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Jatropha

February 15, 2024

Jatropha is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from the Greek words ἰατρός (iatros), meaning "physician", and τροφή (trophe), meaning "nutrition", hence the common name physic nut. Another common name is nettlespurge.[2] It contains approximately 170 species of succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas). Most of these are native to the Americas, with 66 species found in the Old World.[3] Plants produce separate male and female flowers. As with many members of the family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic. Jatropha species have traditionally been used in basketmaking, tanning and dye production. In the 2000s, one species, Jatropha curcas, generated interest as an oil crop for biodiesel production and also medicinal importance when used as lamp oil; native Mexicans in the Veracruz area developed by selective breeding a Jatropha curcas variant lacking the toxic compounds, yielding a better income when used as source for biodiesel, because of its edible byproduct. Toxicity may return if edible Jatropha is pollinated by toxic types.

Jatropha
Spicy Jatropha (Jatropha integerrima)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Crotonoideae
Tribe: Jatropheae
Genus: Jatropha
L.[1]
Species

Approximately 170, see Section Species.

Jatropha plant
Jatropha plant
Jatropha plant

Uses edit

Further information: Jatropha curcas § Uses
 
Jatropha pandurifolia in China

The stems of haat (Jatropha cuneata) are used for basketmaking by the Seri people in Sonora, Mexico. The stems are roasted, split and soaked through an elaborate process. The reddish dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species, Krameria grayi. Spicy jatropha (J. integerrima) is cultivated as an ornamental in the tropics for its continuously blooming crimson flowers. Buddha belly plant (J. podagrica) was used to tan leather and produce a red dye in Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is also used as a house plant.

The oil from Jatropha curcas is mainly converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines.[4] The cake resulting from oil extraction, a protein-rich product, can be used for fish or animal feed (if detoxified). It is also a biomass feedstock to power electricity plants or to produce biogas, and a high-quality organic fertilizer.[5]

In 2007, Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production.[6] It is resistant to drought and pests, and produces seeds containing 27-40% oil,[7] averaging 34.4%.[8] The remaining press cake of jatropha seeds after oil extraction could also be considered for energy production.[9] However, despite their abundance and use as oil and reclamation plants, none of the Jatropha species have been properly domesticated and, as a result, their productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of their large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown.[10] 2009 research found that Jatropha biodiesel production requires significantly more water than other common biofuel crops, and that initial yield estimates were high.[11] Earlier, higher estimates from Worldwatch Institute had suggested that 1 acre of cultivation could yield 202 gallons (4.8 barrels) of biodiesel.[12]

Jatropha curcas is also being studied for use as a carbon sequestration plant in arid regions.[13]

Toxicity edit

Much like other members of the family Euphorbiaceae, members of the genus Jatropha contain several toxic compounds. The seeds of Jatropha curcas contain the highly poisonous toxalbumin curcin, a lectin dimer. They also contain carcinogenic phorbol.[14] Despite this, the seeds are occasionally eaten after roasting, which reduces some of the toxicity. Its sap is a skin irritant, and ingesting as few as three untreated seeds can be fatal to humans. In 2005, Western Australia banned Jatropha gossypiifolia as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals.[15] It continues to be used as a medicine in certain geographic regions; however one study found the dried leaf to have no anti-fungal activity.[16]

Selected species edit

 
Jatropha gossypiifolia in Hyderabad, India.
 
Jatropha multifida
 
Jatropha podagrica in Hyderabad, India.

Gallery edit

  •  
    Flowers of Jatropha multifida in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
  •  
    Jatropha multifida plant in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
  •  
    Flowers of Jatropha multifida with blue butterfly in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
  •  
    Flowers and leaves of Jatropha multifida in El Crucero, Managua, Nicaragua.
  •  
    Jatropha integerrima
  •  
    Jatropha podagrica
  •  
    Jatropha pandurifolia
  •  
    Close-up of Jatropha podagrica
  •  
    Jatropha integerrima Jacq. in Thailand
  •  
    Jatropha integerrima in West Bengal, India.

