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Marvin Minsky

January 01, 1970

Marvin Lee Minsky (August 9, 1927 – January 24, 2016) was an American cognitive and computer scientist concerned largely with research of artificial intelligence (AI). He co-founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory and wrote several texts concerning AI and philosophy.[12][13][14][15]

Marvin Minsky
Minsky in 2008
Born(1927-08-09)August 9, 1927
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedJanuary 24, 2016(2016-01-24) (aged 88)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
EducationHarvard University (BA)
Princeton University (MA, PhD)
Known for
Spouse
Gloria Rudisch
​
(m. 1952)​
Children3
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology
ThesisTheory of Neural-Analog Reinforcement Systems and Its Application to the Brain Model Problem (1954)
Doctoral advisorAlbert W. Tucker[2][3]
Doctoral students
Websiteweb.media.mit.edu/~minsky

Minsky received many accolades and honors, including the 1969 Turing Award.

Early life and education edit

Marvin Lee Minsky was born in New York City, to an eye surgeon father, Henry, and to a mother, Fannie (Reiser), who was a Zionist activist.[15][16][17] His family was Jewish. He attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School and the Bronx High School of Science. He later attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. He then served in the US Navy from 1944 to 1945. He received a B.A. in mathematics from Harvard University in 1950 and a Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1954. His doctoral dissertation was titled "Theory of neural-analog reinforcement systems and its application to the brain-model problem."[18][19][20] He was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1954 to 1957.[21][22]

He was on the MIT faculty from 1958 to his death. He joined the staff at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1958, and a year later he and John McCarthy initiated what is, as of 2019, named the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[23][24] He was the Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, and professor of electrical engineering and computer science.

Contributions in computer science edit

 
3D profile of a coin (partial) measured with a modern confocal white light microscope

Minsky's inventions include the first head-mounted graphical display (1963)[25] and the confocal microscope[6][note 1] (1957, a predecessor to today's widely used confocal laser scanning microscope). He developed, with Seymour Papert, the first Logo "turtle". Minsky also built, in 1951, the first randomly wired neural network learning machine, SNARC. In 1962, Minsky worked on small universal Turing machines and published his well-known 7-state, 4-symbol machine.[26]

Minsky's book Perceptrons (written with Seymour Papert) attacked the work of Frank Rosenblatt, and became the foundational work in the analysis of artificial neural networks. The book is the center of a controversy in the history of AI, as some claim it to have had great importance in discouraging research of neural networks in the 1970s, and contributing to the so-called "AI winter".[27] He also founded several other AI models. His paper A framework for representing knowledge[28] created a new paradigm in knowledge representation. While his Perceptrons is now more a historical than practical book, the theory of frames is in wide use.[29] Minsky also wrote of the possibility that extraterrestrial life may think like humans, permitting communication.[30]

In the early 1970s, at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, Minsky and Papert started developing what came to be known as the Society of Mind theory. The theory attempts to explain how what we call intelligence could be a product of the interaction of non-intelligent parts. Minsky says that the biggest source of ideas about the theory came from his work in trying to create a machine that uses a robotic arm, a video camera, and a computer to build with children's blocks. In 1986, Minsky published The Society of Mind, a comprehensive book on the theory which, unlike most of his previously published work, was written for the general public.

The MA-3 Robotic Manipulator Arm, on display at MIT Museum
  •  
    General view
  •  
    The Belgrade Hand

In November 2006, Minsky published The Emotion Machine, a book that critiques many popular theories of how human minds work and suggests alternative theories, often replacing simple ideas with more complex ones. Recent drafts of the book are freely available from his webpage.[31]

Minsky also invented a "gravity machine" that would ring a bell if the gravitational constant were to change, a theoretical possibility that is not expected to occur in the foreseeable future.[7]

Role in popular culture edit

Minsky was an adviser[32] on Stanley Kubrick's movie 2001: A Space Odyssey; one of the movie's characters, Victor Kaminski, was named in Minsky's honor.[33] Minsky is mentioned explicitly in Arthur C. Clarke's derivative novel of the same name, where he is portrayed as achieving a crucial break-through in artificial intelligence in the then-future 1980s, paving the way for HAL 9000 in the early 21st century:

In the 1980s, Minsky and Good had shown how artificial neural networks could be generated automatically—self replicated—in accordance with any arbitrary learning program. Artificial brains could be grown by a process strikingly analogous to the development of a human brain. In any given case, the precise details would never be known, and even if they were, they would be millions of times too complex for human understanding.[34]

In the television anthology series Fargo (Season 3) episode 3 (entitled "The Law of Non-Contradiction"), at least two allusions are made to Minsky. The first, through the depiction of a "useless machine": a device that was invented by Minsky as a philosophical joke. The second, through the depiction of an animation of a robot called "minsky" – a character in a sci-fi novel called "The Planet Wyh".

