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Sadness

January 01, 1970

For the videogame, see Sadness (video game). For the song by New Found Glory, see Radiosurgery (album).
"Sad" redirects here. For other uses, see Sad (disambiguation) and SAD (disambiguation).

Sadness is an emotional pain associated with, or characterized by, feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment and sorrow. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic, and withdraw themselves from others. An example of severe sadness is depression, a mood which can be brought on by major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder. Crying can be an indication of sadness.[1]

A detail of the 1672 sculpture Entombment of Christ, showing Mary Magdalene crying

Sadness is one of the six basic emotions described by Paul Ekman, along with happiness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust.[2]: 271–4 

Childhood

 
Sad girls. Photo by Paolo Monti, 1953

Sadness is a common experience in childhood. Sometimes, sadness can lead to depression. Some families may have a (conscious or unconscious) rule that sadness is "not allowed",[3] but Robin Skynner has suggested that this may cause problems, arguing that with sadness "screened off", people can become shallow and manic.[4]: 33, 36  Pediatrician T. Berry Brazelton suggests that acknowledging sadness can make it easier for families to address more serious emotional problems.[5]: 46, 48 

Sadness is part of the normal process of the child separating from an early symbiosis with the mother and becoming more independent. Every time a child separates a little more, he or she will have to cope with a small loss. If the mother cannot allow the minor distress involved, the child may never learn how to deal with sadness by themselves.[4]: 158–9  Brazelton argues that too much cheering a child up devalues the emotion of sadness for them;[5]: 52  and Selma Fraiberg suggests that it is important to respect a child's right to experience a loss fully and deeply.[6]

Margaret Mahler also saw the ability to feel sadness as an emotional achievement, as opposed for example to warding it off through restless hyperactivity.[7] D. W. Winnicott similarly saw in sad crying the psychological root of valuable musical experiences in later life.[8]

Neuroanatomy

A large amount of research has been conducted on the neuroscience of sadness.[12] According to the American Journal of Psychiatry, sadness has been found to be associated with "increases in bilateral activity within the vicinity of the middle and posterior temporal cortex, lateral cerebellum, cerebellar vermis, midbrain, putamen, and caudate."[13] Jose V. Pardo has his M.D and Ph.D and leads a research program in cognitive neuroscience. Using positron emission tomography (PET) Pardo and his colleagues were able to provoke sadness among seven normal men and women by asking them to think about sad things. They observed increased brain activity in the bilateral inferior and orbitofrontal cortex.[14] In a study that induced sadness in subjects by showing emotional film clips, the feeling was correlated with significant increases in regional brain activity, especially in the prefrontal cortex, in the region called Brodmann's area 9, and the thalamus. A significant increase in activity was also observed in the bilateral anterior temporal structures.[15]

Coping mechanisms

Main article: Coping (psychology)
 
A man expressing sadness with his head in his hands
 
A carving of the family of Marija and Petar Škuljević exhibiting sadness over their deaths

People deal with sadness in different ways, and it is an important emotion because it helps to motivate people to deal with their situation. Some coping mechanisms include: getting social support and/or spending time with a pet,[16] creating a list, or engaging in some activity to express sadness.[17] Some individuals, when feeling sad, may exclude themselves from a social setting, so as to take the time to recover from the feeling.[citation needed]

While being one of the moods people most want to shake, sadness can sometimes be perpetuated by the very coping strategies chosen, such as ruminating, "drowning one's sorrows", or permanently isolating oneself.[2]: 69–70  As alternative ways of coping with sadness to the above, cognitive behavioral therapy suggests instead either challenging one's negative thoughts, or scheduling some positive event as a distraction.[2]: 72 

Being attentive to, and patient with, one's sadness may also be a way for people to learn through solitude;[18] while emotional support to help people stay with their sadness can be further helpful.[4]: 164  Such an approach is fueled by the underlying belief that loss (when felt wholeheartedly) can lead to a new sense of aliveness, and to a re-engagement with the outside world.[19]

