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Ma Fuxiang

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Ma Fuxing.

In this Chinese name, the family name is Ma.

Ma Fuxiang (traditional Chinese: 馬福祥; simplified Chinese: 马福祥; pinyin: Mǎ Fúxiáng; Wade–Giles: Ma Fu-hsiang, Xiao'erjing: مَا فُ‌ثِیَانْ, French romanization: Ma-Fou-hiang or Ma Fou-siang;[5] 4 February 1876 – 19 August 1932) was a Chinese Muslim scholar military and political leader spanning the Qing Dynasty through the early Republic of China and illustrated the power of family, the role of religious affiliations and the interaction of Inner Asian China and the national government of China.[6] He was a prominent Muslim warlord in northwest China.[7][8] Ma Fuxiang originally served under Dong Fuxiang, like other Ma Clique Muslim warlords such as Ma Anliang.[9]

Ma Fuxiang
馬福祥
مَا فُ‌ثِیَانْ
Lieutenant General Ma Fuxiang
Acting Chief Executive Officer of Kokonur (Qinghai, then a region of Gansu Province)
In office
July 1912 – August 1912
Preceded byQing Shu (Ch'ing Shu)
Succeeded byLian Xing (Lien Hsing)
Military Governor of Ningxia (then a region of Gansu Province)
In office
1912–1920
Preceded byChang Lian (Ch'ang Lien)
Succeeded byMa Hongbin (Ma Hung-pin)
Military Governor of Suiyuan Province
In office
26 May 1921 – January 1925
Preceded byCai Chengxun (Ts'ai Ch'eng-hsün)
Succeeded byLi Minzhong (Li Min-chung)
Mayor of Qingdao[1][2]
In office
November 1929 – March 1930
Preceded byWu Siyu (Wu Szu-yü)
Succeeded byGe Jingen (Ke Chin-ken)
Governor of Anhui Province
In office
March 1930 – September 1930
Preceded byWang Chin-yü (Wang Jinyu)
Succeeded byCh'en Tiao-yuan (Chen Diaoyuan)
Chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission[3]
In office
8 September 1930 – 30 December 1931
Preceded byYan Xishan
Succeeded byShi Qingyang
Personal details
Born(1876-02-04)4 February 1876
Linxia County, Gansu, Qing Empire
Died19 August 1932(1932-08-19) (aged 56)
Beijing, Republic of China
NationalityHui
Political partyKuomintang
ChildrenMa Hongkui[3]
AwardsOrder of Rank and Merit
Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain
Order of Wen-Hu
Order of Leopold (Belgium)[4]
Military service
Allegiance Qing Dynasty
 China
Years of service1889–1932
RankGeneral
UnitKansu Braves
CommandsGovernor of Altay
Battles/warsDungan revolt (1895–1896), Boxer Rebellion, Zhili–Anhui War, Second Zhili–Fengtian War, Central Plains War, Northern Expedition

Ma was born in Linxia, Gansu. He was named the military governor of Xining and then of Altay, in Qing times. He held a large number of military posts in the northwestern region after the founding of the republic. He was governor of Qinghai in 1912, Ningxia from 1912 to 1920, and Suiyuan from 1920 to 1925. Having turned to Chiang Kai-shek in 1928, he was made chairman (governor) of the government of Anhui in 1930.[10] He was elected a member of the National Government Commission and then appointed the mayor of Qingdao, special municipality.[11] He was also the president of the Mongolian–Tibetan Commission and a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. He died in August 1932.[12][13]

Life and military service edit

Family history edit

It was said by American scholar Louis M. J. Schram that Ma Fuxiang himself was of Sant'a descent, who had assimilated into the Hui community.[14] The Santa (San-t'a) are known as the Dongxiang people. They are Mongol Muslims.[15]

Schram reported that Ma Fuxiang's Sant'an ancestors belonged to a group of Mongols who converted to Islam under threat of death during the Qianlong Emperor's reign (1736–1796), since the area where they lived, around Hezhou, was dominated by Muslim Salar rebels at the time.[16] Another separate group of Mongol Muslims existed in Hezhou's east. Their leaders claimed a lineage from the Yuan dynasty royal family.[17][18]

However, no other source mentions this. He is just said to be a Hui with no mention of San-t'a/Dongxiang Mongol ancestors.

Qing Dynasty edit

Ma Fuxiang was the son of Ma Qianling.[19] His elder brothers were Ma Fushou, Ma Fulu and Ma Fucai (馬福財).[20] He was the 4th son.[21] He was educated in the Quran and Spring and Autumn Annals. He started studying with Ma Fulu at a martial arts hall in 1889; he and Ma Fushou then studied military school three years later. In 1895 he served under Gen. Dong Fuxiang, leading loyalist Chinese Muslims to crush a revolt by rebel Muslims in the Dungan revolt (1895–1896). The rebel Muslims were slaughtered and beheaded by the thousands by Ma Fuxiang's forces and his commanding officers received the severed heads from Ma. In 1897 a military Juren degree was awarded to Ma Fuxiang after he completed his military studies,[22] and took the military exam.

Ma graduated in military science, having passed provincial examinations. Under the Qing dynasty he was promoted to Brigadier General at Palikum, New Dominion. (Xinjiang).[23] He received his military training at Military School in Kansu.[24][25]

Ma was transferred along with his brother Ma Fulu and several cousins as officers under Gen. Dong Fuxiang to Beijing in 1898. During the Boxer Rebellion, the Muslim troops came to be known as the "Kansu Braves" and fought against the Eight Nation Alliance.[26] Ma Fuxiang killed many foreigners in combat. Ma led a cavalry charge against the foreign Eight Nation Alliance army at the Battle of Langfang, defeating them and forcing the Europeans to flee. He and Ma Fulu personally planned and led the attack, encircling the foreign troops with a pincer movement.[27] The foreign invasion of Beijing was derailed by their efforts for another month. The Muslim troops engaged in fierce fighting at Zhengyang Gate in Beijing. Ma Fulu,[28] and four of his cousins were killed in action in 1900 in Beijing during the Battle of Peking (1900), in total one hundred soldiers from his home village died in that battle at Zhengyang. He had commanded a brigade, and Ma Fuxiang took over the position after his brother's death.[11] For the rest of the Boxer Rebellion his unit engaged in the Siege of the International Legations (Boxer Rebellion).[29] He escorted the imperial family to Xi'an.[30]

In March 1909 at Palikun, Xinjiang, he served as a "Brigade General". From July to August 1912 Ma was "Acting Chief Executive Officer of Kokonur" (de facto governor of Kokonor, later Qinghai Province). On 10 October 1912, he was in Altai as the "Commander of the Guards Division".[31]

Beiyang edit

 
Ma Fuxiang
 
Ma Fuxiang and Gen. Wu Peifu

During the Xinhai Revolution in 1912, Ma Fuxiang protected a Catholic mission from attacks by the Gelaohui in the Sandaohe district and he also protected another Catholic mission from attacks in 1916.[4][32] He and his nephew Ma Hongbin received the Order of Leopold (Belgium) ("King Leopold decoration") for their work.

Some Gansu Hui led by Ma Fuxiang joined the republicans. Gansu Hui general Ma Fuxiang did not participate with Ma Anliang in the battles with Shaanxi revolutionaries and refused to join the Qing Manchu Shengyun and Changgeng in their attempts to defend the Qing before the Qing abdication, instead the independence of Gansu from Qing control was jointly declared by non-Muslim gentry with Hui Muslim Ma Fuxiang.[33] Ma Anliang, Changgeng and Shengyun failed to capture Shaanxi from the revolutionaries. In Ningxia, Qing forces were attacked by both Hui Muslim Gelaohui and Han Gelaohui members, while Hui general Ma Qi and Ma Yuanzhang were in the Qing forces fighting against them but Ma Yuanzhang defected to the republicans after Ma Anliang gave up on the Qing.[34]

The Beiyang government and Yuan Shikai received Ma Fuxiang's steadfast support once he has accepted that the Qing dynasty's time had ended.[35] The Republic appointed him to several military positions.[36]

Ma Fuxiang was named military commander of Ningxia by president Yuan Shikai. Ma captured a Mongol separatist in Baotou and executed another Mongol prince who tried to declare himself emperor, a Buddhist monk named Ta-er Lilu-chi (Wu Daer Liufi).[37] He was supported by the bandit Kao Shih-hsiu (Gao Shixiu). Ma Fuxiang defeated Kao in Ningxia in 1916 and the Mongol princes of Otoy, Üüsin and Qanggin pledged their allegiance to the fake emperor, presenting him with rifles. On 19 June 1916, Kao arrived with his Emperor, badly defeated by Ma Fushou, the brother of Ma Fuxiang and withdrew through Otoy to Sandaohe. In 1917, Kao was defeated at Shizzuizi, the Emperor and Kao's underlings were executed and Kao fled.

