][38]
  1. Mood swings in cyclothymia: Mood swings occur episodically and aperiodic within 2 years or more at a moderate degree and frequently.[39] Characterized by coexisting with anxiety, persistence, rapid shift, intense, impulsive,[40] heightened by sensitivity and reactivity to external stimuli.[41]
  2. Mood swings in bipolar II: Episodic,[42] hypomanic (severe degree) episodes occur continuously for 4 days,[30] depression episodes for weeks,[43] and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes.[44]
  3. Mood swings in bipolar I: Episodic,[42] manic episodes (severe degree) occur continuously for 7 days,[30] depressive episodes for weeks,[45][46] and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes.[30] Alterations in bipolar I and II can be rapid cyclic, which means changes of mood happen 4 times or more within a year.[47] Symptoms of manic and hypomanic episodes are similar between bipolar I and bipolar II, just different in degree of intensity.[48]
  4. Mood swings in Premenstrual symptoms (PMS): Episodically at mild to severe degree in the menses period, occur gradually or rapidly,[49] start 7 days before and decrease at the onset of menses.[50] Characterized by angry outbursts, depression, anxiety, confusion, irritability or social withdrawal.[51]
  5. Mood swings in borderline personality disorder (BPD): Mood changes erratically with episodic mood swings.[52] Mood swings fluctuate in rapid shifts for hours or days, not persistent, sensitive and heightened negative mood (e.g. irritability) by external stimuli.[53][54] Mood appears in the form of high intensity of irritability,[55][56] anxiety,[57] and moderate degree depression (characterized by hostility, anger towards self, loneliness, isolation, related with relationships, emptiness or boredom).[58][59]
  6. Mood swings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) : Mood changes erratically and mood swings occur episodically, sometimes several times a day in rapid shifts.[60][61] Characterized by a mild to moderate degree of irritability,[62] related to the environment, impulsiveness (impatience to get rewards).[63] In adult ADHD, high mood appears as excitement and low mood appears as boredom.[60]
  7. Mood swings in schizophrenia: Although schizophrenia has flat emotions,[64] a study in 2021 based on ALS-SF measures, Margrethe Collier et al., found that the score pattern of schizophrenia is similar to bipolar I.[65] The alteration being related to delusions or hallucinations,[66] mood changes that occur internally may be difficult to express externally (blunt affect),[67] and heightened by external stimuli.[68]
  8. Mood swings in major depressive disorder (MDD): Various mood patterns,[69] and mood changes erratically.[37] Mood swings occur episodically and fluctuate in moderate high mood and severe low mood.[70][71] Characterized by having high negative affect (bad mood) most of the time, particularly in melancholic subtype.[72] And also positive diurnal variation mood (bad mood in the morning, good mood in the evening),[73] sensitivity to negative stimulation and mixed symptoms in some people, etc.[74][75]
  9. Mood swings in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Mood changes erratically[76] with episodic mood swings rising in the period of recovery process.[77][78] Characterized by temporary fluctuations in negative affect (anxiety, irritability, shame, guilt) and self-esteem, reactive to environmental reminders,[79] difficulty to control emotions,[80] hyperarousal symptoms, etc.[81][82]

Causes edit

There can be many different causes for mood swings. Some mood swings can be classified as normal/healthy reactions, such as grief processing, adverse effects of substances/drugs, or a result of sleep deprivation. Mood swings can also be a sign of psychiatric illnesses in the absence of external triggers or stressors.

Changes in a person's energy level, sleep patterns, self-esteem, sexual function, concentration, drug or alcohol use can be signs of an oncoming mood disorder.[83]

Other major causes of mood swings (besides bipolar disorder and major depression) include diseases/disorders which interfere with nervous system function. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy,[84] and autism spectrum are three such examples.[85][86]

The hyperactivity sometimes accompanied by inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and forgetfulness are cardinal symptoms associated with ADHD. As a result, ADHD is known to bring about usually short-lived (though sometimes dramatic) mood swings. The communication difficulties associated with autism, and the associated changes in neurochemistry, are also known to cause autistic fits (autistic mood swings).[87] The seizures associated with epilepsy involve changes in the brain's electrical firing, and thus may also bring about striking and dramatic mood swings.[84] If the mood swing is not associated with a mood disorder, treatments are harder to assign. Most commonly, however, mood swings are the result of dealing with stressful and/or unexpected situations in daily life.

Degenerative diseases of the human central nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease may also produce mood swings.[88] Celiac disease can also affect the nervous system and mood swings can appear.[89]

Not eating on time can contribute, or eating too much sugar, can cause fluctuations in blood sugar, which can cause mood swings.[90][91]

Brain chemistry edit

If a person has an abnormal level of one or several of certain neurotransmitters (NTs) in their brain, it may result in having mood swings or a mood disorder.[92] Serotonin is one such neurotransmitter that is involved with sleep, moods, and emotional states. A slight imbalance of this NT could result in depression. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved with learning, memory, and physical arousal. Like serotonin, an imbalance of norepinephrine may also result in depression.[93]

List of conditions known to cause mood swings edit

  • Bipolar disorder[94][95] or cyclothymia: Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder with characteristics of mood swings from hypomania or mania to depression. While cyclothymia is a lower degree of bipolar disorder.[96] In 2022, ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group found that people with bipolar disorder have smaller subcortical volumes, lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity,[97][98] which one of the functions is for emotion processing.[99]
  • Anabolic steroid abuse:[100] Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone. Used for treatment of male hypogonadism or delayed puberty,[101] stimulating muscle growth,[102] as well as treating impotence, and AIDS.[103] Studies found that overusing anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause mood swings, impulsive, and aggressive behavior.[104] This behavior is associated with decreased emotion regulation systems such as the frontal cortex, temporal, parietal, and occipital.[105] Studies also found that using anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause neuronal changes and death in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thus symptoms of sleep and mood disorder occur.[106]
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): ADHD is known as a disorder with difficulty keeping control of attention, hyperactivity, frequently changing focus and losing interest[107] and also hyperfocus when doing something interesting or pleasurable tasks.[108] Mood dysregulation may be caused by distraction when absorbed in pleasurable tasks.[109][110] Another contribution to mood swings is lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC),[111] orbitofrontal cortex (OFC),[112] increased size of the hippocampus and decreasing size of the amygdala in some people.[113] Abnormalities in these parts of the brain can cause disturbance in attention, motivation, mood, and behavioral inhibition.[114]
  • Autism or other pervasive developmental disorder: Autism is a neurological and development disorder with symptoms such as lack of social, restricted repetitive behaviors, hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input, etc.[115] Abnormal sensory processing is one of the reasons for mood swings in autism.[116] Studies in 2015 found that in autism, the brain becomes overactivated in limbic areas, primary sensory cortices, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which functions for emotional and sensory processing. Studies found too, that the brain in autism has decreased connectivity between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, increased amygdala reactivity, and reduced prefrontal response which contribute to emotion dysregulation.[117][118]
  • Borderline personality disorder: It has been theorized that borderline personality disorder comes from lack of ability to endure, learn[119] and overcome negative events.[120] People with BPD commonly have difficulty in relationships,[121] which is associated with a tendency to anger-outbursts, judgment[122] or expecting how others behave.[123] Emotion dysregulation may be as a result of lack of interpersonal skills such as knowledge about emotions and how to control them, especially with intense emotions.[124] Mostly, people with BPD use maladaptive emotion regulations like self-criticism, thought suppression, avoidance, and alcohol, which may trigger more mood disruption.[125][126][127]
  • Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease: Dementia is known as a decreasing brain function disease that affects older people.[128] In Alzheimer's disease, mood dysregulation can be caused by decreasing function of emotional regulation, salience, cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic function.[128] Parkinson's disease can generate mood swings and mood dysregulation such as depression, low self worth, shame and worry about the future caused by cognitive and physical problems.[129] And in Huntington's disease, common mood swings occur as a result of psychosocial, cognitive deficits, neuropsychiatric and biological factors.[130]
  • Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: Dopamine dysregulation syndrome is an effect of abusing Parkinson's disease drugs to decrease motor and non-motor syndromes, which result in mania, violent behavior, and depression when withdrawal.[131] Mood dysregulation from dopamine dysregulation syndrome occurs as a result of changes in the neurotransmitter systems such as disturbance in the dopaminergic reward system.[132][131]
  • Epilepsy: Epilepsy is an abnormal brain activity disease marked with seizures. Seizures occur because hypersynchronous and hyperexcitability of neurons, in other words, too much neural activity and excitability at the same time.[133] Mood swings commonly appear before, during, after a seizure and during treatment.[134] Studies found that seizures contribute to decreased function of emotions and mood processing as a consequence of abnormal neurogenesis and damaged neuron connections in the hippocampus and amygdala.[133] Experiencing a seizure can cause mood swings caused by depression, anxiety, or worry about life being threatened. Another source of mood change comes from anticonvulsant drugs for epilepsy, like phenobarbital for increasing brain inhibitors or antiglutamatergic for decreasing brain activity which generates depression, cognitive dysfunction, sedation or mood lability.[135]
  • Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism: Hypo- and hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disease caused by low or excessive production of thyroid hormone. Abnormal thyroid hormone can affect mood,[136] although the correlation between thyroid hormone and mood disorder is still not known.[137]
  • Intermittent explosive disorder: Intermittent explosive disorder is frequent rage that occurs spontaneous, uncontrolled, unproportioned and not persistent.[138][139] This short duration of alternate mood occurs in the form of aggression verbally or physically towards people or property, sometimes followed by regret, shame and guilt after an act which might generate depression symptoms.[140] Impulsive behavior in IED can be associated with hyperactivity in brain regions for regulating and emotional expression, such as the amygdala, insula, and orbitofrontal area.[141]
  • Menopause:[142] Menopause in women commonly happens at age 52. One factor that causes mood disturbance is fluctuation of milieu hormones[143] including sex steroids, growth hormones, stress hormones, etc.[144][145]
  • Major depression: Major depression is a disorder with symptoms such as feelings of sadness, loss of interest, emptiness[146] and, for some people, mixed with irritability, mental overactivity, and behavioral overactivity.[147] Development of irritability or anger may result from personality traits like narcissistic or coping strategies to avoid looking sad, worthless, or frustrated.[148]
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Obsessive compulsive disorder is marked with obsessions and compulsions about something that causes life distress and dysfunction.[149] Alteration of mood and feeling discomfort such as shame, guilt or anxiety may occur caused by intrusive thoughts, fear, urge,[150] and fantasy.[151]
  • Pathological demand avoidance
  • Post traumatic stress disorder: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder which is associated with frequently being disturbed by flashback memories and being haunted by feelings of fear and horror in the past. This contributes to the alteration of mood that occurs after a traumatic event happens, such as depression, outbursts of anger, self-destructive behaviors, and feelings of shame.[152][153]
  • Pregnancy: Women commonly experience mood swings during the pregnancy and the postpartum period. Hormone changes, stress and worry may be the reasons for changes of mood.[154]
  • Premenstrual syndrome:[155] Women experience premenstrual syndrome like physical pains, mood swings, irritability or depression[156] in a few days until 2 weeks of their period with different intensity.[157] Furthermore, 4% to 14% of women experience severe PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), which can decrease life quality.[158] Despite the reason mood dysregulation in PMS is still unclear, Studies found that mood dysregulation is related with drop in progesterone concentrations, disruption of serotonergic transmission, GABAergic, stress, body-mass index, and traumatic events.[157]
  • Schizoaffective disorder: Mood swings in schizoaffective disorder are caused by mixed symptoms between schizophrenia and mood disorder.[159]
  • Schizophrenia: Schizophrenia is a disorder with symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, mood dysregulation, etc.[160] Mood changes may be generated from hallucinations and delusions[161] which cause anger,[162][163] paranoia,[164] and shame.[165]
  • Seasonal affective disorder: Seasonal affective disorder is depression which occurs during some seasons (commonly in winter), then manic or hypomanic episodes in the other season and that happens every year.[166] These fluctuating moods appear in the form of anger attacks with depression[167] and occur from season to season, also known as seasonal mood swings.[168]
  • XXYY syndrome: XXYY syndrome is a rare type of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). XXYY syndrome contributes to abnormal neurodevelopment and psychiatric diseases which can cause mood disorders.[169][170]

Treatment edit

It's part of human nature's mood going up and down caused by various factors.[171] Individual strength,[172] coping skill or adaptation ability,[173] social support[174] or another recovery model might determine whether mood swings will create disruption in life or not.[175][176]

Cognitive behavioral therapy recommends using emotional dampeners to break the self-reinforcing tendencies of either manic or depressive mood swings.[177] Exercise, treats, seeking out small (and easily attainable) triumphs, and using vicarious distractions like reading or watching TV, are among the techniques found to be regularly used by people in breaking depressive swings.[178]

Learning to bring oneself down from grandiose states of mind, or up from exaggerated shame states, is part of taking a proactive approach to managing one's own moods and varying sense of self-esteem.[179]

Behavioral activation is a component of CBT that can break the cycle (depression leads to inactivity, inactivity leads to depression).[180] This may rely on individual strengths to "cold start" the reward system.[181]

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): Another manifestation of mood swing is irritability, which can lead to elation, anger or aggression.[182] DBT has a lot of coping skills that can be used for emotion dysregulation, such as mindfulness with the "wise mind"[183] or emotion regulation with opposite action.[184][185]

Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) has a package of mindful emotion regulation skills (e.g., attention regulation skills, metacognitive regulation skills, etc.) that can be handy to have when mood swings happen.[186]

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy can be used to regulate life rhythm when mood swings happen frequently and disrupt the rhythm of life.[187] Episodes of mood disorder often liberate people from daily routines by making a mess of sleep schedules, social interaction,[188][189] or work and causing irregular circadian rhythms.[190]

