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List of volcanic eruptions 1500–2000

January 19, 2024

This is a list of notable volcanic eruptions in the 16th to 20th centuries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 4 or higher, and smaller eruptions that resulted in significant damage or fatalities. Note that there may be uncertainties to dates with historical eruptions, and there are likely to be many large eruptions that have not been identified.

Large eruptions (VEI of 4 or higher) edit

20th Century edit

VEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes
4 Ulawun[1] Papua New Guinea 2000
4 Mount Tavurvur[2] Papua New Guinea 1994 5 Tavurvur, and nearby Vulcan, erupted and devastated Rabaul; however, due to planning for such a catastrophe, the townsfolk were prepared and only five people were killed. One of the deaths was caused by lightning, a feature of volcanic ash clouds.[3]
4 Láscar[4] Chile 1993
4 Mount Spurr[5] Alaska, United States 1992
5 Mount Hudson[6] Chile 1991
6 Mount Pinatubo[7] Philippines 1991 847 Second largest eruption of the 20th century, and largest stratospheric disturbance since the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. Many deaths were caused by complication of the arrival of Typhoon Yunya.
4 Kelud[8] Indonesia 1990 32 A strong and explosive eruption in early February 1990 produced a 12 km high column of tephra, heavy tephra falls and several pyroclastic flows. 32 people were killed, over 500 homes and 50 schools were destroyed and many others were damaged.[9]
4 Klyuchevskaya Sopka[10] Russia 1987
4 Chikurachki[11] Russia 1986
4 Augustine[12] Alaska, United States 1986
4 Mount Colo[13] Indonesia 1983
4 Galunggung[14] Indonesia 1982 18 Notable for bringing attention to the dangers of volcanic ash on aircraft after two Boeing 747 jets suffered engine failure from its ash cloud.[15]
5 El Chichón[16] Mexico 1982 1,900 9 villages were destroyed, killing at least 1,900 people.[17] Ejected 7 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere.[18]
4 North Pagan[19] Mariana Islands, United States 1981-1985
4 Vulkan Alaid[20] Russia 1981
5 Mount St. Helens[21] Washington, United States 1980 57 Most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. Ash from the eruption reached all the way to Montana. Casualties were limited, owing to the evacuation of the surrounding forest, with exception of loggers who did not depart in time; incinerated in large forest fire that was a result of one of seventeen pyroclastic flows.[22] Sound of eruption could be heard 700 miles (1127 km) away; entire flank of mountain collapsed. Noted for extremely large lahar that flooded the banks of the Toutle River and destroyed several bridges.[23]
4 Augustine[12] Alaska, United States 1976
4 Tolbachik[24] Russia 1975
4 Volcán de Fuego[25] Guatemala 1974
4 Tyatya[26] Russia 1973
4 Fernandina[27] Ecuador 1968
4 Mount Awu[28] Indonesia 1966
4 Kelud[8] Indonesia 1966
4 Taal[29] Philippines 1965
4 Shiveluch[30] Russia 1964
5 Mount Agung[31] Indonesia 1963 1,584
5 Bezymianny[32] Russia 1955–1957
4 Carran-Los Venados[33] Chile 1955
4 Mount Spurr[5] Alaska, United States 1953
4 Bagana[34] Papua New Guinea 1952
4 Kelud[8] Indonesia 1951
4 Mount Lamington[35] Papua New Guinea 1951 2,942 The only recorded eruption of Mount Lamington devastated Oro Province. Pyroclastic flows caused extreme destruction north of the volcano. Its effects were extensively studied by volcanologist Tony Taylor and his report was published in 1958.[36]
4 Ambrym[37] Vanuatu 1950
4 Hekla[38] Iceland 1947
4 Sarychev Peak[39] Russia 1946
4 Avachinsky[40] Russia 1945
4 Parícutin[41] Mexico 1943–1952 3 1943-1952 eruption of Parícutin
4 Rabaul[2] Papua New Guinea 1937 507[42]
4 Kuchinoerabu-jima[43] Japan 1933-1934 8 8 people were killed and 26 others were injured. Nanakama Village was burned by fire from glowing blocks.[44]
4 Suoh[45] Indonesia 1933 Occurred two weeks after the 1933 Sumatra earthquake, which produced a surface rupture on the volcano.[46]
5 Kharimkotan[47] Russia 1933
5 Cerro Azul[48] Chile 1932 It is the largest recorded eruption in the history of Chile, the eruption threw ash between the cities of Rancagua and Chillán, leaving them in the dark in broad daylight. The explosions were noticeable in Santiago, 245 km away. The ashes arrived in Buenos Aires (capital of Argentina), Montevideo (capital of Uruguay), the south of Brazil and South Africa.[49]
4 Volcán de Fuego[25] Guatemala 1932
4 Mount Aniakchak[50] Alaska, United States 1931
4 Klyuchevskaya Sopka[10] Russia 1931
4 Hokkaidō Koma-ga-take[51] Japan 1929
4 Avachinsky[40] Russia 1926
5 Submarine Volcano NNE of Iriomote Island[52] Japan 1924 Submarine Volcano
4 Raikoke[53] Russia 1924
4 Manam[54] Papua New Guinea 1919
4 Kelud[8] Indonesia 1919 5,160 Lahars killed over 5,000 people.[55]
4 Katla[56] Iceland 1918
4 Tungurahua[57] Ecuador 1916
4 Sakurajima[58] Japan 1914 58 Most powerful eruption in Japan in the twentieth century. The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914.[59] Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days; several large earthquakes had warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption was very explosive, generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, but after a very large earthquake on January 13, 1914, which killed 58 people, it became effusive, generating a large lava flow.[59]
4 Volcán de Colima[60] Mexico 1913
6 Novarupta[61] Alaska, United States 1912 Largest eruption of the 20th century
4 Lolobau[62] Papua New Guinea 1911
5 Ksudach[63] Russia 1907
4 Mount Vesuvius[64] Italy 1875-1906 216
4 Lolobau[62] Papua New Guinea 1904
4 Þórðarhyrna[65] Iceland 1903
6 Santa María[66] Guatemala 1902 6,000 1902 eruption of Santa María
4 Mount Pelée[67] France 1902 33,000 Deadliest eruption of the 20th century and the deadliest natural disaster in the history of France. Destroyed Saint-Pierre, Martinique. Only 2 people survived this eruption with 1 being held as a prisoner and was locked underground avoiding the pyroclastic flows.
4 La Soufrière[68] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1902 1,700 1,700 people were killed and a further 600 people were injured or burned. At least 4,000 people were left homeless.[69]

