Lucas Alamán

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Alamán and the second or maternal family name is Escalada.

Lucas Ignacio Alamán y Escalada (Guanajuato, New Spain, 18 October 1792 – Mexico City, Mexico, 2 June 1853) was a Mexican scientist, conservative statesman, historian, and writer. He came from an elite Guanajuato family and was well-traveled and highly educated. He was an eyewitness to the early fighting in the Mexican War of Independence when he witnessed the troops of insurgent leader Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sack Guanajuato City, an incident that informed his already conservative and antidemocratic thought.^[1]

Lucas Alamán
1860s copy by Alamán's son Pascual of a portrait depicting him in his younger years, currently in the Museo Nacional de Historia.
Minister of Interior and Exterior Relations of Mexico
In office 20 April – 2 June 1853
President	Antonio López de Santa Anna
Preceded by	José Miguel Arroyo
Succeeded by	José Miguel Arroyo
In office 12 January 1830 – 20 May 1832
President	Anastasio Bustamante
Preceded by	Manuel Ortiz de la Torre
Succeeded by	José María Ortiz Monasterio
In office 12 January 1825 – 26 September 1825
President	Guadalupe Victoria
Preceded by	Juan Guzmán
Succeeded by	Manuel Gómez Pedraza
In office 15 May – 21 September 1824
Preceded by	Pablo de La Llave
Succeeded by	Juan Guzmán
In office 16 April 1823 – 23 April 1824
Preceded by	José Ignacio García Illueca
Succeeded by	Pablo de La Llave
Personal details
Born	(1792-10-18)18 October 1792 Guanajuato, New Spain
Died	2 June 1853(1853-06-02) (aged 60) Mexico City, Mexico
Political party	Conservative
Alma mater	Royal College of Mines
Occupation	Entrepreneur, historian, politician, scientist, writer
Signature
Scientific career
Fields	Botany
Author abbrev. (botany)	Alamán

He has been called the "arch-reactionary of the epoch...who sought to create a strong central government based on a close alliance of the army, the Catholic Church and the landed classes."^[2] He has been considered the founder of the Conservative Party. He has been compared to Metternich,^[3] and was one of the prime voices advocating for the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico.

According to historian Charles A. Hale, Alamán was "undoubtedly the major political and intellectual figure of independent Mexico until his death in 1853 ... the guiding force of several administrations and an active promoter of economic development."^[4]

Early life

Lucas Alaman was born to a wealthy family of Guanajuato on October 18, 1792. His father was Juan Vicente Alaman and his mother was Maria Ignacia Escalada. ^[5] His father had immigrated from Navarre and accumulated a fortune in mining, while his mother was member of a distinguished American-born Spanish family,^[6] and held the title of the fifth marchioness of San Clemente.^[7] Alamán's father was his mother's second husband, following the death of her first husband, Brigadier Gabriel de Arechederreta. Alamán had an older sister, María de Luz Estefanuia Anna José Ignacia Alamán y Escalada, born 1782, and an older half-brother, Juan Bautista Arechederreta.

His started his schooling at the amiga, a children’s school, run by Dona Josefa Camacho, and continued his studies at the Bethlehem School where Fr. Jose de San Geronimo taught Alaman how to write. In gratitude for the education that was provided, Alaman’s father funded a renovation of its building. ^[8]

Alaman moved on to learn Latin and mathematics, and his father began introducing him to the management of the mining industry, a field in which the elder Alaman expected his son to work in one day. ^[9] In 1808, a sixteen year old Alaman visited Mexico City where he learned French and then returned to Guanajuato where he continued to study mathematics, music, and drawing, while also reading the Latin classics. ^[10] The Alaman family was wealthy and socially prominent through Alamán's early youth, but mining was an uncertain and volatile industry, and his father eventually suffered financial losses and died when Alamán was sixteen.^[11]

Mexican War of Independence

It was at this time that Alaman would witness decisive historical events that would forever change the future of Mexico. In 1808, the Spanish king Ferdinand VII was deposed by Napoleon who replaced him with his brother Joseph Bonaparte, sparking a constitutional crisis throughout the Spanish Empire, as rejection of the new king was almost universal. The government of New Spain chose to remain loyal to the imprisoned Ferdinand, but an uprising against the Spanish was triggered by the priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on September 16, 1810, a date which would eventually be commemorated as the Mexican Independence Day

