fbpx
Wikipedia

Menispermaceae

February 16, 2024

Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek mene 'crescent moon' and sperma 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and 'calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 78 genera[3] with some 440 species,[4] which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.

Menispermaceae
Temporal range: Cenomanian–Present [1]
Menispermum canadense
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Menispermaceae
Juss.[2]
Genera[3]

78, see text

Description edit

  • Twining, ever-growing and woody climbing plants, winding anti-clockwise (Stephania winds clockwise) and vines; rarely upright shrubs or small trees. Rarer still herbaceous plants or epiphytes (Stephania cyanantha), perennial or deciduous, with simple to uni-serrate hairs.
  • Alternating, spiral leaves; simple, whole, dentate, lobed to palmatifid (bi- o trifoliate in Burasaia), frequently peltate, petiolated, petiole frequently pulvinate at both extremes, without stipules, sometimes with spines derived from the petioles (Antizoma), venation, parallelodromous, penninerved or frequently palmatinerved, bifacial, rarely isofacial; in Angelisia and Anamirta, with hydathodes derived from trichomes. domatia present in five genera as pits or hair tufts. Various types of stomata, frequently cyclocytic.
  • Rapidly-growing stems with trilacunar nodes. Phylloclades are present in Cocculus balfourii.
  • Dioecious plants, sometimes perfect flowers in Tiliacora acuminata and Parabaena denudata.
  • Inflorescences in racemiform, paniculate or thyrse with partial inflorescences in a capituliform cyme or pseudo-umbel; multifloral, rarely single or paired flowers; axillary, or on sharp branches or cauliflorous trunks; females frequently less branched.
  • Flowers small, regular to zygomorphic (Antizoma, Cyclea, Cissampelos); cyclic to irregularly spiral; hypogynous, basically trimers. Receptacle sometimes with developed gynophore. Sepals (1-)3-12 or more, usually in (1-)2(-many) whorls of three, rarely six; free to slightly fused; imbricate or valvate, sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Petals numbering 0–6, in two whorls of three, rarely of six; free or fused, frequently holding the opposite stamen; sometimes less numerous in female flowers. Androecium of (1-)3-6(-40) stamens free of the perianth, free or fused together in 2–5, fasciculate or monadelphous, introrse, dehiscence along longitudinal, oblique or transversal slits. Female flowers sometimes with staminodes. Gynoecium apocarpous, superior, of (1-)3-6(-32) carpels, usually oppositipetalous, stigma apical, dry, papillous, ovules 2 per carpel, anatropous, hemianatropous to campilotropous, uni- or bitegmic, crassinucellate, the superior epitropous and fertile, the inferior apotropous and abortive, placentation marginal ventral. Male flowers sometimes with carpelodes.
  • Fruits are compound; each unit in a straight or flattened, asymmetric drupe; more or less stipitate (rarely only one developed); non coalescing; exocarp sub-coriaceous or membranous, mesocarp pulpy, fleshy or fibrous, endocarp woody to petrous, rough, tuberous, echinate or ribbed, often with a recess in the placenta called a condyle.
  • Seeds slightly curved or spiral (Limaciopsis, Spirospermum), with endosperm absent or present, totally or only ventrally ruminate or not ruminate, oleaginous, embryo straight or curved, with two cotyledons flat or cylindrical, leafy or fleshy, divaricate or applied.
  • Pollen tricolpate, without operculum nor ribs, tectum perreticulate columellate, endexine granular; or the pollen can be colporate (Abuta), syncolporate (Tinospora), pororate or hexa-cryptoporate (with 6 apertures).
  • Chromosomal number: x = 11, 13, 19, 25. 2n can be up to 52.

Ecology edit

It is thought that the cauliflorous species are pollinated by small bees, beetles or flies although there are no direct observations of this. Birds disperse the purple or black drupes, for example Sayornis phoebe (a tyrant flycatcher) eats the fruit of Cocculus. In Tinospora cordifolia a lapse of 6–8 weeks has been observed between fertilization and the first zygotic cell division.

