Within the Zone L Bantu languages, Luba-Kasai is one of a group of languages which form the "Luba" group, together with Kaonde (L40), Kete (L20), Kanyok, Luba-Katanga (KiLuba), Sanga, Zela and Bangubangu. The L20, L30 and L60 languages are also grouped as the Luban languages within Zone L Bantu.
Tshiluba is chiefly spoken in a large area in the Kasaï Occidental and Kasaï Oriental provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, the differences in Tshiluba within the area are minor, consisting mostly of differences in tones and vocabulary, and speakers easily understand one another. Both dialects have subdialects.
Additionally, there is also a pidginised variety of Tshiluba,[3] especially in cities, where the everyday spoken Tshiluba is enriched with French words and even words from other languages, such as Lingala or Swahili. Nevertheless, it is not a typical form of a pidgin since it is not common to everyone but changes its morphology and the quantity and degree to which words from other languages are used. Its form changes depending on who speaks it and varies from city to city and social class to social class. However, people generally speak the regular Tshiluba language in their daily lives, rather than pidgin.
The failure of the language to be taught at school has resulted in the replacement of native words by French words for the most part. For instance, people speaking generally count in French, rather than Tshiluba. The situation of French and Tshiluba being used simultaneously made linguists mistakenly think that the language had been pidginised.[citation needed]
Bantu bonsu badi baledibwa badikadile ne badi ne makokeshi amwe. Badi ne lungenyi lwa bumuntu ne kondo ka moyo, badi ne bwa kwenzelangana malu mu buwetu.
"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."
^The prefix tshi or ci, depending on the spelling used, is used for the noun class used with language names
^"Luba-Lulua" combines the name "Luba" (in the strictest sense, Luba Lubilanji people) and "Lulua" (Beena Luluwa people), as in "the Luba-Lulua conflict".
^Ethnologue.com also indicates the name "Beena Lulua" but that is the name of the Beena Luluwa people, or the name "Luva" but that is a synonym of Kiluba (Kiluva), a different Luban language, which has a fricative bilabial between vowels.
^"Tshiluba language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
Samuel Phillips Verner (1899). Mukanda wa Chiluba. Spottiswoode. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
BibliographyEdit
Stappers, Leo. Tonologische bijdrage tot de studie van het werkwoord in het tshiluba. 1949. Mémoires (Institut royal colonial belge. Section des sciences morales et politiques). Collection in-8o ; t. 18, fasc. 4.
de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice. Cilubà Phonetics: Proposals for a 'Corpus-Based Phonetics from Below' Approach. 1999. Research Centre of African Languages and Literatures, University of Ghent.
DeClercq, P. Grammaire de la langue des bena-lulua. 1897. Polleunis et Ceuterick.
Muyunga, Yacioko Kasengulu. 1979. Lingala and Ciluba speech audiometry. Kinshasa: Presses Universitaires du Zaïre pour l'Université Nationale du Zaïre (UNAZA).
Kabuta, Ngo. Loanwords in Cilubà. 2012. University of Ghent, Belgium.
Willems, Em. Het Tshiluba van Kasayi voor beginnelingen. 1943. Sint Norbertus.
External linksEdit
Luba-Kasai language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Tola Akindipe, Veronica Tshiama & Francisco Yamba, Largest online resource to learn Tshiluba (Mofeko)
Online Cilubà - French Dictionary
BBC News: Congo word "most untranslatable"
PanAfrican L10n page on Luba
Tshiluba Language and Alphabet (Omniglot)
Tshiluba: Kasai Language
October 17, 2023
luba, kasai, language, confused, with, kiluba, related, luba, language, tshiluba, redirects, here, zambian, president, frederick, chiluba, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, im. Not to be confused with Kiluba a related Luba language Tshiluba redirects here For the Zambian president see Frederick Chiluba This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Luba Kasai also known as Ciluba or Tshiluba 4 Luba Lulua 5 6 is a Bantu language Zone L of Central Africa and a national language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo alongside Lingala Swahili and Kikongo ya leta TshilubaCiluba 1 Tshiluba Native toDemocratic Republic of the CongoRegionKasai Kasai Occidental Kasai OrientalEthnicityBaluba Kasai Bena kasai Native speakers 6 3 million Cilubaphones cited 1991 2 Language familyNiger Congo Atlantic CongoVolta CongoBenue CongoBantoidSouthern BantoidBantuLubanLuba languagesTshilubaDialectsCiluba Lubilanji Cena Lubilanji in Mbuji Mayi Tshilenge district and western Gandajika territory Cena Lulua in Kananga central northern Lulua district and eastern Luebo territory Cikwa Nyambi in Northern Kamonia territory amp Tshikapa Cikwa Luntu in Dimbelenge territory Official statusOfficial language in Democratic Republic of Congo national language Language codesISO 639 2 span class plainlinks lua span ISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code lua class extiw title iso639 3 lua lua a Glottologluba1249Guthrie codeL 31 3 Location of speakers Luba Kasai Luba KatangaPidgin ChilubaNative toDR CongoNative speakersNoneLanguage familyLuba based pidginLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis GlottologNoneGuthrie codeL 30A 3 An eastern dialect is spoken by the Luba people of the East Kasai Region and a western dialect by the Lulua people of the West Kasai Region The total number of speakers was estimated at 6 3 million in 1991 Within the Zone L Bantu languages Luba Kasai is one of a