Ma Fuxiang's book, "Shuofang Daozhi", portrays these events. An account written by Frenchman Harry Serruys describes them.

"Ma Fuxiang, the commander of the Protective Army, dispatched Ma Fushou, chief of staff of the Brilliant Military Army, to attack the robbers in Zuuqa temple. Ma Fuxiang dispatched Fushou with an army to attack Kao's army at Zuuqa temple and destroyed the band. In the second month of 1917 Ma Fuxiang executed Wu Daer Liuji. Ma Fuxiang dispatched his nephew Ma Hongbin to attack Kao and Wu at Shizuishan. When Liu-chi was defeated, Ma Fuxiang ambushed him and defeated him again. Ma Fuxiang captured Yu Ling-yun, Su Xuefeng, Yao Zhankui, Zhang Zhenqing, Li Zongwen and several others; in all 18 men were executed. Ma Fuxiang wrote a commemorative inscription for men from Ningxia who died in the expedition against the bogus Emperor. In the third month of the sixth year of the Republic [1917], Ma Fuxiang was at the burial of his mother. As he reached Ning'anbu Ma Hongbin sent him a telegram stating that the bogus emperor and the other bogus generals had mounted an invasion from Suiyuan. After the victory, officers in charge of military headquarters and regular soldiers were honored."[38]

Ma Fuxiang defeated brigands near Sandaohe (San-Tao-Ho) and expelled them from Ningxia, according to Belgian Catholic missionary J. Terstappen in 1915.[10]

Han-Hui relations were improved during Ma Fuxiang's reign over Ningxia due to his policies.[39]

Ma Fuxiang and the Jahriyya Sufi leader Ma Yuanzhang became enemies after Ma Fuxiang got very angry that Ma Yuanzhang refused to help him remove Zhang Guangjian as governor of Gansu and telegraphed Beijing that Zhang should remain as governor. Ma Fuxiang and other Gansu generals believed that a native of Gansu province should be governor rather than an outsider.[40][41] Ma Fuxiang himself was considered the most eligible person to serve as Governor of Gansu after Zhang's unsuccessful term, because of his military service under the Qing and Republic of China and his rule over Ningxia.[42]

He invested in the wool trade and a factory that made matches.

Ma Fuxiang effectively took Ma Anliang's place as de facto leader of Muslims in northwest China when Ma Anliang died in 1918.[9][43]

Ma Fuxiang was involved in relief efforts in Lanzhou during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.[44][45][46]

Ma was appointed Military Governor of Suiyuan[47] by the Beiyang government and served in that position from 1921 to 1925.[48][49][50][51] Suiyuan had a 640-kilometre (400-mile) river valley and a railroad.[52] American businessmen reported that Ma Fuxiang considered modernizing infrastructure in the region with motorized transport.[53] A Department of Industry and a Department of Education were established in Suiyuan by Ma Fuxiang while he was military governor there.[54]

Ma Fuxiang, a member of the Zhili clique, signed a denunciation of the Anhui clique and its military arm, the Anfu Club led by Xu Shuzheng and Duan Qirui. The denunciation was circulated through a telegram called Paoting-fu, on 12 July 1920. The Zhili clique was led by Wu Peifu. At the time Ma was Defense Commissioner of Ningxia, Gansu. This led to the Zhili–Anhui War.[55]

The Gelaohui and Ma Fuxiang came to an agreement in 1922, in which Ma Fuxiang agreed to allow the Gelaohui to extort protection money from wool merchants in Baotou.[56] Ma Fuxiang controlled Baotou militarily while the central government in Beijing controlled Baotou's jurisdiction.[57]

Ma Fuxiang, as supervisor in Suiyuan, sent telegrams regarding the uniting of Rehe and Chahar for defense purposes from January–September 1924.[58]

Ma Fuxiang allied with Gen. Wu Peifu and acquired land from the political separation of Inner Mongolia from Zhang Zuolin.[59] Ma Fuxiang's nephew Ma Hongbin was in charge of his army, and his civil administrator was a non-Muslim. Ma Hongbin read to Upton Close the revelations of a prophet in Shandong who advocated the union of Buddhism, Islam, Daoism, Catholicism and Protestantism in China under Confucianism.[60]

According to The Trans-Pacific, Volume 6, Ma Fuxiang "religiously tolerant" and "materially progressive", since when he was served food cooked by non-Muslims or even presented with wine, while he was amidst with non-Muslims, he was willing to eat and drink.[61] According to Upton Close, he did not drink wine or smoke tobacco, but he served them to guests.[52]

Ma Fuxiang's wife died in 1927 in Beijing, and a funeral was held in Hochow.[62] She was one of his multiple wives.

 
Chinese generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Gen. Cheng Jin, Gen. Zhang Zuobao, Gen. Chen Diaoyuan, Gen. Chiang Kai-shek, Gen. Woo Tsin-hang, Gen. Wen Xishan, Muslim Gen. Ma Fuxiang, Gen. Ma Sida and Muslim Gen. Bai Chongxi.

Kuomintang edit

In 1924, Ma Fuxiang met with Kuomintang leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Beijing and informed him that he would welcome the leadership of Dr. Sun.[63]

Ma Fuxiang then joined the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition in 1928. He and his son Ma Hongkui were originally generals in Feng Yuxiang's army.[64] He became a member of the Kuomintang Central Committee, member of the State Council, Mayor of Qingdao, Governor of Anhui and chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission.[65] Ma Fuxiang founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the Kuomintang, including the China Islamic Association (Zhongguo Huijiao Gonghui).[66]

Ma Fuxiang and other Muslim warlords like Ma Qi broke with Feng Yuxiang's Guominjun during the Central Plains War and pledged allegiance to Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang in the name of nationalism.[67] In his involvement in national politics, Ma was alone among the Muslim warlords.[68]

Ma was governor of Anhui from March–September 1930.[69][70]

In Nanjing in April 1931 Ma Fuxiang attended a national leadership conference with Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang, in which Chiang and Zhang dauntlessly upheld that Manchuria was part of China in the face of the Japanese invasion.[71][72]

Prominent Muslims like Ma Liang (general), Ma Fuxiang and Bai Chongxi met in 1931 in Nanjing to discuss inter communal tolerance between Hui and Han.[73]

Ma gave explorer Sven Hedin permission to enter Gansu.[74]

Ma was also appointed as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang.[75]

Army edit

 
Ma Fuxiang

Ma Fuxiang recruited Salars for his army, classifying them into five inner clans and eight outer clans. He designated the assimilated Tibetan-speaking Salars as the "outer" group.[14] These Salars were both fluent in Salar and Chinese. Some were uniformed and had carbines, rifles, pistols and binoculars. Muslims from Hezhou served in his cavalry.[76][77]

Dongxiang people were also known as Santa (San-t'a) people, and many of them reportedly served in Ma Fuxiang's army.[15] It was even said that Ma Fuxiang himself was of Santa descent, and had assimilated into the Hui community.[14] The Santa Muslim Dongxiang Mongols continued to play a major role in his army, protecting towns.[78] Ma Fuxiang's Santa troops maintained an old Mongol and Qing custom of distributing specially marked arrows as tokens to officers to show their status.[79]

Among the posts he held was Commander of the 6th Mixed Brigade of Gansu Army in 1922 and 7th Division of the Northwest Army in 1926.[80]

Ma Fuxiang had inherited his army from his family, from Ma Fulu and Ma Qianling. He then bequeathed it on to his son Ma Hongkui.[81]

Drug trafficking edit

The opium trade thrived in Suiyuan province during the Republican era in China.[82]

Opium (poppy) farming was already thriving in Suiyuan by the time Ma Fuxiang became the military governor in 1921, due to the fact that soldiers were not being paid their salaries at all, so they resorted to dealing with opium farmers to make money.[83] Poppy farming had been banned by Ma Fuxiang in Gansu, but he admitted when he was appointed as Military Governor of Suiyuan that since the opium trade in Suiyuan was so rampant, that he both could not and would not deal with the situation.[84]