The Menispermaceae predominantly inhabit low elevation tropical forests (up to 2,100m), where they are climbers, but some genera and species have adapted to arid locations (Antizoma species have adapted to the South African deserts or Cebatha balfourii and its phylloclades have adapted to the climate on the island of Socotra) and other temperate climates. C3 photosynthesis has been recorded in Menispermum.

Phytochemistry edit

The family contains a wide range of benzylisoquinoline compounds (alkaloids) and lignans such as furofuran, flavones and flavonols and some proanthocyanidins. The most notable are the wide variety of alkaloids derived from benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline and aporphine, which accumulate as dimers, as well as the alkaloids derived from morphinan and from hasubanan and other diverse types of alkaloid such as derivative of aza-fluoranthene. Sesquiterpenes such as picrotoxin and diterpenes such as clerodane diterpene are also present, while the triterpenes are scarce and where present are similar to oleanane. Ecdysone steroids have also been found. Some species are cyanogenic.[citation needed]

Uses edit

The Menispermaceae have been used in traditional pharmacopeia and drugs have been formulated from these plants that are of great use in modern medicine. These drugs are based on alkaloids and include tubocurarine from curare, a poison used by indigenous South American tribes on their poison darts, that is obtained from species of Curarea, Chondrodendron, Sciadotenia, and Telitoxicum. A similar poison was used in Asia (ipos) that was obtained from species of Anamirta, Tinospora, Coscinium, and Cocculus. Tubocurarine and its synthetic derivatives are used to relax muscles during surgical interventions. The roots of "kalumba" or "colombo" (Jateorhiza palmata) are used in Africa for stomach problems and against dysentery. Species of Tinospora are used in Asia as antipyretics, the fruit of Anamirta cocculus is used to poison fish and birds and the stems of Fibraurea are used to dye fabric yellow. The South East Asian species Coscinium fenestratum, a local Thai remedy for stomach ailments ( which contains berberine and related alkaloids ) was recently implicated in mass harvesting operations to prepare extracts usable as precursors in the manufacture of the drug MDMA.[5]

Fossil record edit

The Middle Cretaceous genus Callicrypta from Siberia has been placed into Menispermaceae.[1] The Paleocene fossil record for the family includes at least 11 genera identified from compression leaf fossils found in Alaska and 15 genera and approximately 22 different Menispermaceae species identified from the Early Eocene London Clay. The London Clay genera Eohypserpa and Tinomiscoidea named by Reid & Chandler (1933) from mineralized nuts and an additional three genera Atriaecarpum, Davisicarpum, and Palaeosinomenium were later described by Chandler (1961, 1978). Additional species from those genera were identified in the Clarno nut beds by Scott and Manchester respectively.[6]

Menispermaceae is one of the most diverse families found in the Middle Eocene Clarno nut beds of central Oregon. Species belonging to thirteen different genera, most extinct, have been described based on cast or permineralized fruit and nut fossils from the beds, and four different foliage types are known from associated compression fossils. Chandlera and Odontocaryoideae were described by Scott (1954), while Manchester (1994) described Curvitinospora and Thanikaimonia.[6]

Phylogeny and internal classification edit

The APG IV system (2016; unchanged from the prior systems of 1998, 2003, and 2009) recognizes this family and places it with the eudicots order Ranunculales. Their trimerous flower structure is similar to the Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae, although they differ from them in other important characteristics. The APW (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) considers that they form part of the Order Ranunculales, and that they are a sister group on the branch formed by the Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae families in a reasonably advanced clade of the order.[7] Kinship with the Berberidaceae is further borne out by similarities in phytochemistry e.g. in the presence of berberine and related alkaloids. It is a medium-sized family of 78 genera[3] totaling 420 extant species,[7] mostly of climbing plants. The great majority of the genera are tropical, but with a few (notably Menispermum and Cocculus) reaching temperate climates in eastern North America and eastern Asia.