Pupil empathy

Pupil size may be an indicator of sadness. A sad facial expression with small pupils is judged to be more intensely sad as the pupil size decreases.[20] A person's own pupil size also mirrors this and becomes smaller when viewing sad faces with small pupils. No parallel effect exists when people look at neutral, happy or angry expressions.[20] The greater degree to which a person's pupils mirror another predicts a person's greater score on empathy.[21] In disorders such as autism and psychopathy, facial expressions that represent sadness may be subtle, which may show a need for a more non-linguistic situation to affect their level of empathy.[21]

Vocal expression

According to DIPR scientist Swati Johar,[22]: VII  sadness is an emotion "identified by current speech dialogue and processing systems".[22]: 12  Measurements to distinguish sadness from other emotions in the human voice include root mean square (RMS) energy, inter-word silence and speaking rate.[23] It is communicated mostly by lowering the mean and variability of the fundamental frequency (f0), besides being associated with lower vocal intensity, and with decreases in f0 over time.[24][25] Johar argues that, "when someone is sad, slow, low pitched speech with weak high audio frequency energy is produced". Likewise, "low energy state of sadness attributes to slow tempo, lower speech rate and mean pitch".[22]: 10, 13 

Sadness is, as stated by Klaus Scherer, one of the "best-recognized emotions in the human voice", although it's "generally somewhat lower than that of facial expression". In a study by Scherer, it was found that in Western countries sadness had 79% of accuracy for facial recognition and 71% for vocal, while in Non-Western countries the results were of 74% and 58%, respectively.[26]

Cultural explorations

 
Lost in thoughts, by Wilhelm Amberg. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic, and withdraw themselves from others.

During the Renaissance, Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene endorsed sadness as a marker of spiritual commitment.[27]

In The Lord of the Rings, sadness is distinguished from unhappiness,[28] to exemplify J. R. R. Tolkien's preference for a sad, but settled determination, as opposed to what he saw as the shallower temptations of either despair or hope.[29]