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) has a function to increase psychological flexibility by learning to assess present experience or be mindful, accept everything internally or externally, commit action to move toward personal recovery, etc.[191]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Peter Salovey et al, Emotional Intelligence (2004) p. 1974
  2. ^ "BBC Science – When does your mental health become a problem?". BBC Science. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
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  4. ^ Trull, Timothy J.; Solhan, Marika B.; Tragesser, Sarah L.; Jahng, Seungmin; Wood, Phillip K.; Piasecki, Thomas M.; Watson, David (2008). "Affective instability: Measuring a core feature of borderline personality disorder with ecological momentary assessment". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 117 (3): 647–661. doi:10.1037/a0012532. ISSN 1939-1846. PMID 18729616. Measuring and characterizing the experience of affective instability have proved challenging, however. Traditional measures of affective instability rely on respondents' retrospective recall and subjective assess-ment of affective variability or reactivity on interview or questionnaire items.
  5. ^ a b Harvey, Philip D.; Greenberg, Barbara R.; Serper, Mark R. (1989). "The affective lability scales: Development, reliability, and validity". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 45 (5): 786–793. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198909)45:5<786::AID-JCLP2270450515>3.0.CO;2-P. PMID 2808736. A self-report measure of changeable affect was developed, with a goal of identification of patterns of instability in mood. Scales measuring lability in anxiety, depression, anger, and hypomania, and labile shifts between anxiety and depression and hypomania and depression were constructed. These scales were then evaluated for internal consistency, retest reliability, score stability ...
  6. ^ Contardi, Anna; Imperatori, Claudio; Amati, Italia; Balsamo, Michela; Innamorati, Marco (2018). "Assessment of Affect Lability: Psychometric Properties of the ALS-18". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 427. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00427. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5885065. PMID 29651267. To measure affect lability, Harvey et al. (1989) developed the Affective Lability Scales (ALS), a 58-item questionnaire measuring changeability among euthymia and four affect states (i.e., depression, elation, anger, and anxiety).
  7. ^ Ketal, R. (1975). "Affect, mood, emotion, and feeling: semantic considerations". American Journal of Psychiatry. 132 (11): 1215–1217. doi:10.1176/ajp.132.11.1215. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 1166902. ...the use and definitions of the terms "affect," "mood," "emotion," and "feeling" in some classical and contemporary works of psychiatry and psychology. He concludes that these words refer to distinct pscychological phenomena and suggests that they be used clearly and carefully to facilitate communication about emotions.
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  9. ^ a b Manjunatha, Narayana; Khess, Christoday Raja Jayant; Ram, Dushad (2009). "The conceptualization of terms: 'Mood' and 'affect' in academic trainees of mental health". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 51 (4): 285–288. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.58295. ISSN 1998-3794. PMC 2802377. PMID 20048455. One would conclude from the above italic sentences of Fish that affect is a sudden exacerbation of emotion, and mood is also the emotional state prevailing at any given time, in other words, both mood and affect are short-term emotional tone (However, these confusing lines are deleted in the new edition of Fish's clinical psychopathology).
  10. ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 18 August 2023. Moods differ from emotions in lacking an object; for example, the emotion of anger can be aroused by an insult, but an angry mood may arise when one does not know what one is angry about or what elicited the anger.
  11. ^ Leaberry, Kirsten D.; Walerius, Danielle M.; Rosen, Paul J.; Fogleman, Nicholas D. (2020), "Emotional Lability", Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1319–1329, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_510, ISBN 978-3-319-24610-9, S2CID 241582879, retrieved 18 August 2023." Previous literature suggests that mood often has a greater duration and is associated with an internal state value, whereas emotions are sudden and intense and are associated with greater environmental information value (Larsen et al. 2000).
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  15. ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 1 September 2023. a nonspecific term for any oscillation in mood, particularly between feelings of happiness and sadness.
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  28. ^ CAMH Bipolar Clinic Staff(2013)."Bipolar disorder:an information guide".camph:Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.www.camh.ca."Everyone has ups and downs in mood. Feeling happy, sad and angry is normal...Their moods may have nothing to do with things going on in their lives."
  29. ^ Janiri, Delfina; Conte, Eliana; De Luca, Ilaria; Simone, Maria Velia; Moccia, Lorenzo; Simonetti, Alessio; Mazza, Marianna; Marconi, Elisa; Monti, Laura; Chieffo, Daniela Pia Rosaria; Kotzalidis, Georgios; Janiri, Luigi; Sani, Gabriele (29 March 2021). "Not Only Mania or Depression: Mixed States/Mixed Features in Paediatric Bipolar Disorders". Brain Sciences. 11 (4): 434. doi:10.3390/brainsci11040434. ISSN 2076-3425. PMC 8065627. PMID 33805270. DSM-5 introduced the "with mixed features" specifier, which could apply to any type of episode of BD and major depressive disorder (MDD).
  30. ^ a b c d Fava, Giovanni A.; Guidi, Jenny (2020). "The pursuit of euthymia". World Psychiatry. 19 (1): 40–50. doi:10.1002/wps.20698. ISSN 1723-8617. PMC 7254162. PMID 31922678. Patients with bipolar disorder spend about half of their time in depression, mania or mixed states22. The remaining periods are defined as euthymic23, 24, 25, 26, 27. However, considerable fluctuations in psychological distress were recorded in studies with longitudinal designs, suggesting that the illness is still active in those latter periods, even though its intensity may vary28. It is thus questionable whether subthreshold symptomatic periods truly represent euthymia28....This definition of euthymia, because of its intertwining with mood stability, is substantially different from the concept of eudaimonic well‐being, that has become increasingly popular in positive psychology
  31. ^ Larsen, Jeff T.; McGraw, A. Peter; Cacioppo, John T. (2001). "Can people feel happy and sad at the same time?". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 81 (4): 684–696. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.684. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 11642354. Though mixed feelings may be uncommon, they might often have important consequences (e.g., for health).
  32. ^ Larsen, Jeff T.; Hershfield, Hal E.; Cazares, James L.; Hogan, Candice L.; Carstensen, Laura L. (2021). "Meaningful endings and mixed emotions: The double-edged sword of reminiscence on good times". Emotion. 21 (8): 1650–1659. doi:10.1037/emo0001011. ISSN 1931-1516. PMC 8817627. PMID 34591508. Indeed, college students are more likely to report mixed emotions of happiness and sadness on the day that they move out of their freshmen dorm and on their graduation day than on typical days.
  33. ^ Larson, R.; Csikszentmihalyi, M.; Graef, R. (1980). "Mood variability and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 9 (6): 469–490. doi:10.1007/BF02089885. ISSN 0047-2891. PMID 24318310. S2CID 5068051. The findings confirm that adolescents experience wider and quicker mood swings, but do not show that this variability is related to stress, lack of personal control, psychological maladjustment, or social maladjustment within individual teenagers.
  34. ^ Okoronkwo, Valentine (29 November 2022). "39 Best Emotional Intelligence Statistics To Know In 2022". Passive Secrets. Retrieved 1 September 2023. Only about 36% of people in the world are emotionally Intelligent... 54% of the U.S. population are emotionally aware.
  35. ^ Wilhelm, Peter & Schoebi, Dominik. (2007). Assessing Mood in Daily Life Structural Validity, Sensitivity to Change, and Reliability of a Short-Scale to Measure Three Basic Dimensions of Mood. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 23. 258-. 10.1027/1015-5759.23.4.258."Moods can be consciously experienced as soon as they gain the focus of our attention, and are then characterized by the predominance of certain subjective feelings."
  36. ^ Durstewitz, Daniel; Huys, Quentin J.M.; Koppe, Georgia (2020). "Psychiatric Illnesses as Disorders of Network Dynamics". Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 6 (9): 865–876. arXiv:1809.06303. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.01.001. PMID 32249208. S2CID 52288970. Mental illnesses are highly complex, temporally dynamic phenomena (1). Variables across a vast range of timescales – from milliseconds to generations – and levels – from subcellular to societal – interact in complex manners to result in the dynamic, rich and extraordinarily heterogeneous temporal trajectories that are characteristic of the personal and psychiatric histories evident in mental health services across the world.
  37. ^ a b van Genugten, Claire. (2022). Measurement innovation: studies on smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment in depression. VU Research Portal.ISBN 978-94-93270-96-1."Mood dynamics are the patterns that characterize fluctuations in a person's mood [64]. Mood dynamics are often operationalized by a combination of "mood variability" and "emotional inertia" [65,66].
  38. ^ van Genugten, Claire R.; Schuurmans, Josien; Hoogendoorn, Adriaan W.; Araya, Ricardo; Andersson, Gerhard; Baños, Rosa M.; Berger, Thomas; Botella, Cristina; Cerga Pashoja, Arlinda; Cieslak, Roman; Ebert, David D.; García-Palacios, Azucena; Hazo, Jean-Baptiste; Herrero, Rocío; Holtzmann, Jérôme (17 March 2022). "A Data-Driven Clustering Method for Discovering Profiles in the Dynamics of Major Depressive Disorder Using a Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Mood". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13: 755809. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.755809. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 8968132. PMID 35370856.
  39. ^ Miklowitz, D. J., Gitlin, M. J. (2015). Clinician's Guide to Bipolar Disorder. Amerika Serikat: Guilford Publications."The mood swings of individuals with cyclothymia occur most of the time (in the DSM-5 definition, no more than 2 consecutive months have been symptom-free within a 2-year period) and never exhibit the number of symptoms or the length of ..."
  40. ^ Rhoads, J. (2021). Clinical Consult to Psychiatric Mental Health Management for Nurse Practitioners. Amerika Serikat: Springer Publishing Company."Mood changes in cyclothymic disorder can be abrupt and unpredictable, of short duration, and with infrequent euthymic episodes."
  41. ^ Perugi, Giulio; Hantouche, Elie; Vannucchi, Giulia (2017). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Cyclothymia: The "Primacy" of Temperament". Current Neuropharmacology. 15 (3): 372–379. doi:10.2174/1570159X14666160616120157. ISSN 1875-6190. PMC 5405616. PMID 28503108. Cyclothymia is characterized by early onset, persistent, spontaneous and reactive mood fluctuations, associated with a variety of anxious and impulsive behaviors, resulting in a very rich and complex clinical presentation. Current diagnostic criteria for cyclothymic disorder (DSM-5 and ICD-10), emphasizing only episodic mood symptoms, may be misleading both from diagnostic and therapeutic point of views.
  42. ^ a b Holmes, E A; Bonsall, M B; Hales, S A; Mitchell, H; Renner, F; Blackwell, S E; Watson, P; Goodwin, G M; Di Simplicio, M (26 January 2016). "Applications of time-series analysis to mood fluctuations in bipolar disorder to promote treatment innovation: a case series". Translational Psychiatry. 6 (1): e720. doi:10.1038/tp.2015.207. ISSN 2158-3188. PMC 5068881. PMID 26812041. A time-series approach allows comparison of mood instability pre- and post-treatment. Figure 1
  43. ^ Tondo, Leonardo; Vázquez, Gustavo H.; Baldessarini, Ross J. (2017). "Depression and Mania in Bipolar Disorder". Current Neuropharmacology. 15 (3): 353–358. doi:10.2174/1570159X14666160606210811. ISSN 1875-6190. PMC 5405618. PMID 28503106. As expected, episodes of depressions were much longer than manias, but episode-duration did not differ among BD diagnostic types: I, II, with mainly mixed-episodes (BD-Mx), or with psychotic features (BD-P)...A total of 56.8% of subjects could be characterized for major course-patterns as either DMI or MDI, which occurred in similar proportions for each type. As expected, depressive episodes averaged 5.2 months
  44. ^ Gottschalk, A.; Bauer, M. S.; Whybrow, P. C. (1995). "Evidence of chaotic mood variation in bipolar disorder". Archives of General Psychiatry. 52 (11): 947–959. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950230061009. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 7487343. These studies indicate that mood in patients with bipolar disorder is not truly cyclic for extended periods. Nonetheless, self-rated mood in bipolar disorder is significantly more organized than self-rated mood in normal subjects and can be characterized as a low-dimensional chaotic process. This characterization of the dynamics of bipolar disorder provides a unitary theoretical framework that can accommodate neurobiologic and psychosocial data and can reconcile existing models for the pathogenesis of the disorder. Furthermore, consideration of the dynamical structure of bipolar disorder may lead to new methods for predicting and controlling pathologic mood.
  45. ^ Last, C. G. (2009). When Someone You Love Is Bipolar: Help and Support for You and Your Partner. Ukraina: Guilford Publications."Research indicates that bipolar II depressions persist for longer periods of time than bipolar I depressions, nearly twice as long (1 year versus 6 months)."
  46. ^ Solomon, David A.; Fiedorowicz, Jess G.; Leon, Andrew C.; Coryell, William; Endicott, Jean; Li, Chunshan; Boland, Robert J.; Keller, Martin B. (2013). "Recovery from multiple episodes of bipolar I depression". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 74 (3): e205–211. doi:10.4088/JCP.12m08049. ISSN 1555-2101. PMC 3837577. PMID 23561241. The median duration of major depressive episodes was 14 weeks, and over 70% recovered within 12 months of onset of the episode. The median duration of minor depressive episodes was 8 weeks, and approximately 90% recovered within 6 months of onset of the episode...An early report from this study examined 66 participants with bipolar I followed for up to 5 years, and found that the median time to recovery from the first two prospectively observed episodes of major depression was 20 weeks and 24 weeks.16 A subsequent report described 82 participants with bipolar I followed for 10 years; the median duration of major and minor depressive episodes were 12 and 5 weeks, respectively.17
  47. ^ Fink, C., Kraynak, J. (2011). Bipolar Disorder For Dummies. Amerika Serikat: Wiley."Rapid cycling isn't a separate type of bipolar disorder, but your doctor may use the label to describe a particular subtype of Bipolar I or II. To qualify as a rapid-cycling sufferer, you must experience the following: You must ..."
  48. ^ Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders. (2013). Amerika Serikat: Cambridge University Press."While both mania and hypomania are phenomenologically similar in that they occur as discrete episodes ... "
  49. ^ admin. "PMS". Women's International Pharmacy. Retrieved 20 August 2023. In PMS: Solving the Puzzle, Linaya Hahn identifies five patterns of symptoms, occurring primarily within the luteal phase but varying in timing and intensity (see Patterns of PMS Symptoms)
  50. ^ Bowen, Rudy; Bowen, Angela; Baetz, Marilyn; Wagner, Jason; Pierson, Roger (2011). "Mood Instability in Women With Premenstrual Syndrome". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 33 (9): 927–934. doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)35018-6. ISSN 1701-2163. PMID 21923990. (graph PMS pattern)...Key characteristics of PMS include a lack of symptoms during the follicular phase, a peak of symptoms during the late luteal or premenstrual phase, and a sudden decrease of symptoms with the onset of menses.
  51. ^ Dilbaz, Berna; Aksan, Alperen (28 May 2021). "Premenstrual syndrome, a common but underrated entity: review of the clinical literature". Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association. 22 (2): 139–148. doi:10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2021.2020.0133. ISSN 1309-0399. PMC 8187976. PMID 33663193. The ACOG definition involves the presence of at least one of the six affective symptoms (angry outbursts, depression, anxiety, confusion, irritability and social withdrawal) and one of the four somatic…
  52. ^ Southward, Matt & Semcho, Stephen & Stumpp, Nicole & MacLean, Destiney & Sauer, Shannon. (2020). A Day in the Life of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Preliminary Analysis of Within-Day Emotion Generation and Regulation. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 42. 702-713. 10.1007/s10862-020-09836-1."Graph"
  53. ^ Carpenter, Ryan W.; Trull, Timothy J. (2013). "Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder: a review". Current Psychiatry Reports. 15 (1): 335. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0335-2. ISSN 1535-1645. PMC 3973423. PMID 23250816. It consists of a heightened emotional reactivity to environmental stimuli, including emotions of others. Emotion sensitivity in BPD has primarily been associated with negative mood states (e.g., anger, fear, sadness) and not positive emotions (although see [9, 10]).
  54. ^ Paris, Joel (7 June 2005). "Borderline personality disorder". CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 172 (12): 1579–1583. doi:10.1503/cmaj.045281. ISSN 1488-2329. PMC 558173. PMID 15939918. ...but in BPD, symptoms are usually associated with mood instability rather than with the extended and continuous periods of lower mood seen in classic mood disorders.19 Also, because of characteristic mood swings, BPD is often mistaken for bipolar disorder.30 However, patients with BPD do not show continuously elevated mood but instead exhibit a pattern of rapid shifts in affect related to environmental events, with "high" periods that last for hours rather than for days or weeks.
  55. ^ Bertsch, Katja; Back, Sarah; Flechsenhar, Aleya; Neukel, Corinne; Krauch, Marlene; Spieß, Karen; Panizza, Angelika; Herpertz, Sabine C. (2021). "Don't Make Me Angry: Frustration-Induced Anger and Its Link to Aggression in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12: 695062. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695062. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 8195331. PMID 34122197. Individuals with BPD report more negative emotions and a greater intensity of negative emotions than healthy individuals throughout the day (9). However, recent data suggest a particular relevance of anger, a negative emotion that is closely related to reactive aggression, in BPD. Using e-diaries, Kockler et al. (10) found that individuals with BPD exhibit anger more frequently in their daily life than healthy as well as clinical control groups and feelings of anger accounted for more distress than pure emotional intensity.
  56. ^ Reich Brad.(2012).Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder.McLean Hospital."Graph"
  57. ^ Koenigsberg, Harold W.; Harvey, Philip D.; Mitropoulou, Vivian; Schmeidler, James; New, Antonia S.; Goodman, Marianne; Silverman, Jeremy M.; Serby, Michael; Schopick, Frances; Siever, Larry J. (2002). "Characterizing Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (5): 784–788. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.784. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 11986132. The results of this study suggest that the presence of greater lability in terms of anger, anxiety, and depression/anxiety oscillation characterizes borderline personality disorder, while suggesting that the subjective sense of high affective intensity is present in this population but does not explain these other affective phenomena.
  58. ^ Beatson, Josephine A.; Rao, Sathya (29 October 2013). "Depression and borderline personality disorder". Medical Journal of Australia. 199 (6): S24-7. doi:10.5694/mja12.10474. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 25370280. S2CID 22836499. Depressive symptoms that occur as part of BPD are usually transient and related to interpersonal stress (eg, after an event arousing feelings of rejection). Such "depression" usually lifts dramatically when the relationship is restored. Depressive symptoms in BPD may also serve to express feelings (eg, anger, frustration, hatred, helplessness, powerlessness, disappointment) that the patient is not able to express in more adaptive ways.
  59. ^ Köhling, Johanna; Ehrenthal, Johannes C.; Levy, Kenneth N.; Schauenburg, Henning; Dinger, Ulrike (1 April 2015). "Quality and severity of depression in borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Psychology Review. 37: 13–25. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.002. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 25723972. Moderator analyses revealed lower depression severity in BPD patients without comorbid DeDs, but higher severity in BPD patients with comorbid DeDs compared to depressed controls...some authors labeled the depression experienced in BPD "borderline-depression", characterized by distinct feelings of loneliness and isolation (Adler and Buie, 1979, Grinker et al., 1968), emptiness or boredom (Gunderson, 1996), high dependency and fears of abandonment (Masterson, 1976), as well as intense anger and hate toward the self and others (Hartocollis, 1977, Kernberg, 1975, Kernberg, 1992).
  60. ^ a b FW, Reimherr & Marchant, Barrie & Olsen, John & C, Halls & Kondo, Douglas & ED, Lyon & Robison, Reid. (2010). Emotional dysregulation as a core feature of adult ADHD: Its relationship with clinical variables and treatment response in two methylphenidate trials. Journal of ADHD and Related Disorders. 1. 53-64. "Graph"
  61. ^ Skirrow, Caroline; Asherson, Philip (1 May 2013). "Emotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders. 147 (1): 80–86. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.011. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 23218897. This study replicates research showing that adults with ADHD report heighted emotional lability (EL), which contributes to impairments in their daily life.
  62. ^ J. Rosen, Paul; N. Epstein, Jeffery (2010). "A pilot study of ecological momentary assessment of emotion dysregulation in children" (PDF). Journal of ADHD & Related Disorder. 1 (4): 49 – via semantic scholar. This pattern is consistent with the pattern of dysregulation demonstrated by the ADHD-EDr child in the present study, as he demonstrated generally low positive affect along with 10 single time-point ratings of mild to moderate irritability over the 4 weeks.
  63. ^ Winstanley, Catharine A.; Eagle, Dawn M.; Robbins, Trevor W. (2006). "Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation between clinical and preclinical studies". Clinical Psychology Review. 26 (4): 379–395. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.001. ISSN 0272-7358. PMC 1892795. PMID 16504359. However, common themes include decreased inhibitory control, intolerance of delay to rewards and quick decision-making due to lack of consideration, as well as more universal deficits such as poor attentional ability.
  64. ^ Ciompi, Luc (2015). "The key role of emotions in the schizophrenia puzzle". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 41 (2): 318–322. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu158. ISSN 1745-1701. PMC 4332953. PMID 25481397. Kraepelin1 and Bleuler2 had already mainly focused on "flat" or "inappropriate" emotions as core features of the illness.
  65. ^ Høegh, Margrethe Collier; Melle, Ingrid; Aminoff, Sofie R.; Haatveit, Beathe; Olsen, Stine Holmstul; Huflåtten, Idun B.; Ueland, Torill; Lagerberg, Trine Vik (2021). "Characterization of affective lability across subgroups of psychosis spectrum disorders". International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 9 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/s40345-021-00238-0. ISSN 2194-7511. PMC 8566621. PMID 34734342. There were no statistically significant differences between individuals with BD-I and SZ for any ALS-SF dimension and these two groups had very similar score patterns throughout. This suggests that despite the overlap in core affective symptom profiles of BD-I and BD-II, the BD-I group is more similar to SZ than it is to BD-II concerning levels of affective lability.
  66. ^ van Rossum, Inge; Dominguez, Maria-de-Gracia; Lieb, Roselind; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich; van Os, Jim (2011). "Affective dysregulation and reality distortion: a 10-year prospective study of their association and clinical relevance". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (3): 561–571. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp101. ISSN 1745-1701. PMC 3080695. PMID 19793794. Evidence from multiple domains indicates that affective dysregulation is strongly associated with reality distortion.1,2 Genetic epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the liabilities for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are correlated.
  67. ^ Kilian, Sanja; Asmal, Laila; Goosen, Anneke; Chiliza, Bonginkosi; Phahladira, Lebogang; Emsley, Robin (2015). "Instruments measuring blunted affect in schizophrenia: a systematic review". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0127740. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1027740K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127740. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4452733. PMID 26035179. Blunted affect, also referred to as emotional blunting, is a prominent symptom of schizophrenia. Patients with blunted affect have difficulty in expressing their emotions [1], characterized by diminished facial expression, expressive gestures and vocal expressions in reaction to emotion provoking stimuli [1–3]. However, patients' reduced outward emotional expression may not mirror subjective internal emotional experiences [4] suggesting a disconnect in what patients experience, perceive and express when interpreting emotional stimuli [5] due to problems associated with emotional processing [6–7].