Personal life edit

 
The Minskytron or "Three Position Display" running on the Computer History Museum's PDP-1, 2007

In 1952, Minsky married pediatrician Gloria Rudisch; together they had three children.[35] Minsky was a talented improvisational pianist[36] who published musings on the relations between music and psychology.

Opinions edit

Minsky was an atheist.[37] He was a signatory to the Scientists' Open Letter on Cryonics.[38]

He was a critic of the Loebner Prize for conversational robots,[39] and argued that a fundamental difference between humans and machines was that while humans are machines, they are machines in which intelligence emerges from the interplay of the many unintelligent but semi-autonomous agents that comprise the brain.[40] He argued that "somewhere down the line, some computers will become more intelligent than most people," but that it was very hard to predict how fast progress would be.[41] He cautioned that an artificial superintelligence designed to solve an innocuous mathematical problem might decide to assume control of Earth's resources to build supercomputers to help achieve its goal,[42] but believed that such negative scenarios are "hard to take seriously" because he felt confident that AI would go through a considerable degree of testing before being deployed.[43]

Association with Jeffrey Epstein edit

Minsky received a $100,000 research grant from Jeffrey Epstein in 2002, four years before Epstein's first arrest for sex offenses; it was the first from Epstein to MIT. Minsky received no further research grants from him.[44][45]

Minsky organized two academic symposia on Epstein's private island Little Saint James, one in 2002 and another in 2011, after Epstein was a registered sex offender.[46] Virginia Giuffre testified in a 2015 deposition in her defamation lawsuit against Epstein's associate Ghislaine Maxwell that Maxwell "directed" her to have sex with Minsky among others. There has been no allegation that sex between them took place nor a lawsuit against Minsky's estate.[47] Minsky's widow, Gloria Rudisch, says that he could not have had sex with any of the women at Epstein's residences, as they were always together during all of the visits to Epstein's residences.[48]

Death edit

In January 2016 Minsky died of a cerebral hemorrhage, at the age of 88.[49] Minsky was a member of Alcor Life Extension Foundation's Scientific Advisory Board.[50] Alcor will neither confirm nor deny whether Minsky was cryonically preserved.[51]

Bibliography (selected) edit

Awards and affiliations edit

Minsky won the Turing Award (the greatest distinction in computer science)[40] in 1969, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1982,[52] the Japan Prize in 1990, the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence for 1991, and the Benjamin Franklin Medal from the Franklin Institute for 2001.[53] In 2006, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for co-founding the field of artificial intelligence, creating early neural networks and robots, and developing theories of human and machine cognition."[54] In 2011, Minsky was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI Hall of Fame for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems".[55] In 2014, Minsky won the Dan David Prize for "Artificial Intelligence, the Digital Mind".[56] He was also awarded with the 2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Information and Communication Technologies category.[57]

Minsky was affiliated with the following organizations:

Media appearances edit

  • Machine Dreams (1988)
  • Future Fantastic (1996)

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The patent for Minsky's Microscopy Apparatus was applied for in 1957, and subsequently granted US Patent Number 3,013,467 in 1961. According to his published biography on the MIT Media Lab webpage, "In 1956, when a Junior Fellow at Harvard, Minsky invented and built the first Confocal Scanning Microscope, an optical instrument with unprecedented resolution and image quality".