In 1923, an officer of the Bank of China from Baotou found out that Ma Fuxiang was assisting the drug trade in opium which helped finance his military expenses. He earned a sum of $2 million from taxing those sales in 1923. General Ma had been using the Bank, a branch of the Government of China's exchequer, to arrange for silver currency to be transported to Baotou to use it to sponsor the trade.[85][86]

While Ma caused opium to become rampant due to his support for the cultivation of opium and its trade in Suiyuan, he also enabled policies which benefited the residents in Suiyuan, filling posts in military, educational, and administrative manners with Suiyuan people and expanding education.[87]

Senators started an impeachment against Ma Fuxiang over his involvement in the opium trade and farming. Ma had created a monopoly over the opium trade in addition to supporting the farming of opium.[88]

It was hoped that Ma Fuxiang would have improved the situation, since Chinese Muslims were well known for opposition to smoking opium[89]

Ma Fuxiang officially prohibited opium and made it illegal in Ningxia, but the Guominjun reversed his policy. By 1933, people from every level of society were abusing the drug and Ningxia was left in destitution[90]

On 11 September 1930, Ma Fuxiang celebrated his birthday in Suiyuan, Inner Mongolia, His annual opium profits reached $15,000,000. A film of this event and his poppy fields was recorded by Universal Newspaper Newsreel.[91][92]

Ma Fuxiang's army also contained many of the Chinese Muslim opium runners in western Inner Mongolia.[93] A lot of the opium from Gansu was being traded by Ma Fuxiang's Hezhou (Ho Chou) Muslim cavalry.[94]

Donations to education edit

 
Ma Fuxiang

Ma Fuxiang, along with Ma Linyi, sponsored Imam Wang Jingzhai when he went on hajj to Mecca in 1921.[95][96]

Ma Fuxiang supported Imam Hu Songshan.[97]

The Hui Muslim Chengda Teacher's Academy was supported by Ma Fuxiang, along with other Kuomintang Muslim officials. The Chengda Teacher's Academy was involved in reforming education and instilling Chinese nationalism among the Hui Muslims.[98]

Ma built many elementary and high schools for Muslims throughout northwest China. He founded the Association for the Promoting of Islamic Teaching in 1918 in the provincial capital of Gansu.[99] For the purpose of educating and building a class of intellectuals among the Hui in northwest China, Beijing's Xibei Gongxue (the Northwestern Middle School) and the Yuehua were financed by Ma Fuxiang. He believed that modern education would help Hui Chinese build a better society and help China resist foreign imperialism and help build the nation. He had both the military authority and economic power to help fund education. Until he died in 1932, 100 yuan every month was donated by him for education.[100] He established a public library in Ningxia, and sponsored various Muslim schools. He was a Chinese nationalist and a Confucianist, and was praised for his "guojia yizhi" (national consciousness) by non-Muslims. He also invested in new editions and reprintings of Confucian and Islamic texts.[101][102][103] He edited "Shuofang Daozhi".[104] a gazette, and books such as "Meng Cang ZhuangKuang: Hui Bu Xinjiang fu".[105]

A new edition of a book by Ma Te-hsin, "Ho-yin Ma Fu-ch'u hsien-sheng i-shu Ta hua tsung kuei Ssu tien yaohui", which was printed in 1865, was reprinted in 1927 by Ma Fuxiang.[106]

Yunting (雲亭) was the courtesy name of Ma Fuxiang. A school, the Yunting Provincial Normal School, was named after him.[107] Ma promoted Muslim women's education in Shaanxi.

Ideology edit

Ma had an interest in Chinese classical learning and western engineering and science. He thought his own Hui people fiercely loyal but "primitive" and lacking in "the educational and political privileges of the Han Chinese".[52] Ma encouraged Huis to assimilate into Chinese civilization and culture,[108] and created the Assimilationist Group to promote this idea.[109] Ma Fuxiang's assimilationist organization a mix of Islam and Confucianism with Hui being considered an integral part of China, the name of this organization was the Assimilationist (Neixiang) clique.[110]

The learned "scholar" Gen. Ma Fuxiang was considered "progressive" while the senior de facto leader of Muslims in Northwest China, Gen. Ma Anliang, was considered "reactionary".[111] Ma was considered both a warlord and a Muslim scholar.[112]

Ma Fuxiang took a stance against religious sectarianism and the menhuan (Islamic sects in China) since he believed that it was the cause of violence, and in order to keep positive Han and Hui relations . He promoted education for Muslims instead of backing certain sects and Imams, and also studied Confucianism, and republished Islamic texts and translations.[41] Ma supported strengthening China and promoting unity between different sects of Islam in China, which Imams like Hu Songshan advocated.[113]

Calligraphy edit

One of Ma Fuxiang's calligraphic works was a cursive rendering of the Chinese character for Tiger, 虎, in ink on a scroll. It was marked with his seals.[114] It was auctioned at Oriental Art Sales in 1980,[115] and at Christie's on 16–17 September 2010.[116]

An inscription was written at Mount Tai by Ma Fuxiang.

Family edit

 
Ma Fuxiang's brother Ma Fushou, with Chiang Kai-shek.

Ma Fuxiang's father was Ma Qianling. Ma's son Ma Hongkui became a general in the National Revolutionary Army.[117]

He had several wives. One of them died in 1927 in Beijing, and a funeral was held in Hochow.[62] Another wife, Ma Tsai (te), was the one who gave birth to Ma Hongkui on 14 March 1892.[118] She died in 1948.[119]

His nephew was Ma Hongbin, another general. His brothers were Ma Fulu, Ma Fushou and Ma Fucai. He became a Sworn brother of President Chiang Kai-shek.[120]

He became so prominent and well known that some Jewish organizations in the United States claimed that his father was Jewish.[121]

Mongolia and Tibet edit

Ma Fuxiang, as the chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission,[122] made a statement that Mongolia and Tibet were parts of the Republic of China:

Our Party [the Guomindang] takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task. This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind [Ch. fei wo zulei zhe]. Now the peoples [minzu] of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us, and we have great affection for one another: our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years.... Mongolia and Tibet's life and death are China's life and death. China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China's territory, and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent. At this time, there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet."[123]

In 1930 Ma met with the Tibetan dKon-mchog-gro-nyi to talk about Tibetan matters, since he was assigned to deal with Tibetan related issues. Chiang Kai-shek had delegated dKon-mchog-gro-nyi to communicate with the 13th Dalai Lama over the issue of the 9th Panchen Lama, who had fled Tibet and joined the Chinese government after a dispute against the 13th Dalai Lama.[124] The Dalai Lama sent a message to Ma Fuxiang on 28 December 1930, accusing the Panchen Lama's adherents of inciting Sichuan warlords during the Sino-Tibetan War.[125]

During the Sino-Tibetan War, Ma Fuxiang, as head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, sent a telegraph to Muslim Kuomintang official Tang Kesan ordering him to breach the agreement with Tibet, because he was concerned that political rivals among the Kuomintang in Nanjing were using the incident for their own gains.[126][127]

Ma Fuxiang opened a session of the Mongolian Affairs Conference in 1931 with an inaugural speech. In the conference, China condemned the division of Outer Mongolia and Tannu Tuva by the Soviets.[128] Ma then led the closing ceremony of the conference on 12 July.[129]

Death edit

Ma Fuxiang died around Lianghsiang, 19 August 1932, while he was traveling to Beijing to receive medical treatment, from Chikungsan around Hankou.[130]

See also edit

References edit

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  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  3. ^ a b Schram, Stuart R., ed. (1992). Mao's Road to Power – Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949: The Pre-Marxist Period, 1912–1920, Volume 1. Vol. 5 (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 62. ISBN 1563244578.
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  21. ^ 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表
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  • Ma Fuxiang zhuan / Ding Mingjun zhu 马福祥传 / 丁明俊著

