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Love jihad conspiracy theory

April 10, 2024

Not to be confused with Sexual jihad or A Jihad for Love.

Love jihad (or Romeo jihad)[5] is an Islamophobic[11] conspiracy theory[22] promoted by right-wing Hindutva activists.[25] The conspiracy theory purports that Muslim men target Hindu women for conversion to Islam by means such as seduction,[28] feigning love,[30] deception,[31] kidnapping,[34] and marriage,[37] as part of a broader demographic "war" by Muslims against India,[39] and an organised international conspiracy,[42] for domination through demographic growth and replacement.[46]

The conspiracy theory relies on disinformation to conduct its hate campaign,[15] and is noted for its similarities to other historic hate campaigns as well as contemporary white nationalist conspiracy theories and Euro-American Islamophobia.[43][15][6] It features Orientalist portrayals of Muslims as barbaric and hypersexual,[29] and carries the paternalistic and patriarchal notions that Hindu women are passive and victimized, while "any possibility of women exercising their legitimate right to love and their right to choice is ignored".[2] It has consequently been the cause of vigilante assaults, murders and other violent incidents,[48] including the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots.[49]

Created in 2009[50] as part of a campaign to foster fear and paranoia, the conspiracy theory was disseminated by Hindutva publications, such as the Sanatan Prabhat and the Hindu Janajagruti Samiti website, calling Hindus to protect their women from Muslim men who were simultaneously depicted to be attractive seducers and lecherous rapists.[51] Organisations including the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Vishva Hindu Parishad have since been credited for its proliferation in India and abroad, respectively.[52] The conspiracy theory was noted to have become a significant belief in the state of Uttar Pradesh by 2014 and contributed to the success of the Bharatiya Janata Party campaign in the state.[14]

The concept was institutionalised in India after the election of the Bharatiya Janata Party led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[53] Right-wing pro-government television media, such as Times Now and Republic TV, and social media disinformation campaigns are generally held responsible for the growth of its popularity.[6] Legislation against the purported conspiracy has been initiated in a number of states ruled by the party and implemented in the state of Uttar Pradesh by the Yogi Adityanath government, where it has been used as a means of state repression on Muslims and crackdown on interfaith marriages.[56]

In Myanmar, the conspiracy theory has been adopted by the 969 Movement as an allegation of Islamisation of Buddhist women and used by the Tatmadaw as justification for military operations against Rohingya civilians.[58] It has extended among the non-Muslim Indian diaspora and led to formation of alliances between Hindutva groups and Western far-right organisations such as the English Defence League.[6] It has also been adopted in part by the clergy of the Catholic Church in Kerala to dissuade interfaith marriage among Christians.[59]

Background

Regional historical tensions

 
The Indian subcontinent has been religiously pluralistic for centuries. This map from 1909 shows Muslim regions in the northwest in green mixing with Hindu regions stretching across most of the region into Buddhist Burma.

In a piece picked up by the Chicago Tribune, Foreign Policy correspondent Siddhartha Mahanta reports that the modern Love Jihad conspiracy has roots in the 1947 partition of India.[60] This partition led to the creation of India and Pakistan. The creation of two countries with different majority religions led to large-scale migration, with millions of people moving between the countries and rampant reports of sexual predation and forced conversions of women by men of both faiths.[60][61][62] Women on both sides of the conflict were impacted, leading to "recovery operations" by both the Indian and Pakistani governments of these women, with over 20,000 Muslim and 9,000 non-Muslim women being recovered between 1947 and 1956.[62] This tense history caused repeated clashes between the faiths in the decades that followed as well, according to Mahanta, as cultural pressure against interfaith marriage for either side.[60]

As of 2011, Hindus were the leading religious majority in India, at 80%, with Muslims at 14% an increase from 9% from 1951 while the Hindu population of Pakistan has remained at 2% and that of Bangladesh fallen to 8%.[63][64][65] In the 1951 census, West Pakistan (now Pakistan) had 1.3% Hindu population, while East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) had 22.05%.[66][67][68]

Marriage traditions and customs

See also: Interfaith marriage in Islam and Interfaith marriage § Views of Hinduism

India has a long tradition of arranged marriages, wherein the bride and groom do not choose their partners. Through the 2000s and 2010s, India witnessed a rise in love marriages, although tensions continue around interfaith marriages, along with other traditionally discouraged unions.[69][70] In 2012, The Hindu reported that illegal intimidation against consenting couples engaging in such discouraged unions, including inter-religious marriage, had surged.[71] That year, Uttar Pradesh saw the proposal of an amendment to remove the requirement to declare religion from the marriage law in hopes of encouraging those who were hiding their interfaith marriage due to social norms to register.[69]

One of the tensions surrounding interfaith marriage relates to concerns of required, even forced, marital conversion.[70][72] Marriage in Islam is a legal contract with requirements around the religions of the participants. While Muslim women are only permitted within the contract to marry Muslim men, Muslim men may marry "People of the Book", interpreted by most to include Jews and Christians, with the inclusion of Hindus disputed.[73] According to a 2014 article in the Mumbai Mirror, some non-Muslim brides in Muslim-Hindu marriages convert, while other couples choose a civil marriage under the Special Marriage Act of 1954.[70] Marriage between Muslim women and Hindu men (including Sikh, Jaina, and Buddhist) is legal civil marriage under The Special Marriage Act of 1954.

Hindu nationalism and right wing politics

See also: Hindu nationalism and Hindutva

Love jihad in politics has been closely tied to Hindu nationalism, particularly the more extremist form hindutva associated with BJP Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi.[74] The anti-Islamic stances of many right wing hindutva groups like Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) are usually hostile to inter-religious marriage and religious pluralism, which can sometimes result in mob violence motivated by allegations of love jihad.[75]

Timeline

Early origins and beginnings

Similar controversies over inter religious marriage were relatively common in India from the 1920s until independence in 1947, when allegations of forced marriage were typically called "abductions".[76] They were more common in religiously diverse areas, including campaigns against both Muslims and Christians, and were tied to fears over religious demographics and political power in the newly emerging Indian nation. Fears of women converting was also a catalyst of the violence against women that occurred during that period. However, allegations of Love Jihad first rose to national awareness in September 2009.[77]

According to the Kerala Catholic Bishops Council, by October 2009 up to 4,500 girls in Kerala had been targeted, whereas Hindu Janajagruti Samiti claimed that 30,000 girls had been converted in Karnataka alone.[78][79] Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana general secretary Vellapally Natesan said that there had been reports in Narayaneeya communities of "Love Jihad" attempts.[80][81] Following the controversy's initial flare-up in 2009, it flared again in 2010, 2011 and 2014.[82][83][84] On 25 June 2014, Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy informed the state legislature that 2,667 young women converted to Islam in the state between 2006 and 2014. However, he stated that there was no evidence for any of them being forced to convert, and that fears of Love Jihad were "baseless."[84] Muslim organizations such as the Popular Front of India and the Campus Front have been accused of promoting this activity.[85] In Kerala, some movies have been accused of promoting Love Jihad, a charge which has been denied by the filmmakers.[86] Bollywood films PK and Bajrangi Bhaijaan were accused of promoting Love jihad by Hindu outfits.[87][88][89] The actors and directors denied that their films promoted Love jihad.[90][91]

Around the same time that the conspiracy theory was beginning to spread, accounts of Love Jihad also began becoming prevalent in Myanmar.[92] Wirathu, the leader of 969 Movement, has said that Muslim men pretend to be Buddhists and then the Buddhist women are lured into Islam in Myanmar.[93][94] He has urged to "protect our Buddhist women from the Muslim love-jihad" by introducing further legislation.[95] Reports of similar activities also began emerging from the United Kingdom's Sikh diaspora.[96][97] In 2014, The Sikh Council alleged that it had received reports that girls from British Sikh families were becoming victims of Love Jihad. Furthermore, these reports alleged that these girls were being exploited by their husbands, some of whom afterwards abandoned them in Pakistan. According to the Takht jathedar, he alleged that "The Sikh council has rescued some of the victims (girls) and brought them back to their parents."[98]