Julia Kristeva considered that "a diversification of moods, variety in sadness, refinement in sorrow or mourning are the imprint of a humanity that is surely not triumphant but subtle, ready to fight and creative".[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jellesma, F.C.; Vingerhoets, Ad J.J.M. (1 January 2012). "Crying in Middle Childhood: A Report on Gender Differences". Sex Roles. 67 (7): 412–21. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0136-4. PMC 3432210. PMID 22962516.
  2. ^ a b c Goleman, Daniel (1996). Emotional Intelligence. London, United Kingdom. from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2018-06-21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Masman, Karen (21 July 2010). The Uses of Sadness: Why Feeling Sad is No Reason Not to be Happy. Allen & Unwin. p. 8. ISBN 9781741757576.
  4. ^ a b c Skynner, Robin; Cleese, John (1994). Families and How to Survive Them.
  5. ^ a b Brazelton, T. Berry (1992). To Listen to a Child.
  6. ^ Fraiberg, Selma H. (1987). The Magic Years. New York, United States. p. 274.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Mahler, Margaret S.; Pine, Fred; Bergman, Annl (1975). The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation. London, United Kingdom. p. 92. ISBN 9780465066599.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Winnicott, D.W. (1973). The Child, the Family, and the Outside World. United Kingdom: Penguin Books. p. 64.
  9. ^ "Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions" (PDF). Adliterate.com. (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2017-06-05.
  10. ^ Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect. Stanford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8047-6436-0. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  11. ^ Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011). "A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents". International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2 (6). from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  12. ^ Arias, Juan A.; Williams, Claire; Raghvani, Rashmi; Aghajani, Moji; Baez, Sandra; Belzung, Catherine; Booij, Linda; Busatto, Geraldo; Chiarella, Julian; Fu, Cynthia HY; Ibanez, Agustin; Liddell, Belinda J.; Lowe, Leroy; Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.; Rosa, Pedro; Kemp, Andrew H. (April 2020). "The neuroscience of sadness: A multidisciplinary synthesis and collaborative review". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 111: 199–228. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.006. hdl:11336/143577. PMID 32001274.
  13. ^ Lane, R.D.; Reiman, E.M.; Ahern, G.L.; Schwartz, G.E.; Davidson, R.J. (July 1997). "Neuroanatomical Correlates of Happiness, Sadness, and Disgust". American Journal of Psychiatry. 154 (7): 926–33. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.926. PMID 9210742.
  14. ^ Pardo, J.V.; Pardo, P.J.; Raichle, M.E. (May 1993). "Neural correlates of self-induced dysphoria". American Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (5): 713–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.5.713. PMID 8480815.
  15. ^ George, M.S.; Ketter, T.A.; Parekh, J.I.; Horwitz, B.; Herscovitch, P.; Post, R.M. (March 1995). "Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women". American Journal of Psychiatry. 152 (3): 341–51. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.468.2440. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.3.341. PMID 7864258.
  16. ^ Bos, E.H.; Snippe, E.; de Jonge, P.; Jeronimus, B.F. (2016). "Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0150867. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1150867B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150867. PMC 4786317. PMID 26963923.
  17. ^ "Why It's Import to Express Your Sadness". Free Online Therapy. October 2018. from the original on 2018-11-29.
  18. ^ Barnstone, Aliki (2000). "New England Review (1990–)". Spring. 21 (2): 19. ISSN 1053-1297. JSTOR i40009359.
  19. ^ Parsons, Michael (13 August 2000). The Dove that Returns, the Dove that Vanishes: Paradox and Creativity in Psychoanalysis. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-0415211826.
  20. ^ a b Harrison, Neil A.; Singer, Tania; Rotshtein, Pia; Dolan, Ray J.; Critchley, Hugo D. (1 June 2006). "Pupillary contagion: central mechanisms engaged in sadness processing". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 1 (1): 5–17. doi:10.1093/scan/nsl006. PMC 1716019. PMID 17186063.
  21. ^ a b Harrison, Neil A.; Wilson, C.E.; Critchley, H.D. (November 2007). "Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy". Emotion. 7 (4): 724–9. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.724. PMID 18039039.
  22. ^ a b c Johar, Swati (22 December 2015). Emotion, Affect and Personality in Speech: The Bias of Language and Paralanguage. SpringerBriefs in Speech Technology. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-28047-9. from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  23. ^ Yildirim, Serdar; Bulut, Murtaza; M. Lee, Chul; Kazemzadeh, Abe; Busso, Carlos; Deng, Zhigang; Lee, Sungbok; Narayanan, Shrikanth (2004). "An acoustic study of emotions expressed in speech" (PDF). ISCA: 1. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  24. ^ Stolarski, Łukasz (2015). "Pitch Patterns in Vocal Expression of "Happiness" and "Sadness" in the Reading Aloud of Prose on the Basis of Selected Audiobooks". Research in Language. 13 (2): 141–162. doi:10.1515/rela-2015-0016. hdl:11089/17230. S2CID 52998542.
  25. ^ Bachorowski, Jo-Anne (20 April 1999). "Vocal Expression and Perception of Emotion" (PDF). Current Directions in Psychological Science. 8 (2): 53–57. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00013. S2CID 18785659. (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  26. ^ Scherer, Klaus R. (2003). "Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms". Speech Communication. 40 (1–2): 235–6. doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00084-5. S2CID 8777381.
  27. ^ Trevor, Douglas (30 September 2004). The Poetics of Melancholy in Early Modern England. Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780521834698.
  28. ^ Tolkien, J.R.R. (1991). The Lord of the Rings. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins. p. 475. ISBN 9780261102309.
  29. ^ Sippey, Tom A. (1992). The Road to Middle-Earth: How J.R.R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins. p. 143. ISBN 9780261102750.
  30. ^ Phillips, Adam (1994). On Flirtation. London, United Kingdom: Harvard University Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780674634404. from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2018-06-21.