Formerly placed here edit

Synonyms edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Jatropha". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  3. ^ Heller, Joachim (1996). Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops Volume 1: Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas L. Bioversity International. p. 7. ISBN 9789290432784.
  4. ^ Ajayebi, Atta (2013). "Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha: A case study of India". Bioresource Technology. 150: 429–437. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.118. PMID 24140355.
  5. ^ Heuzé V., Tran G., Edouard N., Renaudeau D., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2016. Jatropha (Jatropha sp.) kernel meal and other jatropha products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/620 Last updated on April 15, 2016, 10:17
  6. ^ Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels
  7. ^ Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2007. Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability?. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 1(4), 283-291.[1] doi:10.1002/bbb.39The Jatropha Archives
  8. ^ Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. (a literature review) Biomass and Bioenergy 32(12), 1063-1084.[2] doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003The Jatropha Archives
  9. ^ Jongschaap REE, Blesgraaf RAR, Boogaard TA, Van Loo EN, Savenije HHG. The water footprint of bioenergy from Jatropha curcas L. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(35)E92. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907272106
  10. ^ World Agroforestry Centre (2007) When oil grows on trees[permanent dead link] World Agroforestry Centre press release. 26 April 2009.
  11. ^ Morrison, Chris (9 June 2009). "Miracle Biofuel Plant Jatropha Reveals Its Achilles Heel". CBS. CBS Money Watch. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  12. ^ Cox, Craig. "After Oil". No. Vol 5 Issue 6, July/August 2007. Ode Magazine. p. 54.
  13. ^ K. Becker, V. Wulfmeyer, T. Berger, J. Gebel, and W. Münch: "K. Becker1, V. Wulfmeyer2, T. Berger3, J. Gebel4, and W. Münch", Earth system dynamics, 4, 237-251, 2013.
  14. ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-03-26. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  15. ^ MacIntyre, Ben (2007-07-08). "Poison plant could help to cure the planet". The Times. London. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
  16. ^ Ilango, S. and David Paul Raj RS. 2015. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Jatropha curcas further its effect on tissue culture and leaf extract for antifungal property. url=http://www.annalsofplantsciences.com/index.php/aps/article/view/189
  17. ^ Staff, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Jatropha pandurifolia 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ a b "Species Records of Jatropha". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2012-12-11. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
  19. ^ "Jatropha". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2012-07-09.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jatropha.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Jatropha.
  • BBC News report of Jatropa Biofuel
  • . Archived from the original on 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2012-10-13. Case study report on the relationship with food security, provides references and background information.
  • Polgreen, Lydia (September 9, 2007). "Mali's Farmers Discover a Weed's Potential Power". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
  • Any lessons for Ghana? India jatropha failure
  • Jatropha not a miracle biofuel crop after all 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
  • Jon R. Luoma (May 4, 2009). . environment360. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  • Jatropha in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