The genetic factors within Menispermaceae are very narrow resulting in many genera with one or a few species. According to Kessler (1993)[8] there wasn't sufficient data from genetic studies to evaluate subfamily and tribal division into five tribes (see Kessler, 1993, in the References section). As such, division was fundamentally based on morphologic characteristics of the seeds with doubts as to whether the tribes are monophyletic. Further molecular research compiled and conducted by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has clarified many of the interrelationships of the family.[7]

Chasmantheroideae

Burasaieae

Coscinieae

Menispermoideae

Anomospermeae

Cissampelidae

Limacieae

Menispermeae

Pachygoneae

Spirospermeae

Tiliacoreae

Incertae sedis

  • †Callicrypta

Gallery edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Krassilov, Valentin; Golovneva, L.B. (2004). "A minute mid-Cretaceous flower from Siberia and implications for the problem of basal angiosperms". Geodiversitas. 26: 5–15.
  2. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Menispermaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  4. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
  5. ^ See the documentary film: "Death in the Forest". Speculation on the potential drug use of yellow vine. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fMXgaMwEejo Retrieved 11.42 on 10/11/18
  6. ^ a b c Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
  7. ^ a b c Stevens, P.F. (2015) [1st. Pub. 2001], Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, retrieved 28 January 2021
  8. ^ Kessler, P.J.A. (1993). "Menispermaceae.". In Kubitzki, K.; Rohwer, J.G.; Bittrich, V. (eds.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag: Berlín. ISBN 978-3-540-55509-4.
  9. ^ Jacques, Frédéric M.B.; Gallut, Cyril; Vignes-Lebbe, Régine; Zaragüeta i Bagils, René (2007):Resolving phylogenetic reconstruction in Menispermaceae (Ranunculales) using fossils and a novel statistical test. Taxon 56(2):379-392.
  10. ^ RODRIGUES, Eliana; CARLINI, Elisaldo L. de Araújo. Plants with possible psychoactive actions used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277- 82, 2006.
  • Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). . Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2006.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Menispermaceae at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Menispermaceae at Wikispecies
  • links at CSDL
  • Menispermaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF
  • Map