Further reading

  • Karp DA (1997). Speaking of Sadness. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195113860.
  • Keltner D; Ellsworth PC; Edwards K (May 1993). "Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception". J Pers Soc Psychol. 64 (5): 740–52. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.740. PMID 8505705.
  • Tiedens LZ (January 2001). "Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral". J Pers Soc Psychol. 80 (1): 86–94. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.86. PMID 11195894.
  • Ambady & Gray, 2002[permanent dead link]
  • Forgas JP (March 1998). "On feeling good and getting your way: mood effects on negotiator cognition and bargaining strategies". J Pers Soc Psychol. 74 (3): 565–77. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.565. PMID 11407408.
  • Forgas JP (August 1998). "On being happy and mistaken: mood effects on the fundamental attribution error". J Pers Soc Psychol. 75 (2): 318–31. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.318. PMID 9731311.
  • Forgas JP (1994). "The role of emotion in social judgments: an introductory review and an Affect Infusion Model (AIM)". Eur J Soc Psychol. 24 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420240102.
  • Forgas JP; Bower GH (July 1987). "Mood effects on person-perception judgments". J Pers Soc Psychol. 53 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.53. PMID 3612493. S2CID 6508502.
  • Isen AM; Daubman KA; Nowicki GP (June 1987). "Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving". J Pers Soc Psychol. 52 (6): 1122–31. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122. PMID 3598858.
  • Keltner D; Kring AM (1998). (PDF). Review of General Psychology. 2 (3): 320–342. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.315.1265. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320. S2CID 247805. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-11.

