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Endocrine disease

February 16, 2024

Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system. The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology.

Endocrine diseases
Other namesEndocrinopathy
Major endocrine glands. (Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Testes
SpecialtyEndocrinology

Types of disease edit

Broadly speaking, endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups:[1]

  1. Endocrine gland hypofunction/hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency)
  2. Endocrine gland hyperfunction/hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess)
  3. Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands

Endocrine disorders are often quite complex, involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system. For example, most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone.[2]

List of diseases edit

Glucose homeostasis disorders edit

Thyroid disorders edit

Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease edit

Pituitary gland disorders edit

Posterior pituitary edit

Anterior pituitary edit

Adrenal gland disorders edit

Sex hormone disorders edit

Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere edit

 
Multiple endocrine neoplasia types.

See also separate organs edit

Endocrine emergencies edit

In endocrinology, medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemic coma, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, phaeochromocytoma crisis, hypercalcemic crisis, thyroid storm, myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy.[7]

Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient's state, however the surgical risks are significant, especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection (due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium, which must be compensated with gradual normalization).[8][9] It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient, notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols.[10][11][12]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Endocrine Disorders". webmd.
  2. ^ "Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism: Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland". endocrineweb.
  3. ^ D'Souza, Donna M.; Al-Sajee, Dhuha; Hawke, Thomas J. (2013-12-20). "Diabetic myopathy: impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells". Frontiers in Physiology. 4: 379. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00379. ISSN 1664-042X. PMC 3868943. PMID 24391596.
  4. ^ Sharma, Vikas; Borah, Papori; Basumatary, Lakshya J.; Das, Marami; Goswami, Munindra; Kayal, Ashok K. (July 2014). "Myopathies of endocrine disorders: A prospective clinical and biochemical study". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 17 (3): 298–302. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.138505. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 4162016. PMID 25221399.
  5. ^ Fariduddin, Maria M.; Bansal, Nidhi (2023), "Hypothyroid Myopathy", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30137798, retrieved 2023-08-25
  6. ^ a b c d Rodolico, Carmelo; Bonanno, Carmen; Pugliese, Alessia; Nicocia, Giulia; Benvenga, Salvatore; Toscano, Antonio (September 2020). "Endocrine myopathies: clinical and histopathological features of the major forms". Acta Myologica: Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies. 39 (3): 130–135. doi:10.36185/2532-1900-017. ISSN 2532-1900. PMC 7711326. PMID 33305169.
  7. ^ Savage, M W; P Mah; A Weetman; J Newell-Price (1 September 2004). "Endocrine emergencies". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80 (947): 506–515. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2003.013474. PMC 1743094. PMID 15356351.
  8. ^ Brouwers, FM; Eisenhofer, G; Lenders, JW; Pacak, K (December 2006). "Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, or ganglioneuroma". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 35 (4): 699–724, viii. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.014. PMID 17127142.
  9. ^ Tahim, AS; Saunders, J; Sinha, P (2010). "A parathyroid adenoma: benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis". Case Reports in Medicine. 2010: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2010/596185. PMC 3014839. PMID 21209735.
  10. ^ Newell, KA; Prinz, RA; Pickleman, J; Braithwaite, S; Brooks, M; Karson, TH; Glisson, S (August 1988). "Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. A surgical emergency". Archives of Surgery. 123 (8): 956–9. doi:10.1001/archsurg.1988.01400320042007. PMID 2899426.
  11. ^ Scholten, A.; Cisco, R. M.; Vriens, M. R.; Cohen, J. K.; Mitmaker, E. J.; Liu, C.; Tyrrell, J. B.; Shen, W. T.; Duh, Q.-Y. (2 January 2013). "Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 581–591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020. PMID 23284003.
  12. ^ Phitayakorn, R; McHenry, CR (June 2008). "Hyperparathyroid crisis: use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy". Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 206 (3): 1106–15. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.010. PMID 18501807.