Congress Party era (2009–2014)

The initial formations of the conspiracy theory were solidified when various organisations began joining. Christian groups, such as the Christian Association for Social Action, and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) banded against it, with the VHP establishing the "Hindu Helpline" that it started answered 1,500 calls in three months related to "Love Jihad".[99] The Union of Catholic Asian News (UCAN) has reported that the Catholic Church was concerned about this alleged phenomenon.[100] In September, posters of right-wing group Shri Ram Sena warning against "Love Jihad" appeared in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.[101] The group announced in December that it would launch a nationwide "Save our daughters, save India" campaign to combat "Love Jihad".[102] Muslim organizations in Kerala called it a malicious misinformation campaign.[103] Popular Front of India (PFI) committee-member Naseeruddin Elamaram denied that the PFI was involved in any "Love Jihad", stating that people convert to Hinduism and Christianity as well and that religious conversion is not a crime.[100] Members of the Muslim Central Committee of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts responded by claiming that Hindus and Christians have fabricated these claims to undermine Muslims.[104]

In July 2010, the "Love Jihad" controversy resurfaced in the press when Kerala Chief Minister V. S. Achuthanandan referenced the alleged matrimonial conversion of non-Muslim girls as part of an effort to make Kerala a Muslim majority state.[82][105] PFI dismissed his statements due to the findings of the Kerala probe,[105] but the president of the BJP Mahila Morcha, the women's wing of the conservative Bharatiya Janata Party, called for an NIA investigation, alleging that the Kerala state probe was closed prematurely due to a tacit understanding with PFI.[106] The Congress Party in Kerala responded strongly to the Chief Minister's comments, which they described as deplorable and dangerous.[82]

In December 2011, the controversy erupted again in Karnataka legislative assembly, when member Mallika Prasad of the Bharatiya Janata Party asserted that the problem was ongoing and unaddressed – with, according to her, 69 of 84 Hindu girls who had gone missing between January and November of that year confessing after their recovery that "they'd been lured by Muslim youths who professed love."[83] According to The Times of India, response was divided, with Deputy Speaker N. Yogish Bhat and House Leader S. Suresh Kumar supporting governmental intervention, while Congress members B. Ramanath Rai and Abhay Chandra Jain argued that "the issue was being raised to disrupt communal harmony in the district."[83]

Bharatiya Janata Party era (2014–present)

During the resurgence of the controversy in 2014, protests turned violent at growing concern, even though, according to Reuters, the concept was considered "an absurd conspiracy theory by mainstream, moderate Indians."[26] Then BJP MP Yogi Adityanath alleged that Love Jihad was an international conspiracy targeting India,[107] announcing on television that the Muslims "can't do what they want by force in India, so they are using the love jihad method here."[63] Conservative Hindu activists cautioned women in Uttar Pradesh to avoid Muslims and not to befriend them.[63] In Uttar Pradesh, the influential committee Akhil Bharitiya Vaishya Ekta Parishad announced their intention to push to restrict the use of cell phones among young women to prevent their being vulnerable to such activities.[108]

Following this announcement, The Times of India reported that the Senior Superintendent of Police in UP, Shalabh Mathur, "said the term 'love jihad' had been coined only to create fear and divide society along communal lines."[108] Muslim leaders referred to the 2014 rhetoric around the alleged conspiracy as a campaign of hate.[63] Feminists voiced concerns that efforts to protect women against the alleged activities would negatively impact women's rights, depriving them of free choice and agency.[70][109][110][111]

In September 2014, BJP MP Sakshi Maharaj claimed that Muslim boys in madrasas are being motivated for Love Jihad with proposals of rewards of "Rs 11 lakh for an 'affair' with a Sikh girl, Rs 10 lakh for a Hindu girl and Rs 7 lakh for a Jain girl." He claimed to know this through reports to him by Muslims and by the experiences of men in his service who had converted for access.[112] Abdul Razzaq Khan, the vice-president of Jamiat Ulama Hind, responded by denying such activities, labeling the comments "part of conspiracy aimed at disturbing the peace of the nation" and demanding action against Maharaj.[113] Uttar Pradesh minister Mohd Azam Khan indicated the statement was "trying to break the country".[114] In January, Vishwa Hindu Parishad's women's wing, Durga Vahini used actor Kareena Kapoor's morphed picture half covered with burqa issue of their magazine, on the theme of Love Jihad.[115] The caption underneath read: "conversion of nationality through religious conversion".[116] In June 2018, Jharkhand High Court granted a divorce in an alleged love jihad case in which the accused lied about his religion and forcing the victim to convert to Islam after marriage.[117]

2017 Hadiya court case

Main article: Hadiya case

In May 2017, the Kerala High Court annulled a marriage of a converted Hindu woman Akhila alias Hadiya to a Muslim man Shafeen Jahan on the grounds that the bride's parents were not present, nor gave consent for the marriage, after allegations by her father of conversion and marriage at the behest of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).[118] Hadiya's father had claimed that his daughter had been influenced to marry a Muslim man by some organisations so she no longer remained in her parents' custody.[119] However, Hadiya claimed that she had been following Islam since 2012 and had left her home of her own will. Akhila was married to Shafeen by the time her father's petition was taken up by the court, following which her marriage was annulled.[118][119]

The decision of the court was challenged by Shafeen in the Supreme Court of India in July 2017.[119][120][121] The Supreme Court sought the response from the National Investigating Agency (NIA) and the Kerala government,[122] ordering an NIA probe headed by former SC Judge R. V. Raveendran on 16 August. The NIA had earlier submitted that the woman's conversion and marriage was not "isolated" and it had detected a pattern emerging in the state.[123][124]

The Supreme Court on 8 March 2018 overturned the annulment of Hadiya's marriage by the Kerala High Court and held that the she had married of her own free will. However, it allowed NIA to continue investigation into the allegations of a terror dimension.[125] The NIA examined 11 interfaith marriages in Kerala and completed its investigation in October 2018, concluding that "the agency has not found any evidence to suggest that in any of these cases either the man or the woman was coerced to convert".[126]

2020 legislation and outcomes

See also: Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020

Despite drawing severe criticisms[by whom?], the Syro Malabar Church continued to repeat its stand on "love jihad". According to the church, Christian women are being targeted, recruited to terrorist outfit Islamic State, making them sex slaves and even killed. Detailing this, a circular, issued by Church chief Cardinal Mar George Alencherry, was read out in many parishes at the Sunday mass.[127][128] In the circular (dated 15 January 2020) that was read out in churches on Sunday, it is stated that Christian women are being targeted under a conspiracy through inter-religious relationships, which often grow as a threat to religious harmony. "Christian women from Kerala are even being recruited to Islamic State through this," the circular read.[129] Further, Kerala Catholic Bishops Conference's (KCBC) Commission for Social Harmony and Vigilance, claimed that there were 4,000 instances of "love jihad" between 2005 and 2012.[130]

On 27 September 2020, protests occurred after a young Muslim man attempted to kidnap a 21-year-old Hindu woman near her college campus, and fatally shot her when she resisted. Her family said that he had tried to force her to convert to Islam and marry him.[131][132]

Many BJP-ruled states, such as Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Karnataka, then began mulling over laws designed to prevent "forcible conversions" through marriage, commonly referred to as "love jihad" laws.[47][54] In September 2020, Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent "religious conversions in the name of love".[133][134] On 31 October, he announced that a law to curb "love jihad"[a] would be passed by his government. The law in Uttar Pradesh, which also includes provisions against "unlawful religious conversion," declares a marriage null and void if the sole intention was to "change a girl's religion" and both it and the one in Madhya Pradesh imposed sentences of up to 10 years in prison for those who broke the law.[136][137] The ordinance came into effect on 28 November 2020[138][139] as the Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance. In December 2020, Madhya Pradesh approved an anti-conversion law similar to the Uttar Pradesh one.[140][141][142][143][144][145] As of 25 November 2020, Haryana and Karnataka were still in discussion over similar ordinances.[47][54] In April 2021, the Gujarat Assembly amended the Freedom of Religion Act, 2003, bringing in stringent provisions against forcible conversion through marriage or allurement, with the intention of targeting "love jihad".[146][147] The Karnataka state cabinet also approved an anti-conversion ‘love jihad’ bill, making it a law in December 2021.[148][149]