January 01, 1970
sadness, videogame, video, game, song, found, glory, radiosurgery, album, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, disambiguation, emotional, pain, associated, with, characterized, feelings, disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment. For the videogame see Sadness video game For the song by New Found Glory see Radiosurgery album Sad redirects here For other uses see Sad disambiguation and SAD disambiguation Sadness is an emotional pain associated with or characterized by feelings of disadvantage loss despair grief helplessness disappointment and sorrow An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic and withdraw themselves from others An example of severe sadness is depression a mood which can be brought on by major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder Crying can be an indication of sadness 1 A detail of the 1672 sculpture Entombment of Christ showing Mary Magdalene crying Sadness is one of the six basic emotions described by Paul Ekman along with happiness anger surprise fear and disgust 2 271 4 Contents 1 Childhood 2 Neuroanatomy 3 Coping mechanisms 4 Pupil empathy 5 Vocal expression 6 Cultural explorations 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingChildhood nbsp Sad girls Photo by Paolo Monti 1953 Sadness is a common experience in childhood Sometimes sadness can lead to depression Some families may have a conscious or unconscious rule that sadness is not allowed 3 but Robin Skynner has suggested that this may cause problems arguing that with sadness screened off people can become shallow and manic 4 33 36 Pediatrician T Berry Brazelton suggests that acknowledging sadness can make it easier for families to address more serious emotional problems 5 46 48 Sadness is part of the normal process of the child separating from an early symbiosis with the mother and becoming more independent Every time a child separates a little more he or she will have to cope with a small loss If the mother cannot allow the minor distress involved the child may never learn how to deal with sadness by themselves 4 158 9 Brazelton argues that too much cheering a child up devalues the emotion of sadness for them 5 52 and Selma Fraiberg suggests that it is important to respect a child s right to experience a loss fully and deeply 6 Margaret Mahler also saw the ability to feel sadness as an emotional achievement as opposed for example to warding it off through restless hyperactivity 7 D W Winnicott similarly saw in sad crying the psychological root of valuable musical experiences in later life 8 NeuroanatomyA large amount of research has been conducted on the neuroscience of sadness 12 According to the American Journal of Psychiatry sadness has been found to be associated with increases in bilateral activity within the vicinity of the middle and posterior temporal cortex lateral cerebellum cerebellar vermis midbrain putamen and caudate 13 Jose V Pardo has his M D and Ph D and leads a research program in cognitive neuroscience Using positron emission tomography PET Pardo and his colleagues were able to provoke sadness among seven normal men and women by asking them to think about sad things They observed increased brain activity in the bilateral inferior and orbitofrontal cortex 14 In a study that induced sadness in subjects by showing emotional film clips the feeling was correlated with significant increases in regional brain activity especially in the prefrontal cortex in the region called Brodmann s area 9 and the thalamus A significant increase in activity was also observed in the bilateral anterior temporal structures 15 Coping mechanismsMain article Coping psychology nbsp A man expressing sadness with his head in his hands nbsp A carving of the family of Marija and Petar Skuljevic exhibiting sadness over their deaths People deal with sadness in different ways and it is an important emotion because it helps to motivate people to deal with their situation Some coping mechanisms include getting social support and or spending time with a pet 16 creating a list or engaging in some activity to express sadness 17 Some individuals when feeling sad may exclude themselves from a social setting so as to take the time to recover from the feeling citation needed While being one of the moods people most want to shake sadness can sometimes be perpetuated by the very coping strategies chosen such as ruminating drowning one s sorrows or permanently isolating oneself 2 69 70 As alternative ways of coping with sadness to the above cognitive behavioral therapy suggests instead either challenging one s negative thoughts or scheduling some positive event as a distraction 2 72 Being attentive to and patient with one s sadness may also be a way for people to learn through solitude 18 while emotional support to help people stay with their sadness can be further helpful 4 164 Such an approach is fueled by the underlying belief that loss when felt wholeheartedly can lead to a new sense of aliveness and to a re engagement with the outside world 19 Pupil