February 15, 2024
jatropha, genus, flowering, plants, spurge, family, euphorbiaceae, name, derived, from, greek, words, ἰατρός, iatros, meaning, physician, τροφή, trophe, meaning, nutrition, hence, common, name, physic, another, common, name, nettlespurge, contains, approximate. Jatropha is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae The name is derived from the Greek words ἰatros iatros meaning physician and trofh trophe meaning nutrition hence the common name physic nut Another common name is nettlespurge 2 It contains approximately 170 species of succulent plants shrubs and trees some are deciduous like Jatropha curcas Most of these are native to the Americas with 66 species found in the Old World 3 Plants produce separate male and female flowers As with many members of the family Euphorbiaceae Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic Jatropha species have traditionally been used in basketmaking tanning and dye production In the 2000s one species Jatropha curcas generated interest as an oil crop for biodiesel production and also medicinal importance when used as lamp oil native Mexicans in the Veracruz area developed by selective breeding a Jatropha curcas variant lacking the toxic compounds yielding a better income when used as source for biodiesel because of its edible byproduct Toxicity may return if edible Jatropha is pollinated by toxic types JatrophaSpicy Jatropha Jatropha integerrima Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder MalpighialesFamily EuphorbiaceaeSubfamily CrotonoideaeTribe JatropheaeGenus JatrophaL 1 SpeciesApproximately 170 see Section Species Jatropha plantJatropha plantJatropha plant Contents 1 Uses 2 Toxicity 3 Selected species 4 Gallery 4 1 Formerly placed here 5 Synonyms 6 References 7 External linksUses editFurther information Jatropha curcas Uses nbsp Jatropha pandurifolia in ChinaThe stems of haat Jatropha cuneata are used for basketmaking by the Seri people in Sonora Mexico The stems are roasted split and soaked through an elaborate process The reddish dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species Krameria grayi Spicy jatropha J integerrima is cultivated as an ornamental in the tropics for its continuously blooming crimson flowers Buddha belly plant J podagrica was used to tan leather and produce a red dye in Mexico and the southwestern United States It is also used as a house plant The oil from Jatropha curcas is mainly converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines 4 The cake resulting from oil extraction a protein rich product can be used for fish or animal feed if detoxified It is also a biomass feedstock to power electricity plants or to produce biogas and a high quality organic fertilizer 5 In 2007 Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production 6 It is resistant to drought and pests and produces seeds containing 27 40 oil 7 averaging 34 4 8 The remaining press cake of jatropha seeds after oil extraction could also be considered for energy production 9 However despite their abundance and use as oil and reclamation plants none of the Jatropha species have been properly domesticated and as a result their productivity is variable and the long term impact of their large scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown 10 2009 research found that Jatropha biodiesel production requires significantly more water than other common biofuel crops and that initial yield estimates were high 11 Earlier higher estimates from Worldwatch Institute had suggested that 1 acre of cultivation could yield 202 gallons 4 8 barrels of biodiesel 12 Jatropha curcas is also being studied for use as a carbon sequestration plant in arid regions 13 Toxicity editMuch like other members of the family Euphorbiaceae members of the genus Jatropha contain several toxic compounds The seeds of Jatropha curcas contain the highly poisonous toxalbumin curcin a lectin dimer They also contain carcinogenic phorbol 14 Despite this the seeds are occasionally eaten after roasting which reduces some of the toxicity Its sap is a skin irritant and ingesting as few as three untreated seeds can be fatal to humans In 2005 Western Australia banned Jatropha gossypiifolia as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals 15 It continues to be used as a medicine in certain geographic regions however one study found the dried leaf to have no anti fungal activity 16 Selected species edit nbsp Jatropha gossypiifolia in Hyderabad India nbsp Jatropha multifida nbsp Jatropha podagrica in Hyderabad India Jatropha acanthophylla Loefgr Jatropha bullockii E J Lott Jatropha cardiophylla Torr Mull Arg Sangre de Cristo Jatropha cathartica Teran amp Berland Berlandier s nettlespurge Jatropha chamelensis Perez Jimenez Jatropha costaricensis G L Webster amp Poveda Jatropha cinerea Ortega Mull Arg Arizona nettlespurge Jatropha cuneata Wiggins amp Rollins Limberbush haat pronounced ʔaːt Jatropha curcas L Physic nut pinoncillo habb el meluk Jatropha dhofarica Radcl Sm Jatropha dioica Sesse Leatherstem Jatropha elliptica Pohl Oken Jatropha excisa Griseb Jatropha gossypiifolia L Bellyache bush Jatropha hernandiifolia Vent Wild oilnut Jatropha integerrima Jacq syn J pandurifolia Spicy jatropha called in Chinese ri ri ying which means every day flowered cherry blossom 17 Jatropha macrantha Mull Arg Huanarpo macho or Peruvian Viagra Jatropha macrorhiza Benth Ragged nettlespurge Jatropha multifida L Coralbush Jatropha nudicaulis Benth Jatropha podagrica Hook Buddha belly plant bottleplant shrub