External links edit

February 16, 2024
endocrine, disease, disorders, endocrine, system, branch, medicine, associated, with, endocrine, disorders, known, endocrinology, sother, namesendocrinopathymajor, endocrine, glands, male, left, female, right, pineal, gland, pituitary, gland, thyroid, gland, t. Endocrine diseases are disorders of the endocrine system The branch of medicine associated with endocrine disorders is known as endocrinology Endocrine diseasesOther namesEndocrinopathyMajor endocrine glands Male left female on the right 1 Pineal gland 2 Pituitary gland 3 Thyroid gland 4 Thymus 5 Adrenal gland 6 Pancreas 7 Ovary 8 TestesSpecialtyEndocrinology Contents 1 Types of disease 2 List of diseases 2 1 Glucose homeostasis disorders 2 2 Thyroid disorders 2 3 Calcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease 2 4 Pituitary gland disorders 2 4 1 Posterior pituitary 2 4 2 Anterior pituitary 2 5 Adrenal gland disorders 2 6 Sex hormone disorders 2 7 Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere 2 8 See also separate organs 3 Endocrine emergencies 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksTypes of disease editBroadly speaking endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups 1 Endocrine gland hypofunction hyposecretion leading to hormone deficiency Endocrine gland hyperfunction hypersecretion leading to hormone excess Tumours benign or malignant of endocrine glandsEndocrine disorders are often quite complex involving a mixed picture of hyposecretion and hypersecretion because of the feedback mechanisms involved in the endocrine system For example most forms of hyperthyroidism are associated with an excess of thyroid hormone and a low level of thyroid stimulating hormone 2 List of diseases editGlucose homeostasis disorders edit Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Gestational Diabetes Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young Diabetic myopathy 3 4 Hypoglycemia Idiopathic hypoglycemia Insulinoma GlucagonomaThyroid disorders edit Goitre Hyperthyroidism Graves Basedow disease Toxic multinodular goitre Thyrotoxic myopathy Hypothyroidism Hypothyroid myopathies 5 Kocher Debre Semelaigne syndrome Hoffmann syndrome Myasthenic syndrome Atrophic form Thyroiditis Hashimoto s thyroiditis Thyroid cancer Thyroid hormone resistanceCalcium homeostasis disorders and Metabolic bone disease edit Parathyroid gland disorders Hyperparathyroidism Primary hyperparathyroidism Secondary hyperparathyroidism Tertiary hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroid myopathy 6 Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Hypoparathyroid myopathy 6 Osteoporosis Osteitis deformans Paget s disease of bone Rickets OsteomalaciaPituitary gland disorders edit Posterior pituitary edit Diabetes insipidus Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone SIADH Anterior pituitary edit Hypopituitarism or Panhypopituitarism Pituitary tumors Pituitary adenomas Prolactinoma or Hyperprolactinemia Acromegaly gigantism dwarfism Cushing s diseaseAdrenal gland disorders edit Addison s disease Adrenal crisis Adrenal insufficiency Adrenal tumour Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Hypercortisolism Cushing s disease Steroid myopathy 6 Hypoaldosteronism HyperaldosteronismSex hormone disorders edit Disorders of sex development or intersex disorders Hermaphroditism Gonadal dysgenesis Androgen insensitivity syndromes Hypogonadism Gonadotropin deficiency Inherited genetic and chromosomal disorders Kallmann syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Turner syndrome Acquired disorders Ovarian failure also known as Premature Menopause Testicular failure Testosterone deficiency myopathy 6 Disorders of Puberty Delayed puberty Precocious puberty Menstrual function or fertility disorders Amenorrhea Polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS Tumours of the endocrine glands not mentioned elsewhere edit nbsp Multiple endocrine neoplasia types Multiple endocrine neoplasia MEN type 1 MEN type 2a MEN type 2b Carcinoid syndromeSee also separate organs edit Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes Incidentaloma an unexpected finding on diagnostic imaging often of endocrine glandsEndocrine emergencies editIn endocrinology medical emergencies include diabetic ketoacidosis hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state hypoglycemic coma acute adrenocortical insufficiency phaeochromocytoma crisis hypercalcemic crisis thyroid storm myxoedema coma and pituitary apoplexy 7 Emergencies arising from decompensated pheochromocytomas or parathyroid adenomas are sometimes referred for emergency resection when aggressive medical therapies fail to control the patient s state however the surgical risks are significant especially blood pressure lability and the possibility of cardiovascular collapse after resection due to a brutal drop in respectively catecholamines and calcium which must be compensated with gradual normalization 8 9 It remains debated when emergency surgery is appropriate as opposed to urgent or elective surgery after continued attempts to stabilize the patient notably in view of newer and more efficient medications and protocols 10 11 12 See also editList of MeSH codes C19 List of ICD 9 codes 240 279 Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disordersReferences edit Endocrine Disorders webmd Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism Overactivity of the Thyroid Gland endocrineweb D Souza Donna M Al Sajee Dhuha Hawke Thomas J 2013 12 20 Diabetic myopathy impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells Frontiers in Physiology 4 379 doi 10 3389 fphys 2013 00379 ISSN 1664 042X PMC 3868943 PMID 24391596 Sharma Vikas Borah Papori Basumatary Lakshya J Das Marami Goswami Munindra Kayal Ashok K July 2014 Myopathies of endocrine disorders A prospective clinical and biochemical study Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 17 3 298 302 doi 10 4103 0972 2327 138505 ISSN 0972 2327 PMC 4162016 PMID 25221399 Fariduddin Maria M Bansal Nidhi 2023 Hypothyroid Myopathy StatPearls Treasure Island FL StatPearls Publishing PMID 30137798 retrieved 2023 08 25 a b c d Rodolico Carmelo Bonanno Carmen Pugliese Alessia Nicocia Giulia Benvenga Salvatore Toscano Antonio September 2020 Endocrine myopathies clinical and histopathological features of the major forms Acta Myologica Myopathies and Cardiomyopathies 39 3 130 135 doi 10 36185 2532 1900 017 ISSN 2532 1900 PMC 7711326 PMID 33305169 Savage M W P Mah A Weetman J Newell Price 1 September 2004 Endocrine emergencies Postgraduate Medical Journal 80 947 506 515 doi 10 1136 pgmj 2003 013474 PMC 1743094 PMID 15356351 Brouwers FM Eisenhofer G Lenders JW Pacak K December 2006 Emergencies caused by pheochromocytoma neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroma Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 35 4 699 724 viii doi 10 1016 j ecl 2006 09 014 PMID 17127142 Tahim AS Saunders J Sinha P 2010 A parathyroid adenoma benign disease presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis Case Reports in Medicine 2010 1 4 doi 10 1155 2010 596185 PMC 3014839 PMID 21209735 Newell KA Prinz RA Pickleman J Braithwaite S Brooks M Karson TH Glisson S August 1988 Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis A surgical emergency Archives of Surgery 123 8 956 9 doi 10 1001 archsurg 1988 01400320042007 PMID 2899426 Scholten A Cisco R M Vriens M R Cohen J K Mitmaker E J Liu C Tyrrell J B Shen W T Duh Q Y 2 January 2013 Pheochromocytoma Crisis Is Not a Surgical Emergency Journal of Clinical Endocrinology amp Metabolism 98 2 581 591 doi 10 1210 jc 2012 3020 PMID 23284003 Phitayakorn R McHenry CR June 2008 Hyperparathyroid crisis use of bisphosphonates as a bridge to parathyroidectomy Journal of the American College of Surgeons 206 3 1106 15 doi 10 1016 j jamcollsurg 2007 11 010 PMID 18501807 External links editEndocrine system diseases at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH MedlinePlus Overview endocrinediseases Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Endocrine disease amp oldid 1180625833, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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