January 01, 1970
fuxiang, confused, with, fuxing, this, chinese, name, family, name, traditional, chinese, 馬福祥, simplified, chinese, 马福祥, pinyin, fúxiáng, wade, giles, hsiang, xiao, erjing, ان, french, romanization, hiang, siang, february, 1876, august, 1932, chinese, muslim, . Not to be confused with Ma Fuxing In this Chinese name the family name is Ma Ma Fuxiang traditional Chinese 馬福祥 simplified Chinese 马福祥 pinyin Mǎ Fuxiang Wade Giles Ma Fu hsiang Xiao erjing م ا ف ث ی ان French romanization Ma Fou hiang or Ma Fou siang 5 4 February 1876 19 August 1932 was a Chinese Muslim scholar military and political leader spanning the Qing Dynasty through the early Republic of China and illustrated the power of family the role of religious affiliations and the interaction of Inner Asian China and the national government of China 6 He was a prominent Muslim warlord in northwest China 7 8 Ma Fuxiang originally served under Dong Fuxiang like other Ma Clique Muslim warlords such as Ma Anliang 9 Ma Fuxiang馬福祥م ا ف ث ی ان Lieutenant General Ma FuxiangActing Chief Executive Officer of Kokonur Qinghai then a region of Gansu Province In office July 1912 August 1912Preceded byQing Shu Ch ing Shu Succeeded byLian Xing Lien Hsing Military Governor of Ningxia then a region of Gansu Province In office 1912 1920Preceded byChang Lian Ch ang Lien Succeeded byMa Hongbin Ma Hung pin Military Governor of Suiyuan ProvinceIn office 26 May 1921 January 1925Preceded byCai Chengxun Ts ai Ch eng hsun Succeeded byLi Minzhong Li Min chung Mayor of Qingdao 1 2 In office November 1929 March 1930Preceded byWu Siyu Wu Szu yu Succeeded byGe Jingen Ke Chin ken Governor of Anhui ProvinceIn office March 1930 September 1930Preceded byWang Chin yu Wang Jinyu Succeeded byCh en Tiao yuan Chen Diaoyuan Chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission 3 In office 8 September 1930 30 December 1931Preceded byYan XishanSucceeded byShi QingyangPersonal detailsBorn 1876 02 04 4 February 1876Linxia County Gansu Qing EmpireDied19 August 1932 1932 08 19 aged 56 Beijing Republic of ChinaNationalityHuiPolitical partyKuomintangChildrenMa Hongkui 3 AwardsOrder of Rank and MeritOrder of the Precious Brilliant Golden GrainOrder of Wen HuOrder of Leopold Belgium 4 Military serviceAllegiance Qing Dynasty ChinaYears of service1889 1932RankGeneralUnitKansu BravesCommandsGovernor of AltayBattles warsDungan revolt 1895 1896 Boxer Rebellion Zhili Anhui War Second Zhili Fengtian War Central Plains War Northern Expedition Ma was born in Linxia Gansu He was named the military governor of Xining and then of Altay in Qing times He held a large number of military posts in the northwestern region after the founding of the republic He was governor of Qinghai in 1912 Ningxia from 1912 to 1920 and Suiyuan from 1920 to 1925 Having turned to Chiang Kai shek in 1928 he was made chairman governor of the government of Anhui in 1930 10 He was elected a member of the National Government Commission and then appointed the mayor of Qingdao special municipality 11 He was also the president of the Mongolian Tibetan Commission and a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang He died in August 1932 12 13 Contents 1 Life and military service 1 1 Family history 1 2 Qing Dynasty 1 3 Beiyang 1 4 Kuomintang 1 5 Army 2 Drug trafficking 3 Donations to education 4 Ideology 5 Calligraphy 6 Family 7 Mongolia and Tibet 8 Death 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksLife and military service editFamily history edit It was said by American scholar Louis M J Schram that Ma Fuxiang himself was of Sant a descent who had assimilated into the Hui community 14 The Santa San t a are known as the Dongxiang people They are Mongol Muslims 15 Schram reported that Ma Fuxiang s Sant an ancestors belonged to a group of Mongols who converted to Islam under threat of death during the Qianlong Emperor s reign 1736 1796 since the area where they lived around Hezhou was dominated by Muslim Salar rebels at the time 16 Another separate group of Mongol Muslims existed in Hezhou s east Their leaders claimed a lineage from the Yuan dynasty royal family 17 18 However no other source mentions this He is just said to be a Hui with no mention of San t a Dongxiang Mongol ancestors Qing Dynasty edit Ma Fuxiang was the son of Ma Qianling 19 His elder brothers were Ma Fushou Ma Fulu and Ma Fucai 馬福財 20 He was the 4th son 21 He was educated in the Quran and Spring and Autumn Annals He started studying with Ma Fulu at a martial arts hall in 1889 he and Ma Fushou then studied military school three years later In 1895 he served under Gen Dong Fuxiang leading loyalist Chinese Muslims to crush a revolt by rebel Muslims in the Dungan revolt 1895 1896 The rebel Muslims were slaughtered and beheaded by the thousands by Ma Fuxiang s forces and his commanding officers received the severed heads from Ma In 1897 a military Juren degree was awarded to Ma Fuxiang after he completed his military studies 22 and took the military exam Ma graduated in military science having passed provincial examinations Under the Qing dynasty he was promoted to Brigadier General at Palikum New Dominion Xinjiang 23 He received his military training at Military School in Kansu 24 25 Ma was transferred along with his brother Ma Fulu and several cousins as officers under Gen Dong Fuxiang to Beijing in 1898 During the Boxer Rebellion the Muslim troops came to be known as the Kansu Braves and fought against the Eight Nation Alliance 26 Ma Fuxiang killed many foreigners in combat Ma led a cavalry charge against the foreign Eight Nation Alliance army at the Battle of Langfang defeating them and forcing the Europeans to flee He and Ma Fulu personally planned and led the attack encircling the foreign troops with a pincer movement 27 The foreign invasion of Beijing was derailed by their efforts for another month The Muslim troops engaged in fierce fighting at Zhengyang Gate in Beijing Ma Fulu 28 and four of his cousins were killed in action in 1900 in Beijing during the Battle of Peking 1900 in total one hundred soldiers from his home village died in that battle at Zhengyang He had commanded a brigade and Ma Fuxiang took over the position after his brother s death 11 For the rest of the Boxer Rebellion his unit engaged in the Siege of the International Legations Boxer Rebellion 29 He escorted the imperial family to Xi an 30 In March 1909 at Palikun Xinjiang he served as a Brigade General From July to August 1912 Ma was Acting Chief Executive Officer of Kokonur de facto governor of Kokonor later Qinghai Province On 10 October 1912 he was in Altai as the Commander of the Guards Division 31 Beiyang edit nbsp Ma Fuxiang nbsp Ma Fuxiang and Gen Wu Peifu During the Xinhai Revolution in 1912 Ma Fuxiang protected a Catholic mission from attacks by the Gelaohui in the Sandaohe district and he also protected another Catholic mission from attacks in 1916 4 32 He and his nephew Ma Hongbin received the Order of Leopold Belgium King Leopold decoration for their work Some Gansu Hui led by Ma Fuxiang joined the republicans Gansu Hui general Ma Fuxiang did not participate with Ma Anliang in the battles with Shaanxi revolutionaries and refused to join the Qing Manchu Shengyun and Changgeng in their attempts to defend the Qing before the Qing abdication instead the independence of Gansu from Qing control was jointly declared by non Muslim gentry with Hui Muslim Ma Fuxiang 33 Ma Anliang Changgeng and Shengyun failed to capture Shaanxi from the revolutionaries In Ningxia Qing forces were attacked by both Hui Muslim Gelaohui and Han Gelaohui members while Hui general Ma Qi and Ma Yuanzhang were in the Qing forces fighting against them but Ma Yuanzhang defected to the republicans after Ma Anliang gave up on the Qing 34 The Beiyang government and Yuan Shikai received Ma Fuxiang s steadfast support once he has accepted that the Qing dynasty s time had ended 35 The Republic appointed him to several military positions 36 Ma Fuxiang was named military commander of Ningxia by president Yuan Shikai Ma captured a Mongol separatist in Baotou and executed another Mongol prince who tried to declare himself emperor a Buddhist monk named Ta er Lilu chi Wu Daer Liufi 37 He was supported by the bandit Kao Shih hsiu Gao Shixiu Ma Fuxiang defeated Kao in Ningxia in 1916 and the Mongol princes of Otoy Uusin and Qanggin pledged their allegiance to the fake emperor presenting him with rifles On 19 June 1916 Kao arrived with his Emperor badly defeated by Ma Fushou the brother of Ma Fuxiang and withdrew through Otoy to Sandaohe In 1917 Kao was defeated at Shizzuizi the Emperor and Kao s underlings were executed and Kao fled Ma Fuxiang s book Shuofang Daozhi portrays these events An account written by Frenchman Harry Serruys describes them Ma Fuxiang the commander of the Protective