19th Century edit

VEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes
4 Doña Juana[70] Colombia 1899
4 Mount Mayon[71] Philippines 1897 350-400[72]
4 Calbuco[73] Chile 1893-1894
4 Suwanosejima[74] Japan 1889
4 Volcán de Colima[60] Mexico 1889
4 Mount Bandai[75] Japan 1888 477+ 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai
4 Niuafo'ou[76] Tonga 1886
5 Mount Tarawera[77] New Zealand 1886 108+ Largest historical eruption in New Zealand
4 Tungurahua[57] Ecuador 1886 2
4 Augustine[12] Alaska, United States 1883-1884 Augustine has had six significant eruptions: 1812, 1883–1884, 1935, 1963–1964, 1976, and 1986. Only the 1883 eruption produced a tsunami.[78]
6 Krakatoa[79] Indonesia 1883 36,417 The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa was one of the loudest explosions ever recorded, and was heard at least 3,000 miles (4,800 km) away. Caused a 5-year volcanic winter. The island had three volcanoes. Perboewatan (410 ft) and Danan (1,480 ft) were destroyed during the eruption, and Rakata (2,667 ft) was half destroyed and the surviving half remains above sea level. In 1928, a new volcano called Anak Krakatoa (1,063 ft) grew above sea level, forming a new island by Rakata's island.
4 Volcán de Fuego[25] Guatemala 1880
4 Cotopaxi[80] Ecuador 1877 340[81]
4 Suwanosejima[74] Japan 1877
5 Askja[82] Iceland 1875
4 Grímsvötn[65] Iceland 1873
4 Mount Merapi[83] Indonesia 1872 200
4 Sinarka[84] Russia 1872
4 Makian[85] Indonesia 1861 309–326
4 Katla[56] Iceland 1860
4 Volcán de Fuego[25] Guatemala 1857
4 Hokkaidō Koma-ga-take[51] Japan 1856 20
5 Shiveluch[30] Russia 1854
4 Mount Usu[86] Japan 1853
4 Fonualei[87] Tonga 1846
4 Hekla[38] Iceland 1845
5 Mount Agung[31] Indonesia 1843
5 Cosigüina[88] Nicaragua 1835
4 Babuyan Claro[89] Philippines 1831
4 Klyuchevskaya Sopka[10] Russia 1829
4 Avachinsky[40] Russia 1827
4 Kelud[8] Indonesia 1826
5 Galunggung[14] Indonesia 1822 4,011 Lahars killed more than 4,000 people.[15]
4 Mount Usu[86] Japan 1822 50[90]
4 Volcán de Colima[60] Mexico 1818
4 Mount Raung[91] Indonesia 1817
7 Mount Tambora[92] Indonesia 1815 71,000–250,100+ Largest and deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Caused the "Year Without a Summer" in 1816.
4 Mount Mayon[71] Philippines 1814 1,200 The town of Cagsawa was buried and approximately 1,200 people were killed.[93]
4 Suwanosejima[74] Japan 1813
4 Mount Awu[28] Indonesia 1812
4 La Soufrière[68] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1812 56[94]
6 Unknown source Unknown 1808 Greenland and Antarctic ice samples suggest an undocumented eruption roughly half the magnitude of Mount Tambora occurred, contributing to the 1810s being the coldest decade in at least 500 years.[95] Recent searches of documents suggest that it may have taken place in South Western Pacific Ocean around Dec 4, 1808 and observed in Colombia from December 11, 1808.[96] It is also known that the Chilean Putana volcano had a major eruption around this time with an approximate date of 1810 (with a 10-year margin of error), but is located 22 degrees south.[97]
4 Tutupaca[98] Peru 1802

18th Century edit

VEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes
5 Mount St. Helens[21] Washington, United States 1800
4 Witori[99] Papua New Guinea 1800
4 Mount Westdahl[100] Alaska, United States 1795
4 San Martin Tuxtla[101] Mexico 1793
4 Kilauea[102] Hawaii, United States 1790 400+ Keanakakoi eruption
4 Mount Etna[103] Italy 1787
4 Laki[65] Iceland 1783–1784 10,000+ 1783-1784 eruption of Laki
4 Mount Asama[104] Japan 1783 1,500–1,624 Tenmei eruption
4 Raikoke[53] Russia 1778 15[105]
4 Mount Usu[86] Japan 1769
4 Cotopaxi[80] Ecuador 1768
4 Hekla[38] Iceland 1766–1768
4 Miyake-jima[106] Japan 1763
4 Mount Pavlof[107] Alaska, United States 1762
4 Makian[85] Indonesia 1760–1761
4 El Jorullo[41] Mexico 1759-1774
5 Katla[56] Iceland 1755
5 Taal[29] Philippines 1754 50-60+ Erupted continuously for 200 days and buried the Town of Taal on the shore of the lake
4 Taal[29] Philippines 1749
4 Cotopaxi[80] Ecuador 1744
4 Oshima–Ōshima[108] Japan 1741–1742 1,467–2,033 1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami
5 Mount Tarumae[109] Japan 1739
4 Volcán de Fuego[25] Guatemala 1737
4 Öræfajökull[110] Iceland 1727-1728
5 Katla[56] Iceland 1721
4 Cerro Bravo[111] Colombia 1720
4 Raoul Island[112] Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 1720
4 Volcán de Fuego[25] Guatemala 1717
4 Taal[29] Philippines 1716
5 Mount Fuji[113] Japan 1707 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