References edit

  1. ^ "Elected AAAI Fellows". www.aaai.org.
  2. ^ Marvin Lee Minsky at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  3. ^ Marvin Lee Minsky at the AI Genealogy Project.
  4. ^ "Personal page for Marvin Minsky". web.media.mit.edu. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  5. ^ Minsky, Marvin (1961). "Steps toward Artificial Intelligence" (PDF). Proceedings of the IRE. 49: 8–30. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.79.7413. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1961.287775. S2CID 14250548.
  6. ^ a b Minsky, Marvin (1988). "Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope". Scanning. 10 (4): 128–138. doi:10.1002/sca.4950100403.
  7. ^ a b Pesta, A (March 12, 2014). "Looking for Something Useful to Do With Your Time? Don't Try This". WSJ. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  8. ^ Hillis, Danny; McCarthy, John; Mitchell, Tom M.; Mueller, Erik T.; Riecken, Doug; Sloman, Aaron; Winston, Patrick Henry (2007). "In Honor of Marvin Minsky's Contributions on his 80th Birthday". AI Magazine. 28 (4): 109. doi:10.1609/aimag.v28i4.2064.
  9. ^ Papert, Seymour; Minsky, Marvin Lee (1988). Perceptrons: an introduction to computational geometry. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-63111-2.
  10. ^ Minsky, Marvin Lee (1986). The Society of Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-60740-1. The first comprehensive description of the Society of Mind theory of intellectual structure and development. See also The Society of Mind (CD-ROM version), Voyager, 1996.
  11. ^ Minsky, Marvin Lee (2007). The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-7664-1.
  12. ^ Marvin Minsky at DBLP Bibliography Server  
  13. ^ Marvin Minsky publications indexed by Microsoft Academic
  14. ^ "Google Scholar". scholar.google.com.
  15. ^ a b Winston, Patrick Henry (2016). "Marvin L. Minsky (1927–2016)". Nature. 530 (7590): 282. Bibcode:2016Natur.530..282W. doi:10.1038/530282a. PMID 26887486.
  16. ^ Swedin, Eric Gottfrid (August 10, 2005). Science in the Contemporary World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 188 – via Internet Archive. marvin minsky jewish.
  17. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (February 3, 2016). "Marvin Minsky obituary". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  18. ^ Minsky, Marvin (July 31, 1954). "Theory of neural-analog reinforcement systems and its application to the brain-model problem" – via catalog.princeton.edu.
  19. ^ Minsky, Marvin Lee (1954). Theory of Neural-Analog Reinforcement Systems and Its Application to the Brain Model Problem (PhD thesis). Princeton University. OCLC 3020680. ProQuest 301998727.
  20. ^ Hillis, Danny; McCarthy, John; Mitchell, Tom M.; Mueller, Erik T.; Riecken, Doug; Sloman, Aaron; Winston, Patrick Henry (2007). "In Honor of Marvin Minsky's Contributions on his 80th Birthday". AI Magazine. 28 (4): 103–110. Retrieved November 24, 2010.
  21. ^ Society of Fellows, Listed by Term
  22. ^ "Marvin Minsky, Ph.D. Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  23. ^ Horgan, John (November 1993). "Profile: Marvin L. Minsky: The Mastermind of Artificial Intelligence". Scientific American. 269 (5): 14–15. Bibcode:1993SciAm.269e..35H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1193-35.
  24. ^ Rifkin, Glenn (January 28, 2016). . The Tech. MIT. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
  25. ^ a b c "Brief Academic Biography of Marvin Minsky". Web.media.mit.edu. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  26. ^ Turlough Neary, Damien Woods, "Small Weakly Universal Turing Machines", Machines, Computations, and Universality 2007, proceedings, Orleans, France, September 10–13, 2007, ISBN 3540745920, p. 262-263
  27. ^ Olazaran, Mikel (August 1996). "A Sociological Study of the Official History of the Perceptrons Controversy". Social Studies of Science. 26 (3): 611–659. doi:10.1177/030631296026003005. JSTOR 285702. S2CID 16786738.
  28. ^ Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representing knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.
  29. ^ "Minsky's frame system theory". Proceedings of the 1975 workshop on Theoretical issues in natural language processing – TINLAP '75. 1975. pp. 104–116. doi:10.3115/980190.980222. S2CID 1870840.
  30. ^ Minsky, Marvin (April 1985). "Communication with Alien Intelligence". Byte. Vol. 10, no. 4. Peterborough, New Hampshire: UBM Technology Group. p. 127. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  31. ^ "Marvin Minsky's Home Page". web.media.mit.edu.
  32. ^ For more, see this interview, . Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  33. ^ "AI pioneer Marvin Minsky dies aged 88". BBC News. January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  34. ^ Clarke, Arthur C. (April 1968). 2001: A Space Odyssey. Hutchinson, UK
    New American Library, US. ISBN 0-453-00269-2.
  35. ^ "R.I.P. Marvin Minsky". Washington Post. January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  36. ^ "Obituary: Marvin Minsky, 88; MIT professor helped found field of artificial intelligence". Boston Globe. January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  37. ^ Lederman, Leon M.; Scheppler, Judith A. (2001). "Marvin Minsky: Mind Maker". Portraits of Great American Scientists. Prometheus Books. p. 74. ISBN 9781573929325. Another area where he "goes against the flow" is in his spiritual beliefs. As far as religion is concerned, he's a confirmed atheist. "I think it [religion] is a contagious mental disease. ... The brain has a need to believe it knows a reason for things.