  68. ^ Docherty, Nancy M.; St-Hilaire, Annie; Aakre, Jennifer M.; Seghers, James P. (2009). "Life events and high-trait reactivity together predict psychotic symptom increases in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 35 (3): 638–645. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn002. ISSN 0586-7614. PMC 2669571. PMID 18245057. There is evidence that the occurrence of stressful life events3,6–8 or the presence of social relationship stressors such as high levels of familial "expressed emotion9–11" are associated with subsequent exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in patients as a group.
  69. ^ Thompson, Renee J.; Mata, Jutta; Jaeggi, Susanne M.; Buschkuehl, Martin; Jonides, John; Gotlib, Ian H. (2012). "The everyday emotional experience of adults with major depressive disorder: Examining emotional instability, inertia, and reactivity". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 121 (4): 819–829. doi:10.1037/a0027978. ISSN 1939-1846. PMC 3624976. PMID 22708886. Whether depressed individuals and healthy controls will differ in their instability of PA is less clear. As we noted above, depressed individuals have been found to have blunted emotional responses to valenced stimuli in the laboratory (Bylsma, et al., 2008) and decreased responsivity to reward (e.g., Pizzagalli, Iosifescu, Hallett, Ratner, & Fava, 2009)...
  70. ^ Bowen, Rudy; Peters, Evyn; Marwaha, Steven; Baetz, Marilyn; Balbuena, Lloyd (2017). "Moods in Clinical Depression Are More Unstable than Severe Normal Sadness". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 8: 56. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00056. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 5388683. PMID 28446884. He noted that people with melancholia could become over-talkative and manic but did not adequately explain why this is so." & "On the VAS ratings, the depressed group experienced more severe low moods and less severe high moods than the non-depressed group, as would be expected given the selection criteria. This is consistent with reports of more severe negative emotions and variable positive emotions in ecological momentary assessment studies of patients with major depression (12, 33, 53).
  71. ^ Christensen, Michael Cronquist; Ren, Hongye; Fagiolini, Andrea (4 April 2022). "Emotional blunting in patients with depression. Part I: clinical characteristics". Annals of General Psychiatry. 21 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/s12991-022-00387-1. ISSN 1744-859X. PMC 8981644. PMID 35379283. Emotional effects of depression and treatment vary, but may include, for example, feeling emotionally "numbed" or "blunted" in some way; lacking positive emotions or negative emotions; feeling detached from the world around you...
  72. ^ Sperry, Sarah Havens; Walsh, Molly A.; Kwapil, Thomas Richard (30 September 2019). "Emotion Dynamics Concurrently and Prospectively Predict Mood Psychopathology". Journal of Affective Disorders. 261: 67–75. doi:10.31234/osf.io/n7xza. PMID 31600589. S2CID 242802425. Retrieved 25 August 2023. Major depressive disorder is characterized by high mean NA and low mean PA (e.g., Watson et al., 1988).... Note that major depressive disorder generally is unassociated with instability of NA or PA (Köhling et al., 2016; Koval et al., 2013).
  73. ^ Murray, Greg (1 September 2007). "Diurnal mood variation in depression: A signal of disturbed circadian function?". Journal of Affective Disorders. Depression and Anxiety in Women across Cultures. 102 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.001. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 17239958. Diurnal variation in mood is a prominent symptom of depression, and is typically experienced as positive mood variation (PMV — mood being worse upon waking and better in the evening).
  74. ^ Loas, Gwenolé; Salinas, Eliseo; Pierson, Annick; Guelfi, Julien D.; Samuel-Lajeunesse, Bertrand (1 September 1994). "Anhedonia and blunted affect in major depressive disorder". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 35 (5): 366–372. doi:10.1016/0010-440X(94)90277-1. ISSN 0010-440X. PMID 7995029. The depressives are more sensitive to displeasure and more anhedonic than controls.
  75. ^ Faedda, Gianni L.; Marangoni, Ciro; Reginaldi, Daniela (1 May 2015). "Depressive mixed states: A reappraisal of Koukopoulos׳criteria". Journal of Affective Disorders. 176: 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.053. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 25687279. The mixed depressive syndrome is not a transitory state but a state of long duration, which may last weeks or several months. The clinical picture is characterized by dysphoric mood, emotional lability, psychic and/or motor agitation, talkativeness, crowded and/or racing thoughts, rumination, initial or middle insomnia.
  76. ^ Wonderlich, Stephen A.; Rosenfeldt, Steven; Crosby, Ross D.; Mitchell, James E.; Engel, Scott G.; Smyth, Joshua; Miltenberger, Raymond (2007). "The effects of childhood trauma on daily mood lability and comorbid psychopathology in bulimia nervosa". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 20 (1): 77–87. doi:10.1002/jts.20184. PMID 17345648. Emotional abuse was associated with average daily mood and mood lability.
  77. ^ Power, Mick J.; Fyvie, Claire (2013). "The Role of Emotion in PTSD: Two Preliminary Studies". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 41 (2): 162–172. doi:10.1017/S1352465812000148. ISSN 1352-4658. PMID 22452905. S2CID 33989429. The results showed that less than 50% of PTSD cases presented with anxiety as the primary emotion, with the remainder showing primary emotions of sadness, anger, or disgust rather than anxiety
  78. ^ Price, Matthew; Legrand, Alison C.; Brier, Zoe M. F.; Gratton, Jennifer; Skalka, Christian (2020). "The short-term dynamics of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during the acute posttrauma period". Depression and Anxiety. 37 (4): 313–320. doi:10.1002/da.22976. ISSN 1520-6394. PMC 8340953. PMID 31730736. Taken together, these results indicate that PTSD development is a dynamic process in which symptoms interact over time (Gelkopf et al., 2017). As hypothesized, intrusions and AAR symptoms may be more important early on and lead to other symptoms in the disorder.
  79. ^ Shalev, Arieh Y. (2009). "Posttraumatic stress disorder and stress-related disorders". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 32 (3): 687–704. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.001. ISSN 1558-3147. PMC 2746940. PMID 19716997. Chronic PTSD most often co-occurs with mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. It is highly reactive to environmental reminders of the traumatic event and to renewed life-stressors, and thus may have a fluctuating course (23).
  80. ^ Newton, Tamara; Ho, Ivy (4 December 2008). "Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Emotion Experience in Women: Emotion Occurrence, Intensity, and Variability in the Natural Environment". Journal of Psychological Trauma. 7 (4): 276–297. doi:10.1080/19322880802492237. ISSN 1932-2887. S2CID 144129832. Posttraumatic stress symptom severity was uniquely correlated with greater intensity and variability, but not occurrence, of certain negative emotions, and with less frequent occurrence but greater variability of joy/happiness. Intrusive reexperiencing was uniquely associated with greater variability of both anxiety and joy/happiness. Results suggest that women with more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms do not experience more episodes of negative emotion but, once emotion occurs, they have difficulty modulating its intensity.
  81. ^ Yehuda, Rachel; LeDoux, Joseph (4 October 2007). "Response Variation following Trauma: A Translational Neuroscience Approach to Understanding PTSD". Neuron. 56 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.006. ISSN 0896-6273. PMID 17920012. S2CID 25239428. Reexperiencing symptoms describe spontaneous, often insuppressible intrusions of the traumatic memory in the form of images or nightmares that are accompanied by intense physiological distress...Hyperarousal symptoms reflect more overt physiological manifestations, such as insomnia, irritability, impaired concentration, hypervigilance, and increased startle responses.
  82. ^ Schoenleber, Michelle; Berghoff, Christopher R.; Gratz, Kim L.; Tull, Matthew T. (2018). "Emotional lability and affective synchrony in posttraumatic stress disorder pathology". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 53: 68–75. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.006. ISSN 1873-7897. PMC 5748357. PMID 29197703. Kleim, Graham, Bryant, and Ehlers (2013) asked a sample of trauma-exposed individuals to report state levels of various unpleasant emotions (i.e., fear, helplessness, anger, guilt, and shame) following naturally occurring intrusive memories over the course of a week.
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  145. ^ Gava, Giulia; Orsili, Isabella; Alvisi, Stefania; Mancini, Ilaria; Seracchioli, Renato; Meriggiola, Maria Cristina (1 October 2019). "Cognition, Mood and Sleep in Menopausal Transition: The Role of Menopause Hormone Therapy". Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 55 (10): 668. doi:10.3390/medicina55100668. ISSN 1648-9144. PMC 6843314. PMID 31581598. Sex steroids are able to modify several functions including behavior, cognition and memory, sleep, mood, pain and coordination, amongst others.
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  149. ^ Soomro, G. Mustafa (18 January 2012). "Obsessive compulsive disorder". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2012: 1004. ISSN 1752-8526. PMC 3285220. PMID 22305974. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) involves obsessions, compulsions, or both, that are not caused by drugs or by a physical disorder, and which cause significant personal distress or social dysfunction.
  150. ^ Bowen, Rudy; Rahman, Hiba; Dong, Lisa Yue; Khalaj, Sara; Baetz, Marilyn; Peters, Evyn; Balbuena, Lloyd (2018). "Suicidality in People With Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms or Personality Traits". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 9: 747. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00747. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 6339952. PMID 30692943. Recurring thoughts of death and suicide (27) and aggression (28, 29) are common features of OCD. The most prevalent obsession was the fear of harming oneself in the DSM-IV field trials of 431 patients diagnosed with OCD (30, 31).
  151. ^ Mason, Katherine A. (2022). "Blenders, Hammers, and Knives: Postpartum Intrusive Thoughts and Unthinkable Motherhood". Anthropology and Humanism. 47 (1): 117–132. doi:10.1111/anhu.12379. ISSN 1548-1409. PMC 9435669. PMID 36061237. These thoughts can include horrific flashes of violence involving one's baby and frequently lead to shame and fear on the mother's part, but rarely result in real-world violence.
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  157. ^ a b Yonkers, Kimberly Ann; O'Brien, P. M. Shaughn; Eriksson, Elias (5 April 2008). "Premenstrual syndrome". Lancet. 371 (9619): 1200–1210. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60527-9. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 3118460. PMID 18395582. The length of symptom expression varies between a few days and 2 weeks (figure 1). Symptoms often worsen substantially 6 days before, and peak at about 2 days before, menses start. " & "Such an enhanced tendency to have disphoria as a result of the effects of sex steroids on the brain might be heritable, as suggested by twin studies.56–58 Other possible risk factors for PMS are high body-mass index,59 stress,7 and traumatic events.60" " & "…various indices of serotonergic trans mission are reported to be aberrant in women with PMS.75,80–89" & "Another neurotransmitter that has been linked to PMS is the inhibitory aminoacid GABA. This theory gains support from an imaging study,90"
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  159. ^ Wy, Tom Joshua P.; Saadabadi, Abdolreza (2023), "Schizoaffective Disorder", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 31082056, retrieved 9 August 2023."Because of criteria that encompass both psychotic and mood symptoms, schizoaffective disorder is easy to mistake for other mental disorders."
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  162. ^ Yan, Wenhua; Ji, Weidong; Su, Chen; Yu, Yunhan; Yu, Xiaoman; Chen, Liangliang (1 September 2021). "Anger Experience and Anger Expression Through Drawing in Schizophrenia: An fNIRS Study". Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 721148. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721148. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 8441178. PMID 34539522. Studying anger is important for schizophrenia because this disease is often associated with angry and hostile behavior (Volavka, 1999)
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  167. ^ Winkler, Dietmar; Pjrek, Edda; Konstantinidis, Anastasios; Praschak-Rieder, Nicole; Willeit, Matthäus; Stastny, Jürgen; Kasper, Siegfried (8 July 2005). "Anger attacks in seasonal affective disorder". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 9 (2): 215–219. doi:10.1017/S1461145705005602. ISSN 1461-1457. PMID 16004620. SAD patients were also more likely to report a larger number of accompanying symptoms during the anger attacks, suggesting that they experience the anger attacks as particularly intense.
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  169. ^ Razali, Nur Atikah; Mohd Daud, Tuti Iryani; Woon, Luke Sy-Cherng; Mohamed Saini, Suriati; Muhammad, Noor Azimah; Sharip, Shalisah (11 January 2023). "Case report: Bipolar disorder in 48,XXYY syndrome". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1080698. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 9874087. PMID 36713919. 48,XXYY is one of the most under-studied and rare types of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). In male births, 48,XXYY incidence occurs with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 18,000–40,000 (1). The SCAs can influence the neurodevelopment of an individual and are associated with impairment in executive function, verbal skills, working memory, sustained attention, mental flexibility, and inhibition by altering the basic differentiation process of the neurons, encoding proteins, and synaptic transmission (2).
  170. ^ Tartaglia, Nicole; Davis, Shanlee; Hench, Alison; Nimishakavi, Sheela; Beauregard, Renee; Reynolds, Ann; Fenton, Laura; Albrecht, Lindsey; Ross, Judith; Visootsak, Jeannie; Hansen, Robin; Hagerman, Randi (15 June 2008). "A new look at XXYY syndrome: medical and psychological features". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 146A (12): 1509–1522. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32366. ISSN 1552-4833. PMC 3056496. PMID 18481271. Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms including hyperactivity, attention problems, impulsivity, aggression, mood instability, and "autistic-like" behaviors have also been described [Schlegel et al., 1965; Sorensen et al., 1978; Fryns et al., 1995; Hagerman, 1999].
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  172. ^ Peterson, Christopher; Park, Nansook; Seligman, Martin E. P. (2006). "Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness". The Journal of Positive Psychology. 1 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1080/17439760500372739. ISSN 1743-9760. S2CID 143660204. A retrospective web-based study of 2087 adults found small but reliable associations between a history of physical illness and the character strengths of appreciation of beauty, bravery, curiosity, fairness, forgiveness, gratitude, humor, kindness, love of learning, and spirituality.
  173. ^ Crowe, Marie (2017). "Recovery and mood disorders". Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 24 (8): 561–562. doi:10.1111/jpm.12418. PMID 28802085. Personal recovery involves developing the skills to live well and is a very individual process that the consumer can undertake on their own, with peers and family or through disorder-specific psychotherapies. Personal recovery can be contrasted with clinical and functional recovery and refers to the process of individual psychological adaptation to the disorder rather than the reduction of psychiatric symptoms, relapse prevention and addressing functional impairment (Tse et al., 2014)
  174. ^ Chan, Kevin Ka Shing; Yip, Charles Chiu Hung; Tsui, Jack Ka Chun (27 February 2023). "Self-Compassion Mediates the Impact of Family Support on Clinical and Personal Recovery Among People with Mental Illness". Mindfulness. 14 (3): 720–731. doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02088-6. ISSN 1868-8527. S2CID 257243921. Our findings indicate that people with mental illness who receive greater support from the family are better able to have self-caring attitudes...They may also have more positive experiences and perceptions of recovery and attain greater levels of life satisfaction and enjoyment.
  175. ^ Concerto, Carmen; Rodolico, Alessandro; Mineo, Ludovico; Ciancio, Alessia; Marano, Leonardo; Romano, Carla Benedicta; Scavo, Elisa Vita; Spigarelli, Riccardo; Fusar-Poli, Laura; Furnari, Rosaria; Petralia, Antonino; Signorelli, Maria Salvina (16 June 2023). "Exploring Personal Recovery in Schizophrenia: The Role of Mentalization". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 12 (12): 4090. doi:10.3390/jcm12124090. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 10299717. PMID 37373783. It encompasses various elements, such as spirituality, empowerment, embracing the illness actively, finding hope, restoring a positive identity, creating meaning in life, combating stigma, taking charge of one's own life, and cultivating supportive relationships [4]. PR concerns the individuals' perceived capacity to manage mental illness, their sense of purpose, and their confidence in their ability to lead a fulfilling life, irrespective of the disorder's severity [5]
  176. ^ O’Keeffe, Donal; Sheridan, Ann; Kelly, Aine; Doyle, Roisin; Madigan, Kevin; Lawlor, Elizabeth; Clarke, Mary (18 June 2021). "A qualitative study exploring personal recovery meaning and the potential influence of clinical recovery status on this meaning 20 years after a first episode psychosis". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 57 (3): 473–483. doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02121-w. ISSN 0933-7954. PMC 8934321. PMID 34143247. For many, recovery is their preferred term to describe the continuing experience of living with, managing, or overcoming mental health difficulties [5].
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  181. ^ Mazzucchelli, Trevor G.; Kane, Robert T.; Rees, Clare S. (2010). "Behavioral activation interventions for well-being: A meta-analysis". The Journal of Positive Psychology. 5 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1080/17439760903569154. ISSN 1743-9760. PMC 2882847. PMID 20539837. By intentional activity, the authors meant discrete actions or practices that individuals must choose to engage in and that require some effort to enact. This might include adopting new behaviors such as an exercise program, changing one's cognitive attitudes or practices such as practicing forgiveness, or volitional activity such as pursuing personal goals.
  182. ^ Vidal-Ribas, Pablo; Brotman, Melissa A.; Valdivieso, Isabel; Leibenluft, Ellen; Stringaris, Argyris (2016). "The Status of Irritability in Psychiatry: A Conceptual and Quantitative Review". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 55 (7): 556–570. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.014. ISSN 1527-5418. PMC 4927461. PMID 27343883. Irritability describes proneness to anger... Irritability is a mood in the sense that young people can remain in states of proneness to anger for very long times and sometimes for no apparent reason, as discussed below... irritability shares a negative valence with anxiety and depression but denotes approach and is therefore linked to elation in mania.
  183. ^ Elices, Matilde; Soler, Joaquim; Feliu-Soler, Albert; Carmona, Cristina; Tiana, Thais; Pascual, Juan C.; García-Palacios, Azucena; Álvarez, Enric (2017). "Combining emotion regulation and mindfulness skills for preventing depression relapse: a randomized-controlled study". Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 4 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0064-6. ISSN 2051-6673. PMC 5497384. PMID 28690851. The first session provided an overview of the training goals and an explanation of the differences between the three states of mind (i.e., emotional mind, rational mind and wise mind)...In DBT, ER skills training is oriented to encouraging behavioral activation (BA) by training patients in "opposite action" (OA) to depressive symptoms.
  184. ^ Frazier, Savannah N.; Vela, Jamie (2014). "Dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of anger and aggressive behavior: A review". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 19 (2): 156–163. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.02.001. ISSN 1359-1789. DBT was designed to treat emotional dysregulation (i.e., mood disturbance, affective liability, uncontrolled anger) and the behavioral difficulties..." & "Research has shown that there are potentially clinically significant results when using DBT to treat anger and aggression in various samples. Findings from this review suggest that treatments, even when modified show a positive impact on the reduction of anger and aggressive behaviors.
  185. ^ Jones, Brett D. M.; Umer, Madeha; Kittur, Mary E.; Finkelstein, Ofer; Xue, Siqi; Dimick, Mikaela K.; Ortiz, Abigail; Goldstein, Benjamin I.; Mulsant, Benoit H.; Husain, Muhammad I. (5 February 2023). "A systematic review on the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy for improving mood symptoms in bipolar disorders". International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 11 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40345-023-00288-6. ISSN 2194-7511. PMC 9899872. PMID 36739574. While they also experienced more improvement in depressive symptoms and in their ability to control emotional states, the difference between the two groups did not reach statistical significance.
  186. ^ Renna, Megan E.; Fresco, David M.; Mennin, Douglas S. (2020). "Emotion Regulation Therapy and Its Potential Role in the Treatment of Chronic Stress-Related Pathology Across Disorders". Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 4: 2470547020905787. doi:10.1177/2470547020905787. ISSN 2470-5470. PMC 7219947. PMID 32440604. ...first phase of treatment focusing on increasing momentary clarity of motivational responses during emotional episodes and the cultivation of mindful emotion regulation skills with the goal of promoting counteractive responding to intense emotional experiences. Skills are presented in a specific order focusing on less cognitively elaborative skills (e.g., attention regulation skills) followed by more cognitively elaborative skills (e.g., metacognitive regulation skills).
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  188. ^ Boland, Elaine M.; Bender, Rachel E.; Alloy, Lauren B.; Conner, Bradley T.; Labelle, Denise R.; Abramson, Lyn Y. (2012). "Life events and social rhythms in bipolar spectrum disorders: an examination of social rhythm sensitivity". Journal of Affective Disorders. 139 (3): 264–272. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.038. ISSN 1573-2517. PMC 3368102. PMID 22381951. Shen, Alloy, Abramson, and Sylvia provided further evidence of social rhythm irregularities in bipolar spectrum disorder (2008). In a sample of 414 undergraduates, those diagnosed with either cyclothymia or bipolar II disorder reported significantly fewer regular activities than normal controls.
  189. ^ Bullock, Ben; Judd, Fiona; Murray, Greg (2011). "Social rhythms and vulnerability to bipolar disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders. 135 (1–3): 384–388. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.006. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 21708409. As well as being strongly associated with the clinical manifestation of BD, reduced social rhythmicity has also been demonstrated in some populations with increased risk for BD.
  190. ^ Murray, Greg; Gottlieb, John; Swartz, Holly A. (2021). "Maintaining Daily Routines to Stabilize Mood: Theory, Data, and Potential Intervention for Circadian Consequences of COVID-19". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 66 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1177/0706743720957825. ISSN 1497-0015. PMC 7890582. PMID 32909832. More than 30 years ago, it was observed that major life events associated with mood disorder (divorce, loss of job, life transitions) are not just psychologically challenging but also cause significant change to daily routines.10 Unemployment, for example, may be associated not just with challenges to self-esteem but also with less regular bed-, wake- and mealtimes. This instability of daily routines, in turn, may have circadian impact through weakened zeitgeber information.
  191. ^ Bai, Zhenggang; Luo, Shiga; Zhang, Luyao; Wu, Sijie; Chi, Iris (2020). "Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to reduce depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 260: 728–737. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.040. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 31563072. S2CID 203466750. ...To foster psychological flexibility, according to Grégoire et al. (2017), ACT relies on six interrelated and overlapping processes: acceptance (i.e., willingness to open fully to unwanted experiences such as difficult thoughts, memories, or emotions), contact with the present moment (i.e., being mindful and aware of one's experiences), self as context (i.e., maintaining perspective about oneself within one's experiences), cognitive defusion (i.e., being able to step back from unwanted experiences without getting stuck in them), committed action (i.e., engaging in actions that move toward important aspects of life), and values (i.e., staying connected to personal values or areas of life that are important).