17th Century edit

VEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes
4 Hekla[38] Iceland 1693
5 Tangkoko[114] Indonesia 1680
5 Mount Gamkonora[115] Indonesia 1673
5 Mount Tarumae[109] Japan 1667
5 Mount Usu[86] Japan 1663
4 Katla[56] Iceland 1660–1661
4 Guagua Pichincha[116] Ecuador 1660
6 Long Island[117] Papua New Guinea 1660
5 Shiveluch[30] Russia 1652
4 Kolumbo[118] Santorini, Greece 1650 70[119]
4 Makian[85] Indonesia 1646
4 Kelud[8] Indonesia 1641
5 Mount Melibengoy[120] Philippines 1640–1641
5 Hokkaido Komagatake[51] Japan 1640 700 A partial summit collapse caused a tsunami that killed 700 people.[121]
4 Raung[91] Indonesia 1638
5 Mount Vesuvius[64] Italy 1631 4,000+ 1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius
5 Furnas[122] Azores, Portugal 1630
4 Raoul Island[112] Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 1630
5 Katla[56] Iceland 1625
4 Volcán de Colima[60] Mexico 1622
4 Katla[56] Iceland 1612
4 Volcán de Colima[60] Mexico 1606

16th Century edit

VEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes
4 Suwanosejima[74] Japan 1600
6 Huaynaputina[123] Peru 1600 1,500 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, Russian famine of 1601–1603
4 Hekla[38] Iceland 1597
4 Nevado del Ruiz[124] Colombia 1595 636 This eruption caused lahars, which traveled down the valleys of the nearby Gualí and Lagunillas rivers, clogging up the water, killing fish and destroying vegetation. More than 600 people died as a result of the lahar.[125]
5 Raung[91] Indonesia 1593
5 Kelud[8] Indonesia 1586 10,000+[55]
4 Volcán de Colima[60] Mexico 1585
4 Volcán de Fuego[25] Guatemala 1581
4 Katla[56] Iceland 1580
6 Billy Mitchell[126] Papua New Guinea 1580
5 Água de Pau[127] Azores, Portugal 1563
4 Katla[56] Iceland 1550
4 Cotopaxi[80] Ecuador 1534
4 Cotopaxi[80] Ecuador 1532
4 Hekla[38] Iceland 1510
4 Katla[56] Iceland 1500