  38. ^ "SCIENTISTS' OPEN LETTER ON CRYONICS". The Science of Cryonics. Biostasis.com. March 19, 2004. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  39. ^ Salon.com Technology |Artificial stupidity June 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ a b "Marvin Minsky, Pioneer in Artificial Intelligence, Dies at 88". The New York Times. January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  41. ^ "For artificial intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky, computers have soul". Jerusalem Post. May 13, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  42. ^ Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003). "Section 26.3: The Ethics and Risks of Developing Artificial Intelligence". Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0137903955. Similarly, Marvin Minsky once suggested that an AI program designed to solve the Riemann Hypothesis might end up taking over all the resources of Earth to build more powerful supercomputers to help achieve its goal.
  43. ^ Achenbach, Joel (January 6, 2016). "Marvin Minsky, an architect of artificial intelligence, dies at 88". Washington Post. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  44. ^ Subbaraman, Nidhi (January 10, 2020). "MIT review of Epstein donations finds "significant mistakes of judgment"". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00072-x. PMID 33420402. S2CID 214375389.
  45. ^ Braceras, Roberto M.; Chunias, Jennifer L.; Martin, Kevin P. (January 10, 2020). "Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein's Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute Of Technology" (PDF). mit.edu. pp. 9, 15.
  46. ^ "AI pioneer accused of having sex with trafficking victim on Jeffrey Epstein's island". The Verge. August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  47. ^ Briquelet, Kate; et al. (September 16, 2019). "Jeffrey Epstein Accuser Names Powerful Men in Alleged Sex Ring". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  48. ^ Carlistle, Madeline; Mansoor, Sanya (August 14, 2019). "The Jeffrey Epstein Investigation Continues After His Death. Here's Who Else Could Be Investigated". Time. Retrieved July 28, 2019. Minsky's widow, Gloria Rudisch, denied he had sex with Giuffre or any other girls
  49. ^ Pearson, Michael (January 26, 2016). "Pioneering computer scientist Marvin Minsky dies at 88". CNN. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  50. ^ a b "Alcor Scientific Advisory Board". Alcor. January 14, 2016. from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  51. ^ "Official Alcor Statement Concerning Marvin Minsky". Alcor News. Alcor Life Extension Foundation. January 27, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  52. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  53. ^ Marvin Minsky – The Franklin Institute Awards – Laureate Database May 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Franklin Institute. Retrieved on March 25, 2008.
  54. ^ "Marvin Minsky: 2006 Fellow". Computer History Museum. from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  55. ^ (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. 26 (4): 5–15. 2011. doi:10.1109/MIS.2011.64. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  56. ^ "Dan David prize 2014 winners". May 15, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
  57. ^ "MIT artificial intelligence, robotics pioneer feted: Award celebrates Minsky's career". BostonGlobe.com. August 24, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
  58. ^ "Extropy Institute Directors & Advisors". www.extropy.org.
  59. ^ "kynamatrix Research Network : About". www.kynamatrix.org. Retrieved February 9, 2018.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marvin Minsky.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Marvin Minsky.
  • Consciousness Is A Big Suitcase: A talk with Marvin Minsky
  • Marvin Minsky's thoughts on the Fermi Paradox at the Transvisions 2007 conference
  • "Health, population and the human mind" March 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine: Marvin Minsky talk at the TED conference
  • "The Society of Mind" on MIT OpenCourseWare
  • Marvin Minsky tells his life story at Web of Stories (video)
  • Marvin Minsky Playlist February 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler May 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine radio show November 26, 2003
  • Oral history interview with Marvin Minsky at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Minsky describes artificial intelligence (AI) research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Topics include: the work of John McCarthy; changes in the MIT research laboratories with the advent of Project MAC; research in the areas of expert systems, graphics, word processing, and time-sharing; variations in the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) attitude toward AI.
  • Oral history interview with Terry Winograd at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Winograd describes his work in computer science, linguistics, and artificial intelligence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), discussing the work of Marvin Minsky and others.
  • Appearances on C-SPAN