While campaigning for the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election[150][151] and the 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election,[152][153] the BJP promised that if it won the elections, it would enact a law that would ban "love jihad" in these states.[154][155][156]

Reliance on tropes

The conspiracy theory is noted for its similarities to other historic hate campaigns and instances Euro-American Islamophobia.[157][6] It features Orientalist portrayals of Muslims as barbaric and hypersexual,[29] and carries the paternalistic and patriarchal notions that Hindu women are passive and victimized, while "any possibility of women exercising their legitimate right to love and their right to choice is ignored".[2][160] It has consequently been the cause of vigilante assaults, murders and other violent incidents,[161] including the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots.[49]

Official investigations

India

In August 2017, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) stated that it had found a common "mentor" in some love jihad cases, "a woman associated with the radical group Popular Front of India", in August 2017.[162] According to a later article in The Economist, "Repeated police investigations have failed to find evidence of any organised plan of conversion. Reporters have repeatedly exposed claims of 'love jihad' as at best fevered fantasies and at worst, deliberate election-time inventions."[163] According to the same report, the common theme regarding many claims of "love jihad" has been the frenzied objection to an interfaith marriage while "Indian law erects no barriers to marriages between faiths, or against conversion by willing and informed consent. Yet the idea still sticks, even when the supposed 'victims' dismiss it as nonsense."[163]

In 2022, the Observer Research Foundation and Indian government stated that no more than 100-200 Indians had joined Islamic State, a figure so low that one researcher remarked that "academics and experts often ask the question ‘What had prevented Indian Muslims from joining the Islamic State?'."[164]

Karnataka

In October 2009, the Karnataka government announced its intention to counter "love jihad", which "appeared to be a serious issue".[165] A week after the announcement, the government ordered a probe into the situation by the CID to determine if an organised effort existed to convert these girls and, if so, by whom it was being funded.[166] One woman, whose conversion to Islam came under scrutiny as a result of the probe, was temporarily ordered to the custody of her parents, but eventually was permitted to return to her new husband after she appeared in court, denying pressure to convert.[167][168] In April 2010, police used the term to characterize the alleged kidnapping, forced conversion and marriage of a 17-year-old college girl in Mysore.[169]

In late 2009, The Karnataka CID (Criminal Investigation Department) reported that although it was continuing to investigate, it had found no evidence that a "love jihad" existed.[170] In late 2009, Director general of police Jacob Punnoose reported that although the investigation would continue, there was no evidence of any organised attempt by any group or individual using men "feigning love" to lure women to convert to Islam.[170][171] Investigators did indicate that many Hindu girls had converted to Islam of their own will.[172] In early 2010, the State Government reported to the Karnataka High Court that, although many young Hindu women had converted to Islam, there was no organized attempt to convince them to do so.[172] According to The Indian Express, Justice K. T. Sankaran's conclusion that "such incidents under the pretext of love were rampant in certain parts of the state" ran contrary to Central and state government reports.[173] A petition was also put before Sankaran to prevent the use of the terms "love jihad" and "romeo jihad", but Sankaran declined to overrule an earlier decision not to restrain media usage.[173] Subsequently, the High Court stayed further police investigation, both because no organised efforts had been disclosed by police probes and because the investigation was specifically targeted against a single community.[174][175] In early 2010, the state government reported to the Karnataka High Court that although many young Hindu women had converted to Islam, there was no organized attempt to convince them to do so.[172]

Kerala

Following the launching of a poster campaign in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, purportedly by the organisation Shri Ram Sena, state police began investigating the presence of that organisation in the area.[101] In late October 2009, police addressed the question of "love jihad" itself, indicating that while they had not located an organisation called "Love Jihad", "there are reasons to suspect 'concentrated attempts' to persuade girls to convert to Islam after they fall in love with Muslim boys".[176][177]

In November 2009, DGP Jacob Punnoose stated there was no organisation whose members lured girls in Kerala by feigning love with the intention of converting. He told the Kerala High Court that three out of 18 reports he received questioned the tendency. However, in absence of solid proof, the investigations were still continuing.[171] In December 2009, Justice K.T. Sankaran, who had refused to accept Punnoose's report, concluded from a case diary that there were indications of forceful conversions and stated it was clear from police reports there was a "concerted effort" to convert women with "blessings of some outfits". The court, while hearing the bail plea of two individuals accused in "love jihad" cases, stated that there had been 3,000-4,000 such conversions in the past four years.[178] The Kerala High Court in December 2009 stayed investigations in the case, granting relief to the two accused, though it criticised the police investigation.[179] The investigation was closed by Justice M. Sasidharan Nambiar following Punnoose's statements that no conclusive evidence could be found for the existence of "love jihad".[174]

On 9 December 2009, Justice K T Sankaran for the Kerala High Court weighed in on the matter while hearing bail for a Muslim youth arrested for allegedly forcibly converting two female students. According to Sankaran, police reports revealed the "blessings of some outfits" for a "concerted" effort for religious conversions, some 3,000 to 4,000 incidences of which had taken place after love affairs within a four-year period.[178] Sankaran "found indications of 'forceful' religious conversions under the garb of 'love'", suggesting that "such 'deceptive' acts" might require legislative intervention to prevent them.[178]

In January 2012, Kerala police declared that "love jihad" was "[a] campaign with no substance", bringing legal proceedings instead against the website hindujagruti.org for "spreading religious hatred and false propaganda."[174] In 2012, after two years of investigation into the alleged "love jihad", Kerala Police declared it as a "campaign with no substance". Subsequently, a case was initiated against the hindujagruti website, where counterfeit posters of Muslim organisations offering money to Muslim youths for luring and trapping women were found.[174]

In 2017, after the Kerala High Court had ruled that a marriage of a Hindu woman to a Muslim man was invalid on the basis of"'love jihad", and an appeal was filed in the Supreme Court of India by the Muslim husband. The court, based on the "unbiased and independent" evidence requested by the court from the NIA, instructed the NIA to investigate all similar cases to establish whether there was any "love jihad". It allowed the NIA to explore all similar suspicious cases to find whether banned organisations, such as SIMI, were preying on vulnerable Hindu women to recruit them as terrorists.[180][181][182][183] The NIA had earlier submitted before the court that the case was not an "isolated" incident and it had detected a pattern emerging in the state, stating that another case involved the same individuals who had previously acted as instigators.[123] In 2018, the NIA concluded its probe, after investigating 11 interfaith marriages in Kerala without finding proof of coercion, and an NIA official concluded that "we didn't find any prosecutable evidence to bring formal charges against these persons under any of the scheduled offences of the NIA", adding that "Conversion is not a crime in Kerala and also helping these men and women convert is also within the ambit of the constitution of the country."[126]

In 2021, Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan stated that "no complaints or clear information were received regarding forced conversion", and that, of the data available to the ministry, "none of the figures validate the propaganda that girls are being lured into conversion and terrorist organizations".[184]

Uttar Pradesh

In September 2014, following the resurgence of national attention,[84] Reuters reported that police in Uttar Pradesh had found no credence in the five or six recent allegations of "love jihad" that had been brought before them, with state police chief A.L. Banerjee stating that, "In most cases we found that a Hindu girl and Muslim boy were in love and had married against their parents' will."[26] The police stated that occasional cases of trickery by dishonest men are not evidence of a broader conspiracy.[26]

That same month, the Allahabad High Court gave the government and election commission of Uttar Pradesh ten days to respond to a petition to restrain the use of the word "love jihad" and to take action against Yogi Adityanath.[60][107][185]