Army dispatched Ma Fushou chief of staff of the Brilliant Military Army to attack the robbers in Zuuqa temple Ma Fuxiang dispatched Fushou with an army to attack Kao s army at Zuuqa temple and destroyed the band In the second month of 1917 Ma Fuxiang executed Wu Daer Liuji Ma Fuxiang dispatched his nephew Ma Hongbin to attack Kao and Wu at Shizuishan When Liu chi was defeated Ma Fuxiang ambushed him and defeated him again Ma Fuxiang captured Yu Ling yun Su Xuefeng Yao Zhankui Zhang Zhenqing Li Zongwen and several others in all 18 men were executed Ma Fuxiang wrote a commemorative inscription for men from Ningxia who died in the expedition against the bogus Emperor In the third month of the sixth year of the Republic 1917 Ma Fuxiang was at the burial of his mother As he reached Ning anbu Ma Hongbin sent him a telegram stating that the bogus emperor and the other bogus generals had mounted an invasion from Suiyuan After the victory officers in charge of military headquarters and regular soldiers were honored 38 Ma Fuxiang defeated brigands near Sandaohe San Tao Ho and expelled them from Ningxia according to Belgian Catholic missionary J Terstappen in 1915 10 Han Hui relations were improved during Ma Fuxiang s reign over Ningxia due to his policies 39 Ma Fuxiang and the Jahriyya Sufi leader Ma Yuanzhang became enemies after Ma Fuxiang got very angry that Ma Yuanzhang refused to help him remove Zhang Guangjian as governor of Gansu and telegraphed Beijing that Zhang should remain as governor Ma Fuxiang and other Gansu generals believed that a native of Gansu province should be governor rather than an outsider 40 41 Ma Fuxiang himself was considered the most eligible person to serve as Governor of Gansu after Zhang s unsuccessful term because of his military service under the Qing and Republic of China and his rule over Ningxia 42 He invested in the wool trade and a factory that made matches Ma Fuxiang effectively took Ma Anliang s place as de facto leader of Muslims in northwest China when Ma Anliang died in 1918 9 43 Ma Fuxiang was involved in relief efforts in Lanzhou during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake 44 45 46 Ma was appointed Military Governor of Suiyuan 47 by the Beiyang government and served in that position from 1921 to 1925 48 49 50 51 Suiyuan had a 640 kilometre 400 mile river valley and a railroad 52 American businessmen reported that Ma Fuxiang considered modernizing infrastructure in the region with motorized transport 53 A Department of Industry and a Department of Education were established in Suiyuan by Ma Fuxiang while he was military governor there 54 Ma Fuxiang a member of the Zhili clique signed a denunciation of the Anhui clique and its military arm the Anfu Club led by Xu Shuzheng and Duan Qirui The denunciation was circulated through a telegram called Paoting fu on 12 July 1920 The Zhili clique was led by Wu Peifu At the time Ma was Defense Commissioner of Ningxia Gansu This led to the Zhili Anhui War 55 The Gelaohui and Ma Fuxiang came to an agreement in 1922 in which Ma Fuxiang agreed to allow the Gelaohui to extort protection money from wool merchants in Baotou 56 Ma Fuxiang controlled Baotou militarily while the central government in Beijing controlled Baotou s jurisdiction 57 Ma Fuxiang as supervisor in Suiyuan sent telegrams regarding the uniting of Rehe and Chahar for defense purposes from January September 1924 58 Ma Fuxiang allied with Gen Wu Peifu and acquired land from the political separation of Inner Mongolia from Zhang Zuolin 59 Ma Fuxiang s nephew Ma Hongbin was in charge of his army and his civil administrator was a non Muslim Ma Hongbin read to Upton Close the revelations of a prophet in Shandong who advocated the union of Buddhism Islam Daoism Catholicism and Protestantism in China under Confucianism 60 According to The Trans Pacific Volume 6 Ma Fuxiang religiously tolerant and materially progressive since when he was served food cooked by non Muslims or even presented with wine while he was amidst with non Muslims he was willing to eat and drink 61 According to Upton Close he did not drink wine or smoke tobacco but he served them to guests 52 Ma Fuxiang s wife died in 1927 in Beijing and a funeral was held in Hochow 62 She was one of his multiple wives nbsp Chinese generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition From right to left are Gen Cheng Jin Gen Zhang Zuobao Gen Chen Diaoyuan Gen Chiang Kai shek Gen Woo Tsin hang Gen Wen Xishan Muslim Gen Ma Fuxiang Gen Ma Sida and Muslim Gen Bai Chongxi Kuomintang edit In 1924 Ma Fuxiang met with Kuomintang leader Dr Sun Yat sen in Beijing and informed him that he would welcome the leadership of Dr Sun 63 Ma Fuxiang then joined the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition in 1928 He and his son Ma Hongkui were originally generals in Feng Yuxiang s army 64 He became a member of the Kuomintang Central Committee member of the State Council Mayor of Qingdao Governor of Anhui and chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission 65 Ma Fuxiang founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the Kuomintang including the China Islamic Association Zhongguo Huijiao Gonghui 66 Ma Fuxiang and other Muslim warlords like Ma Qi broke with Feng Yuxiang s Guominjun during the Central Plains War and pledged allegiance to Chiang Kai shek and the Kuomintang in the name of nationalism 67 In his involvement in national politics Ma was alone among the Muslim warlords 68 Ma was governor of Anhui from March September 1930 69 70 In Nanjing in April 1931 Ma Fuxiang attended a national leadership conference with Chiang Kai shek and Zhang Xueliang in which Chiang and Zhang dauntlessly upheld that Manchuria was part of China in the face of the Japanese invasion 71 72 Prominent Muslims like Ma Liang general Ma Fuxiang and Bai Chongxi met in 1931 in Nanjing to discuss inter communal tolerance between Hui and Han 73 Ma gave explorer Sven Hedin permission to enter Gansu 74 Ma was also appointed as a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang 75 Army edit nbsp Ma Fuxiang Ma Fuxiang recruited Salars for his army classifying them into five inner clans and eight outer clans He designated the assimilated Tibetan speaking Salars as the outer group 14 These Salars were both fluent in Salar and Chinese Some were uniformed and had carbines rifles pistols and binoculars Muslims from Hezhou served in his cavalry 76 77 Dongxiang people were also known as Santa San t a people and many of them reportedly served in Ma Fuxiang s army 15 It was even said that Ma Fuxiang himself was of Santa descent and had assimilated into the Hui community 14 The Santa Muslim Dongxiang Mongols continued to play a major role in his army protecting towns 78 Ma Fuxiang s Santa troops maintained an old Mongol and Qing custom of distributing specially marked arrows as tokens to officers to show their status 79 Among the posts he held was Commander of the 6th Mixed Brigade of Gansu Army in 1922 and 7th Division of the Northwest Army in 1926 80 Ma Fuxiang had inherited his army from his family from Ma Fulu and Ma Qianling He then bequeathed it on to his son Ma Hongkui 81 Drug trafficking editThe opium trade thrived in Suiyuan province during the Republican era in China 82 Opium poppy farming was already thriving in Suiyuan by the time Ma Fuxiang became the military governor in 1921 due to the fact that soldiers were not being paid their salaries at all so they resorted to dealing with opium farmers to make money 83 Poppy farming had been banned by Ma Fuxiang in Gansu but he admitted when he was appointed as Military Governor of Suiyuan that since the opium trade in Suiyuan was so rampant that he both could not and would not deal with the situation 84 In 1923 an officer of the Bank of China from Baotou found out that Ma Fuxiang was assisting the drug trade in opium which helped finance his military expenses He earned a sum of 2 million from taxing those sales in 1923 General Ma had been using the Bank a branch of the Government of China s exchequer to arrange for silver currency to be transported to Baotou to use it to sponsor the trade 85 86 While Ma caused opium to become rampant due to his support for the cultivation of opium and its trade in Suiyuan he also enabled policies which benefited the residents in Suiyuan filling posts in military educational and administrative manners with Suiyuan people and expanding education 87 Senators started an impeachment against Ma Fuxiang over his involvement in the opium trade and farming Ma had created a monopoly over the opium trade in addition to supporting the farming of opium 88 It was hoped that Ma Fuxiang would have improved the situation since Chinese Muslims were well known for opposition to smoking opium 89 Ma Fuxiang officially prohibited