Further reading edit

  • Ronald R. Fieve, Moodswing (1989)
  • Susanne P. Schad-Somers, On mood swings (1990)

External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Mood swing.
  • Understanding mood swings

May 12, 2024
mood, swing, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, mood, changes, redirects, here, album, mood, changes, album, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, july, 2021, mood. Mood swings redirects here For other uses of Mood swing or Mood swings see Mood swing disambiguation Mood changes redirects here For the album see Mood Changes album This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information July 2021 A mood swing is an extreme or sudden change of mood Such changes can play a positive part in promoting problem solving and in producing flexible forward planning 1 or be disruptive When mood swings are severe they may be categorized as part of a mental illness such as bipolar disorder where erratic and disruptive mood swings are a defining feature 2 Graphical comparison of mood swings compared with bipolar disorder and cyclothymia To determine mental health problem people usually use charting with papers interviews or smartphone to track their mood affect emotion 3 4 Furthermore mood swings not just fluctuate between mania and depression but in some conditions involve anxiety 5 6 Contents 1 Terminology 2 Overview 2 1 Speed and extent 3 Characteristics 4 Causes 4 1 Brain chemistry 4 2 List of conditions known to cause mood swings 5 Treatment 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksTerminology editDefinitions of the terms mood swings mood instability affective lability or emotional lability are commonly similar which describe fluctuating or oscillating of mood and emotions But each has unique characteristics that are used to describe specific phenomena or patterns of oscillation 7 8 Different from emotions or affect 9 mood associated with emotional responses without knowing the reason unaware 10 11 The dynamics of mood mood patterns for long times are commonly erratic 12 labile 13 or instable also known as euthymic 14 Although the term of mood swing is unspecific it may be used to describe a pattern where mood goes down from positive to negative valency immediately without delay in baseline at specific periods 15 And also generally have aperiodic patterns 16 17 This is because mood dynamics are influenced by various factors which can magnify or lessen fluctuations 18 such as when expectations become reality or not 19 Other terms for describing patterns are episodic periodic cyclothymia rapid cycling mixed states short episodes soft spectrum 20 diurnal variation etc although the definition of each term may be unclear 21 Overview editSpeed and extent edit Mood swings can happen any time at any place varying from the microscopic to the wild oscillations of bipolar disorder 22 so that a continuum can be traced from normal struggles around self esteem through cyclothymia up to a depressive disease 23 However most people s mood swings remain in the mild to moderate range of emotional ups and downs 24 The duration of bipolar mood swings also varies They may last a few hours ultrarapid or extend over days ultradian clinicians maintain that only when four continuous days of hypomania or seven days of mania occur is a diagnosis of bipolar disorder justified 25 In such cases mood swings can extend over several days even weeks these episodes may consist of rapid alternation between feelings of depression and euphoria 26 Characteristics editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it July 2023 nbsp People with high energy levels nbsp Person with low spirited mood Changing mood up and down without knowing the reason or external stimuli 27 in various degrees duration and frequent from high mood happy elevated irritated to low mood sad depressed 5 28 Sometimes it s mixed 29 a combination between manic and depression symptoms 30 or similar with bittersweet experiences that last for a day 31 32 Mood swings in normal people appear like climate changing at mild to moderate degree 9 33 Thus unless it happens at a moderate degree or more some people need more high emotional intelligence 34 to recognize their mood change 35 Mood swings in mental illness simply can be described by generalized complexity 36 based on mood dynamics patterns that characterize the oscillation like intensity mild moderate severe duration days weeks years average mood and other features such as 37 38 Mood swings in cyclothymia Mood swings occur episodically and aperiodic within 2 years or more at a moderate degree and frequently 39 Characterized by coexisting with anxiety persistence rapid shift intense impulsive 40 heightened by sensitivity and reactivity to external stimuli 41 Mood swings in bipolar II Episodic 42 hypomanic severe degree episodes occur continuously for 4 days 30 depression episodes for weeks 43 and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes 44 Mood swings in bipolar I Episodic 42 manic episodes severe degree occur continuously for 7 days 30 depressive episodes for weeks 45 46 and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes 30 Alterations in bipolar I and II can be rapid cyclic which means changes of mood happen 4 times or more within a year 47 Symptoms of manic and hypomanic episodes are similar between bipolar I and bipolar II just different in degree of intensity 48 Mood swings in Premenstrual symptoms PMS Episodically at mild to severe degree in the menses period occur gradually or rapidly 49 start 7 days before and decrease at the onset of menses 50 Characterized by angry outbursts depression anxiety confusion irritability or social withdrawal 51 Mood swings in borderline personality disorder BPD Mood changes erratically with episodic mood swings 52 Mood swings fluctuate in rapid shifts for hours or days not persistent sensitive and heightened negative mood e g irritability by external stimuli 53 54 Mood appears in the form of high intensity of irritability 55 56 anxiety 57 and moderate degree depression characterized by hostility anger towards self loneliness isolation related with relationships emptiness or boredom 58 59 Mood swings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD Mood changes erratically and mood swings occur episodically sometimes several times a day in rapid shifts 60 61 Characterized by a mild to moderate degree of irritability 62 related to the environment impulsiveness impatience to get rewards 63 In adult ADHD high mood appears as excitement and low mood appears as boredom 60 Mood swings in schizophrenia Although schizophrenia has flat emotions 64 a study in 2021 based on ALS SF measures Margrethe Collier et al found that the score pattern of schizophrenia is similar to bipolar I 65 The alteration being related to delusions or hallucinations 66 mood changes that occur internally may be difficult to express externally blunt affect 67 and heightened by external stimuli 68 Mood swings in major depressive disorder MDD Various mood patterns 69 and mood changes erratically 37 Mood swings occur episodically and fluctuate in moderate high mood and severe low mood 70 71 Characterized by having high negative affect bad mood most of the time particularly in melancholic subtype 72 And also positive diurnal variation mood bad mood in the morning good mood in the evening 73 sensitivity to negative stimulation and mixed symptoms in some people etc 74 75 Mood swings in post traumatic stress disorder PTSD Mood changes erratically 76 with episodic mood swings rising in the period of recovery process 77 78 Characterized by temporary fluctuations in negative affect anxiety irritability shame guilt and self esteem reactive to environmental reminders 79 difficulty to control emotions 80 hyperarousal symptoms etc 81 82 Causes editThere can be many different causes for mood swings Some mood swings can be classified as normal healthy reactions such as grief processing adverse effects of substances drugs or a result of sleep deprivation Mood swings can also be a sign of psychiatric illnesses in the absence of external triggers or stressors Changes in a person s energy level sleep patterns self esteem sexual function concentration drug or alcohol use can be signs of an oncoming mood disorder 83 Other major causes of mood swings besides bipolar disorder and major depression include diseases disorders which interfere with nervous system function Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD epilepsy 84 and autism spectrum are three such examples 85 86 The hyperactivity sometimes accompanied by inattentiveness impulsiveness and forgetfulness are cardinal symptoms associated with ADHD As a result ADHD is known to bring about usually short lived though sometimes dramatic mood swings The communication difficulties associated with autism and the associated changes in neurochemistry are also known to cause autistic fits autistic mood swings 87 The seizures associated with epilepsy involve changes in the brain s electrical firing and thus may also bring about striking and dramatic mood swings 84 If the mood swing is not associated with a mood disorder treatments are harder to assign Most commonly however mood swings are the result of dealing with stressful and or unexpected situations in daily life Degenerative diseases of the human central nervous system such as Parkinson s disease Alzheimer s disease multiple sclerosis and Huntington s disease may also produce mood swings 88 Celiac disease can also affect the nervous system and mood swings can appear 89 Not eating on time can contribute or eating too much sugar can cause fluctuations in blood sugar which can cause mood swings 90 91 Brain chemistry edit If a person has an abnormal level of one or several of certain neurotransmitters NTs in their brain it may result in having mood swings or a mood disorder 92 Serotonin is one such neurotransmitter that is involved with sleep moods and emotional states A slight imbalance of this NT could result in depression Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is involved with learning memory and physical arousal Like serotonin an imbalance of norepinephrine may also result in depression 93 List of conditions known to cause mood swings edit Bipolar disorder 94 95 or cyclothymia Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder with characteristics of mood swings from hypomania or mania to depression While cyclothymia is a lower degree of bipolar disorder 96 In 2022 ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group found that people with bipolar disorder have smaller subcortical volumes lower cortical thickness and altered white matter integrity 97 98 which one of the functions is for emotion processing 99 Anabolic steroid abuse 100 Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone Used for treatment of male hypogonadism or delayed puberty 101 stimulating muscle growth 102 as well as treating impotence and AIDS 103 Studies found that overusing anabolic androgenic steroids can cause mood swings impulsive and aggressive behavior 104 This behavior is associated with decreased emotion regulation systems such as the frontal cortex temporal parietal and occipital 105 Studies also found that using anabolic androgenic steroids can cause neuronal changes and death in the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis thus symptoms of sleep and mood disorder occur 106 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD ADHD is known as a disorder with difficulty keeping control of attention hyperactivity frequently changing focus and losing interest 107 and also hyperfocus when doing something interesting or pleasurable tasks 108 Mood dysregulation may be caused by distraction when absorbed in pleasurable tasks 109 110 Another contribution to mood swings is lower brain activity in the prefrontal cortex PFC 111 orbitofrontal cortex OFC 112 increased size of the hippocampus and decreasing size of the amygdala in some people 113 Abnormalities in these parts of the brain can cause disturbance in attention motivation mood and behavioral inhibition 114 Autism or other pervasive developmental disorder Autism is a neurological and development disorder with symptoms such as lack of social restricted repetitive behaviors hyper or hyporeactivity to sensory input etc 115 Abnormal sensory processing is one of the reasons for mood swings in autism 116 Studies in 2015 found that in autism the brain becomes overactivated in limbic areas primary sensory cortices and orbitofrontal cortex OFC which functions for emotional and sensory processing Studies found too that the brain in autism has decreased connectivity between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex increased amygdala reactivity and reduced prefrontal response which contribute to emotion dysregulation 117 118 Borderline personality disorder It has been theorized that borderline personality disorder comes from lack of ability to endure learn 119 and overcome negative events 120 People with BPD commonly have difficulty in relationships 121 which is associated with a tendency to anger outbursts judgment 122 or expecting how others behave 123 Emotion dysregulation may be as a result of lack of interpersonal skills such as knowledge about emotions and how to control them especially with intense emotions 124 Mostly people with BPD use maladaptive emotion regulations like self criticism thought suppression avoidance and alcohol which may trigger more mood disruption 125 126 127 Dementia including Alzheimer s disease Parkinson s disease and Huntington s disease Dementia is known as a decreasing brain function disease that affects older people 128 In Alzheimer s disease mood dysregulation can be caused by decreasing function of emotional regulation salience cholinergic GABAergic and dopaminergic function 128 Parkinson s disease can generate mood swings and mood dysregulation such as depression low self worth shame and worry about the future caused by cognitive and physical problems 129 And in Huntington s disease common mood swings occur as a result of psychosocial cognitive deficits neuropsychiatric and biological factors 130 Dopamine dysregulation syndrome Dopamine dysregulation syndrome is an effect of abusing Parkinson s disease drugs to decrease motor and non motor syndromes which result in mania violent behavior and depression when withdrawal 131 Mood dysregulation from dopamine dysregulation syndrome occurs as a result of changes in the neurotransmitter systems such as disturbance in the dopaminergic reward system 132 131 Epilepsy Epilepsy is an abnormal brain activity disease marked with seizures Seizures occur because hypersynchronous and hyperexcitability of neurons in other words too much neural activity and excitability at the same time 133 Mood swings commonly appear before during after a seizure and during treatment 134 Studies found that seizures contribute to decreased function of emotions and mood processing as a consequence of abnormal neurogenesis and damaged neuron connections in the hippocampus and amygdala 133 Experiencing a seizure can cause mood swings caused by depression anxiety or worry about life being threatened Another source of mood change comes from anticonvulsant drugs for epilepsy like phenobarbital for increasing brain inhibitors or antiglutamatergic for decreasing brain activity which generates depression cognitive dysfunction sedation or mood lability 135 Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism Hypo and hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disease caused by low or excessive production of thyroid hormone Abnormal thyroid hormone can affect mood 136 although the correlation between thyroid hormone and mood disorder is still not known 137 Intermittent explosive disorder Intermittent explosive disorder is frequent rage that occurs spontaneous uncontrolled unproportioned and not persistent 138 139 This short duration of alternate mood occurs in the form of aggression verbally or physically towards people or property sometimes followed by regret shame and guilt after an act which might generate depression symptoms 140 Impulsive behavior in IED can be associated with hyperactivity in brain regions for regulating and emotional expression such as the amygdala insula and orbitofrontal area 141 Menopause 142 Menopause in women commonly happens at age 52 One factor that causes mood disturbance is fluctuation of milieu hormones 143 including sex steroids growth hormones stress hormones etc 144 145 Major depression Major depression is a disorder with symptoms such as feelings of sadness loss of interest emptiness 146 and for some people mixed with irritability mental overactivity and behavioral overactivity 147 Development of irritability or anger may result from personality traits like narcissistic or coping strategies to avoid looking sad worthless or frustrated 148 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Obsessive compulsive disorder is marked with obsessions and compulsions about something that causes life distress and dysfunction 149 Alteration of mood and feeling discomfort such as shame guilt or anxiety may occur caused by intrusive thoughts fear urge 150 and fantasy 151 Pathological demand avoidance Post traumatic stress disorder Post traumatic stress disorder is a disorder which is associated with frequently being disturbed by flashback memories and being haunted by feelings of fear and horror in the past This contributes to the alteration of mood that occurs after a traumatic event happens such as depression outbursts of anger self destructive behaviors and feelings of shame 152 153 Pregnancy Women commonly experience mood swings during the pregnancy and the postpartum period Hormone changes stress and worry may be the reasons for changes of mood 154 Premenstrual syndrome 155 Women experience premenstrual syndrome like physical pains mood swings irritability or depression 156 in a few days until 2 weeks of their period with different intensity 157 Furthermore 4 to 14 of women experience severe PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder PMDD which can decrease life quality 158 Despite the reason mood dysregulation in PMS is still unclear Studies found that mood dysregulation is related with drop in progesterone concentrations disruption of serotonergic transmission GABAergic stress body mass index and traumatic events 157 Schizoaffective disorder Mood swings in schizoaffective disorder are caused by mixed symptoms between schizophrenia and mood disorder 159 Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder with symptoms of delusions hallucinations mood dysregulation etc 160 Mood changes may be generated from hallucinations and delusions 161 which cause anger 162 163 paranoia 164 and shame 165 Seasonal affective disorder Seasonal affective disorder is depression which occurs during some seasons commonly in winter then manic or hypomanic episodes in the other season and that happens every year 166 These fluctuating moods appear in the form of anger attacks with depression 167 and occur from season to season also known as seasonal mood swings 168 XXYY syndrome XXYY syndrome is a rare type of sex chromosome aneuploidies SCAs XXYY syndrome contributes to abnormal neurodevelopment and psychiatric diseases which can cause mood disorders 169 170 Treatment editIt s part of human nature s mood going up and down caused by various factors 171 Individual strength 172 coping skill or adaptation ability 173 social support 174 or another recovery model might determine whether mood swings will create disruption in life or not 175 176 Cognitive behavioral therapy recommends using emotional dampeners to break the self reinforcing tendencies of either manic or depressive mood swings 177 Exercise treats seeking out small and easily attainable triumphs and using vicarious distractions like reading or watching TV are among the techniques found to be regularly used by people in breaking depressive swings 178 Learning to bring oneself down from grandiose states of mind or up from exaggerated shame states is part of taking a proactive approach to managing one s own moods and varying sense of self esteem 179 Behavioral activation is a component of CBT that can break the cycle depression leads to inactivity inactivity leads to depression 180 This may rely on individual strengths to cold start the reward system 181 Dialectical behavior therapy DBT Another manifestation of mood swing is irritability which can lead to elation anger or aggression 182 DBT has a lot of coping skills that can be used for emotion dysregulation such as mindfulness with the wise mind 183 or emotion regulation with opposite action 184 185 Emotion regulation therapy ERT has a package of mindful emotion regulation skills e g attention regulation skills metacognitive regulation skills etc that can be handy to have when mood swings happen 186 Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy can be used to regulate life rhythm when mood swings happen frequently and disrupt the rhythm of life 187 Episodes of mood disorder often liberate people from daily routines by making a mess of sleep schedules social interaction 188 189 or work and causing irregular circadian rhythms 190 Acceptance and commitment therapy ACT has a function to increase psychological flexibility by learning to assess present experience or be mindful accept everything internally or externally commit action to move toward personal recovery etc 191 See also editDepression mood Dysthymia Euthymia Self medication Splitting psychology References edit Peter Salovey et al Emotional Intelligence 2004 p 1974 BBC Science When does your mental health become a problem BBC Science 19 April 2013 Retrieved 8 January 2015 Faurholt Jepsen Maria Munkholm Klaus Frost Mads Bardram Jakob E Kessing Lars Vedel 15 January 2016 Electronic self monitoring of mood using IT platforms in adult patients with bipolar disorder A systematic review of the validity and evidence BMC Psychiatry 16 7 doi 10 1186 s12888 016 0713 0 ISSN 1471 244X PMC 4714425 PMID 26769120 Electronic self monitoring of mood was considered valid compared to clinical rating scales for depression in six out of six studies and in two out of seven studies compared to clinical rating scales for mania Trull Timothy J Solhan Marika B Tragesser Sarah L Jahng Seungmin Wood Phillip K Piasecki Thomas M Watson