United Kingdom

In 2018, a report by the fundamentalist Sikh activist organisation, Sikh Youth UK, entitled "The Religiously Aggravated Sexual Exploitation of Young Sikh Women Across the UK" (RASE report) made similar allegations of Muslim men targeting Sikh girls for the purposes of conversion.[186] The report was severely criticised in 2019 by academic researchers and by an official UK government report, led by two Sikh academics, for false and misleading information.[187][188] It noted: "The RASE report lacks solid data, methodological transparency and rigour. It is filled instead with sweeping generalisations and poorly substantiated claims around the nature and scale of abuse of Sikh girls and causal factors driving it. It appealed heavily to historical tensions between Sikhs and Muslims and narratives of honour in a way that seemed designed to whip up fear and hate".[188]

Previously, in 2011, Sikh academic Katy Sian had conducted research into the matter, exploring how "forced conversion narratives" arose within the Sikh diaspora in the United Kingdom and why they became so widespread.[189] Sian, who reports that claims of conversion through courtship on campuses are widespread in the UK, says that rather than relying on actual evidence, the Sikh community primarily rest their beliefs on the word of "a friend of a friend" or personal anecdotes. According to Sian, the narrative is similar to accusations of "white slavery" lodged against the Jewish community and foreigners to the UK and the US, with the former having ties to anti-semitism that mirror the Islamophobia displayed by the modern narrative. Sian expanded on these views in her 2013 book, Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations.[190]

In response to a flurry of sensational news stories on the subject, ten Hindu academics in the UK signed an open letter wherein they argued that claims of Hindu and Sikh girls being forcefully converted in the UK were "part of an arsenal of myths propagated by right-wing Hindu supremacist organisations in India".[191] The Muslim Council of Britain issued a press release pointing out there was a lack of evidence of any forced conversions, and suggested it was an underhanded attempt to smear the British Muslim population.[192]

"Reverse" love jihad

See also: Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory and Bahu Lao, Beti Bachao

In response to the purported conspiracy of love jihad, affiliates of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh have stated that they have launched a Reverse Love Jihad campaign to marry Hindu men with Muslim women.[193] Cases related to the campaign were reported from various parts of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), where rape and abduction of Muslim women have taken place. The perpetrators of these incidents are alleged to be the members of these affiliates who are being rewarded by the affiliates for their activities. Between 2014 and October 2016, 389 cases of underage girls missing or kidnapped were registered by the police in Kushinagar district, and a similar trend was found in a number of districts in eastern Uttar Pradesh, in areas with high communal tensions.[194][195]

The term Reverse Love Jihad has also been used by the Bajrang Dal to refer to the Love Jihad conspiracy theory where the purported victim is a Hindu man being "lured" to Islam with the prospects of a job and marriage to a Muslim woman.[196]

The Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory, which alleges that Hindu men lure Muslim women into relationships with the intention of converting them to Hinduism, has been popularized on social media.[197]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As of November 2020, "love jihad" is a term not recognized by the Indian legal system.[135]

References

  1. ^ Khatun, Nadira (14 December 2018). "'Love-Jihad' and Bollywood: Constructing Muslims as 'Other'". Journal of Religion & Film. 22 (3). University of Nebraska Omaha. ISSN 1092-1311. from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Gupta, Charu (2009). "Hindu Women, Muslim Men: Love Jihad and Conversions". Economic and Political Weekly. 44 (51): 13–15. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25663907.
  3. ^ a b Rao, Mohan (1 October 2011). "Love Jihad and Demographic Fears". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 18 (3): 425–430. doi:10.1177/097152151101800307. ISSN 0971-5215. S2CID 144012623.
  4. ^ Khalid, Saif (24 August 2017). "The Hadiya case and the myth of 'Love Jihad' in India". Al Jazeera. from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  5. ^ [1][2][3][4]
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Farokhi, Zeinab (2020). "Hindu Nationalism, News Channels, and "Post-Truth" Twitter: A Case Study of "Love Jihad"". In Boler, Megan; Davis, Elizabeth (eds.). Affective Politics of Digital Media: Propaganda by Other Means. Routledge. pp. 226–239. ISBN 978-1-00-016917-1. from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  7. ^ Jenkins, Laura Dudley (2019). "Persecution: The Love Jihad Rumor". Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. doi:10.9783/9780812296006-007. ISBN 978-0-8122-9600-6. S2CID 242173559. from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023. The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women. Akin to some of the post-9/11 rhetoric in the United States, contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate "a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present-day existential threat, demanding mobilization and revenge."
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Further reading

  • Amarasingam, A.; Umar, S.; Desai, S. (2022). "Fight, Die, and If Required Kill": Hindu Nationalism, Misinformation, and Islamophobia in India". Religions. 13 (5): 380. doi:10.3390/rel13050380.