opium and made it illegal in Ningxia but the Guominjun reversed his policy By 1933 people from every level of society were abusing the drug and Ningxia was left in destitution 90 On 11 September 1930 Ma Fuxiang celebrated his birthday in Suiyuan Inner Mongolia His annual opium profits reached 15 000 000 A film of this event and his poppy fields was recorded by Universal Newspaper Newsreel 91 92 Ma Fuxiang s army also contained many of the Chinese Muslim opium runners in western Inner Mongolia 93 A lot of the opium from Gansu was being traded by Ma Fuxiang s Hezhou Ho Chou Muslim cavalry 94 Donations to education edit nbsp Ma Fuxiang Ma Fuxiang along with Ma Linyi sponsored Imam Wang Jingzhai when he went on hajj to Mecca in 1921 95 96 Ma Fuxiang supported Imam Hu Songshan 97 The Hui Muslim Chengda Teacher s Academy was supported by Ma Fuxiang along with other Kuomintang Muslim officials The Chengda Teacher s Academy was involved in reforming education and instilling Chinese nationalism among the Hui Muslims 98 Ma built many elementary and high schools for Muslims throughout northwest China He founded the Association for the Promoting of Islamic Teaching in 1918 in the provincial capital of Gansu 99 For the purpose of educating and building a class of intellectuals among the Hui in northwest China Beijing s Xibei Gongxue the Northwestern Middle School and the Yuehua were financed by Ma Fuxiang He believed that modern education would help Hui Chinese build a better society and help China resist foreign imperialism and help build the nation He had both the military authority and economic power to help fund education Until he died in 1932 100 yuan every month was donated by him for education 100 He established a public library in Ningxia and sponsored various Muslim schools He was a Chinese nationalist and a Confucianist and was praised for his guojia yizhi national consciousness by non Muslims He also invested in new editions and reprintings of Confucian and Islamic texts 101 102 103 He edited Shuofang Daozhi 104 a gazette and books such as Meng Cang ZhuangKuang Hui Bu Xinjiang fu 105 A new edition of a book by Ma Te hsin Ho yin Ma Fu ch u hsien sheng i shu Ta hua tsung kuei Ssu tien yaohui which was printed in 1865 was reprinted in 1927 by Ma Fuxiang 106 Yunting 雲亭 was the courtesy name of Ma Fuxiang A school the Yunting Provincial Normal School was named after him 107 Ma promoted Muslim women s education in Shaanxi Ideology editMa had an interest in Chinese classical learning and western engineering and science He thought his own Hui people fiercely loyal but primitive and lacking in the educational and political privileges of the Han Chinese 52 Ma encouraged Huis to assimilate into Chinese civilization and culture 108 and created the Assimilationist Group to promote this idea 109 Ma Fuxiang s assimilationist organization a mix of Islam and Confucianism with Hui being considered an integral part of China the name of this organization was the Assimilationist Neixiang clique 110 The learned scholar Gen Ma Fuxiang was considered progressive while the senior de facto leader of Muslims in Northwest China Gen Ma Anliang was considered reactionary 111 Ma was considered both a warlord and a Muslim scholar 112 Ma Fuxiang took a stance against religious sectarianism and the menhuan Islamic sects in China since he believed that it was the cause of violence and in order to keep positive Han and Hui relations He promoted education for Muslims instead of backing certain sects and Imams and also studied Confucianism and republished Islamic texts and translations 41 Ma supported strengthening China and promoting unity between different sects of Islam in China which Imams like Hu Songshan advocated 113 Calligraphy editOne of Ma Fuxiang s calligraphic works was a cursive rendering of the Chinese character for Tiger 虎 in ink on a scroll It was marked with his seals 114 It was auctioned at Oriental Art Sales in 1980 115 and at Christie s on 16 17 September 2010 116 An inscription was written at Mount Tai by Ma Fuxiang Family edit nbsp Ma Fuxiang s brother Ma Fushou with Chiang Kai shek Ma Fuxiang s father was Ma Qianling Ma s son Ma Hongkui became a general in the National Revolutionary Army 117 He had several wives One of them died in 1927 in Beijing and a funeral was held in Hochow 62 Another wife Ma Tsai te was the one who gave birth to Ma Hongkui on 14 March 1892 118 She died in 1948 119 His nephew was Ma Hongbin another general His brothers were Ma Fulu Ma Fushou and Ma Fucai He became a Sworn brother of President Chiang Kai shek 120 He became so prominent and well known that some Jewish organizations in the United States claimed that his father was Jewish 121 Mongolia and Tibet editMa Fuxiang as the chairman of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission 122 made a statement that Mongolia and Tibet were parts of the Republic of China Our Party the Guomindang takes the development of the weak and small and resistance to the strong and violent as our sole and most urgent task This is even more true for those groups which are not of our kind Ch fei wo zulei zhe Now the peoples minzu of Mongolia and Tibet are closely related to us and we have great affection for one another our common existence and common honor already have a history of over a thousand years Mongolia and Tibet s life and death are China s life and death China absolutely cannot cause Mongolia and Tibet to break away from China s territory and Mongolia and Tibet cannot reject China to become independent At this time there is not a single nation on earth except China that will sincerely develop Mongolia and Tibet 123 In 1930 Ma met with the Tibetan dKon mchog gro nyi to talk about Tibetan matters since he was assigned to deal with Tibetan related issues Chiang Kai shek had delegated dKon mchog gro nyi to communicate with the 13th Dalai Lama over the issue of the 9th Panchen Lama who had fled Tibet and joined the Chinese government after a dispute against the 13th Dalai Lama 124 The Dalai Lama sent a message to Ma Fuxiang on 28 December 1930 accusing the Panchen Lama s adherents of inciting Sichuan warlords during the Sino Tibetan War 125 During the Sino Tibetan War Ma Fuxiang as head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission sent a telegraph to Muslim Kuomintang official Tang Kesan ordering him to breach the agreement with Tibet because he was concerned that political rivals among the Kuomintang in Nanjing were using the incident for their own gains 126 127 Ma Fuxiang opened a session of the Mongolian Affairs Conference in 1931 with an inaugural speech In the conference China condemned the division of Outer Mongolia and Tannu Tuva by the Soviets 128 Ma then led the closing ceremony of the conference on 12 July 129 Death editMa Fuxiang died around Lianghsiang 19 August 1932 while he was traveling to Beijing to receive medical treatment from Chikungsan around Hankou 130 See also editMa cliqueReferences edit 青岛首任市长马福祥 Qingdao s first mayor Ma Fuxiang qingdaonews com 29 June 2014 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 13 August 2015 2muslim com Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 Retrieved 14 April 2016 a b Schram Stuart R ed 1992 Mao s Road to Power Revolutionary Writings 1912 1949 The Pre Marxist Period 1912 1920 Volume 1 Vol 5 illustrated ed M E Sharpe p 62 ISBN 1563244578 a b Heylen Ann 2004 Chronique du Toumet Ortos Looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost Missionary in Inner Mongolia 1915 1921 Leuven Belgium Leuven University Press p 203 ISBN 90 5867 418 5 Heylen Ann 2004 Chronique Du Toumet Ortos Looking Through the Lens of Joseph Van Oost Missionary in Inner Mongolia 1915 1921 Vol 16 of Louvain Chinese studies illustrated ed Leuven University Press p 373 ISBN 9058674185 Howard L Boorman Richard C Howard eds Biographical Dictionary of Republican China New York Columbia University Press 1968 Vol 2 pp 464 65 Andrew G Findlay 1921 The Crescent in North West China With Illustrations Harris Fred 2007 The Arabic Scholar s Son Growing Up in Turbulent North China 1927 1943 AuthorHouse p 53 ISBN 978 1467822336 a b Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter Volumes 1 7 Contributors University of Connecticut Dept of History Denison University Dept of History University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Center for Asian Studies Center for Asian Studies University of Illinois 1975 p 171 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link a b Morrison George Ernest 1978 Lo Luo Hui Min Huimin ed The Correspondence of G E Morrison 1912 1920 Vol 2 of The Correspondence of G E Morrison George Ernest Morrison illustrated ed Cambridge University Press p 474 ISBN 0521215617 a b American Asiatic Association 1940 Asia journal of the American Asiatic