empathyPupil size may be an indicator of sadness A sad facial expression with small pupils is judged to be more intensely sad as the pupil size decreases 20 A person s own pupil size also mirrors this and becomes smaller when viewing sad faces with small pupils No parallel effect exists when people look at neutral happy or angry expressions 20 The greater degree to which a person s pupils mirror another predicts a person s greater score on empathy 21 In disorders such as autism and psychopathy facial expressions that represent sadness may be subtle which may show a need for a more non linguistic situation to affect their level of empathy 21 Vocal expressionAccording to DIPR scientist Swati Johar 22 VII sadness is an emotion identified by current speech dialogue and processing systems 22 12 Measurements to distinguish sadness from other emotions in the human voice include root mean square RMS energy inter word silence and speaking rate 23 It is communicated mostly by lowering the mean and variability of the fundamental frequency f0 besides being associated with lower vocal intensity and with decreases in f0 over time 24 25 Johar argues that when someone is sad slow low pitched speech with weak high audio frequency energy is produced Likewise low energy state of sadness attributes to slow tempo lower speech rate and mean pitch 22 10 13 Sadness is as stated by Klaus Scherer one of the best recognized emotions in the human voice although it s generally somewhat lower than that of facial expression In a study by Scherer it was found that in Western countries sadness had 79 of accuracy for facial recognition and 71 for vocal while in Non Western countries the results were of 74 and 58 respectively 26 Cultural explorations nbsp Lost in thoughts by Wilhelm Amberg An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic and withdraw themselves from others During the Renaissance Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene endorsed sadness as a marker of spiritual commitment 27 In The Lord of the Rings sadness is distinguished from unhappiness 28 to exemplify J R R Tolkien s preference for a sad but settled determination as opposed to what he saw as the shallower temptations of either despair or hope 29 Julia Kristeva considered that a diversification of moods variety in sadness refinement in sorrow or mourning are the imprint of a humanity that is surely not triumphant but subtle ready to fight and creative 30 See alsoJoie de vivre Melancholia Mood psychology References Jellesma F C Vingerhoets Ad J J M 1 January 2012 Crying in Middle Childhood A Report on Gender Differences Sex Roles 67 7 412 21 doi 10 1007 s11199 012 0136 4 PMC 3432210 PMID 22962516 a b c Goleman Daniel 1996 Emotional Intelligence London United Kingdom Archived from the original on 2018 06 21 Retrieved 2018 06 21 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Masman Karen 21 July 2010 The Uses of Sadness Why Feeling Sad is No Reason Not to be Happy Allen amp Unwin p 8 ISBN 9781741757576 a b c Skynner Robin Cleese John 1994 Families and How to Survive Them a b Brazelton T Berry 1992 To Listen to a Child Fraiberg Selma H 1987 The Magic Years New York United States p 274 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Mahler Margaret S Pine Fred Bergman Annl 1975 The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant Symbiosis and Individuation London United Kingdom p 92 ISBN 9780465066599 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Winnicott D W 1973 The Child the Family and the Outside World United Kingdom Penguin Books p 64 Robert Plutchik s Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions PDF Adliterate com Archived PDF from the original on 2017 06 09 Retrieved 2017 06 05 Jonathan Turner 1 June 2000 On the Origins of Human Emotions A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect Stanford University Press p 76 ISBN 978 0 8047 6436 0 Retrieved 9 January 2019 Atifa Athar M Saleem Khan Khalil Ahmed Aiesha Ahmed Nida Anwar June 2011 A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents International Journal of Scientific amp Engineering Research 2 6 Archived from the original on 2016 11 12 Retrieved 2019 01 09 Arias Juan A Williams Claire Raghvani Rashmi Aghajani Moji Baez Sandra Belzung Catherine Booij Linda Busatto Geraldo Chiarella Julian Fu Cynthia HY Ibanez Agustin Liddell Belinda J Lowe Leroy Penninx Brenda W J H Rosa Pedro Kemp Andrew H April 2020 The neuroscience of sadness A multidisciplinary synthesis and collaborative review Neuroscience amp Biobehavioral Reviews 111 199 228 doi 10 1016 j neubiorev 2020 01 006 hdl 11336 143577 PMID 32001274 Lane R D Reiman E M Ahern G L Schwartz G E Davidson R J July 1997 Neuroanatomical Correlates of Happiness Sadness and Disgust American Journal of Psychiatry 154 7 926 33 doi 10 1176 ajp 154 7 926 PMID 9210742 Pardo J V Pardo P J Raichle M E May 1993 Neural correlates of self induced dysphoria American Journal of Psychiatry 150 5 713 9 doi 10 1176 ajp 150 5 713 PMID 8480815 George M S Ketter T A Parekh J I Horwitz B Herscovitch P Post R M March 