External links

  •   Quotations related to Love jihad conspiracy theory at Wikiquote

April 10, 2024
love, jihad, conspiracy, theory, confused, with, sexual, jihad, jihad, love, love, jihad, romeo, jihad, islamophobic, conspiracy, theory, promoted, right, wing, hindutva, activists, conspiracy, theory, purports, that, muslim, target, hindu, women, conversion, . Not to be confused with Sexual jihad or A Jihad for Love Love jihad or Romeo jihad 5 is an Islamophobic 11 conspiracy theory 22 promoted by right wing Hindutva activists 25 The conspiracy theory purports that Muslim men target Hindu women for conversion to Islam by means such as seduction 28 feigning love 30 deception 31 kidnapping 34 and marriage 37 as part of a broader demographic war by Muslims against India 39 and an organised international conspiracy 42 for domination through demographic growth and replacement 46 The conspiracy theory relies on disinformation to conduct its hate campaign 15 and is noted for its similarities to other historic hate campaigns as well as contemporary white nationalist conspiracy theories and Euro American Islamophobia 43 15 6 It features Orientalist portrayals of Muslims as barbaric and hypersexual 29 and carries the paternalistic and patriarchal notions that Hindu women are passive and victimized while any possibility of women exercising their legitimate right to love and their right to choice is ignored 2 It has consequently been the cause of vigilante assaults murders and other violent incidents 48 including the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 49 Created in 2009 50 as part of a campaign to foster fear and paranoia the conspiracy theory was disseminated by Hindutva publications such as the Sanatan Prabhat and the Hindu Janajagruti Samiti website calling Hindus to protect their women from Muslim men who were simultaneously depicted to be attractive seducers and lecherous rapists 51 Organisations including the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Vishva Hindu Parishad have since been credited for its proliferation in India and abroad respectively 52 The conspiracy theory was noted to have become a significant belief in the state of Uttar Pradesh by 2014 and contributed to the success of the Bharatiya Janata Party campaign in the state 14 The concept was institutionalised in India after the election of the Bharatiya Janata Party led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi 53 Right wing pro government television media such as Times Now and Republic TV and social media disinformation campaigns are generally held responsible for the growth of its popularity 6 Legislation against the purported conspiracy has been initiated in a number of states ruled by the party and implemented in the state of Uttar Pradesh by the Yogi Adityanath government where it has been used as a means of state repression on Muslims and crackdown on interfaith marriages 56 In Myanmar the conspiracy theory has been adopted by the 969 Movement as an allegation of Islamisation of Buddhist women and used by the Tatmadaw as justification for military operations against Rohingya civilians 58 It has extended among the non Muslim Indian diaspora and led to formation of alliances between Hindutva groups and Western far right organisations such as the English Defence League 6 It has also been adopted in part by the clergy of the Catholic Church in Kerala to dissuade interfaith marriage among Christians 59 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Regional historical tensions 1 2 Marriage traditions and customs 1 3 Hindu nationalism and right wing politics 2 Timeline 2 1 Early origins and beginnings 2 2 Congress Party era 2009 2014 2 3 Bharatiya Janata Party era 2014 present 2 3 1 2017 Hadiya court case 2 3 2 2020 legislation and outcomes 3 Reliance on tropes 4 Official investigations 4 1 India 4 1 1 Karnataka 4 1 2 Kerala 4 1 3 Uttar Pradesh 4 2 United Kingdom 5 Reverse love jihad 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksBackgroundRegional historical tensions nbsp The Indian subcontinent has been religiously pluralistic for centuries This map from 1909 shows Muslim regions in the northwest in green mixing with Hindu regions stretching across most of the region into Buddhist Burma In a piece picked up by the Chicago Tribune Foreign Policy correspondent Siddhartha Mahanta reports that the modern Love Jihad conspiracy has roots in the 1947 partition of India 60 This partition led to the creation of India and Pakistan The creation of two countries with different majority religions led to large scale migration with millions of people moving between the countries and rampant reports of sexual predation and forced conversions of women by men of both faiths 60 61 62 Women on both sides of the conflict were impacted leading to recovery operations by both the Indian and Pakistani governments of these women with over 20 000 Muslim and 9 000 non Muslim women being recovered between 1947 and 1956 62 This tense history caused repeated clashes between the faiths in the decades that followed as well according to Mahanta as cultural pressure against interfaith marriage for either side 60 As of 2011 Hindus were the leading religious majority in India at 80 with Muslims at 14 an increase from 9 from 1951 while the Hindu population of Pakistan has remained at 2 and that of Bangladesh fallen to 8 63 64 65 In the 1951 census West Pakistan now Pakistan had 1 3 Hindu population while East Pakistan now Bangladesh had 22 05 66 67 68 Marriage traditions and customs See also Interfaith marriage in Islam and Interfaith marriage Views of Hinduism India has a long tradition of arranged marriages wherein the bride and groom do not choose their partners Through the 2000s and 2010s India witnessed a rise in love marriages although tensions continue around interfaith marriages along with other traditionally discouraged unions 69 70 In 2012 The Hindu reported that illegal intimidation against consenting couples engaging in such discouraged unions including inter religious marriage had surged 71 That year Uttar Pradesh saw the proposal of an amendment to remove the requirement to declare religion from the marriage law in hopes of encouraging those who were hiding their interfaith marriage due to social norms to register 69 One of the tensions surrounding interfaith marriage relates to concerns of required even forced marital conversion 70 72 Marriage in Islam is a legal contract with requirements around the religions of the participants While Muslim women are only permitted within the contract to marry Muslim men Muslim men may marry People of the Book interpreted by most to include Jews and Christians with the inclusion of Hindus disputed 73 According to a 2014 article in the Mumbai Mirror some non Muslim brides in Muslim Hindu marriages convert while other couples choose a civil marriage under the Special Marriage Act of 1954 70 Marriage between Muslim women and Hindu men including Sikh Jaina and Buddhist is legal civil marriage under The Special Marriage Act of 1954 Hindu nationalism and right wing politics See also Hindu nationalism and Hindutva Love jihad in politics has been closely tied to Hindu nationalism particularly the more extremist form hindutva associated with BJP Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi 74 The anti Islamic stances of many right wing hindutva groups like Vishva Hindu Parishad VHP are usually hostile to inter religious marriage and religious pluralism which can sometimes result in mob violence motivated by allegations of love jihad 75 TimelineEarly origins and beginnings Similar controversies over inter religious marriage were relatively common in India from the 1920s until independence in 1947 when allegations of forced marriage were typically called abductions 76 They were more common in religiously diverse areas including campaigns against both Muslims and Christians and were tied to fears over religious demographics and political power in the newly emerging Indian nation Fears of women converting was also a catalyst of the violence against women that occurred during that period However allegations of Love Jihad first rose to national awareness in September 2009 77 According to the Kerala Catholic Bishops Council by October 2009 up to 4 500 girls in Kerala had been targeted whereas Hindu Janajagruti Samiti claimed that 30 000 girls had been converted in Karnataka alone 78 79 Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana general secretary Vellapally Natesan said that there had been reports in Narayaneeya communities of Love Jihad attempts 80 81 Following the controversy s initial flare up in 2009 it flared again in 2010 2011 and 2014 82 83 84 On 25 June 2014 Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy informed the state legislature that 2 667 young women converted to Islam in the state between 2006 and 2014 However he stated that there was no evidence for any of them being forced to convert and that fears of Love Jihad were baseless 84 Muslim organizations such as the Popular Front of India and the Campus Front have been accused of promoting this activity 85 In Kerala some movies have been accused of promoting Love Jihad a charge which has been denied by the filmmakers 86 Bollywood films PK and Bajrangi Bhaijaan were accused of promoting Love jihad by Hindu outfits 87 88 89 The actors and directors denied that their films promoted Love jihad 90 91 Around the same time that the conspiracy theory was beginning to spread accounts of Love Jihad also began becoming prevalent in Myanmar 92 Wirathu the leader of 969 Movement has said that Muslim men pretend to be Buddhists and then the Buddhist women are lured into Islam in Myanmar 93 94 He has urged to protect our Buddhist women from the Muslim love jihad by introducing further legislation 95 Reports of similar activities also began emerging from the United Kingdom s Sikh diaspora 96 97 In 2014 The Sikh Council alleged that it had received reports that girls from British Sikh families were becoming victims of Love Jihad Furthermore these reports alleged that these girls were being exploited by their husbands some of whom afterwards abandoned them in Pakistan According to the Takht jathedar he alleged that The Sikh council has rescued some of the victims girls and brought them back to their parents 98 Congress Party era 2009 2014 The initial formations of the conspiracy theory were solidified when various organisations began joining Christian groups such as the Christian Association for Social Action and the Vishva Hindu Parishad VHP banded against it with the VHP establishing the Hindu Helpline that it started answered 1 500 calls in three months related to Love Jihad 99 The Union of Catholic Asian News UCAN has reported