January 01, 1970
marvin, minsky, marvin, minsky, august, 1927, january, 2016, american, cognitive, computer, scientist, concerned, largely, with, research, artificial, intelligence, founded, massachusetts, institute, technology, laboratory, wrote, several, texts, concerning, p. Marvin Lee Minsky August 9 1927 January 24 2016 was an American cognitive and computer scientist concerned largely with research of artificial intelligence AI He co founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology s AI laboratory and wrote several texts concerning AI and philosophy 12 13 14 15 Marvin MinskyMinsky in 2008Born 1927 08 09 August 9 1927New York City New York U S DiedJanuary 24 2016 2016 01 24 aged 88 Boston Massachusetts U S EducationHarvard University BA Princeton University MA PhD Known forArtificial intelligence 5 Confocal microscope 6 Useless machine 7 Triadex Muse 8 Perceptrons 9 The Society of Mind 10 The Emotion Machine 11 FramesSpouseGloria Rudisch m 1952 wbr Children3AwardsTuring Award 1969 Japan Prize 1990 AAAI Fellow 1990 1 IJCAI Award for Research Excellence 1991 Benjamin Franklin Medal 2001 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award 2013 Scientific careerFieldsCognitive science Computer science Artificial intelligence Philosophy of mindInstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyThesisTheory of Neural Analog Reinforcement Systems and Its Application to the Brain Model Problem 1954 Doctoral advisorAlbert W Tucker 2 3 Doctoral studentsJames Robert Slagle Manuel Blum Daniel Bobrow Ivan Sutherland Bertram Raphael William A Martin Joel Moses Warren Teitelman Adolfo Guzman Arenas Patrick Winston Eugene Charniak Gerald Jay Sussman Scott Fahlman Benjamin Kuipers Luc Steels Danny Hillis K Eric Drexler Berthold K P Horn Carl Hewitt 4 Websiteweb wbr media wbr mit wbr edu wbr minsky Minsky received many accolades and honors including the 1969 Turing Award Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Contributions in computer science 3 Role in popular culture 4 Personal life 4 1 Opinions 4 2 Association with Jeffrey Epstein 4 3 Death 5 Bibliography selected 6 Awards and affiliations 7 Media appearances 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksEarly life and education editMarvin Lee Minsky was born in New York City to an eye surgeon father Henry and to a mother Fannie Reiser who was a Zionist activist 15 16 17 His family was Jewish He attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School and the Bronx High School of Science He later attended Phillips Academy in Andover Massachusetts He then served in the US Navy from 1944 to 1945 He received a B A in mathematics from Harvard University in 1950 and a Ph D in mathematics from Princeton University in 1954 His doctoral dissertation was titled Theory of neural analog reinforcement systems and its application to the brain model problem 18 19 20 He was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1954 to 1957 21 22 He was on the MIT faculty from 1958 to his death He joined the staff at MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1958 and a year later he and John McCarthy initiated what is as of 2019 update named the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 23 24 He was the Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences and professor of electrical engineering and computer science Contributions in computer science edit nbsp 3D profile of a coin partial measured with a modern confocal white light microscope Minsky s inventions include the first head mounted graphical display 1963 25 and the confocal microscope 6 note 1 1957 a predecessor to today s widely used confocal laser scanning microscope He developed with Seymour Papert the first Logo turtle Minsky also built in 1951 the first randomly wired neural network learning machine SNARC In 1962 Minsky worked on small universal Turing machines and published his well known 7 state 4 symbol machine 26 Minsky s book Perceptrons written with Seymour Papert attacked the work of Frank Rosenblatt and became the foundational work in the analysis of artificial neural networks The book is the center of a controversy in the history of AI as some claim it to have had great importance in discouraging research of neural networks in the 1970s and contributing to the so called AI winter 27 He also founded several other AI models His paper A framework for representing knowledge 28 created a new paradigm in knowledge representation While his Perceptrons is now more a historical than practical book the theory of frames is in wide use 29 Minsky also wrote of the possibility that extraterrestrial life may think like humans permitting communication 30 In the early 1970s at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab Minsky and Papert started developing what came to be known as the Society of Mind theory The theory attempts to explain how what we call intelligence could be a product of the interaction of non intelligent parts Minsky says that the biggest source of ideas about the theory came from his work in trying to create a machine that uses a robotic arm a video camera and a computer to build with children s blocks In 1986 Minsky published The Society of Mind a comprehensive book on the theory which unlike most of his previously published work was written for the general public The MA 3 Robotic Manipulator Arm on display at MIT Museum nbsp General