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Shorea

May 08, 2024

"Doona" redirects here. For the South Korean web series, see Doona! For the item of bedding, see Duvet.

Shorea is a genus of about 196 species of mainly rainforest trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The genus is named after Sir John Shore, the governor-general of the British East India Company, 1793–1798. The timber of trees of the genus is sold under the common names lauan, luan, lawaan, meranti, seraya, balau, bangkirai, and Philippine mahogany.[1]

Shorea
Temporal range: Early Eocene–present
Shorea roxburghii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Subfamily: Dipterocarpoideae
Genus: Shorea
Roxb. ex C.F.Gaertn.
Synonyms
  • Anthoshorea
    Pierre
  • Caryolobis
    Gaertn.
  • Doona
    Thwaites
  • Isoptera
    Scheff. ex Burck
  • Pachychlamys
    Dyer ex Ridley
  • Parahopea
    F.Heim
  • Pentacme
    A.DC.
  • Richetia
    F.Heim
  • Saul
    Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
Fruit of a Shorea species

Taxonomy edit

Shorea fossils (linked with the modern sal, S. robusta, which is still a dominant tree species in Indian forests) are known from as early as the Eocene of Gujarat, India. They are identifiable by the amber fossils formed by their dammar resin.[2] Other fossils include a Miocene-aged fossilized fruit from the same region; this fruit most closely resembles the extant S. macroptera of the Malay Peninsula.[3]

Description edit

Shorea spp. are native to Southeast Asia, from northern India to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. In west Malesia and the Philippines, this genus dominates the skyline of the tropical forests. The tallest documented tropical angiosperm is a 100.8 m (331 ft) Shorea faguetiana found in the Danum Valley Conservation Area, in Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo). And in the Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo at least five other species of the genus have been measured to be over 80 m tall: S. argentifolia, S. gibbosa, S. johorensis, S. smithiana, and S. superba.[4] Borneo is also the hotspot of Shorea diversity with 138 species, of which 91 are endemic to the island.[5]

Sections and selected species edit

Main article: List of Shorea species
Anthoshorea
Brachypterae
Doona
Mutica
Neohopea
Ovalis
  • Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Blume
Pachycarpae
Pentacme
Richetioides
Rubella
Shorea
Not placed

Reproductive biology edit

The majority of Shorea spp. are general flowering species, which is an event that occurs at irregular intervals of 3–10 yr, in which nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families bloom heavily.[6] General flowering is thought to have evolved to satiate seed predators[7] and/or to facilitate pollination.[6] Both explanations apparently hold merit.[8] Flowering is thought to be triggered by droughts that occur during transition periods from La Niña to El Niño.[9] The magnitude of a flowering event is suggested to be dependent on the timing of the droughts associated with the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle, with the largest events occurring after an interval of several years with no flowering.[9]

Shorea spp. are insect pollinated. A variety of insects have been identified as pollinators, with species within the sections of Shorea sharing the same insect pollinators. Flowering within a section is sequential within one habitat and species association to prevent competition for pollinators.[10]

Seed predation and mortality have an impact on the reproduction process of dipterocarps such as Shorea. In Singapore, crab-eating macaque and moth larvae are known seed predators.[11]

Uses edit

Many economically important timber trees belong to Shorea. They are sold under various trade names including "lauan", "lawaan", "meranti", "seraya", "balau", "bangkirai", and "Philippine mahogany". (For a list of species associated with each name, see the article on Dipterocarp timber classification.) The "Philippine mahogany" sold in North America is not a true mahogany at all, but a mixture of woods from the genus Shorea.

Other products from Shorea spp. include dammar and illipe. Dammar is a resin collected from a variety of species. It varies in colour among the different taxonomic groups. Shorea wiesneri is listed in many websites as an important source of dammar;[12] however, this appears to be either a trade name or a synonym.[13][14]

Borneo tallow nut oil is extracted from the egg-shaped, winged fruit of Shorea species.[15]

Conservation status edit

Of the 148 species of Shorea currently listed on the IUCN Redlist, most are listed as being critically endangered.[16] Some concerns exist regarding the IUCN's listing of dipterocarps, as the criteria used to assess the level of threat are based mainly on animal population characteristics. This is thought to overstate the threat assessment, when applied to long-lived, habitat-specific organisms such as trees.[5] The Shorea species page gives threat classifications.