Smaller eruptions resulting in fatalities or significant damage edit

VEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes
3 Guagua Pichincha[116] Ecuador 2000 2 A phreatic eruption on March 12 killed two volcanologists working on the lava dome.[128]
3 Soufrière Hills[129] Montserrat 1997 19 A major eruption on 25 June 1997 caused pyroclastic flows to move at 60–100 mph, which killed 19 people and destroyed towns.[130]
2 Kanlaon[131] Philippines 1996 3 24 mountain climbers hiked the volcano when it erupted without warning on August 10, 1996, resulting in 3 fatalities.[132]
1 Yakedake[133] Japan 1995 4 Four people at a highway construction site were killed by a hydrothermal explosion on February 11, 1995.[134]
2 Mount Merapi[83] Indonesia 1994 64 A pyroclastic flow on November 22, 1994 killed 64 people.[135]
3 Rinjani[136] Indonesia 1994 30 A cold lahar from the summit of Rinjani on November 3, 1994 travelled down the Kokok Jenggak River, killing 30 people.[137]
2 Mayon[71] Philippines 1993 79 Pyroclastic flows killed 79 people.[138]
2 Galeras[139] Colombia 1993 9 Galeras tragedy
2 Karangetang[140] Indonesia 1992 6 Six people were killed by a pyroclastic flow from an eruption on May 18, 1992.[141]
1 Mount Unzen[142] Japan 1991 43 A destructive and fatal eruption on June 3, 1991 at 4:08 pm caused the first large-scale pyroclastic flow, unprecedented at the time, which killed 43 people in the evacuation zone. Among these were French volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft, as well as American geologist Harry Glicken. The other 40 fatalities consisted largely of those involved in the mass media, as well as firefighters, police officers, farmers and taxi drivers.[143]
3 Mount Redoubt[144] Alaska, United States 1989-1990 Second costliest volcanic eruption in United States history. Caused engine failure of all four engines on KLM Flight 867 after it flew through the ash cloud.
3 Nevado del Ruiz[124] Colombia 1985 23,000 Armero tragedy
3 Mount Etna[103] Italy 1979 9 A sudden phreatic explosion killed 9 tourists[145]
2 Mount Marapi[146] Indonesia 1979 80 A landslide on April 30, 1979 killed 80 people, damaged five villages and destroyed farmland.[147]
1 Dieng Volcanic Complex[148] Indonesia 1979 149 149 people died of gas poisoning in Pekisaran Village on February 20, 1979.[149]
1 Mount Nyiragongo[150] Democratic Republic of the Congo 1977 70 Lava flows killed 70 people and left 800 people homeless. About 1,200 hectares of agricultural land was destroyed.[151]
3 Eldfell[152] Iceland 1973 1[153][154][155]
2 Villarrica[156] Chile 1971 15-30[157]
3 Mount Hudson[6] Chile 1971 5 Lahars killed 5 people and many more were evacuated.[158]
2 Didicas[159] Philippines 1969 3 Triggered a Volcanic tsunami that killed 3 fishermen.[160]
3 Volcán Arenal[161] Costa Rica 1968 87 On Monday, July 29, 1968, at 7:30 am, the Arenal Volcano suddenly and violently erupted. The eruptions continued unabated for several days, burying over 15 square kilometers (5.8 sq mi) under rocks, lava and ash. The eruptions killed 87 people and buried 3 small villages – Tabacón, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luís – and affected more than 232 square kilometers (90 sq mi) of land. Crops were spoiled, property was ruined, and large numbers of livestock were killed.[162]