Association Volume 40 Asia Pub Co p 660 George Ernest Morrison Hui Min Lo 1978 The Correspondence of G E Morrison 1912 1920 CUP Archive p 474 ISBN 0 521 21561 7 宝贝想尿就尿出来 全部章节在线阅读 红星读书屋 a b c Schram Louis M J 2006 The Monguors of the Kansu Tibetan Frontier Their Origin History and Social Organization Kessinger Publishing p 23 ISBN 1 4286 5932 3 a b Crossley Pamela Kyle 2002 A Translucent Mirror History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology University of California Press p 142 ISBN 0 520 23424 3 Schram Louis M J 2006 The Monguors of the Kansu Tibetan Frontier Their Origin History and Social Organization Kessinger Publishing p 57 ISBN 1 4286 5932 3 Schram Louis M J 2006 The Monguors of the Kansu Tibetan Frontier Their Origin History and Social Organization Kessinger Publishing p 57 ISBN 1 4286 5932 3 Schram Louis 1961 The Monguors of the Kansu Tibetan frontier Volume 1 American Philosophical Society p 58 Yang Fenggang Tamney Joseph eds 2011 Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond Vol 3 of Religion in Chinese Societies illustrated ed BRILL p 223 ISBN 978 9004212398 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 1998 Familiar strangers a history of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 167 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 甘 寧 青三馬家族世系簡表 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 1998 Familiar strangers a history of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 168 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 Who s who in China 1925 p 586 Who s Who in China Biographies of Chinese Vol 4 of Who s who in China 1973 p 184 Who s who in China China weekly review 1936 p 184 Travels of a Consular Officer in North West China CUP Archive 1921 p 187 马福祥中国临夏网 chinalxnet com Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 13 August 2015 Joint Committee on Chinese Studies U S 1987 Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance Banff August 20 24 1987 Volume 3 p 20 The Moslem World Volume 31 S Hartford Seminary Foundation 1941 p 184 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 2004 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China Seattle University of Washington Press p 169 ISBN 0 295 97644 6 Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead Henry Thurburn Montague Bell 1969 The China year book Part 2 North China Daily News amp Herald p 841 Taveirne Patrick 2004 Han Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors A History of Scheut in Ordos Hetao 1874 1911 Leuven Belgium Leuven University Press p 567 ISBN 90 5867 365 0 LIPMAN JONATHAN N 1997 5 Strategies of Integration Muslims in New China Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 171 172 ISBN 0 295 97644 6 LIPMAN JONATHAN N 1997 5 Strategies of Integration Muslims in New China Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 181 182 ISBN 0 295 97644 6 Travels of a Consular Officer in North West China CUP Archive 1921 p 188 Wulsin Frederick Roelker Fletcher Joseph 1979 Alonso Mary Ellen ed China s inner Asian frontier photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 from the archives of the Peabody Museum Harvard University and the National Geographic Society illustrated ed Peabody Museum p 43 ISBN 0674119681 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 2004 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China Seattle University of Washington Press p 171 ISBN 0 295 97644 6 Centre d etudes mongoles et siberiennes 1976 Etudes Mongoles et Siberiennes 16 SEMS p 53 China s Ethnic Groups Issues 1 4 Ethnic Groups Unity Publishing House 2004 p 217 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 1998 Familiar strangers a history of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 183 ISBN 0295800550 a b Yang Fenggang Tamney Joseph eds 2011 Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond Vol 3 of Religion in Chinese Societies illustrated ed BRILL p 224 ISBN 978 9004212398 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 1980 The border world of Gansu 1895 1935 Stanford University p 252 Travels of a Consular Officer in North West China CUP Archive 1921 p vi Retrieved 24 April 2014 马福祥 戎马书生 xinhuanet com Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 13 August 2015 缅怀中国近代史上的回族将领马福祥将军戎马 gansudaily com cn Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 Retrieved 13 August 2015 ĩ䰮 gscn com cn Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 13 August 2015 McCormack Gavan 1977 Chang Tso lin in Northeast China 1911 1928 China Japan and the Manchurian Idea illustrated ed Stanford University Press p 54 ISBN 0804709459 McCormack Gavan 1977 Chang Tso lin in northeast China 1911 1928 China Japan and the Manchurian Idea Stanford University Press p 54 ISBN 0 8047 0945 9 Great Britain Foreign Office Great Britain Public Record Office 1974 The Opium Trade 1910 1941 Volume 5 Scholarly Resources p 106 ISBN 978 0 8420 1795 4 Hsi sheng Chi 1976 The Warlord Politics in China 1916 1928 Stanford University Press p 244 ISBN 0 8047 0894 0 McCormack Gavan 1977 Chang Tso lin in Northeast China 1911 1928 China Japan and the Manchurian Idea Stanford University Press p 54 ISBN 0 8047 0945 9 a b c Close Upton 2007 In the Land of the Laughing Buddha The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China READ BOOKS p 269 ISBN 978 1 4067 1675 7 Fleisher Benjamin Wilfried 1922 The Trans Pacific Volume 7 Issue 2 B W Fleisher p 59 Tighe Justin 2005 Constructing Suiyuan the politics of northwestern territory and development in early twentieth century China Vol 15 of Brill s Inner Asian library illustrated ed Brill p 82 ISBN 9004144668 Min chʻien Tuk Zung Tyau 1922 China Awakened The Macmillan company p 168 Millward James A The Chinese Border Wool Trade of 1880 1937 38 Retrieved 10 July 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Wulsin Frederick Roelker Fletcher Joseph 1979 Alonso Mary Ellen ed China s inner Asian frontier photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 from the archives of the Peabody Museum Harvard University and the National Geographic Society illustrated ed Peabody Museum p 43 ISBN 0674119681 Waldron Arthur 2003 From War to Nationalism China s Turning Point 1924 1925 illustrated reprint revised ed Cambridge University Press p 282 ISBN 978 0 521 52332 5 Close Upton 2007 In the Land of the Laughing Buddha The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China READ BOOKS p 355 ISBN 978 1 4067 1675 7 Close Upton 2007 In the Land of the Laughing Buddha The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China READ BOOKS p 269 ISBN 978 1 4067 1675 7 Fleisher Benjamin Wilfried ed 1922 The Trans Pacific Volume 6 B W Fleisher p 47 a b Harris Fred 2007 The Arabic Scholar s Son Growing Up in Turbulent North China 1927 1943 AuthorHouse p 53 ISBN 978 1 4343 3692 7 马福祥 Archived 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Boorman Howard L Joseph K H Cheng 1979 Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume 5 University Columbia University Press p 20 ISBN 0 231 04558 1 Familiar The Moslem World Volume 31 Hartford Seminary Foundation 1941 p 184 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 2004 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China Seattle University of Washington Press p 175 ISBN 0 295 97644 6 Bulag Uradyn Erden 2002 The Mongols at China s Edge History and the Politics of National Unity illustrated ed Rowman amp Littlefield p 47 ISBN 0742511448 Dudoignon Stephane A ed 2004 Devout societies vs impious states transmitting Islamic learning in Russia Central Asia and China through the twentieth century proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carre des Sciences French Ministry of Research Paris November 12 13 2001 Vol 258 of Islamkundliche Untersuchungen Schwarz p 67 ISBN 3879973148 Hung mao Tien 1972 Government and Politics in Kuomintang China 1927 1937 Stanford University Press p 185 ISBN 0 8047 0812 6 Retrieved 28 June 2010 The China Monthly Review Volume 52 J W Powell 1930 p 73 Taylor Jay 2009 Government The Generalissimo Chiang Kai shek and the Struggle for Modern China Harvard University Press p 93 ISBN 978 0 674 03338 2 Taylor Jay 2009 The Generalissimo Chiang Kai shek and the Struggle for Modern China illustrated ed Harvard University Press p 93 ISBN 978 0674033382 Contemporary Japan A Review of Japanese Affairs Foreign affairs association of Japan 1942 p 1626 Hedin Sven 2002 Riddles of the Gobi Desert With 24 Plates and a Map Asian Educational Services p 138 ISBN 81 206 1614 6 George Ernest Morrison Hui Min Lo 1978 Riddles The Correspondence of G E Morrison 1912 1920 CUP Archive p 474 ISBN 0 521 21561 7 Lattimore Owen 1972 The Desert Road to Turkestan AMS Press p 79 ISBN 0 404 03887 5 although the source says Turkish the term Turkish was used by Westerners during the