Conservation status of Shorea spp.
IUCN red list category Number of species
Extinct 1
Critically endangered 102
Endangered 34
Vulnerable 3
Least concern 6
Data deficient 2
Not evaluated ~48

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Lauan - The Wood Database
  2. ^ Sahni, A.; Patnaik, R. (2022-06-01). "An Eocene Greenhouse Forested India: Were Biotic Radiations Triggered by Early Palaeogene Thermal Events?". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 98 (6): 753–759. Bibcode:2022JGSI...98..753S. doi:10.1007/s12594-022-2064-4. ISSN 0974-6889. S2CID 249536528.
  3. ^ SHUKLA, ANUMEHA; GULERIA, J. S.; MEHROTRA, R. C. (2012-02-01). "A fruit wing of Shorea Roxb. from the Early Miocene sediments of Kachchh, Gujarat and its bearing on palaeoclimatic interpretation". Journal of Earth System Science. 121 (1): 195–201. Bibcode:2012JESS..121..195S. doi:10.1007/s12040-012-0142-5. ISSN 0973-774X.
  4. ^ "Borneo". Eastern Native Tree Society. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  5. ^ a b Ashton, P. S. "Dipterocarpaceae". In Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E.; Saw, L. G. and Chung, R. C. K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 983-2181-59-3
  6. ^ a b Sakai, Shoko; K Momose; T Yumoto; T Nagamitsu; H Nagamasu; A A Hamid; T Nakashizuka (1999). "Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest, Sarawak, Malaysia". American Journal of Botany. 86 (10): 1414–36. doi:10.2307/2656924. JSTOR 2656924. PMID 10523283.
  7. ^ Curran, Lisa M.; M. Leighton (2000). "Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae". Ecological Monographs. 70 (1): 101–128. doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0101:VRTSVI]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2027.42/116363.
  8. ^ Maycock, Colin R.; R. N. Thewlis; J. Ghazoul; R. Nilus; David F. R. P. Burslem (2005). "Reproduction of dipterocarps during low intensity masting events in a Bornean rain forest". Journal of Vegetation Science. 16 (6): 635–46. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0635:RODDLI]2.0.CO;2.
  9. ^ a b Sakai, Shoko; Rhett D. Harrison; Kuniyasu Momose; Koichiro Kuraji; Hidetoshi Nagamasu; Tetsuzo Yasunari; Lucy Chong; Tohru Nakashizuka (2006). "Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in Asia". American Journal of Botany. 93 (8): 1134–39. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.8.1134. PMID 21642179.
  10. ^ LaFrankie, James V. Jr.; H. T. Chan (June 1991). "Confirmation of Sequential Flowering in Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae)". Biotropica. 23 (2): 200–203. Bibcode:1991Biotr..23..200L. doi:10.2307/2388308. JSTOR 2388308.
  11. ^ Chong, Kwek Yan; Chong, Rie; Tan, Lorraine W.A.; Yee, Alex T.K.; Chua, Marcus A.H.; Wong, Khoon Meng; Tan, Hugh T.W. (1 November 2016). "Seed production and survival of four dipterocarp species in degraded forests in Singapore". Plant Ecology & Diversity. 9 (5–6): 483–490. Bibcode:2016PlEcD...9..483C. doi:10.1080/17550874.2016.1266404. S2CID 89849984.
  12. ^ "Dammar". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  13. ^ . Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  14. ^ "Electronic Plant Information Centre". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
  15. ^ "Minor oil crops - Individual monographs (Balanites-Borneo tallow nut-Brazil nut-Caryocar spp)". www.fao.org. FAO. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  16. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Shorea search results". IUCN. 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.