David 2008 Affective instability Measuring a core feature of borderline personality disorder with ecological momentary assessment Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117 3 647 661 doi 10 1037 a0012532 ISSN 1939 1846 PMID 18729616 Measuring and characterizing the experience of affective instability have proved challenging however Traditional measures of affective instability rely on respondents retrospective recall and subjective assess ment of affective variability or reactivity on interview or questionnaire items a b Harvey Philip D Greenberg Barbara R Serper Mark R 1989 The affective lability scales Development reliability and validity Journal of Clinical Psychology 45 5 786 793 doi 10 1002 1097 4679 198909 45 5 lt 786 AID JCLP2270450515 gt 3 0 CO 2 P PMID 2808736 A self report measure of changeable affect was developed with a goal of identification of patterns of instability in mood Scales measuring lability in anxiety depression anger and hypomania and labile shifts between anxiety and depression and hypomania and depression were constructed These scales were then evaluated for internal consistency retest reliability score stability Contardi Anna Imperatori Claudio Amati Italia Balsamo Michela Innamorati Marco 2018 Assessment of Affect Lability Psychometric Properties of the ALS 18 Frontiers in Psychology 9 427 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2018 00427 ISSN 1664 1078 PMC 5885065 PMID 29651267 To measure affect lability Harvey et al 1989 developed the Affective Lability Scales ALS a 58 item questionnaire measuring changeability among euthymia and four affect states i e depression elation anger and anxiety Ketal R 1975 Affect mood emotion and feeling semantic considerations American Journal of Psychiatry 132 11 1215 1217 doi 10 1176 ajp 132 11 1215 ISSN 0002 953X PMID 1166902 the use and definitions of the terms affect mood emotion and feeling in some classical and contemporary works of psychiatry and psychology He concludes that these words refer to distinct pscychological phenomena and suggests that they be used clearly and carefully to facilitate communication about emotions Broome M R Saunders K E A Harrison P J Marwaha S 2015 Mood instability significance definition and measurement The British Journal of Psychiatry The Journal of Mental Science 207 4 283 285 doi 10 1192 bjp bp 114 158543 ISSN 1472 1465 PMC 4589661 PMID 26429679 The literature spans psychiatry psychology and neuroscience and multiple terms are used to describe the same or related phenomena including affective instability emotional dysregulation mood swings emotional impulsiveness and affective lability Collating the main overlapping dimensions definitions and their measurement scales a recent systematic review proposed that mood instability is rapid oscillations of intense affect with a difficulty in regulating these oscillations or their behavioural consequences a b Manjunatha Narayana Khess Christoday Raja Jayant Ram Dushad 2009 The conceptualization of terms Mood and affect in academic trainees of mental health Indian Journal of Psychiatry 51 4 285 288 doi 10 4103 0019 5545 58295 ISSN 1998 3794 PMC 2802377 PMID 20048455 One would conclude from the above italic sentences of Fish that affect is a sudden exacerbation of emotion and mood is also the emotional state prevailing at any given time in other words both mood and affect are short term emotional tone However these confusing lines are deleted in the new edition of Fish s clinical psychopathology APA Dictionary of Psychology dictionary apa org Retrieved 18 August 2023 Moods differ from emotions in lacking an object for example the emotion of anger can be aroused by an insult but an angry mood may arise when one does not know what one is angry about or what elicited the anger Leaberry Kirsten D Walerius Danielle M Rosen Paul J Fogleman Nicholas D 2020 Emotional Lability Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences Cham Springer International Publishing pp 1319 1329 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 24612 3 510 ISBN 978 3 319 24610 9 S2CID 241582879 retrieved 18 August 2023 Previous literature suggests that mood often has a greater duration and is associated with an internal state value whereas emotions are sudden and intense and are associated with greater environmental information value Larsen et al 2000 Kahmann Daan 2022 Emotion dynamics in Tibetan monks and healthy Westerners Bachelor s Thesis Artificial Intelligence university of groningen Emotions can be very turbulent and are constantly changing Klinkman Michael S 2007 A whole new world complexity theory and mood variability in mental disorders Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 9 3 180 182 doi 10 4088 pcc v09n0302 ISSN 1523 5998 PMC 1911185 PMID 17632649 Four of 5 normal controls displayed a circadian mood pattern with chaotic dynamics Fava Giovanni A Bech Per 27 November 2015 The Concept of Euthymia Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 85 1 1 5 doi 10 1159 000441244 ISSN 0033 3190 PMID 26610048 S2CID 29087528 When a patient in the longitudinal course of mood disturbances no longer meets the threshold of a disorder such as depression or mania as assessed by categorical methods resulting in diagnostic criteria or by cutoff points in the dimensional measurement of rating scales he or she is often labeled as euthymic APA Dictionary of Psychology dictionary apa org Retrieved 1 September 2023 a nonspecific term for any oscillation in mood particularly between feelings of happiness and sadness Katerndahl David Ferrer Robert Best Rick Wang Chen Pin 2007 Dynamic patterns in mood among newly diagnosed patients with major depressive episode or panic disorder and normal controls Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 9 3 183 187 doi 10 4088 pcc v09n0303 ISSN 1523 5998 PMC 1911176 PMID 17632650 Complexity of symptoms or behaviors in an individual is often characterized by the dynamics of the individual s longitudinal patterns While periodic linear temporal patterns are predictable in both trajectory and pattern chaotic patterns are predictable in pattern only Random dynamics are predictable in neither trajectory nor pattern Cowdry R W Gardner D L O Leary K M Leibenluft E Rubinow D R 1991 Mood variability a study of four groups American Journal of Psychiatry 148 11 1505 1511 doi 10 1176 ajp 148 11 1505 ISSN 0002 953X PMID 1928464 The visual analog scale can capture patterns of mood and mood variability thought to be typical of these diagnostic groups Mood disorders differ not only in the degree of abnormal mood but also in the pattern of mood variability suggesting that mechanisms regulating mood stability may differ from those regulating overall mood state Pessiglione Mathias Heerema Roeland Daunizeau Jean Vinckier Fabien 1 April 2023 Origins and consequences of mood flexibility a computational perspective Neuroscience amp Biobehavioral Reviews 147 105084 doi 10 1016 j neubiorev 2023 105084 ISSN 0149 7634 PMID 36764635 S2CID 256666316 We typically have little control over fluctuations between episodes of good and bad mood In most cases we also have little understanding of the causal factors driving our mood fluctuations contrary to emotional reactions that are circumscribed to a specific trigger and limited to a short duration Eldar Eran Rutledge Robb B Dolan Raymond J Niv Yael 1 January 2016 Mood as Representation of Momentum Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20 1 15 24 doi 10 1016 j tics 2015 07 010 ISSN 1364 6613 PMC 4703769 PMID 26545853 The main conclusion of the study was that happiness depends not on how well things are going in terms of cumulative earnings but whether they are going better than expected Perugi Giulio Akiskal Hagop S 2002 The soft bipolar spectrum redefined focus on the cyclothymic anxious sensitive impulse dyscontrol and binge eating connection in bipolar II and related conditions The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 25 4 713 737 doi 10 1016 s0193 953x 02 00023 0 ISSN 0193 953X PMID 12462857 The bipolar II spectrum represents the most common phenotype of bipolarity Numerous studies indicate that in clinical settings this soft spectrum might be as common if not more common than major depressive disorders Bowen Rudy Clark Malin Baetz Marilyn 1 March 2004 Mood swings in patients with anxiety disorders compared with normal controls Journal of Affective Disorders 78 3 185 192 doi 10 1016 S0165 0327 02 00304 X ISSN 0165 0327 PMID 15013242 Difficulties with measurement and unclear definitions for terms like cyclothymia rapid cycling mixed states short episodes and soft spectrum have contributed to the uncertainty Akiskal et al 2000 Blacker and Tsuang 1992 Cassano et al 1999 Ghaemi et al 2001 Sigmund Freud Civilization Society and Religion PFL 12 p 164 Otto Fenichel The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis 1946 p 406 Daniel Goleman 1995 Emotional Intelligence Why it Can Matter More Than IQ Bloomsbury Publishing PLC p 57 ISBN 978 0747528302 ASIN 0747528306 S Nassir Ghaemi Mood Disorder 2007 p 243 4 Hockenbury Don and Sandra 2011 Discovering Psychology Fifth Edition New York NY Worth Publishers p 549 ISBN 978 1 4292 1650 0 Lischetzke Tanja 2014 Mood in Michalos Alex C ed Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well Being Research Dordrecht Springer Netherlands pp 4115 4119 doi 10 1007 978 94 007 0753 5 1842 ISBN 978 94 007 0753 5 retrieved 31 August 2023 Moods are affective states that are diffuse and unfocused that is not directed toward a specific object They are continually present tonic and shape the background of our moment moment experience but fluctuate over time CAMH Bipolar Clinic Staff 2013 Bipolar disorder an information guide camph Centre for Addiction and Mental Health www camh ca Everyone has ups and downs in mood Feeling happy sad and angry is normal Their moods may have nothing to do with things going on in their lives Janiri Delfina Conte Eliana De Luca Ilaria Simone Maria Velia Moccia Lorenzo Simonetti Alessio Mazza Marianna Marconi Elisa Monti Laura Chieffo Daniela Pia Rosaria Kotzalidis Georgios Janiri Luigi Sani Gabriele 29 March 2021 Not Only Mania or Depression Mixed States Mixed Features in Paediatric Bipolar Disorders Brain Sciences 11 4 434 doi 10 3390 brainsci11040434 ISSN 2076 3425 PMC 8065627 PMID 33805270 DSM 5 introduced the with mixed features specifier which could apply to any type of episode of BD and major depressive disorder MDD a b c d Fava Giovanni A Guidi Jenny 2020 The pursuit of euthymia World Psychiatry 19 1 40 50 doi 10 1002 wps 20698 ISSN 1723 8617 PMC 7254162 PMID 31922678 Patients with bipolar disorder spend about half of their time in depression mania or mixed states22 The remaining periods are defined as euthymic23 24 25 26 27 However considerable fluctuations in psychological distress were recorded in studies with longitudinal designs suggesting that the illness is still active in those latter periods even though its intensity may vary28 It is thus questionable whether subthreshold symptomatic periods truly represent euthymia28 This definition of euthymia because of its intertwining with mood stability is substantially different from the concept of eudaimonic well being that has become increasingly popular in positive psychology Larsen Jeff T McGraw A Peter Cacioppo John T 2001 Can people feel happy and sad at the same time Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 4 684 696 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 81 4 684 ISSN 1939 1315 PMID 11642354 Though mixed feelings may be uncommon they might often have important consequences e g for health Larsen Jeff T Hershfield Hal E Cazares James L Hogan Candice L Carstensen Laura L 2021 Meaningful endings and mixed emotions The double edged sword of reminiscence on good times Emotion 21 8 1650 1659 doi 10 1037 emo0001011 ISSN 1931 1516 PMC 8817627 PMID 34591508 Indeed college students are more likely to report mixed emotions of happiness and sadness on the day that they move out of their freshmen dorm and on their graduation day than on typical days Larson R Csikszentmihalyi M Graef R 1980 Mood variability and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents Journal of Youth and Adolescence 9 6 469 490 doi 10 1007 BF02089885 ISSN 0047 2891 PMID 24318310 S2CID 5068051 The findings confirm that adolescents experience wider and quicker mood swings but do not show that this variability is related to stress lack of personal control psychological maladjustment or social maladjustment within individual teenagers Okoronkwo Valentine 29 November 2022 39 Best Emotional Intelligence Statistics To Know In 2022 Passive Secrets Retrieved 1 September 2023 Only about 36 of people in the world are emotionally Intelligent 54 of the U S population are emotionally aware Wilhelm Peter amp Schoebi Dominik 2007 Assessing Mood in Daily Life Structural Validity Sensitivity to Change and Reliability of a Short Scale to Measure Three Basic Dimensions of Mood European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23 258 10 1027 1015 5759 23 4 258 Moods can be consciously experienced as soon as they gain the focus of our attention and are then characterized by the predominance of certain subjective feelings Durstewitz Daniel Huys Quentin J M Koppe Georgia 2020 Psychiatric Illnesses as Disorders of Network Dynamics Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 6 9 865 876 arXiv 1809 06303 doi 10 1016 j bpsc 2020 01 001 PMID 32249208 S2CID 52288970 Mental illnesses are highly complex temporally dynamic phenomena 1 Variables across a vast range of timescales from milliseconds to generations and levels from subcellular to societal interact in complex manners to result in the dynamic rich and extraordinarily heterogeneous temporal trajectories that are characteristic of the personal and psychiatric histories evident in mental health services across the world a b van Genugten Claire 2022 Measurement innovation studies on smartphone based ecological momentary assessment in depression VU Research Portal ISBN 978 94 93270 96 1 Mood dynamics are the patterns that characterize fluctuations in a person s mood 64 Mood dynamics are often operationalized by a combination of mood variability and emotional inertia 65 66 van Genugten Claire R Schuurmans Josien Hoogendoorn Adriaan W Araya Ricardo Andersson Gerhard Banos Rosa M Berger Thomas Botella Cristina Cerga Pashoja Arlinda Cieslak Roman Ebert David D Garcia Palacios Azucena Hazo Jean Baptiste Herrero Rocio Holtzmann Jerome 17 March 2022 A Data Driven Clustering Method for Discovering Profiles in the Dynamics of Major Depressive Disorder Using a Smartphone Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Mood Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 755809 doi 10 3389 fpsyt 2022 755809 ISSN 1664 0640 PMC 8968132 PMID 35370856 Miklowitz D J Gitlin M J 2015 Clinician s Guide to Bipolar Disorder Amerika Serikat Guilford Publications The mood swings of individuals with cyclothymia occur most of the time in the DSM 5 definition no more than 2 consecutive months have been symptom free within a 2 year period and never exhibit the number of symptoms or the length of Rhoads J 2021 Clinical Consult to Psychiatric Mental Health Management for Nurse Practitioners Amerika Serikat Springer Publishing Company Mood changes in cyclothymic disorder can be abrupt and unpredictable of short duration and with infrequent euthymic episodes Perugi Giulio Hantouche Elie Vannucchi Giulia 2017 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cyclothymia The Primacy of Temperament Current Neuropharmacology 15 3 372 379 doi 10 2174 1570159X14666160616120157 ISSN 1875 6190 PMC 5405616 PMID 28503108 Cyclothymia is characterized by early onset persistent spontaneous and reactive mood fluctuations associated with a variety of anxious and impulsive behaviors resulting in a very rich and complex clinical presentation Current diagnostic criteria for cyclothymic disorder DSM 5 and ICD 10 emphasizing only episodic mood symptoms may be misleading both from diagnostic and therapeutic point of views a b Holmes E A Bonsall M B Hales S A Mitchell H Renner F Blackwell S E Watson P Goodwin G M Di Simplicio M 26 January 2016 Applications of time series analysis to mood fluctuations in bipolar disorder to promote treatment innovation a case series Translational Psychiatry 6 1 e720 doi 10 1038 tp 2015 207 ISSN 2158 3188 PMC 5068881 PMID 26812041 A time series approach allows comparison of mood instability pre and post treatment Figure 1 Tondo Leonardo Vazquez Gustavo H Baldessarini Ross J 2017 Depression and Mania in Bipolar Disorder Current Neuropharmacology 15 3 353 358 doi 10 2174 1570159X14666160606210811 ISSN 1875 6190 PMC 5405618 PMID 28503106 As expected episodes of depressions were much longer than manias but episode duration did not differ among BD diagnostic types I II with mainly mixed episodes BD Mx or with psychotic features BD P A total of 56 8 of subjects could be characterized for major course patterns as either DMI or MDI which occurred in similar proportions for each type As expected depressive episodes averaged 5 2 months Gottschalk A Bauer M S Whybrow P C 1995 Evidence of chaotic mood variation in bipolar disorder Archives of General Psychiatry 52 11 947 959 doi 10 1001 archpsyc 1995 03950230061009 ISSN 0003 990X PMID 7487343 These studies indicate that mood in patients with bipolar disorder is not truly cyclic for extended periods Nonetheless self rated mood in bipolar disorder is significantly more organized than self rated mood in normal subjects and can be characterized as a low dimensional chaotic process This characterization of the dynamics of bipolar disorder provides a unitary theoretical framework that can accommodate neurobiologic and psychosocial data and can reconcile existing models for the pathogenesis of the disorder Furthermore consideration of the dynamical structure of bipolar disorder may lead to new methods for predicting and controlling pathologic mood Last C G 2009 When Someone You Love Is Bipolar Help and Support for You and Your Partner Ukraina Guilford Publications Research indicates that bipolar II depressions persist for longer periods of time than bipolar I depressions nearly twice as long 1 year versus 6 months Solomon David A Fiedorowicz Jess G Leon Andrew C Coryell William Endicott Jean Li Chunshan Boland Robert J Keller Martin B 2013 Recovery from multiple episodes of bipolar I depression The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 74 3 e205 211 doi 10 4088 JCP 12m08049 ISSN 1555 2101 PMC 3837577 PMID 23561241 The median duration of major depressive episodes was 14 weeks and over 70 recovered within 12 months of onset of the episode The median duration of minor depressive episodes was 8 weeks and approximately 90 recovered within 6 months of onset of the episode An early report from this study examined 66 participants with bipolar I followed for up to 5 years and found that the median time to recovery from the first two prospectively observed episodes of major depression was 20 weeks and 24 weeks 16 A subsequent report described 82 participants with bipolar I followed for 10 years the median duration of major and minor depressive episodes were 12 and 5 weeks respectively 17 Fink C Kraynak J 2011 Bipolar Disorder For Dummies Amerika Serikat Wiley Rapid cycling isn t a separate type of bipolar disorder but your doctor may use the label to describe a particular subtype of Bipolar I or II To qualify as a rapid cycling sufferer you must experience the following You must Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders 2013 Amerika Serikat Cambridge University Press While both mania and hypomania are phenomenologically similar in that they occur as discrete episodes admin PMS Women s International Pharmacy Retrieved 20 August 2023 In PMS Solving the Puzzle Linaya Hahn identifies five patterns of symptoms occurring primarily within the luteal phase but varying in timing and intensity see Patterns of PMS Symptoms Bowen Rudy Bowen Angela Baetz Marilyn Wagner Jason Pierson Roger 2011 Mood Instability in Women With Premenstrual Syndrome Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 33 9 927 934 doi 10 1016 s1701 2163 16 35018 6 ISSN 1701 2163 PMID 21923990 graph PMS pattern Key characteristics of PMS include a lack of symptoms during the follicular phase a peak of symptoms during the late luteal or premenstrual phase and a sudden decrease of symptoms with the onset of menses Dilbaz Berna Aksan Alperen 28 May 2021 Premenstrual syndrome a common but underrated entity review of the clinical literature Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association 22 2 139 148 doi 10 4274 jtgga galenos 2021 2020 0133 ISSN 1309 0399 PMC 8187976 PMID 33663193 The ACOG definition involves the presence of at least one of the six affective symptoms angry outbursts depression anxiety confusion irritability and social withdrawal and one of the four somatic Southward Matt amp Semcho Stephen amp Stumpp Nicole amp MacLean Destiney amp Sauer Shannon 2020 A Day in the Life of Borderline Personality Disorder A Preliminary Analysis of Within Day Emotion Generation and Regulation Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 42 702 713 10 1007 s10862 020 09836 1 Graph Carpenter Ryan W Trull Timothy J 2013 Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder a review Current Psychiatry Reports 15 1 335 doi 10 1007 s11920 012 0335 2 ISSN 1535 1645 PMC 3973423 PMID 23250816 It consists of a heightened emotional reactivity to environmental stimuli including emotions of others Emotion sensitivity in BPD has primarily been associated with negative mood states e g anger fear sadness and not positive emotions although see 9 10 Paris Joel 7 June 2005 Borderline personality disorder CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 172 12 1579 1583 doi 10 1503 cmaj 045281 ISSN 1488 2329 PMC 558173 PMID 15939918 but in BPD symptoms are usually associated with mood instability rather than with the extended and continuous periods of lower mood seen in classic mood disorders 19 Also because of characteristic mood swings BPD is often mistaken for bipolar disorder 30 However patients with BPD do not show continuously elevated mood but instead exhibit a pattern of rapid shifts in affect related to environmental events with high periods that last for hours rather