colonial era to refer to any Turkic language and not the modern day Turkish language of Turkey Therefore turkish has been changed to salar Serruys Henry Aubin Francoise 1987 The Mongols and Ming China Customs and History Volume 1 Variorum Reprints p cxv ISBN 0 86078 210 7 Crossley Pamela Kyle 1999 A Translucent Mirror History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology University of California Press p 142 ISBN 0520928849 Who s Who in China Volume 3 Part 2 China weekly review 1936 p 184 Association for Asian Studies Southeast Conference 1979 Annals Volumes 1 5 The Conference p 52 Tighe Justin 2005 Constructing Suiyuan The Politics of Northwestern Territory and Development in Early Twentieth century China Vol 15 of Brill s Inner Asian library illustrated ed Brill pp 69 82 138 ISBN 9004144668 ISSN 1566 7162 The Opium Trade 1910 1941 Volume 5 Contributors Great Britain Foreign Office Great Britain Public Record Office reprint ed Scholarly Resources 1974 p 106 ISBN 084201795X a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Woodhead Henry George Wandesforde Bell Henry Thurburn Montague 1923 The China Year Book North China Daily News amp Herald p 890 Slack Edward R 2001 Opium state and society China s narco economy and the Guomindang 1924 1937 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press p 31 ISBN 0 8248 2361 3 Slack Edward R 2001 Opium state and society China s narco economy and the Guomindang 1924 1937 illustrated ed University of Hawai i Press p 31 ISBN 0824822781 Niu Jingzhong Fu Lina June 2007 Ma Fu Xiang The Suiyuan Governor in the Reign of the Northern Warlords Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University Philosophy and Social Science History Department Inner Mongolia University Hohhot Inner Mongolia China 010021 Retrieved 13 July 2014 The China Year Book Brentano s 1925 p 584 Heylen Ann 2004 Chronique du Toumet Ortos looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost missionary in Inner Mongolia 1915 1921 Leuven Belgium Leuven University Press p 312 ISBN 90 5867 418 5 Association for Asian Studies Southeast Conference 1979 Annals Volumes 1 5 The Conference p 51 Stock Footage Mongolian Monarch General Ma Fuxiang or Ma Fu Hsiang celebrates birthday with his private army in Sui Yuan Mongolia criticalpast com Retrieved 13 August 2015 Mongolian Monarch General Ma Fuxiang or Ma Fu Hsiang celebrates birthday with HD Stock Footage CriticalPast 13 June 2014 Archived from the original on 18 December 2021 May Timothy M Banditry in Inner Mongolia University of Wisconsin Madison Retrieved 28 June 2010 Lattimore Owen 1972 The desert road to Turkestan reprint illustrated ed AMS Press p 79 ISBN 0404038875 Dudoignon Stephane A Komatsu Hisao Kosugi Yasushi 2006 Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World Transmission Transformation Communication Taylor amp Francis p 315 ISBN 978 0 415 36835 3 Dudoignon Stephane A Hisao Komatsu Yasushi Kosugi eds 2006 Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World Transmission Transformation and Communication Vol 3 of New Horizons in Islamic Studies Routledge p 342 ISBN 1134205988 Dudoignon Stephane A Komatsu Hisao Kosugi Yasushi 2006 Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World Transmission Transformation Communication Taylor amp Francis p 261 ISBN 978 0 415 36835 3 Mao Yufeng 2011 Muslim Educational Reform in 20th Century China The Case of the Chengda Teachers Academy Extreme Orient Extreme Occident 1 33 Presses universitaires de Vincennes 143 170 doi 10 4000 extremeorient 193 ISBN 9782842923341 Retrieved 9 June 2014 Dudoignon Stephane A 2004 Devout Societies vs Impious States Transmitting Islamic Learning in Russia Central Asia and China Through the Twentieth Century Proceedings of an International Colloquium Jeld in the Carre des Sciences French Ministry of Research Paris November 12 13 2001 Schwarz p 67 ISBN 3 87997 314 8 Masumi Matsumoto 2004 The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty Towards China and Islam Etudes orientales Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 2004 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China Seattle University of Washington Press p 176 ISBN 978 0 295 97644 0 Wang Jianping 2001 Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms 中国伊斯兰教词汇表 illustrated ed Psychology Press p 144 ISBN 0700706208 Joseph Suad Najmabadi Afsaneh 2003 Joseph Suad Najmabadi Afsaneh eds Encyclopedia of women amp Islamic cultures Volume 1 Contributor Suad Joseph illustrated ed Brill p 127 ISBN 9004132473 马福祥 Ma Fuxiang 1987 Shuo fang dao zhi 31st Edition 朔方道志 31卷 Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House 天津古籍出版社 馬福祥 Ma Fuxiang 1931 蒙藏狀况 回部新疆坿 Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Status Mikurube Xinjiang Agricultural Experiment Station Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission 蒙藏委員會 Wright Mary Clabaugh 1957 Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism The T Ung Chih Stanford University Press p 406 ISBN 0 8047 0475 9 Dudoignon Stephane A Komatsu Hisao Kosugi Yasushi 2006 Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World Transmission Transformation Communication Taylor amp Francis p 251 ISBN 978 0 415 36835 3 Lipman Jonathan N July 1984 Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu Modern China 10 3 Sage Publications Inc 296 doi 10 1177 009770048401000302 JSTOR 189017 S2CID 143843569 Kitagawa Joseph Mitsuo 2002 The religious traditions of Asia religion history and culture Routledge p 368 ISBN 0 7007 1762 5 Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter Volumes 1 7 Contributors University of Connecticut Dept of History Denison University Dept of History University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Center for Asian Studies Center for Asian Studies University of Illinois 1975 p 229 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link The Far Eastern review engineering finance commerce Volume 15 1919 p 588 Dudoignon Stephane A ed 2004 Devout societies vs impious states transmitting Islamic learning in Russia Central Asia and China through the twentieth century proceedings of an international colloquium held in the Carre des Sciences French Ministry of Research Paris November 12 13 2001 Vol 258 of Islamkundliche Untersuchungen Schwarz p 281 ISBN 3879973148 Goossaert Vincent Palmer David A 2011 The Religious Question in Modern China University of Chicago Press p 88 ISBN 978 0226304168 马福祥书法 Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 Retrieved 14 April 2016 Oriental Art Sales Volumes 743 772 Sotheby Parke Bernet Inc 1980 p 239 Ma Fuxiang 1876 1932 One Stroke Tiger Christie s 2015 Dreyer June Teufel 1976 China s Forty Millions Minority Nationalities and National Integration in the People s Republic of China Harvard University Press p 27 ISBN 0 674 11964 9 World Biography Part 2 Institute for Research in Biography 1948 p 2917 CHINESE WARLORD LIFE Vol 25 no 18 1 November 1948 p 58 MacKinnon Stephen R Lary Diana Vogel Ezra F eds 2007 China at War Regions of China 1937 1945 illustrated ed Stanford University Press p 77 ISBN 978 0804755092 The Menorah Journal 15 4 6 New York N Y Intercollegiate Menorah Association 1928 454 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help China Monthly Review Vol 58 Millard Publishing Co inc 1931 p 392 Lipman Jonathan Neaman 2004 Familiar Strangers a history of Muslims in Northwest China Seattle University of Washington Press p 167 ISBN 0 295 97644 6 China Tibetology Issues 6 11 Contributor Zhongguo Zang xue yan jiu zhong xin Office for the Journal China Tibetology 2006 p 437 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Journal of Asian History Volumes 36 37 illustrated ed O Harrassowitz 2002 p 132 The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia Volumes 31 34 Oriental Society of Australia 2000 p 34 American Journal of Chinese Studies Volume 13 Contributor American Association for Chinese Studies American Association for Chinese Studies 2006 p 217 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Woodhead Henry George Wandesforde 1931 Bell Henry Thurburn Montague ed The China Year Book North China Daily News amp Herald p 28 Woodhead Henry George Wandesforde 1931 Bell Henry Thurburn Montague ed The China Year Book North China Daily News amp Herald p 29 The China monthly review Volume 61 Stanford J W Powell 1932 p 458 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ma Fuxiang nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Ma Fuxiang Rulers Generals from China Ma Fuxiang celebrate s his Birthday in Suiyuan Mongolia 民国军阀简介 整理 Ma Fuxiang zhuan Ding Mingjun zhu 马福祥传 丁明俊著 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ma Fuxiang amp oldid 1215458583, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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