that the Catholic Church was concerned about this alleged phenomenon 100 In September posters of right wing group Shri Ram Sena warning against Love Jihad appeared in Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 101 The group announced in December that it would launch a nationwide Save our daughters save India campaign to combat Love Jihad 102 Muslim organizations in Kerala called it a malicious misinformation campaign 103 Popular Front of India PFI committee member Naseeruddin Elamaram denied that the PFI was involved in any Love Jihad stating that people convert to Hinduism and Christianity as well and that religious conversion is not a crime 100 Members of the Muslim Central Committee of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts responded by claiming that Hindus and Christians have fabricated these claims to undermine Muslims 104 In July 2010 the Love Jihad controversy resurfaced in the press when Kerala Chief Minister V S Achuthanandan referenced the alleged matrimonial conversion of non Muslim girls as part of an effort to make Kerala a Muslim majority state 82 105 PFI dismissed his statements due to the findings of the Kerala probe 105 but the president of the BJP Mahila Morcha the women s wing of the conservative Bharatiya Janata Party called for an NIA investigation alleging that the Kerala state probe was closed prematurely due to a tacit understanding with PFI 106 The Congress Party in Kerala responded strongly to the Chief Minister s comments which they described as deplorable and dangerous 82 In December 2011 the controversy erupted again in Karnataka legislative assembly when member Mallika Prasad of the Bharatiya Janata Party asserted that the problem was ongoing and unaddressed with according to her 69 of 84 Hindu girls who had gone missing between January and November of that year confessing after their recovery that they d been lured by Muslim youths who professed love 83 According to The Times of India response was divided with Deputy Speaker N Yogish Bhat and House Leader S Suresh Kumar supporting governmental intervention while Congress members B Ramanath Rai and Abhay Chandra Jain argued that the issue was being raised to disrupt communal harmony in the district 83 Bharatiya Janata Party era 2014 present During the resurgence of the controversy in 2014 protests turned violent at growing concern even though according to Reuters the concept was considered an absurd conspiracy theory by mainstream moderate Indians 26 Then BJP MP Yogi Adityanath alleged that Love Jihad was an international conspiracy targeting India 107 announcing on television that the Muslims can t do what they want by force in India so they are using the love jihad method here 63 Conservative Hindu activists cautioned women in Uttar Pradesh to avoid Muslims and not to befriend them 63 In Uttar Pradesh the influential committee Akhil Bharitiya Vaishya Ekta Parishad announced their intention to push to restrict the use of cell phones among young women to prevent their being vulnerable to such activities 108 Following this announcement The Times of India reported that the Senior Superintendent of Police in UP Shalabh Mathur said the term love jihad had been coined only to create fear and divide society along communal lines 108 Muslim leaders referred to the 2014 rhetoric around the alleged conspiracy as a campaign of hate 63 Feminists voiced concerns that efforts to protect women against the alleged activities would negatively impact women s rights depriving them of free choice and agency 70 109 110 111 In September 2014 BJP MP Sakshi Maharaj claimed that Muslim boys in madrasas are being motivated for Love Jihad with proposals of rewards of Rs 11 lakh for an affair with a Sikh girl Rs 10 lakh for a Hindu girl and Rs 7 lakh for a Jain girl He claimed to know this through reports to him by Muslims and by the experiences of men in his service who had converted for access 112 Abdul Razzaq Khan the vice president of Jamiat Ulama Hind responded by denying such activities labeling the comments part of conspiracy aimed at disturbing the peace of the nation and demanding action against Maharaj 113 Uttar Pradesh minister Mohd Azam Khan indicated the statement was trying to break the country 114 In January Vishwa Hindu Parishad s women s wing Durga Vahini used actor Kareena Kapoor s morphed picture half covered with burqa issue of their magazine on the theme of Love Jihad 115 The caption underneath read conversion of nationality through religious conversion 116 In June 2018 Jharkhand High Court granted a divorce in an alleged love jihad case in which the accused lied about his religion and forcing the victim to convert to Islam after marriage 117 2017 Hadiya court case Main article Hadiya case In May 2017 the Kerala High Court annulled a marriage of a converted Hindu woman Akhila alias Hadiya to a Muslim man Shafeen Jahan on the grounds that the bride s parents were not present nor gave consent for the marriage after allegations by her father of conversion and marriage at the behest of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIS 118 Hadiya s father had claimed that his daughter had been influenced to marry a Muslim man by some organisations so she no longer remained in her parents custody 119 However Hadiya claimed that she had been following Islam since 2012 and had left her home of her own will Akhila was married to Shafeen by the time her father s petition was taken up by the court following which her marriage was annulled 118 119 The decision of the court was challenged by Shafeen in the Supreme Court of India in July 2017 119 120 121 The Supreme Court sought the response from the National Investigating Agency NIA and the Kerala government 122 ordering an NIA probe headed by former SC Judge R V Raveendran on 16 August The NIA had earlier submitted that the woman s conversion and marriage was not isolated and it had detected a pattern emerging in the state 123 124 The Supreme Court on 8 March 2018 overturned the annulment of Hadiya s marriage by the Kerala High Court and held that the she had married of her own free will However it allowed NIA to continue investigation into the allegations of a terror dimension 125 The NIA examined 11 interfaith marriages in Kerala and completed its investigation in October 2018 concluding that the agency has not found any evidence to suggest that in any of these cases either the man or the woman was coerced to convert 126 2020 legislation and outcomes See also Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance 2020 Despite drawing severe criticisms by whom the Syro Malabar Church continued to repeat its stand on love jihad According to the church Christian women are being targeted recruited to terrorist outfit Islamic State making them sex slaves and even killed Detailing this a circular issued by Church chief Cardinal Mar George Alencherry was read out in many parishes at the Sunday mass 127 128 In the circular dated 15 January 2020 that was read out in churches on Sunday it is stated that Christian women are being targeted under a conspiracy through inter religious relationships which often grow as a threat to religious harmony Christian women from Kerala are even being recruited to Islamic State through this the circular read 129 Further Kerala Catholic Bishops Conference s KCBC Commission for Social Harmony and Vigilance claimed that there were 4 000 instances of love jihad between 2005 and 2012 130 On 27 September 2020 protests occurred after a young Muslim man attempted to kidnap a 21 year old Hindu woman near her college campus and fatally shot her when she resisted Her family said that he had tried to force her to convert to Islam and marry him 131 132 Many BJP ruled states such as Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Haryana and Karnataka then began mulling over laws designed to prevent forcible conversions through marriage commonly referred to as love jihad laws 47 54 In September 2020 Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent religious conversions in the name of love 133 134 On 31 October he announced that a law to curb love jihad a would be passed by his government The law in Uttar Pradesh which also includes provisions against unlawful religious conversion declares a marriage null and void if the sole intention was to change a girl s religion and both it and the one in Madhya Pradesh imposed sentences of up to 10 years in prison for those who broke the law 136 137 The ordinance came into effect on 28 November 2020 138 139 as the Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance In December 2020 Madhya Pradesh approved an anti conversion law similar to the Uttar Pradesh one 140 141 142 143 144 145 As of 25 November 2020 Haryana and Karnataka were still in discussion over similar ordinances 47 54 In April 2021 the Gujarat Assembly amended the Freedom of Religion Act 2003 bringing in stringent provisions against forcible conversion through marriage or allurement with the intention of targeting love jihad 146 147 The Karnataka state cabinet also approved an anti conversion love jihad bill making it a law in December 2021 148 149 While campaigning for the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election 150 151 and the 2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election 152 153 the BJP promised that if it won the elections it would enact a law that would ban love jihad in these states 154 155 156 Reliance on tropesThe conspiracy theory is noted for its similarities to other historic hate campaigns and instances Euro American Islamophobia 157 6 It features Orientalist portrayals of Muslims as barbaric and hypersexual 29 and carries the paternalistic and patriarchal notions that Hindu women are passive and victimized while any possibility of women exercising their legitimate right to love and their right to choice is ignored 2 160 It has consequently been the cause of vigilante assaults murders and other violent incidents 161 including the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 49 Official investigationsIndia In August 2017 the National Investigation Agency NIA stated that it had found a common mentor in some love jihad cases a woman associated with the radical group Popular Front of India in August 2017 162 According to a later article in The Economist Repeated police investigations have failed to find evidence of any organised plan of conversion Reporters have repeatedly exposed claims of love jihad as at best fevered fantasies and at worst deliberate election time inventions 163 According to the same report the common theme regarding many claims of love jihad has been the frenzied objection to an interfaith marriage while Indian law erects no barriers to marriages between faiths or against