February 16, 2024
menispermaceae, botanical, latin, moonseed, family, from, greek, mene, crescent, moon, sperma, seed, family, flowering, plants, alkaloid, tubocurarine, neuromuscular, blocker, active, ingredient, tube, curare, form, dart, poison, curare, derived, from, south, . Menispermaceae botanical Latin moonseed family from Greek mene crescent moon and sperma seed is a family of flowering plants The alkaloid tubocurarine a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the tube curare form of the dart poison curare is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the pot and calabash forms of curare The family contains 78 genera 3 with some 440 species 4 which are distributed throughout low lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions MenispermaceaeTemporal range Cenomanian Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N 1 Menispermum canadenseScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder RanunculalesFamily MenispermaceaeJuss 2 Genera 3 78 see text Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Phytochemistry 4 Uses 5 Fossil record 6 Phylogeny and internal classification 7 Gallery 8 References 9 External linksDescription editThis article is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this article if appropriate Editing help is available September 2013 Twining ever growing and woody climbing plants winding anti clockwise Stephania winds clockwise and vines rarely upright shrubs or small trees Rarer still herbaceous plants or epiphytes Stephania cyanantha perennial or deciduous with simple to uni serrate hairs Alternating spiral leaves simple whole dentate lobed to palmatifid bi o trifoliate in Burasaia frequently peltate petiolated petiole frequently pulvinate at both extremes without stipules sometimes with spines derived from the petioles Antizoma venation parallelodromous penninerved or frequently palmatinerved bifacial rarely isofacial in Angelisia and Anamirta with hydathodes derived from trichomes domatia present in five genera as pits or hair tufts Various types of stomata frequently cyclocytic Rapidly growing stems with trilacunar nodes Phylloclades are present in Cocculus balfourii Dioecious plants sometimes perfect flowers in Tiliacora acuminata and Parabaena denudata Inflorescences in racemiform paniculate or thyrse with partial inflorescences in a capituliform cyme or pseudo umbel multifloral rarely single or paired flowers axillary or on sharp branches or cauliflorous trunks females frequently less branched Flowers small regular to zygomorphic Antizoma Cyclea Cissampelos cyclic to irregularly spiral hypogynous basically trimers Receptacle sometimes with developed gynophore Sepals 1 3 12 or more usually in 1 2 many whorls of three rarely six free to slightly fused imbricate or valvate sometimes less numerous in female flowers Petals numbering 0 6 in two whorls of three rarely of six free or fused frequently holding the opposite stamen sometimes less numerous in female flowers Androecium of 1 3 6 40 stamens free of the perianth free or fused together in 2 5 fasciculate or monadelphous introrse dehiscence along longitudinal oblique or transversal slits Female flowers sometimes with staminodes Gynoecium apocarpous superior of 1 3 6 32 carpels usually oppositipetalous stigma apical dry papillous ovules 2 per carpel anatropous hemianatropous to campilotropous uni or bitegmic crassinucellate the superior epitropous and fertile the inferior apotropous and abortive placentation marginal ventral Male flowers sometimes with carpelodes Fruits are compound each unit in a straight or flattened asymmetric drupe more or less stipitate rarely only one developed non coalescing exocarp sub coriaceous or membranous mesocarp pulpy fleshy or fibrous endocarp woody to petrous rough tuberous echinate or ribbed often with a recess in the placenta called a condyle Seeds slightly curved or spiral Limaciopsis Spirospermum with endosperm absent or present totally or only ventrally ruminate or not ruminate oleaginous embryo straight or curved with two cotyledons flat or cylindrical leafy or fleshy divaricate or applied Pollen tricolpate without operculum nor ribs tectum perreticulate columellate endexine granular or the pollen can be colporate Abuta syncolporate Tinospora pororate or hexa cryptoporate with 6 apertures Chromosomal number x 11 13 19 25 2n can be up to 52 Ecology editIt is thought that the cauliflorous species are pollinated by small bees beetles or flies although there are no direct observations of this Birds disperse the purple or black drupes for example Sayornis phoebe a tyrant flycatcher eats the fruit of Cocculus In Tinospora cordifolia a lapse of 6 8 weeks has been observed between fertilization and the first zygotic cell division The Menispermaceae predominantly inhabit low elevation tropical forests up to 2 100m where they are climbers but some genera and species have adapted to arid locations Antizoma species have adapted to the South African deserts