than for days or weeks Bertsch Katja Back Sarah Flechsenhar Aleya Neukel Corinne Krauch Marlene Spiess Karen Panizza Angelika Herpertz Sabine C 2021 Don t Make Me Angry Frustration Induced Anger and Its Link to Aggression in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 695062 doi 10 3389 fpsyt 2021 695062 ISSN 1664 0640 PMC 8195331 PMID 34122197 Individuals with BPD report more negative emotions and a greater intensity of negative emotions than healthy individuals throughout the day 9 However recent data suggest a particular relevance of anger a negative emotion that is closely related to reactive aggression in BPD Using e diaries Kockler et al 10 found that individuals with BPD exhibit anger more frequently in their daily life than healthy as well as clinical control groups and feelings of anger accounted for more distress than pure emotional intensity Reich Brad 2012 Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder McLean Hospital Graph Koenigsberg Harold W Harvey Philip D Mitropoulou Vivian Schmeidler James New Antonia S Goodman Marianne Silverman Jeremy M Serby Michael Schopick Frances Siever Larry J 2002 Characterizing Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder American Journal of Psychiatry 159 5 784 788 doi 10 1176 appi ajp 159 5 784 ISSN 0002 953X PMID 11986132 The results of this study suggest that the presence of greater lability in terms of anger anxiety and depression anxiety oscillation characterizes borderline personality disorder while suggesting that the subjective sense of high affective intensity is present in this population but does not explain these other affective phenomena Beatson Josephine A Rao Sathya 29 October 2013 Depression and borderline personality disorder Medical Journal of Australia 199 6 S24 7 doi 10 5694 mja12 10474 ISSN 0025 729X PMID 25370280 S2CID 22836499 Depressive symptoms that occur as part of BPD are usually transient and related to interpersonal stress eg after an event arousing feelings of rejection Such depression usually lifts dramatically when the relationship is restored Depressive symptoms in BPD may also serve to express feelings eg anger frustration hatred helplessness powerlessness disappointment that the patient is not able to express in more adaptive ways Kohling Johanna Ehrenthal Johannes C Levy Kenneth N Schauenburg Henning Dinger Ulrike 1 April 2015 Quality and severity of depression in borderline personality disorder A systematic review and meta analysis Clinical Psychology Review 37 13 25 doi 10 1016 j cpr 2015 02 002 ISSN 0272 7358 PMID 25723972 Moderator analyses revealed lower depression severity in BPD patients without comorbid DeDs but higher severity in BPD patients with comorbid DeDs compared to depressed controls some authors labeled the depression experienced in BPD borderline depression characterized by distinct feelings of loneliness and isolation Adler and Buie 1979 Grinker et al 1968 emptiness or boredom Gunderson 1996 high dependency and fears of abandonment Masterson 1976 as well as intense anger and hate toward the self and others Hartocollis 1977 Kernberg 1975 Kernberg 1992 a b FW Reimherr amp Marchant Barrie amp Olsen John amp C Halls amp Kondo Douglas amp ED Lyon amp Robison Reid 2010 Emotional dysregulation as a core feature of adult ADHD Its relationship with clinical variables and treatment response in two methylphenidate trials Journal of ADHD and Related Disorders 1 53 64 Graph Skirrow Caroline Asherson Philip 1 May 2013 Emotional lability comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Journal of Affective Disorders 147 1 80 86 doi 10 1016 j jad 2012 10 011 ISSN 0165 0327 PMID 23218897 This study replicates research showing that adults with ADHD report heighted emotional lability EL which contributes to impairments in their daily life J Rosen Paul N Epstein Jeffery 2010 A pilot study of ecological momentary assessment of emotion dysregulation in children PDF Journal of ADHD amp Related Disorder 1 4 49 via semantic scholar This pattern is consistent with the pattern of dysregulation demonstrated by the ADHD EDr child in the present study as he demonstrated generally low positive affect along with 10 single time point ratings of mild to moderate irritability over the 4 weeks Winstanley Catharine A Eagle Dawn M Robbins Trevor W 2006 Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD translation between clinical and preclinical studies Clinical Psychology Review 26 4 379 395 doi 10 1016 j cpr 2006 01 001 ISSN 0272 7358 PMC 1892795 PMID 16504359 However common themes include decreased inhibitory control intolerance of delay to rewards and quick decision making due to lack of consideration as well as more universal deficits such as poor attentional ability Ciompi Luc 2015 The key role of emotions in the schizophrenia puzzle Schizophrenia Bulletin 41 2 318 322 doi 10 1093 schbul sbu158 ISSN 1745 1701 PMC 4332953 PMID 25481397 Kraepelin1 and Bleuler2 had already mainly focused on flat or inappropriate emotions as core features of the illness Hoegh Margrethe Collier Melle Ingrid Aminoff Sofie R Haatveit Beathe Olsen Stine Holmstul Huflatten Idun B Ueland Torill Lagerberg Trine Vik 2021 Characterization of affective lability across subgroups of psychosis spectrum disorders International Journal of Bipolar Disorders 9 1 34 doi 10 1186 s40345 021 00238 0 ISSN 2194 7511 PMC 8566621 PMID 34734342 There were no statistically significant differences between individuals with BD I and SZ for any ALS SF dimension and these two groups had very similar score patterns throughout This suggests that despite the overlap in core affective symptom profiles of BD I and BD II the BD I group is more similar to SZ than it is to BD II concerning levels of affective lability van Rossum Inge Dominguez Maria de Gracia Lieb Roselind Wittchen Hans Ulrich van Os Jim 2011 Affective dysregulation and reality distortion a 10 year prospective study of their association and clinical relevance Schizophrenia Bulletin 37 3 561 571 doi 10 1093 schbul sbp101 ISSN 1745 1701 PMC 3080695 PMID 19793794 Evidence from multiple domains indicates that affective dysregulation is strongly associated with reality distortion 1 2 Genetic epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the liabilities for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are correlated Kilian Sanja Asmal Laila Goosen Anneke Chiliza Bonginkosi Phahladira Lebogang Emsley Robin 2015 Instruments measuring blunted affect in schizophrenia a systematic review PLOS ONE 10 6 e0127740 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1027740K doi 10 1371 journal pone 0127740 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4452733 PMID 26035179 Blunted affect also referred to as emotional blunting is a prominent symptom of schizophrenia Patients with blunted affect have difficulty in expressing their emotions 1 characterized by diminished facial expression expressive gestures and vocal expressions in reaction to emotion provoking stimuli 1 3 However patients reduced outward emotional expression may not mirror subjective internal emotional experiences 4 suggesting a disconnect in what patients experience perceive and express when interpreting emotional stimuli 5 due to problems associated with emotional processing 6 7 Docherty Nancy M St Hilaire Annie Aakre Jennifer M Seghers James P 2009 Life events and high trait reactivity together predict psychotic symptom increases in schizophrenia Schizophrenia Bulletin 35 3 638 645 doi 10 1093 schbul sbn002 ISSN 0586 7614 PMC 2669571 PMID 18245057 There is evidence that the occurrence of stressful life events3 6 8 or the presence of social relationship stressors such as high levels of familial expressed emotion9 11 are associated with subsequent exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in patients as a group Thompson Renee J Mata Jutta Jaeggi Susanne M Buschkuehl Martin Jonides John Gotlib Ian H 2012 The everyday emotional experience of adults with major depressive disorder Examining emotional instability inertia and reactivity Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121 4 819 829 doi 10 1037 a0027978 ISSN 1939 1846 PMC 3624976 PMID 22708886 Whether depressed individuals and healthy controls will differ in their instability of PA is less clear As we noted above depressed individuals have been found to have blunted emotional responses to valenced stimuli in the laboratory Bylsma et al 2008 and decreased responsivity to reward e g Pizzagalli Iosifescu Hallett Ratner amp Fava 2009 Bowen Rudy Peters Evyn Marwaha Steven Baetz Marilyn Balbuena Lloyd 2017 Moods in Clinical Depression Are More Unstable than Severe Normal Sadness Frontiers in Psychiatry 8 56 doi 10 3389 fpsyt 2017 00056 ISSN 1664 0640 PMC 5388683 PMID 28446884 He noted that people with melancholia could become over talkative and manic but did not adequately explain why this is so amp On the VAS ratings the depressed group experienced more severe low moods and less severe high moods than the non depressed group as would be expected given the selection criteria This is consistent with reports of more severe negative emotions and variable positive emotions in ecological momentary assessment studies of patients with major depression 12 33 53 Christensen Michael Cronquist Ren Hongye Fagiolini Andrea 4 April 2022 Emotional blunting in patients with depression Part I clinical characteristics Annals of General Psychiatry 21 1 10 doi 10 1186 s12991 022 00387 1 ISSN 1744 859X PMC 8981644 PMID 35379283 Emotional effects of depression and treatment vary but may include for example feeling emotionally numbed or blunted in some way lacking positive emotions or negative emotions feeling detached from the world around you Sperry Sarah Havens Walsh Molly A Kwapil Thomas Richard 30 September 2019 Emotion Dynamics Concurrently and Prospectively Predict Mood Psychopathology Journal of Affective Disorders 261 67 75 doi 10 31234 osf io n7xza PMID 31600589 S2CID 242802425 Retrieved 25 August 2023 Major depressive disorder is characterized by high mean NA and low mean PA e g Watson et al 1988 Note that major depressive disorder generally is unassociated with instability of NA or PA Kohling et al 2016 Koval et al 2013 Murray Greg 1 September 2007 Diurnal mood variation in depression A signal of disturbed circadian function Journal of Affective Disorders Depression and Anxiety in Women across Cultures 102 1 47 53 doi 10 1016 j jad 2006 12 001 ISSN 0165 0327 PMID 17239958 Diurnal variation in mood is a prominent symptom of depression and is typically experienced as positive mood variation PMV mood being worse upon waking and better in the evening Loas Gwenole Salinas Eliseo Pierson Annick Guelfi Julien D Samuel Lajeunesse Bertrand 1 September 1994 Anhedonia and blunted affect in major depressive disorder Comprehensive Psychiatry 35 5 366 372 doi 10 1016 0010 440X 94 90277 1 ISSN 0010 440X PMID 7995029 The depressives are more sensitive to displeasure and more anhedonic than controls Faedda Gianni L Marangoni Ciro Reginaldi Daniela 1 May 2015 Depressive mixed states A reappraisal of Koukopoulos criteria Journal of Affective Disorders 176 18 23 doi 10 1016 j jad 2015 01 053 ISSN 0165 0327 PMID 25687279 The mixed depressive syndrome is not a transitory state but a state of long duration which may last weeks or several months The clinical picture is characterized by dysphoric mood emotional lability psychic and or motor agitation talkativeness crowded and or racing thoughts rumination initial or middle insomnia Wonderlich Stephen A Rosenfeldt Steven Crosby Ross D Mitchell James E Engel Scott G Smyth Joshua Miltenberger Raymond 2007 The effects of childhood trauma on daily mood lability and comorbid psychopathology in bulimia nervosa Journal of Traumatic Stress 20 1 77 87 doi 10 1002 jts 20184 PMID 17345648 Emotional abuse was associated with average daily mood and mood lability Power Mick J Fyvie Claire 2013 The Role of Emotion in PTSD Two Preliminary Studies Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 41 2 162 172 doi 10 1017 S1352465812000148 ISSN 1352 4658 PMID 22452905 S2CID 33989429 The results showed that less than 50 of PTSD cases presented with anxiety as the primary emotion with the remainder showing primary emotions of sadness anger or disgust rather than anxiety Price Matthew Legrand Alison C Brier Zoe M F Gratton Jennifer Skalka Christian 2020 The short term dynamics of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during the acute posttrauma period Depression and Anxiety 37 4 313 320 doi 10 1002 da 22976 ISSN 1520 6394 PMC 8340953 PMID 31730736 Taken together these results indicate that PTSD development is a dynamic process in which symptoms interact over time Gelkopf et al 2017 As hypothesized intrusions and AAR symptoms may be more important early on and lead to other symptoms in the disorder Shalev Arieh Y 2009 Posttraumatic stress disorder and stress related disorders The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 32 3 687 704 doi 10 1016 j psc 2009 06 001 ISSN 1558 3147 PMC 2746940 PMID 19716997 Chronic PTSD most often co occurs with mood anxiety and substance use disorders It is highly reactive to environmental reminders of the traumatic event and to renewed life stressors and thus may have a fluctuating course 23 Newton Tamara Ho Ivy 4 December 2008 Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Emotion Experience in Women Emotion Occurrence Intensity and Variability in the Natural Environment Journal of Psychological Trauma 7 4 276 297 doi 10 1080 19322880802492237 ISSN 1932 2887 S2CID 144129832 Posttraumatic stress symptom severity was uniquely correlated with greater intensity and variability but not occurrence of certain negative emotions and with less frequent occurrence but greater variability of joy happiness Intrusive reexperiencing was uniquely associated with greater variability of both anxiety and joy happiness Results suggest that women with more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms do not experience more episodes of negative emotion but once emotion occurs they have difficulty modulating its intensity Yehuda Rachel LeDoux Joseph 4 October 2007 Response Variation following Trauma A Translational Neuroscience Approach to Understanding PTSD Neuron 56 1 19 32 doi 10 1016 j neuron 2007 09 006 ISSN 0896 6273 PMID 17920012 S2CID 25239428 Reexperiencing symptoms describe spontaneous often insuppressible intrusions of the traumatic memory in the form of images or nightmares that are accompanied by intense physiological distress Hyperarousal symptoms reflect more overt physiological manifestations such as insomnia irritability impaired concentration hypervigilance and increased startle responses Schoenleber Michelle Berghoff Christopher R Gratz Kim L Tull Matthew T 2018 Emotional lability and affective synchrony in posttraumatic stress disorder pathology Journal of Anxiety Disorders 53 68 75 doi 10 1016 j janxdis 2017 11 006 ISSN 1873 7897 PMC 5748357 PMID 29197703 Kleim Graham Bryant and Ehlers 2013 asked a sample of trauma exposed individuals to report state levels of various unpleasant emotions i e fear helplessness anger guilt and shame following naturally occurring intrusive memories over the course of a week Bipolar Mood Swings Stabilizers Triggers and Mania WebMD WebMD 3 May 0000 Web 29 February 2012 a b epilepsymatters com Home of the Canadian Epilepsy Alliance Epilepsymatters com Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 Retrieved 8 January 2015 Autism spectrum disorder Nlm nih gov Retrieved 8 January 2015 Chat for Adults with HFA and Aspergers Mood Swings in Adults on the Autism Spectrum Adultaspergerschat com Retrieved 8 January 2015 Donna Williams Donna Williams Autism Puberty and Possibility of Seizures Donnawilliams net Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 Retrieved 8 January 2015 Stern RA 1996 Assessment of Mood States in Neurodegenerative Disease Methodological Issues and Diagnostic Recommendations Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 1 4 315 324 doi 10 1053 SCNP00100315 inactive 31 January 2024 PMID 10320434 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of January 2024 link Definition amp Facts for Celiac Disease What are the complications of celiac disease NIDDK June 2016 Retrieved 26 June 2018 Angela Haupt Food and Mood 6 Ways Your Diet Affects How You Feel U S News amp World Report Retrieved 8 January 2015 Can food affect your mood CNN com CNN 26 November 2013 Retrieved 8 January 2015 Neurobiology of Mood Disorders PDF Turner white com Archived from the original PDF on 12 July 2014 Retrieved 8 January 2015 1 Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Hagihara Hideo Horikawa Tomoyasu Irino Yasuhiro Nakamura Hironori K Umemori Juzoh Shoji Hirotaka Yoshida Masaru Kamitani Yukiyasu Miyakawa Tsuyoshi December 2019 Peripheral blood metabolome predicts mood change related activity in mouse model of bipolar disorder Molecular Brain 12 1 107 doi 10 1186 s13041 019 0527 3 ISSN 1756 6606 PMC 6902552 PMID 31822292 Ozgurdal Seza van Haren Elisabeth Hauser Marta Strohle Andreas Bauer Michael Assion Hans Jorg Juckel Georg 2009 Early Mood Swings as Symptoms of the Bipolar Prodrome Preliminary Results of a Retrospective Analysis Psychopathology 42 5 337 342 doi 10 1159 000232977 ISSN 0254 4962 PMID 19672137 S2CID 15290117 Brickman H M Young A S Fristad M A 2023 Bipolar and related disorders Encyclopedia of Mental Health Elsevier pp 232 239 doi 10 1016 b978 0 323 91497 0 00195 8 ISBN 978 0 323 91498 7 retrieved 29 July 2023 Ching Christopher R K Hibar Derrek P Gurholt Tiril P Nunes Abraham Thomopoulos Sophia I Abe Christoph Agartz Ingrid Brouwer Rachel M Cannon Dara M de Zwarte Sonja M C Eyler Lisa T Favre Pauline Hajek Tomas Haukvik Unn K Houenou Josselin 2022 What we learn about bipolar disorder from large scale neuroimaging Findings and future directions from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group Human Brain Mapping 43 1 56 82 doi 10 1002 hbm 25098 ISSN 1097 0193 PMC 8675426 PMID 32725849 Findings and future directions from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group Hum Brain Mapp 2022 Jan 43 1 56 82 Initial BD Working Group studies reveal widespread patterns of lower cortical thickness subcortical volume and disrupted white matter integrity associated with BD Findings also include mapping brain alterations of Jain Ankit Mitra Paroma 2023 Bipolar Disorder StatPearls Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing PMID 32644424 retrieved 5 August 2023 Currently the etiology of BD is unknown but appears to be due to an interaction of genetic epigenetic neurochemical and environmental factors Heritability is well established 3 4 5 Numerous genetic loci have been implicated as increasing the risk of BD the first was noted in 1987 with DNA markers on the short arm of chromosome 11 Since then an association has been made between at least 30 genes and an increased risk of the condition 6 Benoit M Robert P H 2003 Behavior Neural Basis of Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences Elsevier pp 364 369 doi 10 1016 b0 12 226870 9 00418 4 ISBN 9780122268700 retrieved 29 July 2023 mesial limbic system nucleus accumbens amygdala and hippocampus and the entire prefrontal cortex They play a determining role in emotional expression and motivation For example a reduction in the activity of the mesocortical pathway will result in a paucity of affect and loss of motivation and planning Su Tung Ping 2 June 1993 Neuropsychiatric Effects of Anabolic Steroids in Male Normal Volunteers JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association 269 21 2760 2764 doi 10 1001 jama 1993 03500210060032 ISSN 0098 7484 PMID 8492402 Lenko Iil Maenpaa J Makitie O Perheentupa J 1988 Low Dose Testosterone Treatment of Delayed Growth Pediatric Research 23 1 124 doi 10 1203 00006450 198801000 00139 ISSN 1530 0447 S2CID 6016824 Anabolic steroids are used to accelerate the growth of normal boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty Mottram David R George Alan J 1 March 2000 Anabolic steroids Best Practice amp Research Clinical Endocrinology amp Metabolism 14 1 55 69 doi 10 1053 beem 2000 0053 ISSN 1521 690X PMID 10932810 The anabolic effects are considered to be those promoting protein synthesis muscle growth and crythopoiesis Newshan Gayle Leon Wade 1 March 2001 The use of anabolic agents in HIV disease International Journal of STD amp AIDS 12 3 141 144 doi 10 1258 0956462011916893 ISSN 0956 4624 PMID 11231865 S2CID 6055905 Anabolic steroids and other agents are fast becoming part of the standard of care for HIV disease gaining acceptance in reversing loss of lean body mass Piacentino Daria Kotzalidis Georgios D Del Casale Antonio Aromatario Maria Rosaria Pomara Cristoforo Girardi Paolo Sani Gabriele 2015 Anabolic androgenic steroid use and psychopathology in athletes A systematic review Current Neuropharmacology 13 1 101 121 doi 10 2174 1570159X13666141210222725 ISSN 1570 159X PMC 4462035 PMID 26074746 High doses of AASs can lead to serious physical and psychological complications such as hypertension atherosclerosis myocardial hypertrophy and infarction abnormal blood clotting hepatotoxicity and hepatic tumors tendon damage reduced libido and psychiatric behavioral symptoms like aggressiveness and irritability Hauger Lisa E Westlye Lars T Fjell Anders M Walhovd Kristine B Bjornebekk Astrid 2019 Structural brain characteristics of anabolic androgenic steroid dependence in men Addiction 114 8 1405 1415 doi 10 1111 add 14629 ISSN 1360 0443 PMC 6767448 PMID 30955206 AAS users who fulfilled the criteria for AAS dependence had significantly thinner cortex in frontal temporal parietal occipital and pre frontal regions compared to non dependent users SANTOS JOAO PEDRO BELCHIOR LACERDA FRANCIELLY BAETA OLIVEIRA LEANDRO ALMEIDA DE FIALHO BRENDA BORCARD ASSUNCAO ISADORA NOGUEIRA SANTANA MARCOS GONCALVES GOMIDES LINDISLEY FERREIRA CUPERTINO MARLI DO CARMO 2020 NEUROLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABUSIVE USE OF ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS PDF Brazilian Journal of Surgery and Clinical Research BJSCR 32 2 52 58 eISSN 2317 4404 via BJSCR As a result it was observed that at NS these stimulants actuate through a complex signaling systems that include the neuroendocrine alteration of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis modification of