view nbsp The Belgrade Hand In November 2006 Minsky published The Emotion Machine a book that critiques many popular theories of how human minds work and suggests alternative theories often replacing simple ideas with more complex ones Recent drafts of the book are freely available from his webpage 31 Minsky also invented a gravity machine that would ring a bell if the gravitational constant were to change a theoretical possibility that is not expected to occur in the foreseeable future 7 Role in popular culture editMinsky was an adviser 32 on Stanley Kubrick s movie 2001 A Space Odyssey one of the movie s characters Victor Kaminski was named in Minsky s honor 33 Minsky is mentioned explicitly in Arthur C Clarke s derivative novel of the same name where he is portrayed as achieving a crucial break through in artificial intelligence in the then future 1980s paving the way for HAL 9000 in the early 21st century In the 1980s Minsky and Good had shown how artificial neural networks could be generated automatically self replicated in accordance with any arbitrary learning program Artificial brains could be grown by a process strikingly analogous to the development of a human brain In any given case the precise details would never be known and even if they were they would be millions of times too complex for human understanding 34 In the television anthology series Fargo Season 3 episode 3 entitled The Law of Non Contradiction at least two allusions are made to Minsky The first through the depiction of a useless machine a device that was invented by Minsky as a philosophical joke The second through the depiction of an animation of a robot called minsky a character in a sci fi novel called The Planet Wyh Personal life edit nbsp The Minskytron or Three Position Display running on the Computer History Museum s PDP 1 2007 In 1952 Minsky married pediatrician Gloria Rudisch together they had three children 35 Minsky was a talented improvisational pianist 36 who published musings on the relations between music and psychology Opinions edit Minsky was an atheist 37 He was a signatory to the Scientists Open Letter on Cryonics 38 He was a critic of the Loebner Prize for conversational robots 39 and argued that a fundamental difference between humans and machines was that while humans are machines they are machines in which intelligence emerges from the interplay of the many unintelligent but semi autonomous agents that comprise the brain 40 He argued that somewhere down the line some computers will become more intelligent than most people but that it was very hard to predict how fast progress would be 41 He cautioned that an artificial superintelligence designed to solve an innocuous mathematical problem might decide to assume control of Earth s resources to build supercomputers to help achieve its goal 42 but believed that such negative scenarios are hard to take seriously because he felt confident that AI would go through a considerable degree of testing before being deployed 43 Association with Jeffrey Epstein edit Minsky received a 100 000 research grant from Jeffrey Epstein in 2002 four years before Epstein s first arrest for sex offenses it was the first from Epstein to MIT Minsky received no further research grants from him 44 45 Minsky organized two academic symposia on Epstein s private island Little Saint James one in 2002 and another in 2011 after Epstein was a registered sex offender 46 Virginia Giuffre testified in a 2015 deposition in her defamation lawsuit against Epstein s associate Ghislaine Maxwell that Maxwell directed her to have sex with Minsky among others There has been no allegation that sex between them took place nor a lawsuit against Minsky s estate 47 Minsky s widow Gloria Rudisch says that he could not have had sex with any of the women at Epstein s residences as they were always together during all of the visits to Epstein s residences 48 Death edit In January 2016 Minsky died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 88 49 Minsky was a member of Alcor Life Extension Foundation s Scientific Advisory Board 50 Alcor will neither confirm nor deny whether Minsky was cryonically preserved 51 Bibliography selected edit1967 Computation Finite and Infinite Machines Prentice Hall 1986 The Society of Mind 2006 The Emotion Machine Commonsense Thinking Artificial Intelligence and the Future of the Human MindAwards and affiliations editMinsky won the Turing Award the greatest distinction in computer science 40 in 1969 the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1982 52 the Japan Prize in 1990 the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence for 1991 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal from the Franklin Institute for 2001 53 In 2006 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for co founding the field of artificial intelligence creating early neural networks and robots and developing theories of human and machine cognition 54 In 2011 Minsky was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems AI Hall of Fame for the significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems 55 In 2014 Minsky won the Dan David Prize for Artificial Intelligence the Digital Mind 56 He was also awarded with the 2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Information and Communication Technologies category 57 Minsky was affiliated with the following organizations