or Cebatha balfourii and its phylloclades have adapted to the climate on the island of Socotra and other temperate climates C3 photosynthesis has been recorded in Menispermum Phytochemistry editThe family contains a wide range of benzylisoquinoline compounds alkaloids and lignans such as furofuran flavones and flavonols and some proanthocyanidins The most notable are the wide variety of alkaloids derived from benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline and aporphine which accumulate as dimers as well as the alkaloids derived from morphinan and from hasubanan and other diverse types of alkaloid such as derivative of aza fluoranthene Sesquiterpenes such as picrotoxin and diterpenes such as clerodane diterpene are also present while the triterpenes are scarce and where present are similar to oleanane Ecdysone steroids have also been found Some species are cyanogenic citation needed Uses editThe Menispermaceae have been used in traditional pharmacopeia and drugs have been formulated from these plants that are of great use in modern medicine These drugs are based on alkaloids and include tubocurarine from curare a poison used by indigenous South American tribes on their poison darts that is obtained from species of Curarea Chondrodendron Sciadotenia and Telitoxicum A similar poison was used in Asia ipos that was obtained from species of Anamirta Tinospora Coscinium and Cocculus Tubocurarine and its synthetic derivatives are used to relax muscles during surgical interventions The roots of kalumba or colombo Jateorhiza palmata are used in Africa for stomach problems and against dysentery Species of Tinospora are used in Asia as antipyretics the fruit of Anamirta cocculus is used to poison fish and birds and the stems of Fibraurea are used to dye fabric yellow The South East Asian species Coscinium fenestratum a local Thai remedy for stomach ailments which contains berberine and related alkaloids was recently implicated in mass harvesting operations to prepare extracts usable as precursors in the manufacture of the drug MDMA 5 Fossil record editThe Middle Cretaceous genus Callicrypta from Siberia has been placed into Menispermaceae 1 The Paleocene fossil record for the family includes at least 11 genera identified from compression leaf fossils found in Alaska and 15 genera and approximately 22 different Menispermaceae species identified from the Early Eocene London Clay The London Clay genera Eohypserpa and Tinomiscoidea named by Reid amp Chandler 1933 from mineralized nuts and an additional three genera Atriaecarpum Davisicarpum and Palaeosinomenium were later described by Chandler 1961 1978 Additional species from those genera were identified in the Clarno nut beds by Scott and Manchester respectively 6 Menispermaceae is one of the most diverse families found in the Middle Eocene Clarno nut beds of central Oregon Species belonging to thirteen different genera most extinct have been described based on cast or permineralized fruit and nut fossils from the beds and four different foliage types are known from associated compression fossils Chandlera and Odontocaryoideae were described by Scott 1954 while Manchester 1994 described Curvitinospora and Thanikaimonia 6 Phylogeny and internal classification editThe APG IV system 2016 unchanged from the prior systems of 1998 2003 and 2009 recognizes this family and places it with the eudicots order Ranunculales Their trimerous flower structure is similar to the Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae although they differ from them in other important characteristics The APW Angiosperm Phylogeny Website considers that they form part of the Order Ranunculales and that they are a sister group on the branch formed by the Lardizabalaceae and Berberidaceae families in a reasonably advanced clade of the order 7 Kinship with the Berberidaceae is further borne out by similarities in phytochemistry e g in the presence of berberine and related alkaloids It is a medium sized family of 78 genera 3 totaling 420 extant species 7 mostly of climbing plants The great majority of the genera are tropical but with a few notably Menispermum and Cocculus reaching temperate climates in eastern North America and eastern Asia The genetic factors within Menispermaceae are very narrow resulting in many genera with one or a few species According to Kessler 1993 8 there wasn t sufficient data from genetic studies to evaluate subfamily and tribal division into five tribes see Kessler 1993 in the References section As such division was fundamentally based on morphologic characteristics of the seeds with doubts as to whether the tribes are monophyletic Further molecular research compiled and conducted by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has clarified many of the interrelationships of the family 7 Chasmantheroideae Burasaieae Aspidocarya J D Hooker amp Thomson Borismene Barneby Burasaia Thouars Calycocarpum Torrey amp A Gray Chasmanthera Hochst Chandlera Scott 6 