He witnessed the sack of Guanajuato after the capture of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in the early stages of the Mexican War of Independence during which the unorganized and ragged troops of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla killed those taking refuge inside.^[12][13] Alaman fled with his family to Mexico City in December, 1810. ^[14] At Mexico City he continued his studies in mining. He studied chemistry, mineralogy, calculus, and crystallography. It was amidst his discussions with the well travelled faculty that he also began to desire to travel to Europe where he wished to perfect his French and learn Italian and English. ^[15]

Travels through Europe

He departed on January, 1814 and first arrived at Spain where he visited Madrid and the Royal Palace of the El Escorial. He then passed on to France where he arrived in Paris and visited Father Mier on whose recommendation Alaman was able to meet with Bishop Gregoire. He continued his studies in Paris under René Just Haüy, Jean-Baptiste Biot, and Louis Jacques Thénard, and attended late night sessions of the Atheneum where he also began to learn German. ^[16] Alaman was present in Paris during Napoleon’s return from Elba, during the Hundred Days, with Alaman leaving the country shortly afterward for a brief sojourn in Great Britain before returning to France. ^[17] He next traveled to Italy, passing by Mont Cenis, and arriving in Turin. He visited the battlefields of Pavia and Marengo and headed towards Milan, passing through Bologna and Florence before arriving in Rome where he was present for the Feast day of St. Peter which he spent with the family of the Spanish Cardinal Bardaji. ^[18] He next visited Switzerland and followed the Rhine to Frankfurt. Alaman studied mining in Germany and visited Berlin before departing towards Holland and returning to France by 1818. ^[19]

Delegate to the Cortes

He received the news that one of his family’s financial interests had failed, and sought to remedy the matter through the application of his studies. He sought to bring to Mexico the technique of separating silver and gold through the use of sulfuric acid in contrast to the old technique of using nitric acid. He traveled to Madrid and succeeded in gaining permission from the government for doing so. ^[20]

Alaman arrived back in Mexico in February, 1820. Spain at this time through the Constitution of 1812 had granted representation to its colonies in the Spanish Cortes and Alaman was among the Mexican deputies sent to Madrid that year representing the province of Guanajuato. ^[21] He left for Spain with the rest of the deputies just as Agustin de Iturbide’s Plan of Iguala began to gain ground, and which would ultimately gain independence for Mexico in September of 1821. ^[22]

Alaman defended the rights of his district’s mining interests and amidst ambiguous news regarding the progress of the Plan of Iguala, he also with the rest of the deputies lobbied the Spanish Cortes to establish in New Spain a more independent government. ^[23] After the legislative session ended, Alaman rejected a post in the Spanish government and returned to Mexico. ^[24]

First Mexican Republic

Alaman was administering his family’s mining interests during which he witnessed the fall of the First Mexican Empire and the establishment of the provisional government known as the Supreme Executive Power. Due to his experience in the Spanish Cortes, the Executive Power named Alaman as the Minister of the Interior and the Exterior. ^[25] Alaman established a national archive and of a national museum. He allotted funds to the dying San Carlos Academy of Fine Arts, and saved from destruction the Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain, which still surives to this day in Mexico City. He also hid the remains of Hernán Cortés, which were threatened by the popular anti-Spanish fury that erupted in the wake of independence^[26] Alamán also successfully attracted British capital to Mexico.^[27]

He was part of the group of conservatives who ousted insurgent general Vicente Guerrero from the presidency, who himself came to power by coup in 1829. Alamán was a member of the triumverate that briefly governed Mexico in 1829 after the Plan de Jalapa with the aim of installing conservative Anastasio Bustamante as president. Alamán was the leading figure of the conservatives as the regime change unfolded.^[28] Guerrero was captured by a merchant ship captain Picaluga paid 50,000 pesos for the deed, in January 1831, summarily tried in a court-martial, and executed a month later. Alamán viewed the execution of Guerrero as saving Mexico from "dissolution."^[29] Many Mexicans, however, saw Guerrero as a martyr and his execution was deemed by the liberal newspaper El Federalista Mexicano "judicial murder." The two conservative cabinet members considered most culpable for Guerrero's execution, Alamán and Secretary of War José Antonio Facio "spent the rest of their lives defending themselves from the charge that they were responsible for the ultimate betrayal in the history of the first republic, that is, that they had arranged not just for the service of Picaluga's ship but specifically for his capture of Guerrero."^[30] Alamán published a tract defending himself, drafted while in hiding in Mexico City.^[31]

Alamán returned to the post of Minister of Interior and Exterior Relations in 1830–1832 under the Bustamante government. It was in this capacity that he named Manuel Victoria the Governor of Alta California on March 8, 1830. In October 1830, he created the Banco Nacional de Avío, the first bank in Mexico, which provided the country with the financial infrastructure necessary for its burgeoning economy.^[32] Through this government investment bank, Alamán's plans to revive the textile industry, which took hold and prospered in Puebla and Veracruz even when Alamán was not part of the government.^[33]

Centralist Republic of Mexico

After what he saw as the disaster of Texas independence from Mexico in 1836, Alamán largely retired from politics, though he continued to promote what he saw as the interests of the country by serving as Director de la Junta de Fomento de la Industria (Directorate for the Promotion of Industry) from 1839 until his death in 1853.