United States National Academy of Engineering 25 United States National Academy of Sciences 25 Extropy Institute s Council of Advisors 58 Alcor Life Extension Foundation s Scientific Advisory Board 50 kynamatrix Research Network s Board of Directors 59 Media appearances editMachine Dreams 1988 Future Fantastic 1996 See also editList of pioneers in computer scienceNotes edit The patent for Minsky s Microscopy Apparatus was applied for in 1957 and subsequently granted US Patent Number 3 013 467 in 1961 According to his published biography on the MIT Media Lab webpage In 1956 when a Junior Fellow at Harvard Minsky invented and built the first Confocal Scanning Microscope an optical instrument with unprecedented resolution and image quality References edit Elected AAAI Fellows www aaai org Marvin Lee Minsky at the Mathematics Genealogy Project Marvin Lee Minsky at the AI Genealogy Project Personal page for Marvin Minsky web media mit edu Retrieved June 23 2016 Minsky Marvin 1961 Steps toward Artificial Intelligence PDF Proceedings of the IRE 49 8 30 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 79 7413 doi 10 1109 JRPROC 1961 287775 S2CID 14250548 a b Minsky Marvin 1988 Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope Scanning 10 4 128 138 doi 10 1002 sca 4950100403 a b Pesta A March 12 2014 Looking for Something Useful to Do With Your Time Don t Try This WSJ Retrieved March 24 2014 Hillis Danny McCarthy John Mitchell Tom M Mueller Erik T Riecken Doug Sloman Aaron Winston Patrick Henry 2007 In Honor of Marvin Minsky s Contributions on his 80th Birthday AI Magazine 28 4 109 doi 10 1609 aimag v28i4 2064 Papert Seymour Minsky Marvin Lee 1988 Perceptrons an introduction to computational geometry Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press ISBN 978 0 262 63111 2 Minsky Marvin Lee 1986 The Society of Mind New York Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 0 671 60740 1 The first comprehensive description of the Society of Mind theory of intellectual structure and development See also The Society of Mind CD ROM version Voyager 1996 Minsky Marvin Lee 2007 The Emotion Machine Commonsense Thinking Artificial Intelligence and the Future of the Human Mind New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 7432 7664 1 Marvin Minsky at DBLP Bibliography Server nbsp Marvin Minsky publications indexed by Microsoft Academic Google Scholar scholar google com a b Winston Patrick Henry 2016 Marvin L Minsky 1927 2016 Nature 530 7590 282 Bibcode 2016Natur 530 282W doi 10 1038 530282a PMID 26887486 Swedin Eric Gottfrid August 10 2005 Science in the Contemporary World An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 188 via Internet Archive marvin minsky jewish Campbell Kelly Martin February 3 2016 Marvin Minsky obituary The Guardian via www theguardian com Minsky Marvin July 31 1954 Theory of neural analog reinforcement systems and its application to the brain model problem via catalog princeton edu Minsky Marvin Lee 1954 Theory of Neural Analog Reinforcement Systems and Its Application to the Brain Model Problem PhD thesis Princeton University OCLC 3020680 ProQuest 301998727 Hillis Danny McCarthy John Mitchell Tom M Mueller Erik T Riecken Doug Sloman Aaron Winston Patrick Henry 2007 In Honor of Marvin Minsky s Contributions on his 80th Birthday AI Magazine 28 4 103 110 Retrieved November 24 2010 Society of Fellows Listed by Term Marvin Minsky Ph D Biography and Interview www achievement org American Academy of Achievement Horgan John November 1993 Profile Marvin L Minsky The Mastermind of Artificial Intelligence Scientific American 269 5 14 15 Bibcode 1993SciAm 269e 35H doi 10 1038 scientificamerican1193 35 Rifkin Glenn January 28 2016 Marvin Minsky pioneer in artificial intelligence dies at 88 The Tech MIT Archived from the original on November 21 2017 Retrieved July 20 2017 a b c Brief Academic Biography of Marvin Minsky Web media mit edu Retrieved January 26 2016 Turlough Neary Damien Woods Small Weakly Universal Turing Machines Machines Computations and Universality 2007 proceedings Orleans France September 10 13 2007 ISBN 3540745920 p 262 263 Olazaran Mikel August 1996 A Sociological Study of the Official History of the Perceptrons Controversy Social Studies of Science 26 3 611 659 doi 10 1177 030631296026003005 JSTOR 285702 S2CID 16786738 Minsky M 1975 A framework for representing knowledge In P H Winston Ed The psychology of computer vision New York McGraw Hill Book Minsky s frame system theory Proceedings of the 1975 workshop on Theoretical issues in natural language processing TINLAP 75 1975 pp 104 116 doi 10 3115 980190 980222 S2CID 1870840 Minsky Marvin April 1985 Communication with Alien Intelligence Byte Vol 10 no 4 Peterborough New Hampshire UBM Technology Group p 127 Retrieved July 30 2019 Marvin Minsky s Home Page web media mit edu For more see this interview Scientist on the Set An Interview with Marvin Minsky Section 03 Archived from the original on June 16 2012 Retrieved May 11 2014 AI pioneer Marvin Minsky dies aged 88 BBC News January 26 2016 Retrieved January 28 2016 Clarke Arthur C April 1968 2001 A Space Odyssey Hutchinson UKNew American Library US ISBN 0 453 00269 2 R I P Marvin Minsky Washington Post January 26 2016 Retrieved January 28 2016 Obituary Marvin Minsky 88 MIT professor helped found field of artificial intelligence Boston Globe January 26 2016 Retrieved January 