group of languages which form the Luba group together with Kaonde L40 Kete L20 Kanyok Luba Katanga KiLuba Sanga Zela and Bangubangu The L20 L30 and L60 languages are also grouped as the Luban languages within Zone L Bantu Contents 1 Geographic distribution and dialects 2 Vocabulary 3 Alphabet 4 Phonology 5 Sample text 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksGeographic distribution and dialects EditTshiluba is chiefly spoken in a large area in the Kasai Occidental and Kasai Oriental provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo However the differences in Tshiluba within the area are minor consisting mostly of differences in tones and vocabulary and speakers easily understand one another Both dialects have subdialects Additionally there is also a pidginised variety of Tshiluba 3 especially in cities where the everyday spoken Tshiluba is enriched with French words and even words from other languages such as Lingala or Swahili Nevertheless it is not a typical form of a pidgin since it is not common to everyone but changes its morphology and the quantity and degree to which words from other languages are used Its form changes depending on who speaks it and varies from city to city and social class to social class However people generally speak the regular Tshiluba language in their daily lives rather than pidgin The failure of the language to be taught at school has resulted in the replacement of native words by French words for the most part For instance people speaking generally count in French rather than Tshiluba The situation of French and Tshiluba being used simultaneously made linguists mistakenly think that the language had been pidginised citation needed Vocabulary EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Western dialects Eastern dialects Englishmeme mema mene ni withnzolo nsolo nzolu chickenbionso bionsu everythingluepu mukela e saltkapia mudilu firebidia nshima fufumalaba makelela yesterday tomorrowlupepe luhepa windMankaji shi tatu mukaji tatu mukaji auntybimpe bimpa well goodAlphabet EditLuba Kasai uses the Latin alphabet with the digraphs ng ny and sh but without the letters q r and x 7 Phonology EditTshiluba has a 5 vowel system with vowel length Front Central BackClose i iː u uːMid e eː o oːOpen a aːThe chart shows the consonants of Tshiluba Bilabial Labio dental Alveolar Post alv Palatal Velar GlottalStop Affricate voiceless p t tʃ kvoiced b dvl prenasal ᵐp ⁿt ⁿtʃ ᵑkvd prenasal ᵐb ⁿdFricative voiceless ɸ f s ʃ hvoiced v z ʒvl prenasal ᶬf ⁿs ⁿʃvd prenasal ᶬv ⁿz ⁿʒNasal m n ɲ ŋApproximant l j w p may also have the sound ɸ If a d is preceding an i it may also be pronounced as an affricate sound dʒ Sample text EditAccording to The Rosetta Project 8 Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights translates to Bantu bonsu badi baledibwa badikadile ne badi ne makokeshi amwe Badi ne lungenyi lwa bumuntu ne kondo ka moyo badi ne bwa kwenzelangana malu mu buwetu All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood According to Learn Tshiluba Mofeko Mukayi wuani udi mu bujimi My wife is on the farm 9 Mulunda wanyi mujikija kalasa Uenda mu tshidimu tshishala My friend completed his her studies last year 10 References Edit Ciluba is Standard Orthography pronounced like Chiluba and Tshiluba Tshiluba at Ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required a b c Jouni Filip Maho 2009 New Updated Guthrie List Online The prefix tshi or ci depending on the spelling used is used for the noun class used with language names Luba Lulua combines the name Luba in the strictest sense Luba Lubilanji people and Lulua Beena Luluwa people as in the Luba Lulua conflict Ethnologue com also indicates the name Beena Lulua but that is the name of the Beena Luluwa people or the name Luva but that is a synonym of Kiluba Kiluva a different Luban language which has a fricative bilabial between vowels Tshiluba language and alphabet www omniglot com Retrieved 2017 04 11 Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Rosetta Project A Long Now Foundation Library of Human Language no author 2010 https archive org details rosettaproject lua undec 1 Akindipe Tola Yamba Francisco Tshiama Veronica Family in Tshiluba Learn Tshiluba Mofeko Akindipe Tola Yamba Francisco Tshiama Veronica Days in Tshiluba Learn Tshiluba Mofeko Samuel Phillips Verner 1899 Mukanda wa Chiluba Spottiswoode Retrieved 26 August 2012 Bibliography EditStappers Leo Tonologische bijdrage tot de studie van het werkwoord in het tshiluba 1949 Memoires Institut royal colonial belge Section des sciences morales et politiques Collection in 8o t 18 fasc 4 de Schryver Gilles Maurice Ciluba Phonetics Proposals for a Corpus Based Phonetics from Below Approach 1999 Research Centre of African Languages and Literatures University of Ghent DeClercq P Grammaire de la langue des bena lulua 1897 Polleunis et Ceuterick Muyunga Yacioko Kasengulu 1979 Lingala and Ciluba speech audiometry Kinshasa Presses Universitaires du Zaire pour l Universite Nationale du Zaire UNAZA Kabuta Ngo Loanwords in Ciluba 2012 University of Ghent Belgium Willems Em Het Tshiluba van Kasayi voor beginnelingen 1943 Sint Norbertus External links Edit nbsp Luba Kasai language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Tola Akindipe Veronica Tshiama amp Francisco Yamba Largest online resource to learn Tshiluba Mofeko Online Ciluba French Dictionary BBC News Congo word most untranslatable PanAfrican L10n page on Luba Tshiluba Language and Alphabet Omniglot Tshiluba Kasai Language Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Luba Kasai language amp oldid 1132531599, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