During the same period Alamán negotiated a deal with the United States to the north fixing the national borders of the two nations which held right up to the time of the Mexican–American War 1846–1848. He also promoted colonizing the northern provinces in order to stave off U.S. expansionism.

For most of the 1840s, he devoted himself primarily to writing the history of Mexico from the perspective of a conservative. His three-volume work Disertaciones sobre la Historia de la Republica mexicana (Mexico, 1844–1849) and his five-volume Historia de México, desde los primeros movimientos que prepararon su independencia en el año de 1808, hasta la época presente (Mexico, 1849–1852), stand as the major intellectual productions of the Conservative Party in nineteenth-century Mexico, and the only histories produced by a Mexican author of his era to view the Spanish presence in his country favorably.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican American War

Among his more important actions are the creation of the Natural History Museum in Mexico City and the foundation of Mexico's General National Archive. The latter has been very important for learning about the historical events in Mexico and understanding the political processes of the Mexican Republic. He also founded and ran a mining company, established the first metal foundry in independent Mexico in 1825, administered the estates of the descendants of Hernán Cortés, and served as president of the Mexico City ayuntamiento (city council) in 1849.

Although Alamán was in general anti-American, he was dismayed by the withdrawal of the U.S. Army, which had protected property against "bandits and rebels."^[34]

Last Years

Santa Anna and Lucas Alamán were in correspondence during Santa Anna's exile following the debacle of the Mexican American War. Alamán helped pave the way for Santa Anna's return to power with conservative support "if he agreed to a program of cessation of political activity against the Church and security for the holders of large propertied interests."^[35] Alamán returned to national public service in March 1853, when Santa Anna appointed him Minister of Foreign Relations. Alamán served until his death from pneumonia on June 2, 1853.

Published works

• Canción patriótica en celebridad de los días de nuestro augusto y deseado monarca. Mexico city: Oficina de Ontiveros 1812.
• Defensa del ex-ministro de relaciones D. Lucas Alamán, en la causa formada contra él y contra los ex-ministros de guerra y justicia del vice-presidente D. Anastasio Bustamante, con unas noticias preliminares que dan idea del origen de esta. Escrita por el mismo ex-ministro, que la dirige á la nación. Mexico City: Imprenta de Galván á cargo de M. Arévalo 1834.
• Historia de Méjico. 5 vols. Mexico City 1868–69.
• Memorias, la verdadera historia de esta república desde el año 1808 (1840)
• Liquidación general de la deuda esterior de la República Mexicana hasta fin de diciembre de 1841. Mexico City: Impreso por I. Cumplido, 1845.
• Disertaciones 3 vols. Mexico 1869.
• Documentos diversos. 4 vols. Mexico 1846.
• Ensayo sobre la decadencia de la minería en la Nueva España.

Archival materials

Ynsfran, Pablo Max. "Catalogo del Archivo de Don Lucas Alamán que se Conserva en la Universidad de Texas, Austin" Historia Mexicana Vol. 4, No. 2 (Oct. – Dec. 1954), pp. 281–316

Honors

Eponymy

Genus

• (Orchidaceae) Alamania La Llave & Lex.^[36]

Species

• (Asteraceae) Perezia alamani (DC.)Hemsl.^[37]
• (Euphorbiaceae) Jatropha alamanii Müll.Arg.^[38]
• (Rhamnaceae) Colubrina alamanii G.Don^[39]