1 Dieng Volcanic Complex[148] Indonesia 1964 114[163]
2 Villarrica[156] Chile 1964 25[164]
3 Surtsey[152] Iceland 1963-1967
2 Bayonnaise Rocks[165] Japan 1952 31 An eruption on 18 September 1952 killed 31 researchers and crewmen aboard the Maritime Safety Agency survey ship No.5 Kaiyo-Maru.[166]
3 Hibok-Hibok[167] Philippines 1951 500-2,000+ This eruption was a turning point for the Philippine government to establish a dedicated agency to focus on volcanoes and its activities. It led to the creation of COMVOL (Commission on Volcanology) which would later be PHILVOLCS.[168][169]
3 Villarrica[156] Chile 1948 23 Mudflows buried 1000 hectares of arable land and forest and destroyed numerous buildings. 23 people were killed and 31 others were missing.[170]
2 Dieng Volcanic Complex[148] Indonesia 1944 117[163]
3 Mount Vesuvius[64] Italy 1944 20 Most recent eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Eruption took place during liberation of Italy by American and British soldiers.[171] Destroyed original village of San Sebastiano al Vesuvo. Extreme damage to the city of Naples in form of ash and building collapses.
1 Dieng Volcanic Complex[148] Indonesia 1939 10[163]
3 Mount Merapi[83] Indonesia 1930-1931 1,369[172]
2 Stromboli Italy 1930 4[173]
3 Paluweh[174] Indonesia 1928 160+ A volcanic landslide triggered a tsunami 5–10 m high, killing more than 160 people.[175]
2 Dieng Volcanic Complex[148] Indonesia 1928 40[163]
1 Mount Etna[103] Italy 1928 Effusive eruption resulting in the complete destruction of the municipality of Mascali.[176]
3 Lassen Peak[177] California, United States 1915 First volcano in the Cascades Volcanic Arc heading northwards, possibly the first volcanic eruption recorded using motion picture camera. Pyroclastic flows caused massive fires and evidence of the eruption still present in form of unusual growth patterns of trees as of 2020, 105 years later and charred trees. Area now forbidden to settle in as it is now Lassen Volcanic National Park.
3 Taal[29] Philippines 1911 1,335 Base surge and tsunami inside the Taal lake caldera killed thousands of people living near the Taal Volcano island. The ash reached as far as Manila.[178]
3 Tori-shima[179] Japan 1902 150[180]
3 Mount Awu[28] Indonesia 1892 1,532[181]
2 Ritter Island[182] Papua New Guinea 1888 500–3000 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami
2 Ruang[183] Indonesia 1871 416 1871 Ruang eruption and tsunami
3 Dubbi[184] Eritrea 1861 106[181]
3 Mount Awu[28] Indonesia 1856 2,806[181]
3 Nevado del Ruiz[124] Colombia 1845 1,000[125]
2 Mount Etna[103] Italy 1843 56[181]
2 Mount Unzen[142] Japan 1792 15,000 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami
2 Dieng Volcanic Complex[148] Indonesia 1786 38 Ground fissuring destroyed the village of Jamping, killing 38 people.[163]
3 Gamalama[185] Indonesia 1775 1,300[186]
3 Mount Papandayan[187] Indonesia 1772 3,000 An eruption in 1772 caused the northeast flank to collapse producing a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages and killed nearly 3,000 people.[188]
? Tseax Cone Canada 1700 2,000[189][190]
3 Mount Etna[103] Italy 1669 1669 eruption of Mount Etna
3 Monte Nuovo (Phlegraean Fields)[191] Italy 1538 24[192]