neurotransmitters and their receptors as well as the induction of neuronal death by apoptosis in several pathways Koutsoklenis Athanasios Honkasilta Juho 10 January 2023 ADHD in the DSM 5 TR What has changed and what has not Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 doi 10 3389 fpsyt 2022 1064141 ISSN 1664 0640 PMC 9871920 PMID 36704731 ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing levels of inattention disorganization and or hyperactivity impulsivity Inattention and disorganization entail inability to stay on task seeming not to listen and losing materials necessary for tasks at levels that are inconsistent with age or developmental level Ashinoff Brandon K Abu Akel Ahmad 1 February 2021 Hyperfocus the forgotten frontier of attention Psychological Research 85 1 1 19 doi 10 1007 s00426 019 01245 8 ISSN 1430 2772 PMC 7851038 PMID 31541305 Ozel Kizil et al 2013 also see Ozel Kizil et al 2014 defined hyperfocusing as being characterized by intensive concentration on interesting and non routine activities accompanied by temporarily diminished perception of the environment Can ADHD Cause Mood Swings Psych Central 12 August 2022 Retrieved 27 July 2023 ADHD induced mood shifts may be a result of being distracted comorbid conditions like depression or bipolar disorder or a side effect of certain medications McDonagh Tracey Travers Aine Bramham Jessica 3 July 2019 Do Neuropsychological Deficits Predict Anger Dysregulation in Adults with ADHD International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 18 3 200 211 doi 10 1080 14999013 2018 1508095 ISSN 1499 9013 S2CID 149490018 Shifting attention was more significantly associated with trait anger and anger out than response inhibition which was significantly related to anger control Arnsten Amy F T 2009 ADHD and the Prefrontal Cortex The Journal of Pediatrics 154 5 I S43 doi 10 1016 j jpeds 2009 01 018 PMC 2894421 PMID 20596295 Studies have found that ADHD is associated with weaker function and structure of prefrontal cortex PFC circuits especially in the right hemisphere Itami Shouichi Uno Hiroyuki 20 December 2002 Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder revealed by reversal and extinction tasks NeuroReport 13 18 2453 2457 doi 10 1097 00001756 200212200 00016 ISSN 0959 4965 PMID 12499848 S2CID 23189353 ADHD subjects indeed showed a performance deficit in the tasks supporting OFC dysfunction in ADHD Furthermore a discriminat analysis using the task performance variables correctly classified 89 7 of the participants among ADHD patients and normal controls Perlov Evgeniy Philipsen Alexandra Tebartz van Elst Ludger Ebert Dieter Henning Juergen Maier Simon Bubl Emanuel Hesslinger Bernd 2008 Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Journal of Psychiatry amp Neuroscience 33 6 509 515 ISSN 1488 2434 PMC 2575764 PMID 18982173 We conclude that the findings of interest i e hippocampus enlargement and amygdala volume loss are not very stable across different samples of patients with ADHD and that the different and contradictory findings may be related to the different locations of alterations along the complex circuits responsible for the different symptoms of ADHD Arnsten Amy P T 1 May 2009 The Emerging Neurobiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder The Key Role of the Prefrontal Association Cortex Journal of Pediatrics 154 5 I S43 doi 10 1016 j jpeds 2009 01 018 PMC 2894421 PMID 20596295 The prefrontal association cortex plays a crucial role in regulating attention behavior and emotion with the right hemisphere specialized for behavioral inhibition Hodges Holly Fealko Casey Soares Neelkamal 2020 Autism spectrum disorder definition epidemiology causes and clinical evaluation Translational Pediatrics 9 S1 S55 S65 doi 10 21037 tp 2019 09 09 ISSN 2224 4336 PMC 7082249 PMID 32206584 Table 1 Changes in ASD criteria from the DSM IV to DSM 5 MacLennan K O Brien S Tavassoli T 2022 In Our Own Words The Complex Sensory Experiences of Autistic Adults Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 52 7 3061 3075 doi 10 1007 s10803 021 05186 3 ISSN 0162 3257 PMC 9213348 PMID 34255236 Difficulties with sensory input was described to impact mood causing stress and agitation Green Shulamite A Hernandez Leanna Tottenham Nim Krasileva Kate Bookheimer Susan Y Dapretto Mirella 2015 Neurobiology of Sensory Overresponsivity in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders JAMA Psychiatry 72 8 778 786 doi 10 1001 jamapsychiatry 2015 0737 ISSN 2168 6238 PMC 4861140 PMID 26061819 The authors found that youth with ASDs had overactivation in limbic areas primary sensory cortices and orbitofrontal cortex OFC compared with typically developing TD control subjects in response to mildly aversive visual and auditory stimuli amp Finally Green et al10 found that SOR symptoms correlated with hyperactivity in the amygdala and OFC Ibrahim Karim Eilbott Jeffrey A Ventola Pamela He George Pelphrey Kevin A McCarthy Gregory Sukhodolsky Denis G 2019 Reduced Amygdala Prefrontal Functional Connectivity in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co occurring Disruptive Behavior Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 4 12 1031 1041 doi 10 1016 j bpsc 2019 01 009 ISSN 2451 9022 PMC 7173634 PMID 30979647 Children with ASD and disruptive behavior showed reduced amygdala vlPFC connectivity compared with children with ASD without disruptive behavior Fonagy Peter Luyten Patrick Allison Elizabeth Campbell Chloe 2017 What we have changed our minds about Part 1 Borderline personality disorder as a limitation of resilience Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 4 1 11 doi 10 1186 s40479 017 0061 9 ISSN 2051 6673 PMC 5389119 PMID 28413687 In BPD the appraisal mechanisms are at fault in large part because of mentalizing difficulties e g in the mistaken appraisal of threat at the moment of its presentation or a breakdown in epistemic trust which damages the capacity to relearn different ways of mentalizing or appraising situations i e the inability to change our understanding of the threat after the event Chapman Jennifer Jamil Radia T Fleisher Carl 25 October 2022 Borderline Personality Disorder StatPearls Internet StatPearls Publishing PMID 28613633 retrieved 7 August 2023 There are many theories about the development of borderline personality disorder In the mentalizing model of Peter Fonagy and Anthony Bateman borderline personality disorder is the result of a lack of resilience against psychological stressors In this framework Fonagy and Bateman define resilience as the ability to generate adaptive re appraisal of negative events or stressors Lazarus Sophie A Choukas Bradley Sophia Beeney Joseph E Byrd Amy L Vine Vera Stepp Stephanie D 2019 Too Much Too Soon Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Romantic Relationships in Adolescent Girls Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 47 12 1995 2005 doi 10 1007 s10802 019 00570 1 ISSN 1573 2835 PMC 7045362 PMID 31240430 Core symptoms that comprise the disorder are often explicitly interpersonal in nature e g tumultuous romantic relationships and frantic efforts to avoid abandonment or are expressed in reaction to interpersonal stressors e g affective instability paranoid ideation suicidal behavior Nicol Katie Pope Merrick Sprengelmeyer Reiner Young Andrew W Hall Jeremy 6 November 2013 Social Judgement in Borderline Personality Disorder PLOS ONE 8 11 e73440 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 873440N doi 10 1371 journal pone 0073440 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3819347 PMID 24223110 Individuals with a diagnosis of BPD have difficulty making appropriate social judgements about others from their faces Judging more faces as unapproachable and untrustworthy indicates that this group may have a heightened sensitivity to perceiving potential threat and this should be considered in clinical management and treatment Balsis Steve Loehle Conger Evan Busch Alexander J Ungredda Tatiana Oltmanns Thomas F 2018 Self and informant report across the borderline personality disorder spectrum Personality Disorders 9 5 429 436 doi 10 1037 per0000259 ISSN 1949 2723 PMC 6082732 PMID 28857585 Individuals with BPD features often have distorted cognitions Specifically they often make simplified judgments about people and situations Carpenter Ryan W Trull Timothy J 2013 Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder a review Current Psychiatry Reports 15 1 335 doi 10 1007 s11920 012 0335 2 ISSN 1535 1645 PMC 3973423 PMID 23250816 Following Linehan s biosocial model we conceptualize emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder BPD as consisting of four components emotion sensitivity heightened and labile negative affect a deficit of appropriate regulation strategies and a surplus of maladaptive regulation strategies Salgo Ella Szeghalmi Liliana Bajzat Bettina Beran Eszter Unoka Zsolt 17 March 2021 Emotion regulation mindfulness and self compassion among patients with borderline personality disorder compared to healthy control subjects PLOS ONE 16 3 e0248409 Bibcode 2021PLoSO 1648409S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0248409 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 7968662 PMID 33730065 In comparison to a healthy control group BPD patients show deficits in the following areas mindfulness self compassion and adaptive emotion regulation strategies Dixon Gordon Katherine L Peters Jessica R Fertuck Eric A Yen Shirley 2017 Emotional Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder An Update for Clinical Practice Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 27 4 425 438 doi 10 1037 int0000044 ISSN 1053 0479 PMC 5842953 PMID 29527105 BPD features are also associated with self criticism thought suppression avoidance and alcohol use as strategies for regulating emotions Aldao amp Dixon Gordon 2014 Murray Clara V Jacobs Juno Irma Louise Rock Adam J Clark Gavin I 2021 Attachment style thought suppression self compassion and depression Testing a serial mediation model PLOS ONE 16 1 e0245056 Bibcode 2021PLoSO 1645056M doi 10 1371 journal pone 0245056 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 7808589 PMID 33444358 Studies of the general population indicate that attempts to suppress thoughts typically result in a heightened accessibility of suppressed thoughts e g a rebound effect together with increases in emotional and physiological arousal 27 a b Lanctot Krista L Amatniek Joan Ancoli Israel Sonia Arnold Steven E Ballard Clive Cohen Mansfield Jiska Ismail Zahinoor Lyketsos Constantine Miller David S Musiek Erik Osorio Ricardo S Rosenberg Paul B Satlin Andrew Steffens David Tariot Pierre 2017 Neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms of Alzheimer s disease New treatment paradigms Alzheimer s amp Dementia Translational Research amp Clinical Interventions 3 3 440 449 doi 10 1016 j trci 2017 07 001 PMC 5651439 PMID 29067350 NPSs based on neurobiological dimensions and behaviors rather than clinical syndromes grouping them into five domains 1 negative valence 2 positive valence 3 cognitive systems 4 processes for social systems and 5 arousal or regulatory systems 13 Yet here too there is tremendous overlap For example impairment of cognitive systems may manifest in delusions hallucinations agitation aggression depression or dysphoria anxiety elation or euphoria apathy disinhibition irritability motor disturbance sleep disorder appetite disorder aberrant vocalization and ruminative repetitive and somatoform behaviors Sjodahl Hammarlund C Westergren A Astrom I Edberg A K amp Hagell P 2018 The Impact of Living with Parkinson s Disease Balancing within a Web of Needs and Demands Parkinson s disease 2018 4598651 https doi org 10 1155 2018 4598651 PMCID PMC6087577 PMID 30151098 Psychological symptoms and mood swings were intertwined with cognitive and physical problems adding to the struggle of managing the demands of everyday life The participants felt depressed low spirited and were worried about the future Some held dark and destructive thoughts and considered intentionally ending their lives In a previous study suicidal and death ideation was present among one third of persons with PD 25 Jauhar S amp Ritchie S 2010 Psychiatric and behavioural manifestations of Huntington s disease Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 16 3 168 175 doi 10 1192 apt bp 107 005371 Cognitive deficits combined with neuropsychiatric symptoms often cause the greatest difficulties in behaviour for example anergia lack of initiative blunted affect egocentricity constant demands irritation and threatening behaviour a b De la Casa Fages Beatriz Grandas Francisco 2011 Dopamine dysregulation syndrome and deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson s disease Neurology Research International 2011 759895 doi 10 1155 2011 759895 ISSN 2090 1860 PMC 3216377 PMID 22135744 d impairment in social or occupational functioning fights violent behaviour loss of friends absence from work loss of job legal difficulties arguments or difficulties with family e development of hypomaniac maniac or cyclothymic affective syndrome in relation to DRT f development of a withdrawal state characterized by dysphoria depression irritability and anxiety on reducing the level of DRT g duration of disturbance of at least 6 months amp Patients with DDS develop an addictive pattern of DRT use self administering doses of dopaminergic drugs in excess of those required to control their motor symptoms Drew Daniel S Muhammed Kinan Baig Fahd Kelly Mark Saleh Youssuf Sarangmat Nagaraja Okai David Hu Michele Manohar Sanjay Husain Masud 1 August 2020 Dopamine and reward hypersensitivity in Parkinson s disease with impulse control disorder Brain 143 8 2502 2518 doi 10 1093 brain awaa198 ISSN 0006 8950 PMC 7447523 PMID 32761061 However the findings argue against a simple relationship between dopamine level and reward sensitivity Many PD ICD patients were also found to experience behavioural apathy and impulsivity comorbidly suggesting that aberrant reward sensitivity is just one component of a dysfunctional system which may incorporate functional changes in other neurotransmitter systems a b Chauhan Pradip Philip Shalom Elsy Chauhan Girish Mehra Simmi Mehra S 2 April 2022 The Anatomical Basis of Seizures Epilepsy pp 15 23 doi 10 36255 exon publications epilepsy anatomical basis ISBN 9780645332049 PMID 35605083 Hyperexcitability of neurons and hypersynchrony of neural networks are the hallmarks of seizures amp Seizures have been known to cause abnormal neurogenesis in the hippocampus and form faulty circuits that disrupt its function 11 Heilman Kenneth M 2021 Emotion and mood disorders associated with epilepsy Disorders of Emotion in Neurologic Disease Handbook of Clinical Neurology vol 183 Elsevier pp 169 173 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 822290 4 00008 6 ISBN 978 0 12 822290 4 PMID 34389116 S2CID 237009046 retrieved 28 July 2023 Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures Epilepsy can alter mood and emotions Treatments for epilepsy can also alter mood and emotions Salpekar Jay 2016 Mood Disorders in Epilepsy FOCUS 14 4 465 472 doi 10 1176 appi focus 20160017 ISSN 1541 4094 PMC 6519597 PMID 31975826 Mood disorder may represent the most common and likely the most worrisome psychiatric manifestation associated with epilepsy Depression is frequently associated although anxiety and bipolar disorder may also co occur with epilepsy Hage Mirella P Azar Sami T 14 December 2011 The Link between Thyroid Function and Depression Journal of Thyroid Research 2012 e590648 doi 10 1155 2012 590648 ISSN 2090 8067 PMC 3246784 PMID 22220285 Today it is well recognized that disturbances in thyroid function may significantly affect mental status including emotion and cognition Both excess and insufficient thyroid hormones can cause mood abnormalities including depression Kus Aleksander Kjaergaard Alisa D Marouli Eirini Del Greco M Fabiola Sterenborg Rosalie B T M Chaker Layal Peeters Robin P Bednarczuk Tomasz Asvold Bjorn O Burgess Stephen Deloukas Panos Teumer Alexander Ellervik Christina Medici Marco 2021 Thyroid Function and Mood Disorders A Mendelian Randomization Study Thyroid 31 8 1171 1181 doi 10 1089 thy 2020 0884 ISSN 1050 7256 PMC 7612998 PMID 33899528 Variations in normal range TSH and FT4 levels have no effects on the risk of MDD and its subtypes and neither on minor depressive symptoms This indicates that depressive symptoms should not be attributed to minor variations in thyroid function Coccaro Emil F 2018 DSM 5 intermittent explosive disorder Relationship with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Comprehensive Psychiatry 84 118 121 doi 10 1016 j comppsych 2018 04 011 ISSN 0010 440X PMID 29753187 S2CID 21679528 These data indicate that inter outburst anger in those with IED is relatively brief and that such individuals do not generally display the kind of persistent anger that is a diagnostic feature of DMDD Scott K M de Vries Y A Aguilar Gaxiola S Al Hamzawi A Alonso J Bromet E J Bunting B Caldas de Almeida J M Cia A Florescu S Gureje O Hu C Y Karam E G Karam A Kawakami N 23 June 2020 Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population association with comorbidity impairment and suicidality Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 29 e138 doi 10 1017 S2045796020000517 ISSN 2045 7979 PMC 7327434 PMID 32638683 A prominent bimodal conceptualisation of aggression classifies it as either i spontaneous referred to as reactive or impulsive aggression or ii planned referred to as proactive premediated or instrumental aggression Babcock et al 2014 Wrangham 2018 amp DSM 5 is the occurrence of repeated episodes of impulsive aggression resulting in verbal or physical assaults or property destruction amp DSM IV criterion B for IED requires that the aggressiveness is grossly out of proportion to any precipitating psychosocial stressor Tilghman Osborne Carlos Cole David A Felton Julia W Ciesla Jeffrey A October 2008 Relation of Guilt Shame Behavioral and Characterological Self Blame to Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Over Time Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 27 8 809 842 doi 10 1521 jscp 2008 27 8 809 ISSN 0736 7236 PMC 4238306 PMID 25419043 Results suggest that shame and CSB converge into a common construct significantly related to depressive symptoms and cognitions Convergence of guilt and BSB however was limited to particular pairs of measures Seok Ji Woo Cheong Chaejoon 20 May 2020 Gray Matter Deficits and Dysfunction in the Insula Among Individuals With Intermittent Explosive Disorder Frontiers in Psychiatry 11 439 doi 10 3389 fpsyt 2020 00439 ISSN 1664 0640 PMC 7251158 PMID 32508687 We found hyperreactivity in brain regions involved in both emotional expression and regulation Sengupta A January 2003 The emergence of the menopause in India Climacteric 6 2 92 95 doi 10 1080 cmt 6 2 92 95 ISSN 1369 7137 PMID 12841878 S2CID 22273563 Freeman Ellen W Sammel Mary D Lin Hui Nelson Deborah B 1 April 2006 Associations of Hormones and Menopausal Status With Depressed Mood in Women With No History of Depression Archives of General Psychiatry 63 4 375 382 doi 10 1001 archpsyc 63 4 375 ISSN 0003 990X PMID 16585466 Transition to menopause and its changing hormonal milieu are strongly associated with new onset of depressed mood among women with no history of depression Hankinson S E amp Tworoger S S 2011 Assessment of the hormonal milieu IARC scientific publications 163 199 214 The hormonal milieu has been hypothesized to play a role in a range of human diseases and therefore has been a topic of much epidemiologic investigation Hormones of particular interest include sex steroids growth hormones insulin like growth factors stress hormones such as cortisol and hormones produced by the adipose tissue termed adipokines Gava Giulia Orsili Isabella Alvisi Stefania Mancini Ilaria Seracchioli Renato Meriggiola Maria Cristina 1 October 2019 Cognition Mood and Sleep in Menopausal Transition The Role of Menopause Hormone Therapy Medicina Kaunas Lithuania 55 10 668 doi 10 3390 medicina55100668 ISSN 1648 9144 PMC 6843314 PMID 31581598 Sex steroids are able to modify several functions including behavior cognition and memory sleep mood pain and coordination amongst others Li Zezhi Ruan Meihua Chen Jun Fang Yiru 13 February 2021 Major Depressive Disorder Advances in Neuroscience Research and Translational Applications Neuroscience Bulletin 37 6 863 880 doi 10 1007 s12264 021 00638 3 ISSN 1673 7067 PMC 8192601 PMID 33582959 Major depressive disorder MDD also referred to as depression is one of the most severe and common psychiatric disorders across the world It is characterized by persistent sadness loss of interest or pleasure low energy worse appetite and sleep and even suicide disrupting daily activities and psychosocial functions Benazzi Franco 30 June 2006 Various forms of depression Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 8 2 151 161 doi 10 31887 dcns 2006 8 2 fbenazzi ISSN 1958 5969 PMC 3181770 PMID 16889102 The most common DSM IV TR manic hypomanic symptoms of mixed depression are irritability mental overactivity flight of ideas racing thoughts crowded thoughts and behavioral overactivity psychomotor agitation overtalkativeness Different frequencies of mixed depression have been reported which may be related to treated versus untreated samples Busch Fredric N July 2009 Anger and depression Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 15 4 271 278 doi 10 1192 apt bp 107 004937 ISSN 1355 5146 Anger in people with depression often stems from narcissistic vulnerability a sensitivity to perceived or actual loss or rejection These angry reactions cause intrapsychic conflicts through the onset of guilt and the fear that angry feelings will disrupt relationships Soomro G Mustafa 18 January 2012 Obsessive compulsive disorder BMJ Clinical Evidence 2012 1004 ISSN 1752 8526 PMC 3285220 PMID 22305974 Obsessive compulsive disorder OCD involves obsessions compulsions or both that are not caused by drugs or by a physical disorder and which cause significant personal distress or social dysfunction Bowen Rudy Rahman Hiba Dong Lisa Yue Khalaj Sara Baetz Marilyn Peters Evyn Balbuena Lloyd 2018 Suicidality in People With Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms or Personality Traits Frontiers in