External links edit

  •   Data related to Shorea at Wikispecies
  •   Media related to Shorea at Wikimedia Commons

May 08, 2024
shorea, doona, redirects, here, south, korean, series, doona, item, bedding, duvet, genus, about, species, mainly, rainforest, trees, family, dipterocarpaceae, genus, named, after, john, shore, governor, general, british, east, india, company, 1793, 1798, timb. Doona redirects here For the South Korean web series see Doona For the item of bedding see Duvet Shorea is a genus of about 196 species of mainly rainforest trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae The genus is named after Sir John Shore the governor general of the British East India Company 1793 1798 The timber of trees of the genus is sold under the common names lauan luan lawaan meranti seraya balau bangkirai and Philippine mahogany 1 ShoreaTemporal range Early Eocene present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Shorea roxburghii Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malvales Family Dipterocarpaceae Subfamily Dipterocarpoideae Genus ShoreaRoxb ex C F Gaertn Synonyms AnthoshoreaPierre CaryolobisGaertn DoonaThwaites IsopteraScheff ex Burck PachychlamysDyer ex Ridley ParahopeaF Heim PentacmeA DC RichetiaF Heim SaulRoxb ex Wight amp Arn Fruit of a Shorea species Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Sections and selected species 4 Reproductive biology 5 Uses 6 Conservation status 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksTaxonomy editShorea fossils linked with the modern sal S robusta which is still a dominant tree species in Indian forests are known from as early as the Eocene of Gujarat India They are identifiable by the amber fossils formed by their dammar resin 2 Other fossils include a Miocene aged fossilized fruit from the same region this fruit most closely resembles the extant S macroptera of the Malay Peninsula 3 Description editShorea spp are native to Southeast Asia from northern India to Malaysia Indonesia and the Philippines In west Malesia and the Philippines this genus dominates the skyline of the tropical forests The tallest documented tropical angiosperm is a 100 8 m 331 ft Shorea faguetiana found in the Danum Valley Conservation Area in Sabah Malaysia Borneo And in the Tawau Hills National Park in Sabah on the island of Borneo at least five other species of the genus have been measured to be over 80 m tall S argentifolia S gibbosa S johorensis S smithiana and S superba 4 Borneo is also the hotspot of Shorea diversity with 138 species of which 91 are endemic to the island 5 Sections and selected species editMain article List of Shorea species Anthoshorea Shorea agamii P S Ashton Brachypterae Shorea smithiana Symington Doona Shorea zeylanica Thwaites P S Ashton Mutica Shorea argentifolia Symington Shorea parvifolia Dyer Neohopea Shorea isoptera P S Ashton Ovalis Shorea ovalis Korth Blume Pachycarpae Shorea macrophylla de Vriese P S Ashton Pentacme Shorea siamensis Miq Richetioides Shorea richetia Symington Rubella Shorea albida Symington Shorea Shorea guiso Blanco Blume Not placed Shorea robusta C F Gaertn sal tree Shorea thorelii Pierre ex Laness Reproductive biology editThe majority of Shorea spp are general flowering species which is an event that occurs at irregular intervals of 3 10 yr in which nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families bloom heavily 6 General flowering is thought to have evolved to satiate seed predators 7 and or to facilitate pollination 6 Both explanations apparently hold merit 8 Flowering is thought to be triggered by droughts that occur during transition periods from La Nina to El Nino 9 The magnitude of a flowering event is suggested to be dependent on the timing of the droughts associated with the El Nino southern oscillation ENSO cycle with the largest events occurring after an interval of several years with no flowering 9 Shorea spp are insect pollinated A variety of insects have been identified as pollinators with species within the sections of Shorea sharing the same insect pollinators Flowering within a section is sequential within one habitat and species association to prevent competition for pollinators 10 Seed predation and mortality have an impact on the reproduction process of dipterocarps such as Shorea In Singapore crab eating macaque and moth larvae are known seed predators 11 Uses editMany economically important timber trees belong to Shorea They are sold under various trade names including lauan lawaan meranti seraya balau bangkirai and Philippine mahogany For