References

1. Van Young, Eric. A Life Together: Lucas Alamán and Mexico, 1792-1853. New Haven: Yale University Press 2021, 54-55
2. D.A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 642.
3. Van Young, Eric (September 13, 2021). "Lucas Alamán and the History of Mexico". Yale. Yale University Press.
4. Hale, Charles A., Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821–1853. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968, pp. 16–17.
5. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 4.
6. Van Young, A Life Together, 14-15
7. Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888). History of Mexico Volume VI 1861-1887. The Bancroft Company. pp. 157–158.
8. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. pp. 4–5.
9. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 5.
10. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 6.
11. Van Young, A Life Together, 32-33
12. Stanley C. Green, The Mexican Republic: The First Decade. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987, p.11
13. Lucas Alamán, "Autobiografía de D. Lucas Alamán" in Lucás Alamán Obras de D. Lucas Alamán: Documents diversos (inéditos y my raros). Ed. Rafael Aguay Specer. Mexico City: Editorial Jus, 1945–47, 4:14.
14. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. pp. 6–7.
15. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 7.
16. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 8.
17. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 9.
18. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 9.
19. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 10.
20. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. pp. 10–11.
21. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 12.
22. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 13.
23. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. pp. 14–15.
24. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 17.
25. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 19.
26. Apuntes Para la Biografia del Exmo Sr. Don Lucas Alaman (in Spanish). Impresa de Jose Lara. 1854. p. 20.
27. Bazant, Jan. "The Aftermath of Independence" in Mexico Since Independence, Leslie Bethell, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 8.
28. Green, Stanley C., The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823–1832. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1998, p. 174.
29. Green, The Mexican Republic, p. 209.
30. Anna, Timothy E., Forging Mexico, 1821–1835. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2005, pp. 242–43.
31. Defensa del ex-ministro de relaciones D. Lucas Alamán, en la causa formada contra él y contra los ex-ministros de guerra y justicia del vice-presidente D. Anastasio Bustamante, con unas noticias preliminares que dan idea del origen de esta. Escrita por el mismo ex-ministro, que la dirige á la nación. Mexico City: Imprenta de Galván á cargo de M. Arévalo 1834.
32. Robert A. Potash, El Banco de Avío de México: el fomento de la industria, 1821–1846. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1959.
33. Bazant, "The Aftermath of Independence," p. 13.
34. Bazant, "The Aftermath of Independence," p. 27.
35. J. Lloyd Mecham, Church and State in Latin America, revised edition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1966, p. 358.
36. Nov. Veg. Descr. [La Llave & Lexarza] 2(Orchid. Opusc.): 31 1825 (IK)
37. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. 2: 255. 1881 (GCI)
38. Linnaea 34: 207. 1865 (IK)
39. Gen. Hist. 2: 37. 1832 (IK)
40. International Plant Names Index.  Alamán.

Further reading

In English:

• Anna, Timothy E. Forging Mexico, 1821–1835. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998.
• Arroyo García, Israel. "Lucas Alamán" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 35–37.
• Green, Stanley C. The Mexican Republic: The First Decade, 1823–1832. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987.
• Hale, Charles A. Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968.
• Potash, Robert A. Mexican government and industrial development in the early republic: the Banco de Avío. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, 1983.
• Van Young, Eric. A Life Together: Lucas Alamán and Mexico, 1792-1853. New Haven: Yale University Press 2021.

In Spanish:

• Bazant, Jan. "Los bienes de la familia de Hernán Cortés y su venta por Lucas Alamán" Historia Mexicana Vol. 19, No. 2 (Oct. – Dec. 1969), pp. 228–247
• Calderón, Francisco. "El pensamiento económico de Lucas Alamán" Historia Mexicana Vol. 34, No. 3 (Jan. – Mar. 1985), pp. 435–459
• Ferrer de Río, Antonio. Lucas Alamán: Su vida y escritos. Mexico City: Jus 1942.
• González Navarro, Moisés. El pensamiento político de Lucas Alamán. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1952.
• Noriega, Alfonso. El pensamiento conservador y el conservadurismo mexicano. Mexico: UNAM 1972.
• Ota Mishima, María Elena. Alamán ilustrado. Mexico: UNAM 1963.
• Quintanilla, Lourdes. El nacionalismo de Lucas Alamán. Guanajuato: Gobierno del Estado de Guanajuato 1991.
• Valadés, José C. Alamán Estadista e Historiador. Mexico: Antigua Librería Robledo, José Porrúa e Hijos 1938.

• Memorias, la verdadera historia de esta república desde el año 1808 (1840)

External links

• Jim Tuck (October 18, 1999). "Lucas Brainy Conservative: Lucas Alamán And The Mexican Right". Mexico Connect. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
• "18 de octubre de 1792.- Nace el historiador y político Lucas Alamán" (in Spanish). RedEscolar. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
• Fay Robinson (1847). "Mexico and Her Chieftains". Texas A&M University. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
• "Lucas Alamán: An Inventory and Catalog of His Papers at the Benson Latin American Collection". University of Texas Libraries. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
• "The Lucas Alamán Papers (digital collection)". University of Texas Libraries. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
• Lucas Alamán. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Retrieved January 12, 2007.