conversion by willing and informed consent Yet the idea still sticks even when the supposed victims dismiss it as nonsense 163 In 2022 the Observer Research Foundation and Indian government stated that no more than 100 200 Indians had joined Islamic State a figure so low that one researcher remarked that academics and experts often ask the question What had prevented Indian Muslims from joining the Islamic State 164 Karnataka In October 2009 the Karnataka government announced its intention to counter love jihad which appeared to be a serious issue 165 A week after the announcement the government ordered a probe into the situation by the CID to determine if an organised effort existed to convert these girls and if so by whom it was being funded 166 One woman whose conversion to Islam came under scrutiny as a result of the probe was temporarily ordered to the custody of her parents but eventually was permitted to return to her new husband after she appeared in court denying pressure to convert 167 168 In April 2010 police used the term to characterize the alleged kidnapping forced conversion and marriage of a 17 year old college girl in Mysore 169 In late 2009 The Karnataka CID Criminal Investigation Department reported that although it was continuing to investigate it had found no evidence that a love jihad existed 170 In late 2009 Director general of police Jacob Punnoose reported that although the investigation would continue there was no evidence of any organised attempt by any group or individual using men feigning love to lure women to convert to Islam 170 171 Investigators did indicate that many Hindu girls had converted to Islam of their own will 172 In early 2010 the State Government reported to the Karnataka High Court that although many young Hindu women had converted to Islam there was no organized attempt to convince them to do so 172 According to The Indian Express Justice K T Sankaran s conclusion that such incidents under the pretext of love were rampant in certain parts of the state ran contrary to Central and state government reports 173 A petition was also put before Sankaran to prevent the use of the terms love jihad and romeo jihad but Sankaran declined to overrule an earlier decision not to restrain media usage 173 Subsequently the High Court stayed further police investigation both because no organised efforts had been disclosed by police probes and because the investigation was specifically targeted against a single community 174 175 In early 2010 the state government reported to the Karnataka High Court that although many young Hindu women had converted to Islam there was no organized attempt to convince them to do so 172 Kerala Following the launching of a poster campaign in Thiruvananthapuram Kerala purportedly by the organisation Shri Ram Sena state police began investigating the presence of that organisation in the area 101 In late October 2009 police addressed the question of love jihad itself indicating that while they had not located an organisation called Love Jihad there are reasons to suspect concentrated attempts to persuade girls to convert to Islam after they fall in love with Muslim boys 176 177 In November 2009 DGP Jacob Punnoose stated there was no organisation whose members lured girls in Kerala by feigning love with the intention of converting He told the Kerala High Court that three out of 18 reports he received questioned the tendency However in absence of solid proof the investigations were still continuing 171 In December 2009 Justice K T Sankaran who had refused to accept Punnoose s report concluded from a case diary that there were indications of forceful conversions and stated it was clear from police reports there was a concerted effort to convert women with blessings of some outfits The court while hearing the bail plea of two individuals accused in love jihad cases stated that there had been 3 000 4 000 such conversions in the past four years 178 The Kerala High Court in December 2009 stayed investigations in the case granting relief to the two accused though it criticised the police investigation 179 The investigation was closed by Justice M Sasidharan Nambiar following Punnoose s statements that no conclusive evidence could be found for the existence of love jihad 174 On 9 December 2009 Justice K T Sankaran for the Kerala High Court weighed in on the matter while hearing bail for a Muslim youth arrested for allegedly forcibly converting two female students According to Sankaran police reports revealed the blessings of some outfits for a concerted effort for religious conversions some 3 000 to 4 000 incidences of which had taken place after love affairs within a four year period 178 Sankaran found indications of forceful religious conversions under the garb of love suggesting that such deceptive acts might require legislative intervention to prevent them 178 In January 2012 Kerala police declared that love jihad was a campaign with no substance bringing legal proceedings instead against the website hindujagruti org for spreading religious hatred and false propaganda 174 In 2012 after two years of investigation into the alleged love jihad Kerala Police declared it as a campaign with no substance Subsequently a case was initiated against the hindujagruti website where counterfeit posters of Muslim organisations offering money to Muslim youths for luring and trapping women were found 174 In 2017 after the Kerala High Court had ruled that a marriage of a Hindu woman to a Muslim man was invalid on the basis of love jihad and an appeal was filed in the Supreme Court of India by the Muslim husband The court based on the unbiased and independent evidence requested by the court from the NIA instructed the NIA to investigate all similar cases to establish whether there was any love jihad It allowed the NIA to explore all similar suspicious cases to find whether banned organisations such as SIMI were preying on vulnerable Hindu women to recruit them as terrorists 180 181 182 183 The NIA had earlier submitted before the court that the case was not an isolated incident and it had detected a pattern emerging in the state stating that another case involved the same individuals who had previously acted as instigators 123 In 2018 the NIA concluded its probe after investigating 11 interfaith marriages in Kerala without finding proof of coercion and an NIA official concluded that we didn t find any prosecutable evidence to bring formal charges against these persons under any of the scheduled offences of the NIA adding that Conversion is not a crime in Kerala and also helping these men and women convert is also within the ambit of the constitution of the country 126 In 2021 Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan stated that no complaints or clear information were received regarding forced conversion and that of the data available to the ministry none of the figures validate the propaganda that girls are being lured into conversion and terrorist organizations 184 Uttar Pradesh In September 2014 following the resurgence of national attention 84 Reuters reported that police in Uttar Pradesh had found no credence in the five or six recent allegations of love jihad that had been brought before them with state police chief A L Banerjee stating that In most cases we found that a Hindu girl and Muslim boy were in love and had married against their parents will 26 The police stated that occasional cases of trickery by dishonest men are not evidence of a broader conspiracy 26 That same month the Allahabad High Court gave the government and election commission of Uttar Pradesh ten days to respond to a petition to restrain the use of the word love jihad and to take action against Yogi Adityanath 60 107 185 United Kingdom In 2018 a report by the fundamentalist Sikh activist organisation Sikh Youth UK entitled The Religiously Aggravated Sexual Exploitation of Young Sikh Women Across the UK RASE report made similar allegations of Muslim men targeting Sikh girls for the purposes of conversion 186 The report was severely criticised in 2019 by academic researchers and by an official UK government report led by two Sikh academics for false and misleading information 187 188 It noted The RASE report lacks solid data methodological transparency and rigour It is filled instead with sweeping generalisations and poorly substantiated claims around the nature and scale of abuse of Sikh girls and causal factors driving it It appealed heavily to historical tensions between Sikhs and Muslims and narratives of honour in a way that seemed designed to whip up fear and hate 188 Previously in 2011 Sikh academic Katy Sian had conducted research into the matter exploring how forced conversion narratives arose within the Sikh diaspora in the United Kingdom and why they became so widespread 189 Sian who reports that claims of conversion through courtship on campuses are widespread in the UK says that rather than relying on actual evidence the Sikh community primarily rest their beliefs on the word of a friend of a friend or personal anecdotes According to Sian the narrative is similar to accusations of white slavery lodged against the Jewish community and foreigners to the UK and the US with the former having ties to anti semitism that mirror the Islamophobia displayed by the modern narrative Sian expanded on these views in her 2013 book Mistaken Identities Forced Conversions and Postcolonial Formations 190 In response to a flurry of sensational news stories on the subject ten Hindu academics in the UK signed an open letter wherein they argued that claims of Hindu and Sikh girls being forcefully converted in the UK were part of an arsenal of myths propagated by right wing Hindu supremacist organisations in India 191 The Muslim Council of Britain issued a press release pointing out there was a lack of evidence of any forced conversions and suggested it was an underhanded attempt to smear the British Muslim population 192 Reverse love jihadSee also Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory and Bahu Lao Beti Bachao In response to the purported conspiracy of love jihad affiliates of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh have stated that they have launched a Reverse Love Jihad campaign to marry Hindu men with Muslim women 193 Cases related to the campaign were reported from various parts of Uttar Pradesh U P where rape and abduction of Muslim women have taken place The perpetrators of these incidents are alleged to be the members of these affiliates who are being rewarded by the affiliates for their activities Between 2014 and October 2016 389 cases of underage girls missing or kidnapped were registered by the police in Kushinagar district and a similar trend was found in a number