Chlaenandra Miquel Dialytheca Exell amp Mendonca Dioscoreophyllum Engler Diploclisia Miers Disciphania Eichler Fibraurea Loureiro Hyalosepalum Troupin Jateorhiza Miers Kolobopetalum Engler Leptoterantha Troupin Odontocarya Miers including Synandropus Orthogynium Baillon Parabaena Miers Paratinospora Wei Wang Penianthus Miers Platytinospora Engler Diels Rhigiocarya Miers Sarcolophium Troupin Sphenocentrum Pierre Syntriandrium Engler Tinomiscium J D Hooker amp Thomson Tinospora Miers including Fawcettia F Muell Coscinieae Anamirta Colebrooke Arcangelisia Beccari Coscinium Colebrooke Menispermoideae Anomospermeae Abuta Aublet Anomospermum Miers Caryomene Barneby amp Krukoff Diploclisia Miers Echinostephia Diels Domin 9 Elephantomene Barneby amp Krukoff including Cionomene Elissarrhena Miers Hypserpa Miers Legnephora Miers Orthomene Barneby amp Krukoff Parapachygone Forman Pericampylus Miers Rupertiella Wei Wang amp R Ortiz Sarcopetalum F Mueller Telitoxicum MoldenkeCissampelidae Antizoma Miers Cissampelos L Cyclea Wight Perichasma Miers Stephania LoureiroLimacieae Limacia LoureiroMenispermeae Menispermum L Sinomenium DielsPachygoneae Cebatha Forssk Cocculus de Candolle Haematocarpus Miers Hyperbaena Bentham Nephroia Lour Pachygone MiersSpirospermeae Limaciopsis Engler Rhaptonema Miers Spirospermum Thouars Strychnopsis BaillonTiliacoreae Albertisia Beccari Anisocycla Baillon Beirnaertia Troupin Carronia F Mueller Chondrodendron Ruiz amp Pavon 10 Curarea Barneby amp Krukoff Eleutharrhena Forman Macrococculus Beccari Pleogyne Miers Pycnarrhena J D Hooker amp Thomson Sciadotenia Miers Synclisia Bentham amp J D Hooker Syrrheonema Miers Tiliacora Colebrooke Triclisia Bentham amp J D Hooker Ungulipetalum Moldenke Incertae sedis CallicryptaGallery edit nbsp Menispermum canadense foliage and flowers Frick Park Pittsburgh nbsp Menispermum canadense Canada moonseed ripe fruit and crescent moon shaped seeds nbsp Chondrodendron tomentosum Coloured plate from Bentley and Trimen s Medicinal Plants nbsp The Abuta species A selloana line drawing from Engler s Das Pflanzenreich nbsp Cocculus orbiculatus in fruit Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid nbsp Anamirta cocculus illustration from Kohler s Medizinal Pflanzen nbsp Anomospermum A schomburgkii anatomical study from the Flora Brasiliensis of von Martius and Eichler nbsp Cissampelos pareira illustration from Blanco s Flora de Filipinas nbsp Coscinium fenestratum yellow vine plate from Curtis s Botanical Magazine nbsp The Stephania species S venosa in flower Gothenburg Botanical Garden nbsp Thai villagers harvesting large medicinal root tuber of Stephania venosa nbsp Stephania japonica in fruit Mc Kay Reserve NSW Australia nbsp Jateorhiza palmata illustration from Kohler s Medizinal Pflanzen nbsp Foliage of Tinospora cordifolia References edit a b Krassilov Valentin Golovneva L B 2004 A minute mid Cretaceous flower from Siberia and implications for the problem of basal angiosperms Geodiversitas 26 5 15 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III PDF Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Retrieved 6 July 2013 a b c Menispermaceae Juss Plants of the World Online Retrieved 21 January 2024 Christenhusz M J M amp Byng J W 2016 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase Phytotaxa 261 3 201 217 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 261 3 1 See the documentary film Death in the Forest Speculation on the potential drug use of yellow vine https m youtube com watch v fMXgaMwEejo Retrieved 11 42 on 10 11 18 a b c Manchester S R 1994 Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora Clarno Formation Oregon Palaeontographica Americana 58 30 31 a b c Stevens P F 2015 1st Pub 2001 Angiosperm Phylogeny Website retrieved 28 January 2021 Kessler P J A 1993 Menispermaceae In Kubitzki K Rohwer J G Bittrich V eds The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants II Flowering Plants Dicotyledons Springer Verlag Berlin ISBN 978 3 540 55509 4 Jacques Frederic M B Gallut Cyril Vignes Lebbe Regine Zaragueta i Bagils Rene 2007 Resolving phylogenetic reconstruction in Menispermaceae Ranunculales using fossils and a novel statistical test Taxon 56 2 379 392 RODRIGUES Eliana CARLINI Elisaldo L de Araujo Plants with possible psychoactive actions used by the Kraho Indians Brazil Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28 4 277 82 2006 Watson L amp Dallwitz M J 1992 The families of flowering plants descriptions illustrations identification and information retrieval Version 29th July 2006 Archived from the original on 3 January 2007 Retrieved 9 December 2006 External links edit nbsp Media related to Menispermaceae at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Menispermaceae at Wikispecies links at CSDL Menispermaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF Map Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Menispermaceae amp oldid 1197834723, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.