1995 Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women American Journal of Psychiatry 152 3 341 51 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 468 2440 doi 10 1176 ajp 152 3 341 PMID 7864258 Bos E H Snippe E de Jonge P Jeronimus B F 2016 Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources PLOS ONE 11 3 e0150867 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1150867B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0150867 PMC 4786317 PMID 26963923 Why It s Import to Express Your Sadness Free Online Therapy October 2018 Archived from the original on 2018 11 29 Barnstone Aliki 2000 New England Review 1990 Spring 21 2 19 ISSN 1053 1297 JSTOR i40009359 Parsons Michael 13 August 2000 The Dove that Returns the Dove that Vanishes Paradox and Creativity in Psychoanalysis London United Kingdom Routledge p 4 ISBN 978 0415211826 a b Harrison Neil A Singer Tania Rotshtein Pia Dolan Ray J Critchley Hugo D 1 June 2006 Pupillary contagion central mechanisms engaged in sadness processing Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 1 1 5 17 doi 10 1093 scan nsl006 PMC 1716019 PMID 17186063 a b Harrison Neil A Wilson C E Critchley H D November 2007 Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy Emotion 7 4 724 9 doi 10 1037 1528 3542 7 4 724 PMID 18039039 a b c Johar Swati 22 December 2015 Emotion Affect and Personality in Speech The Bias of Language and Paralanguage SpringerBriefs in Speech Technology Springer ISBN 978 3 319 28047 9 Archived from the original on 21 June 2018 Retrieved 21 June 2018 Yildirim Serdar Bulut Murtaza M Lee Chul Kazemzadeh Abe Busso Carlos Deng Zhigang Lee Sungbok Narayanan Shrikanth 2004 An acoustic study of emotions expressed in speech PDF ISCA 1 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Stolarski Lukasz 2015 Pitch Patterns in Vocal Expression of Happiness and Sadness in the Reading Aloud of Prose on the Basis of Selected Audiobooks Research in Language 13 2 141 162 doi 10 1515 rela 2015 0016 hdl 11089 17230 S2CID 52998542 Bachorowski Jo Anne 20 April 1999 Vocal Expression and Perception of Emotion PDF Current Directions in Psychological Science 8 2 53 57 doi 10 1111 1467 8721 00013 S2CID 18785659 Archived PDF from the original on 30 August 2017 Retrieved 21 June 2018 Scherer Klaus R 2003 Vocal communication of emotion A review of research paradigms Speech Communication 40 1 2 235 6 doi 10 1016 S0167 6393 02 00084 5 S2CID 8777381 Trevor Douglas 30 September 2004 The Poetics of Melancholy in Early Modern England Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture United Kingdom Cambridge University Press p 48 ISBN 9780521834698 Tolkien J R R 1991 The Lord of the Rings London United Kingdom HarperCollins p 475 ISBN 9780261102309 Sippey Tom A 1992 The Road to Middle Earth How J R R Tolkien Created a New Mythology London United Kingdom HarperCollins p 143 ISBN 9780261102750 Phillips Adam 1994 On Flirtation London United Kingdom Harvard University Press p 87 ISBN 9780674634404 Archived from the original on 2018 06 21 Retrieved 2018 06 21 Further readingSadness at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Data from Wikidata Karp DA 1997 Speaking of Sadness Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195113860 Keltner D Ellsworth PC Edwards K May 1993 Beyond simple pessimism effects of sadness and anger on social perception J Pers Soc Psychol 64 5 740 52 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 64 5 740 PMID 8505705 Tiedens LZ January 2001 Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral J Pers Soc Psychol 80 1 86 94 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 80 1 86 PMID 11195894 Ambady amp Gray 2002 permanent dead link Forgas JP March 1998 On feeling good and getting your way mood effects on negotiator cognition and bargaining strategies J Pers Soc Psychol 74 3 565 77 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 74 3 565 PMID 11407408 Forgas JP August 1998 On being happy and mistaken mood effects on the fundamental attribution error J Pers Soc Psychol 75 2 318 31 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 75 2 318 PMID 9731311 Forgas JP 1994 The role of emotion in social judgments an introductory review and an Affect Infusion Model AIM Eur J Soc Psychol 24 1 1 24 doi 10 1002 ejsp 2420240102 Forgas JP Bower GH July 1987 Mood effects on person perception judgments J Pers Soc Psychol 53 1 53 60 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 53 1 53 PMID 3612493 S2CID 6508502 Isen AM Daubman KA Nowicki GP June 1987 Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving J Pers Soc Psychol 52 6 1122 31 doi 10 1037 0022 3514 52 6 1122 PMID 3598858 Keltner D Kring AM 1998 Emotion social function and psychopathology PDF Review of General Psychology 2 3 320 342 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 315 1265 doi 10 1037 1089 2680 2 3 320 S2CID 247805 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 06 11 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sadness amp oldid 1195796646, 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