28 2016 Lederman Leon M Scheppler Judith A 2001 Marvin Minsky Mind Maker Portraits of Great American Scientists Prometheus Books p 74 ISBN 9781573929325 Another area where he goes against the flow is in his spiritual beliefs As far as religion is concerned he s a confirmed atheist I think it religion is a contagious mental disease The brain has a need to believe it knows a reason for things SCIENTISTS OPEN LETTER ON CRYONICS The Science of Cryonics Biostasis com March 19 2004 Retrieved May 6 2020 Salon com Technology Artificial stupidity Archived June 30 2006 at the Wayback Machine a b Marvin Minsky Pioneer in Artificial Intelligence Dies at 88 The New York Times January 25 2016 Retrieved January 25 2016 For artificial intelligence pioneer Marvin Minsky computers have soul Jerusalem Post May 13 2014 Retrieved January 27 2016 Russell Stuart J Norvig Peter 2003 Section 26 3 The Ethics and Risks of Developing Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach Upper Saddle River N J Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0137903955 Similarly Marvin Minsky once suggested that an AI program designed to solve the Riemann Hypothesis might end up taking over all the resources of Earth to build more powerful supercomputers to help achieve its goal Achenbach Joel January 6 2016 Marvin Minsky an architect of artificial intelligence dies at 88 Washington Post Retrieved January 27 2016 Subbaraman Nidhi January 10 2020 MIT review of Epstein donations finds significant mistakes of judgment Nature doi 10 1038 d41586 020 00072 x PMID 33420402 S2CID 214375389 Braceras Roberto M Chunias Jennifer L Martin Kevin P January 10 2020 Report Concerning Jeffrey Epstein s Interactions with the Massachusetts Institute Of Technology PDF mit edu pp 9 15 AI pioneer accused of having sex with trafficking victim on Jeffrey Epstein s island The Verge August 9 2019 Retrieved August 8 2019 Briquelet Kate et al September 16 2019 Jeffrey Epstein Accuser Names Powerful Men in Alleged Sex Ring The Daily Beast Retrieved August 8 2019 Carlistle Madeline Mansoor Sanya August 14 2019 The Jeffrey Epstein Investigation Continues After His Death Here s Who Else Could Be Investigated Time Retrieved July 28 2019 Minsky s widow Gloria Rudisch denied he had sex with Giuffre or any other girls Pearson Michael January 26 2016 Pioneering computer scientist Marvin Minsky dies at 88 CNN Retrieved April 7 2016 a b Alcor Scientific Advisory Board Alcor January 14 2016 Archived from the original on January 14 2016 Retrieved April 7 2016 Official Alcor Statement Concerning Marvin Minsky Alcor News Alcor Life Extension Foundation January 27 2016 Retrieved May 6 2020 Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement www achievement org American Academy of Achievement Marvin Minsky The Franklin Institute Awards Laureate Database Archived May 26 2011 at the Wayback Machine Franklin Institute Retrieved on March 25 2008 Marvin Minsky 2006 Fellow Computer History Museum Archived from the original on March 29 2015 Retrieved July 30 2019 AI s Hall of Fame PDF IEEE Intelligent Systems 26 4 5 15 2011 doi 10 1109 MIS 2011 64 Archived from the original PDF on December 16 2011 Retrieved September 4 2015 Dan David prize 2014 winners May 15 2014 Retrieved May 20 2014 MIT artificial intelligence robotics pioneer feted Award celebrates Minsky s career BostonGlobe com August 24 2011 Retrieved January 18 2014 Extropy Institute Directors amp Advisors www extropy org kynamatrix Research Network About www kynamatrix org Retrieved February 9 2018 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marvin Minsky nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Marvin Minsky Scientist on the Set An Interview with Marvin Minsky Consciousness Is A Big Suitcase A talk with Marvin Minsky Video of Minsky speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute NECSI The Emotion Universe Video with Marvin Minsky Marvin Minsky s thoughts on the Fermi Paradox at the Transvisions 2007 conference Health population and the human mind Archived March 17 2010 at the Wayback Machine Marvin Minsky talk at the TED conference The Society of Mind on MIT OpenCourseWare Marvin Minsky tells his life story at Web of Stories video Marvin Minsky Playlist Archived February 10 2016 at the Wayback Machine Appearance on WMBR s Dinnertime Sampler Archived May 4 2011 at the Wayback Machine radio show November 26 2003 Oral history interview with Marvin Minsky at Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minsky describes artificial intelligence AI research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Topics include the work of John McCarthy changes in the MIT research laboratories with the advent of Project MAC research in the areas of expert systems graphics word processing and time sharing variations in the Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA attitude toward AI Oral history interview with Terry Winograd at Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota Minneapolis Winograd describes his work in computer science linguistics and artificial intelligence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT discussing the work of Marvin Minsky and others Appearances on C SPAN Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marvin Minsky amp oldid 1222486049, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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