Psychiatry 9 747 doi 10 3389 fpsyt 2018 00747 ISSN 1664 0640 PMC 6339952 PMID 30692943 Recurring thoughts of death and suicide 27 and aggression 28 29 are common features of OCD The most prevalent obsession was the fear of harming oneself in the DSM IV field trials of 431 patients diagnosed with OCD 30 31 Mason Katherine A 2022 Blenders Hammers and Knives Postpartum Intrusive Thoughts and Unthinkable Motherhood Anthropology and Humanism 47 1 117 132 doi 10 1111 anhu 12379 ISSN 1548 1409 PMC 9435669 PMID 36061237 These thoughts can include horrific flashes of violence involving one s baby and frequently lead to shame and fear on the mother s part but rarely result in real world violence Mann Sukhmanjeet Kaur Marwaha Raman 2023 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder StatPearls Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing PMID 32644555 retrieved 3 August 2023 The symptoms of PTSD include persistently re experiencing the traumatic event intrusive thoughts nightmares flashbacks dissociation detachment from oneself or reality and intense negative emotional sadness guilt and physiological reaction on being exposed to the traumatic reminder amp Once people develop PTSD the recurrent unbidden reliving of the trauma in visual images emotional states or nightmares produces a constant reexposure to the terror of the trauma amp Negative alterations in mood and cognition that began or worsened after the traumatic event van der Kolk B 2000 Posttraumatic stress disorder and the nature of trauma Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2 1 7 22 doi 10 31887 DCNS 2000 2 1 bvdkolk ISSN 1294 8322 PMC 3181584 PMID 22034447 The DSM TV Field Trial8 demonstrated that it was not the prevalence of PTSD symptoms themselves but depression outbursts of anger self destructive behaviors and feelings of shame self blame and distrust that distinguished a treatment seeking Altshuler Lori L Hendrick Victoria Cohen Lee S 2000 An Update on Mood and Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2 6 217 222 doi 10 4088 pcc v02n0604 ISSN 1523 5998 PMC 181144 PMID 15014632 Marital discord stressful life events and ambivalence about the pregnancy are risk factors not only for depression during pregnancy but also for postpartum depression Theisler Charles 17 May 2022 Premenstrual Syndrome Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Adjuvant Medical Care New York CRC Press pp 288 289 doi 10 1201 b22898 286 ISBN 9781003291381 retrieved 20 September 2022 Kwan Irene Onwude Joseph Loze 25 August 2015 Premenstrual syndrome BMJ Clinical Evidence 2015 0806 ISSN 1752 8526 PMC 4548199 PMID 26303988 Psychological symptoms of PMS include irritability depression crying tearfulness and anxiety Physical symptoms of PMS include abdominal bloating breast tenderness and headaches a b Yonkers Kimberly Ann O Brien P M Shaughn Eriksson Elias 5 April 2008 Premenstrual syndrome Lancet 371 9619 1200 1210 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 08 60527 9 ISSN 1474 547X PMC 3118460 PMID 18395582 The length of symptom expression varies between a few days and 2 weeks figure 1 Symptoms often worsen substantially 6 days before and peak at about 2 days before menses start amp Such an enhanced tendency to have disphoria as a result of the effects of sex steroids on the brain might be heritable as suggested by twin studies 56 58 Other possible risk factors for PMS are high body mass index 59 stress 7 and traumatic events 60 amp various indices of serotonergic trans mission are reported to be aberrant in women with PMS 75 80 89 amp Another neurotransmitter that has been linked to PMS is the inhibitory aminoacid GABA This theory gains support from an imaging study 90 Firoozi Reihane Kafi Mousa Salehi Iraj Shirmohammadi Maryam 2012 The Relationship between Severity of Premenstrual Syndrome and Psychiatric Symptoms Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 7 1 36 40 ISSN 2008 2215 PMC 3395966 PMID 23056116 Premenstrual syndrome PMS is characterized by a cluster of mild to severe physical or emotional symptoms that mainly begin during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle Symptoms should disappear within 4 days of the onset of menses and be severe enough to interfere with normal and daily function The severe form of PMS is the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder PMDD which differs from PMS in respect to intensity of symptoms predominance of mood symptoms and the significant function impairment 1 2 3 The most common symptoms are tension irritability hostility depression anxiety mood swings sleep changes breast tenderness and abdominal bloating 4 Wy Tom Joshua P Saadabadi Abdolreza 2023 Schizoaffective Disorder StatPearls Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing PMID 31082056 retrieved 9 August 2023 Because of criteria that encompass both psychotic and mood symptoms schizoaffective disorder is easy to mistake for other mental disorders Patel Krishna R Cherian Jessica Gohil Kunj Atkinson Dylan 2014 Schizophrenia overview and treatment options P amp T A Peer Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management 39 9 638 645 ISSN 1052 1372 PMC 4159061 PMID 25210417 Schizophrenia is a complex chronic mental health disorder characterized by an array of symptoms including delusions hallucinations disorganized speech or behavior and impaired cognitive ability Upthegrove Rachel Marwaha Steven Birchwood Max 15 July 2016 Depression and Schizophrenia Cause Consequence or Trans diagnostic Issue Schizophrenia Bulletin 43 2 240 244 doi 10 1093 schbul sbw097 ISSN 0586 7614 PMC 5605248 PMID 27421793 phenomenology of depression in schizophrenia however has not often been interrogated in phenomenological terms Some of our recent evidence suggests self stigma shame difficulty in regaining trust in ones own thoughts after recovery from delusional beliefs and poor motivation are core features rather than other more biological symptoms such as early morning wakening diurnal variation in mood or loss of appetite 14 Yan Wenhua Ji Weidong Su Chen Yu Yunhan Yu Xiaoman Chen Liangliang 1 September 2021 Anger Experience and Anger Expression Through Drawing in Schizophrenia An fNIRS Study Frontiers in Psychology 12 721148 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2021 721148 ISSN 1664 1078 PMC 8441178 PMID 34539522 Studying anger is important for schizophrenia because this disease is often associated with angry and hostile behavior Volavka 1999 Maurizio Pompili M D Andrea Fiorillo M D 23 July 2015 Aggression and Impulsivity in Schizophrenia Psychiatric Times Vol 32 No 7 32 7 Although the neurobiological aspects of aggression in patients with schizophrenia are still not well understood impulsivity and aggression may correlate with frontal and temporal brain abnormalities 2 Psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations with subsequent suspiciousness and hostility may result in aggressive behavior Or aggression may be impulsive and caused by an environmental frustrating event Patients may be more aggressive and violent during acute episodes 3 Pinkham Amy E Harvey Philip D Penn David L 2016 Paranoid individuals with schizophrenia show greater social cognitive bias and worse social functioning than non paranoid individuals with schizophrenia Schizophrenia Research Cognition 3 33 38 doi 10 1016 j scog 2015 11 002 ISSN 2215 0013 PMC 5156478 PMID 27990352 Paranoia is the most commonly reported delusion among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum illnesses Bentall et al 2009 Keen Nadine George Darren Scragg Peter Peters Emmanuelle 19 January 2017 The role of shame in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia British Journal of Clinical Psychology 56 2 115 129 doi 10 1111 bjc 12125 ISSN 0144 6657 PMID 28105670 S2CID 1453778 Both the schizophrenia and depression groups exhibited higher levels of external shame or seeing others as shaming than the medical group Foster P M 2017 The Real Guide to Teenage Depression Handling Teen Depression A book about what matters most for teen boys and teen girls Amerika Serikat PatriceMFoster com Seasonal depression or seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression that affects a person every year around the same time It is almost always observed during the winter months particularly in places where it gets dark and Winkler Dietmar Pjrek Edda Konstantinidis Anastasios Praschak Rieder Nicole Willeit Matthaus Stastny Jurgen Kasper Siegfried 8 July 2005 Anger attacks in seasonal affective disorder The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 9 2 215 219 doi 10 1017 S1461145705005602 ISSN 1461 1457 PMID 16004620 SAD patients were also more likely to report a larger number of accompanying symptoms during the anger attacks suggesting that they experience the anger attacks as particularly intense Basco M R 2015 The Bipolar Workbook Tools for Controlling Your Mood Swings Amerika Serikat Guilford Publications Seasonal Mood Swings Sometimes mood swings occur at predictable times Common examples are depressions that occur during the winter months and manias that occur in the spring In this case the shifting seasons can serve as triggers for Razali Nur Atikah Mohd Daud Tuti Iryani Woon Luke Sy Cherng Mohamed Saini Suriati Muhammad Noor Azimah Sharip Shalisah 11 January 2023 Case report Bipolar disorder in 48 XXYY syndrome Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 doi 10 3389 fpsyt 2022 1080698 ISSN 1664 0640 PMC 9874087 PMID 36713919 48 XXYY is one of the most under studied and rare types of sex chromosome aneuploidies SCAs In male births 48 XXYY incidence occurs with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 18 000 40 000 1 The SCAs can influence the neurodevelopment of an individual and are associated with impairment in executive function verbal skills working memory sustained attention mental flexibility and inhibition by altering the basic differentiation process of the neurons encoding proteins and synaptic transmission 2 Tartaglia Nicole Davis Shanlee Hench Alison Nimishakavi Sheela Beauregard Renee Reynolds Ann Fenton Laura Albrecht Lindsey Ross Judith Visootsak Jeannie Hansen Robin Hagerman Randi 15 June 2008 A new look at XXYY syndrome medical and psychological features American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 146A 12 1509 1522 doi 10 1002 ajmg a 32366 ISSN 1552 4833 PMC 3056496 PMID 18481271 Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms including hyperactivity attention problems impulsivity aggression mood instability and autistic like behaviors have also been described Schlegel et al 1965 Sorensen et al 1978 Fryns et al 1995 Hagerman 1999 Sekhon Sandeep Gupta Vikas 2023 Mood Disorder StatPearls Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing PMID 32644337 retrieved 13 August 2023 Neurotransmitters that play an important function in mood disorders are serotonin and amp Stressful life changes death of significant other parents siblings etc traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life Peterson Christopher Park Nansook Seligman Martin E P 2006 Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness The Journal of Positive Psychology 1 1 17 26 doi 10 1080 17439760500372739 ISSN 1743 9760 S2CID 143660204 A retrospective web based study of 2087 adults found small but reliable associations between a history of physical illness and the character strengths of appreciation of beauty bravery curiosity fairness forgiveness gratitude humor kindness love of learning and spirituality Crowe Marie 2017 Recovery and mood disorders Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 24 8 561 562 doi 10 1111 jpm 12418 PMID 28802085 Personal recovery involves developing the skills to live well and is a very individual process that the consumer can undertake on their own with peers and family or through disorder specific psychotherapies Personal recovery can be contrasted with clinical and functional recovery and refers to the process of individual psychological adaptation to the disorder rather than the reduction of psychiatric symptoms relapse prevention and addressing functional impairment Tse et al 2014 Chan Kevin Ka Shing Yip Charles Chiu Hung Tsui Jack Ka Chun 27 February 2023 Self Compassion Mediates the Impact of Family Support on Clinical and Personal Recovery Among People with Mental Illness Mindfulness 14 3 720 731 doi 10 1007 s12671 023 02088 6 ISSN 1868 8527 S2CID 257243921 Our findings indicate that people with mental illness who receive greater support from the family are better able to have self caring attitudes They may also have more positive experiences and perceptions of recovery and attain greater levels of life satisfaction and enjoyment Concerto Carmen Rodolico Alessandro Mineo Ludovico Ciancio Alessia Marano Leonardo Romano Carla Benedicta Scavo Elisa Vita Spigarelli Riccardo Fusar Poli Laura Furnari Rosaria Petralia Antonino Signorelli Maria Salvina 16 June 2023 Exploring Personal Recovery in Schizophrenia The Role of Mentalization Journal of Clinical Medicine 12 12 4090 doi 10 3390 jcm12124090 ISSN 2077 0383 PMC 10299717 PMID 37373783 It encompasses various elements such as spirituality empowerment embracing the illness actively finding hope restoring a positive identity creating meaning in life combating stigma taking charge of one s own life and cultivating supportive relationships 4 PR concerns the individuals perceived capacity to manage mental illness their sense of purpose and their confidence in their ability to lead a fulfilling life irrespective of the disorder s severity 5 O Keeffe Donal Sheridan Ann Kelly Aine Doyle Roisin Madigan Kevin Lawlor Elizabeth Clarke Mary 18 June 2021 A qualitative study exploring personal recovery meaning and the potential influence of clinical recovery status on this meaning 20 years after a first episode psychosis Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 57 3 473 483 doi 10 1007 s00127 021 02121 w ISSN 0933 7954 PMC 8934321 PMID 34143247 For many recovery is their preferred term to describe the continuing experience of living with managing or overcoming mental health difficulties 5 Gilbert Paul 1999 Overcoming Depression Basic Books p 63 ISBN 978 0 465 01508 5 Goleman pp 73 4 Terence Real 1997 I Don t Want to Talk About It Newleaf p 279 ISBN 978 0717127108 ASIN 0717127109 Elfrey Mary Kate Ziegelstein Roy C 2009 The inactivity trap General Hospital Psychiatry 31 4 303 305 doi 10 1016 j genhosppsych 2009 05 001 ISSN 1873 7714 PMC 2752478 PMID 19555788 It is the unfortunate result of the bidirectional relationship between depression and inactivity depression leads to a reduced activity level and depressive symptoms then become more severe Berlin et al Mazzucchelli Trevor G Kane Robert T Rees Clare S 2010 Behavioral activation interventions for well being A meta analysis The Journal of Positive Psychology 5 2 105 121 doi 10 1080 17439760903569154 ISSN 1743 9760 PMC 2882847 PMID 20539837 By intentional activity the authors meant discrete actions or practices that individuals must choose to engage in and that require some effort to enact This might include adopting new behaviors such as an exercise program changing one s cognitive attitudes or practices such as practicing forgiveness or volitional activity such as pursuing personal goals Vidal Ribas Pablo Brotman Melissa A Valdivieso Isabel Leibenluft Ellen Stringaris Argyris 2016 The Status of Irritability in Psychiatry A Conceptual and Quantitative Review Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 55 7 556 570 doi 10 1016 j jaac 2016 04 014 ISSN 1527 5418 PMC 4927461 PMID 27343883 Irritability describes proneness to anger Irritability is a mood in the sense that young people can remain in states of proneness to anger for very long times and sometimes for no apparent reason as discussed below irritability shares a negative valence with anxiety and depression but denotes approach and is therefore linked to elation in mania Elices Matilde Soler Joaquim Feliu Soler Albert Carmona Cristina Tiana Thais Pascual Juan C Garcia Palacios Azucena Alvarez Enric 2017 Combining emotion regulation and mindfulness skills for preventing depression relapse a randomized controlled study Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation 4 1 13 doi 10 1186 s40479 017 0064 6 ISSN 2051 6673 PMC 5497384 PMID 28690851 The first session provided an overview of the training goals and an explanation of the differences between the three states of mind i e emotional mind rational mind and wise mind In DBT ER skills training is oriented to encouraging behavioral activation BA by training patients in opposite action OA to depressive symptoms Frazier Savannah N Vela Jamie 2014 Dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of anger and aggressive behavior A review Aggression and Violent Behavior 19 2 156 163 doi 10 1016 j avb 2014 02 001 ISSN 1359 1789 DBT was designed to treat emotional dysregulation i e mood disturbance affective liability uncontrolled anger and the behavioral difficulties amp Research has shown that there are potentially clinically significant results when using DBT to treat anger and aggression in various samples Findings from this review suggest that treatments even when modified show a positive impact on the reduction of anger and aggressive behaviors Jones Brett D M Umer Madeha Kittur Mary E Finkelstein Ofer Xue Siqi Dimick Mikaela K Ortiz Abigail Goldstein Benjamin I Mulsant Benoit H Husain Muhammad I 5 February 2023 A systematic review on the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy for improving mood symptoms in bipolar disorders International Journal of Bipolar Disorders 11 1 6 doi 10 1186 s40345 023 00288 6 ISSN 2194 7511 PMC 9899872 PMID 36739574 While they also experienced more improvement in depressive symptoms and in their ability to control emotional states the difference between the two groups did not reach statistical significance Renna Megan E Fresco David M Mennin Douglas S 2020 Emotion Regulation Therapy and Its Potential Role in the Treatment of Chronic Stress Related Pathology Across Disorders Chronic Stress Thousand Oaks Calif 4 2470547020905787 doi 10 1177 2470547020905787 ISSN 2470 5470 PMC 7219947 PMID 32440604 first phase of treatment focusing on increasing momentary clarity of motivational responses during emotional episodes and the cultivation of mindful emotion regulation skills with the goal of promoting counteractive responding to intense emotional experiences Skills are presented in a specific order focusing on less cognitively elaborative skills e g attention regulation skills followed by more cognitively elaborative skills e g metacognitive regulation skills Frank Ellen Swartz Holly A Kupfer David J 15 September 2000 Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy managing the chaos of bipolar disorder Biological Psychiatry 48 6 593 604 doi 10 1016 S0006 3223 00 00969 0 ISSN 0006 3223 PMID 11018230 S2CID 7926489 Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy is a manual based psychotherapy E Frank et al unpublished data 1999 focusing on 1 the link between mood and life events 2 the importance of maintaining regular daily rhythms as elucidated by the SRM 3 the identification and management of potential precipitants of rhythm dysregulation with special attention to interpersonal triggers 4 Boland Elaine M Bender Rachel E Alloy Lauren B Conner Bradley T Labelle Denise R Abramson Lyn Y 2012 Life events and social rhythms in bipolar spectrum disorders an examination of social rhythm sensitivity Journal of Affective Disorders 139 3 264 272 doi 10 1016 j jad 2012 01 038 ISSN 1573 2517 PMC 3368102 PMID 22381951 Shen Alloy Abramson and Sylvia provided further evidence of social rhythm irregularities in bipolar spectrum disorder 2008 In a sample of 414 undergraduates those diagnosed with either cyclothymia or bipolar II disorder reported significantly fewer regular activities than normal controls Bullock Ben Judd Fiona Murray Greg 2011 Social rhythms and vulnerability to bipolar disorder Journal of Affective Disorders 135 1 3 384 388 doi 10 1016 j jad 2011 06 006 ISSN 0165 0327 PMID 21708409 As well as being strongly associated with the clinical manifestation of BD reduced social rhythmicity has also been demonstrated in some populations with increased risk for BD Murray Greg Gottlieb John Swartz Holly A 2021 Maintaining Daily Routines to Stabilize Mood Theory Data and Potential Intervention for Circadian Consequences of COVID 19 Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 66 1 9 13 doi 10 1177 0706743720957825 ISSN 1497 0015 PMC 7890582 PMID 32909832 More than 30 years ago it was observed that major life events associated with mood disorder divorce loss of job life transitions are not just psychologically challenging but also cause significant change to daily routines 10 Unemployment for example may be associated not just with challenges to self esteem but also with less regular bed wake and mealtimes This instability of daily routines in turn may have circadian impact through weakened zeitgeber information Bai Zhenggang Luo Shiga Zhang Luyao Wu Sijie Chi Iris 2020 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT to reduce depression A systematic review and meta analysis Journal of Affective Disorders 260 728 737 doi 10 1016 j jad 2019 09 040 ISSN 0165 0327 PMID 31563072 S2CID 203466750 To foster psychological flexibility according to Gregoire et al 2017 ACT relies on six interrelated and overlapping processes acceptance i e willingness to open fully to unwanted experiences such as difficult thoughts memories or emotions contact with the present moment i e being mindful and aware of one s experiences self as context i e maintaining perspective about oneself within one s experiences cognitive defusion i e being able to step back from unwanted experiences without getting stuck in them committed action i e engaging in actions that move toward important aspects of life and values i e staying connected to personal values or areas of life that are important Further reading editRonald R Fieve Moodswing 1989 Susanne P Schad Somers On mood swings 1990 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Mood swing Understanding mood swings Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mood swing amp oldid 1221838368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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