a list of species associated with each name see the article on Dipterocarp timber classification The Philippine mahogany sold in North America is not a true mahogany at all but a mixture of woods from the genus Shorea Other products from Shorea spp include dammar and illipe Dammar is a resin collected from a variety of species It varies in colour among the different taxonomic groups Shorea wiesneri is listed in many websites as an important source of dammar 12 however this appears to be either a trade name or a synonym 13 14 Borneo tallow nut oil is extracted from the egg shaped winged fruit of Shorea species 15 Conservation status editOf the 148 species of Shorea currently listed on the IUCN Redlist most are listed as being critically endangered 16 Some concerns exist regarding the IUCN s listing of dipterocarps as the criteria used to assess the level of threat are based mainly on animal population characteristics This is thought to overstate the threat assessment when applied to long lived habitat specific organisms such as trees 5 The Shorea species page gives threat classifications Conservation status of Shorea spp IUCN red list category Number of species Extinct 1 Critically endangered 102 Endangered 34 Vulnerable 3 Least concern 6 Data deficient 2 Not evaluated 48See also editDipterocarp timber classificationReferences edit Lauan The Wood Database Sahni A Patnaik R 2022 06 01 An Eocene Greenhouse Forested India Were Biotic Radiations Triggered by Early Palaeogene Thermal Events Journal of the Geological Society of India 98 6 753 759 Bibcode 2022JGSI 98 753S doi 10 1007 s12594 022 2064 4 ISSN 0974 6889 S2CID 249536528 SHUKLA ANUMEHA GULERIA J S MEHROTRA R C 2012 02 01 A fruit wing of Shorea Roxb from the Early Miocene sediments of Kachchh Gujarat and its bearing on palaeoclimatic interpretation Journal of Earth System Science 121 1 195 201 Bibcode 2012JESS 121 195S doi 10 1007 s12040 012 0142 5 ISSN 0973 774X Borneo Eastern Native Tree Society Retrieved 2008 06 21 a b Ashton P S Dipterocarpaceae In Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Volume 5 2004 Soepadmo E Saw L G and Chung R C K eds Government of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia ISBN 983 2181 59 3 a b Sakai Shoko K Momose T Yumoto T Nagamitsu H Nagamasu A A Hamid T Nakashizuka 1999 Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest Sarawak Malaysia American Journal of Botany 86 10 1414 36 doi 10 2307 2656924 JSTOR 2656924 PMID 10523283 Curran Lisa M M Leighton 2000 Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast fruiting Dipterocarpaceae Ecological Monographs 70 1 101 128 doi 10 1890 0012 9615 2000 070 0101 VRTSVI 2 0 CO 2 hdl 2027 42 116363 Maycock Colin R R N Thewlis J Ghazoul R Nilus David F R P Burslem 2005 Reproduction of dipterocarps during low intensity masting events in a Bornean rain forest Journal of Vegetation Science 16 6 635 46 doi 10 1658 1100 9233 2005 016 0635 RODDLI 2 0 CO 2 a b Sakai Shoko Rhett D Harrison Kuniyasu Momose Koichiro Kuraji Hidetoshi Nagamasu Tetsuzo Yasunari Lucy Chong Tohru Nakashizuka 2006 Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in Asia American Journal of Botany 93 8 1134 39 doi 10 3732 ajb 93 8 1134 PMID 21642179 LaFrankie James V Jr H T Chan June 1991 Confirmation of Sequential Flowering in Shorea Dipterocarpaceae Biotropica 23 2 200 203 Bibcode 1991Biotr 23 200L doi 10 2307 2388308 JSTOR 2388308 Chong Kwek Yan Chong Rie Tan Lorraine W A Yee Alex T K Chua Marcus A H Wong Khoon Meng Tan Hugh T W 1 November 2016 Seed production and survival of four dipterocarp species in degraded forests in Singapore Plant Ecology amp Diversity 9 5 6 483 490 Bibcode 2016PlEcD 9 483C doi 10 1080 17550874 2016 1266404 S2CID 89849984 Dammar Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 2007 11 14 Dipterocarpaceae Data Base Taxonomic Information Royal Botanical Gardens Edinburgh Archived from the original on 2007 05 20 Retrieved 2007 11 14 Electronic Plant Information Centre Royal Botanical Gardens Kew Retrieved 2007 11 14 Minor oil crops Individual monographs Balanites Borneo tallow nut Brazil nut Caryocar spp www fao org FAO Retrieved 15 April 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Shorea search results IUCN 2012 Retrieved 3 January 2013 External links edit nbsp Data related to Shorea at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Shorea at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shorea amp oldid 1217061699, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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