of districts in eastern Uttar Pradesh in areas with high communal tensions 194 195 The term Reverse Love Jihad has also been used by the Bajrang Dal to refer to the Love Jihad conspiracy theory where the purported victim is a Hindu man being lured to Islam with the prospects of a job and marriage to a Muslim woman 196 The Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory which alleges that Hindu men lure Muslim women into relationships with the intention of converting them to Hinduism has been popularized on social media 197 See alsoThe Kerala Story Violence against Muslims in India White genocide conspiracy theory Great replacement conspiracy theoryNotes As of November 2020 love jihad is a term not recognized by the Indian legal system 135 References Khatun Nadira 14 December 2018 Love Jihad and Bollywood Constructing Muslims as Other Journal of Religion amp Film 22 3 University of Nebraska Omaha ISSN 1092 1311 Archived from the original on 20 November 2020 Retrieved 9 January 2021 a b c d e f Gupta Charu 2009 Hindu Women Muslim Men Love Jihad and Conversions Economic and Political Weekly 44 51 13 15 ISSN 0012 9976 JSTOR 25663907 a b Rao Mohan 1 October 2011 Love Jihad and Demographic Fears Indian Journal of Gender Studies 18 3 425 430 doi 10 1177 097152151101800307 ISSN 0971 5215 S2CID 144012623 Khalid Saif 24 August 2017 The Hadiya case and the myth of Love Jihad in India Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 Retrieved 3 October 2017 1 2 3 4 a b c d e f g h i j k l Farokhi Zeinab 2020 Hindu Nationalism News Channels and Post Truth Twitter A Case Study of Love Jihad In Boler Megan Davis Elizabeth eds Affective Politics of Digital Media Propaganda by Other Means Routledge pp 226 239 ISBN 978 1 00 016917 1 Archived from the original on 6 May 2023 Retrieved 6 May 2023 Jenkins Laura Dudley 2019 Persecution The Love Jihad Rumor Religious Freedom and Mass Conversion in India University of Pennsylvania Press doi 10 9783 9780812296006 007 ISBN 978 0 8122 9600 6 S2CID 242173559 Archived from the original on 13 May 2023 Retrieved 6 May 2023 The masterplot of love jihad is not just literary imaginings but also a potent brew of Islamophobia and patriarchy that harms Muslims and women Akin to some of the post 9 11 rhetoric in the United States contemporary Hindu nationalists propagate a mythical history of medieval Muslim tyranny and present day existential threat demanding mobilization and revenge Sharma Ajita 1 April 2020 Afrazul s murder Law and love jihad Jindal Global Law Review 11 1 Springer 77 95 doi 10 1007 s41020 020 00114 5 S2CID 220512241 The fake claim by the Hindu right wing that love jihad forces Hindu women to love and marry a Muslim man and convert to Islam is perpetuating an already existing anti Muslim narrative in the country The love jihad phenomenon has thus become a tool of hate and anger towards Muslims Afrazul s killing by Raigher is an extreme demonstration of this form of hate and anger towards Muslims Upadhyay Nishant 18 May 2020 Hindu Nation and its Queers Caste Islamophobia and De coloniality in India Interventions 22 4 Routledge 464 480 doi 10 1080 1369801X 2020 1749709 S2CID 218822737 Archived from the original on 28 March 2022 Retrieved 30 March 2021 via Academia edu Heterosexual couples who defy caste and religious structures often face violence some of which results in death through honor killings and lynching targeting specifically Muslim and Dalit men For instance the Hindutva campaign against what it calls the love jihad is an attempt to protect Hindu women from Muslim men as the latter are imagined blamed to convert Hindu women to Islam through trickery and marriage Gupta 2018b 85 Needless to say these claims are unfounded and Islamophobic imaginations of the Hindu Right a b Frydenlund Iselin 2018 Buddhist Islamophobia Actors Tropes Contexts In Dyrendal Asbjorn Robertson David G Asprem Egil eds Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion Vol 17 Brill pp 279 302 doi 10 1163 9789004382022 014 ISBN 9789004382022 S2CID 201409140 via Academia edu 6 226 227 7 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organizations Gupta 2009 a b c George Cherian 2016 Hate Spin The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy MIT Press pp 96 101 ISBN 978 0 262 33607 9 Archived from the original on 28 April 2023 Retrieved 22 March 2023 a b c d e George Cherian 2020 The Scourge of Disinformation Assisted Hate Propaganda In Zimdars Melissa McLeod Kembrew eds Fake News Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age MIT Press pp 147 148 ISBN 978 0 262 53836 7 Archived from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 22 March 2023 a b c Anand Dibyesh 2011 Pornosexualizing The Muslim Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear Palgrave Macmillan pp 51 63 69 ISBN 978 0 230 60385 1 Archived from the original on 13 May 2023 Retrieved 6 May 2023 a b George Cherian 3 April 2017 Journalism s crisis of reason Media Asia 44 2 Routledge 71 78 doi 10 1080 01296612 2017 1463620 ISSN 0129 6612 S2CID 158269410 a b c d Udupa Sahana Venkatraman Shriram Khan Aasim 11 September 2019 Millennial 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October 2012 No Love Jihad in Kerala Deccan Herald 21 May 2013 Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 Retrieved 16 February 2010 Kerala HC wants probe into love jihad The Indian Express Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 a b c Kerala HC asks govt to frame laws to stop love jihad The Economic Times 10 December 2009 Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 Retrieved 18 April 2014 Love jihad Kerala high court stays police investigation Archived 26 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine DNA News Top Counter Terror Agency NIA To Probe Kerala Love Jihad Marriage Archived 4 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine NDTV 16 August 2017 NIA probe on love jihad may cover all suspicious cases Archived 16 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Economic Times 16 August 2017 Supreme Court hears its 1st love jihad case demands proof from NIA Archived 27 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Times of India 5 August 2017 Kerala Love Jihad Case NIA to Assess Ramifications on National Security Archived 16 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine CNN News18 10 August 2017 100 Malayalis joined ISIS all except six born into Muslim community says CM Vijayan Kaumudi Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 Retrieved 26 May 2023 Love jihad row Allahabad High Court issues notice to Centre Uttar Pradesh government Daily News and Analysis 4 September 2014 Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 Retrieved 6 September 2014 Layton Josh 3 December 2018 Sikh girls abused by grooming gangs for decades BirminghamLive Archived from the original on 11 March 2021 Retrieved 7 March 2021 Cockbain Ella Tufail Waqas 2020 Failing victims fuelling hate Challenging the harms of the Muslim grooming gangs narrative Race amp Class 61 3 3 32 doi 10 1177 0306396819895727 S2CID 214197388 Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 7 March 2021 a b Jagbir Jhutti Johal Sunny Hundal August 2019 The changing nature of activism among Sikhs in the UK today The Commission For Countering Extremism University of Birmingham p 15 WayBackMachine Link Retrieved 17 February 2020 Sian Katy P 6 July 2011 Forced conversions in the British Sikh diaspora PDF South Asian Popular Culture 9 2 115 130 doi 10 1080 14746681003798060 S2CID 54174845 Archived PDF from the original on 11 July 2022 Retrieved 26 June 2022 Katy P Sian 4 April 2013 Unsettling Sikh and Muslim Conflict Mistaken Identities Forced Conversions and Postcolonial Formations Rowman amp Littlefield pp 55 71 ISBN 978 0 7391 7874 4 Hundal Sunny 13 March 2007 Where is the Hindu Forum s evidence Pickled Politics Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Dear Ian Blair As academics teaching at British universities we are disturbed by your recent announcement reported in the Daily Mail 22 February Metro 23 February and elsewhere that the police and universities are working together to target extremist Muslims who force vulnerable teenage Hindu and Sikh girls to convert to Islam Your statements appear to have been made on the basis of claims by the Hindu Forum of Britain who have not presented any evidence that such forced conversions are taking place In fact the notion of forced conversions of young Hindu women to Islam is part of an arsenal of myths propagated by right wing Hindu supremacist organisations in India and used to incite violence against minorities For example inflammatory leaflets referring to such conversions were in circulation before the massacres of the Muslim minority in Gujarat exactly five years ago which left approximately 2 000 dead and over 200 000 displaced In our view it is highly irresponsible to treat such allegations at face value or as representative of the views of Hindus in general While we would condemn any type of pressure on young women to conform to religious beliefs or practices whether of their own community or another we can only see statements such as yours as contributing to the further stigmatising of the Muslim community as a whole and as a pretext for further assaults on civil liberties in Britain MCB Calls For Evidence Of Alleged Forced Conversions Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 Retrieved 26 October 2013 RSS affiliate plans to marry 2 100 Muslim women to Hindu men from next week Scroll in US Archived from the original on 20 April 2021 Retrieved 24 May 2021 Desai Shweta 9 January 2017 Reverse love jihad surfaces in UP DNA India Archived from the original on 20 April 2021 Retrieved 20 April 2021 Malik Shahnawaz Ahmed 1 March 2020 Love Jihad Victimization of Women through Media Violation of their Basic Human Rights SSRN Rochester NY doi 10 2139 ssrn 3576061 S2CID 236797666 SSRN 3576061 Archived from the original on 24 June 2021 Retrieved 24 May 2021 Rana Uday Singh 26 April 2018 In Poll bound Kairana Bajrang Dal Peddles New Theory Reverse Love Jihad News18 Archived from the original on 13 June 2021 Khan Fatima 31 May 2023 Muslim Women Seen with Hindu Men Harassed Doxed All In the Name of Bhagwa Love Trap TheQuint Retrieved 2 June 2023 Further readingAmarasingam A Umar S Desai S 2022 Fight Die and If Required Kill Hindu Nationalism Misinformation and Islamophobia in India Religions 13 5 380 doi 10 3390 rel13050380 External links nbsp Quotations related to Love jihad conspiracy theory at Wikiquote Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Love jihad conspiracy theory amp oldid 1216254875, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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