Jatropha unicostata Balf f 18 19 Gallery edit nbsp Flowers of Jatropha multifida in El Crucero Managua Nicaragua nbsp Jatropha multifida plant in El Crucero Managua Nicaragua nbsp Flowers of Jatropha multifida with blue butterfly in El Crucero Managua Nicaragua nbsp Flowers and leaves of Jatropha multifida in El Crucero Managua Nicaragua nbsp Jatropha integerrima nbsp Jatropha podagrica nbsp Jatropha pandurifolia nbsp Close up of Jatropha podagrica nbsp Jatropha integerrima Jacq in Thailand nbsp Jatropha integerrima in West Bengal India Formerly placed here edit Aleurites moluccanus L Willd as J moluccana L Baliospermum montanum Willd Mull Arg as J montana Willd Cnidoscolus aconitifolius Mill I M Johnst as J aconitifolia Mill Cnidoscolus angustidens Torr as J angustidens Torr Mull Arg Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl as J phyllacantha Mull Arg Cnidoscolus stimulosus Michx Engelm amp A Gray as J stimulosa Michx Cnidoscolus texanus Mull Arg Small as J texana Mull Arg Cnidoscolus tubulosus Mull Arg I M Johnst as J tepiquensis Costantin amp Gallaud and J tubulosa Mull Arg Cnidoscolus urens L Arthur as J urens L Hyaenanche globosa Gaertn Lamb as J globosa Gaertn Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta as J dulcis J F Gmel and J manihot L Manihot carthagenensis subsp carthagenensis as J carthagenensis Jacq Manihot tripartita subsp tripartita as J tripartita Spreng 18 Synonyms editAdenorhopium Rchb Adenoropium Pohl Castiglionia Ruiz amp Pav Collenucia Chiov Curcas Adans Jatropa Scop orth var Loureira Cav Mesandrinia Raf Mozinna Ortega Zimapania Engl amp Pax 1 References edit a b Genus Jatropha L Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2007 10 05 Archived from the original on 2010 05 28 Retrieved 2010 08 13 USDA NRCS n d Jatropha The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 27 May 2015 Heller Joachim 1996 Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops Volume 1 Physic Nut Jatropha Curcas L Bioversity International p 7 ISBN 9789290432784 Ajayebi Atta 2013 Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha A case study of India Bioresource Technology 150 429 437 doi 10 1016 j biortech 2013 09 118 PMID 24140355 Heuze V Tran G Edouard N Renaudeau D Bastianelli D Lebas F 2016 Jatropha Jatropha sp kernel meal and other jatropha products Feedipedia a programme by INRA CIRAD AFZ and FAO https www feedipedia org node 620 Last updated on April 15 2016 10 17 Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels Achten WMJ Mathijs E Verchot L Singh VP Aerts R Muys B 2007 Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining 1 4 283 291 1 doi 10 1002 bbb 39The Jatropha Archives Achten WMJ Verchot L Franken YJ Mathijs E Singh VP Aerts R Muys B 2008 Jatropha bio diesel production and use a literature review Biomass and Bioenergy 32 12 1063 1084 2 doi 10 1016 j biombioe 2008 03 003The Jatropha Archives Jongschaap REE Blesgraaf RAR Boogaard TA Van Loo EN Savenije HHG The water footprint of bioenergy from Jatropha curcas L Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106 35 E92 doi 10 1073 pnas 0907272106 World Agroforestry Centre 2007 When oil grows on trees permanent dead link World Agroforestry Centre press release 26 April 2009 Morrison Chris 9 June 2009 Miracle Biofuel Plant Jatropha Reveals Its Achilles Heel CBS CBS Money Watch Retrieved 21 June 2016 Cox Craig After Oil No Vol 5 Issue 6 July August 2007 Ode Magazine p 54 K Becker V Wulfmeyer T Berger J Gebel and W Munch K Becker1 V Wulfmeyer2 T Berger3 J Gebel4 and W Munch Earth system dynamics 4 237 251 2013 Drugs and Poisons Toxalbumins Peas and beans gone bad Archived from the original on 2010 03 26 Retrieved 2010 06 26 MacIntyre Ben 2007 07 08 Poison plant could help to cure the planet The Times London Retrieved 2008 06 09 Ilango S and David Paul Raj RS 2015 Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Jatropha curcas further its effect on tissue culture and leaf extract for antifungal property url http www annalsofplantsciences com index php aps article view 189 Staff South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Jatropha pandurifolia Archived 2011 08 18 at the Wayback Machine a b Species Records of Jatropha Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture Archived from the original on 2012 12 11 Retrieved 2011 03 19 Jatropha Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 2012 07 09 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jatropha nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Jatropha BBC News report of Jatropa Biofuel Size does matter The possibilities of cultivating Jatropha curcas for biofuel production in developing countries Archived from the original on 2021 06 22 Retrieved 2012 10 13 Case study report on the relationship with food security provides references and background information Polgreen Lydia September 9 2007 Mali s Farmers Discover a Weed s Potential Power The New York Times Retrieved 2007 09 09 Any lessons for Ghana India jatropha failure Jatropha not a miracle biofuel crop after all Archived 2011 06 10 at the Wayback Machine Jon R Luoma May 4 2009 Hailed as a Miracle Biofuel Jatropha Falls Short of Hype environment360 Yale School of Forestry amp Environmental Studies Archived from the original on October 4 2011 Retrieved 2011 10 11 Jatropha in West African plants A Photo Guide Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jatropha amp oldid 1188439139, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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