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

  • VEI glossary entry from a USGS website
  • , from The Guardian
  • The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth, a 2004 article from the Bulletin of Volcanology
  • List of Large Holocene Eruptions (VEI > 4) from the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program
  • VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) from the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

January 19, 2024
list, volcanic, eruptions, 1500, 2000, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scho. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources List of volcanic eruptions 1500 2000 news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message This is a list of notable volcanic eruptions in the 16th to 20th centuries with a Volcanic explosivity index VEI of 4 or higher and smaller eruptions that resulted in significant damage or fatalities Note that there may be uncertainties to dates with historical eruptions and there are likely to be many large eruptions that have not been identified Contents 1 Large eruptions VEI of 4 or higher 2 20th Century 3 19th Century 4 18th Century 5 17th Century 6 16th Century 7 Smaller eruptions resulting in fatalities or significant damage 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksLarge eruptions VEI of 4 or higher edit20th Century editVEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes4 Ulawun 1 Papua New Guinea 20004 Mount Tavurvur 2 Papua New Guinea 1994 5 Tavurvur and nearby Vulcan erupted and devastated Rabaul however due to planning for such a catastrophe the townsfolk were prepared and only five people were killed One of the deaths was caused by lightning a feature of volcanic ash clouds 3 4 Lascar 4 Chile 19934 Mount Spurr 5 Alaska United States 19925 Mount Hudson 6 Chile 19916 Mount Pinatubo 7 Philippines 1991 847 Second largest eruption of the 20th century and largest stratospheric disturbance since the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa Many deaths were caused by complication of the arrival of Typhoon Yunya 4 Kelud 8 Indonesia 1990 32 A strong and explosive eruption in early February 1990 produced a 12 km high column of tephra heavy tephra falls and several pyroclastic flows 32 people were killed over 500 homes and 50 schools were destroyed and many others were damaged 9 4 Klyuchevskaya Sopka 10 Russia 19874 Chikurachki 11 Russia 19864 Augustine 12 Alaska United States 19864 Mount Colo 13 Indonesia 19834 Galunggung 14 Indonesia 1982 18 Notable for bringing attention to the dangers of volcanic ash on aircraft after two Boeing 747 jets suffered engine failure from its ash cloud 15 5 El Chichon 16 Mexico 1982 1 900 9 villages were destroyed killing at least 1 900 people 17 Ejected 7 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere 18 4 North Pagan 19 Mariana Islands United States 1981 19854 Vulkan Alaid 20 Russia 19815 Mount St Helens 21 Washington United States 1980 57 Most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States Ash from the eruption reached all the way to Montana Casualties were limited owing to the evacuation of the surrounding forest with exception of loggers who did not depart in time incinerated in large forest fire that was a result of one of seventeen pyroclastic flows 22 Sound of eruption could be heard 700 miles 1127 km away entire flank of mountain collapsed Noted for extremely large lahar that flooded the banks of the Toutle River and destroyed several bridges 23 4 Augustine 12 Alaska United States 19764 Tolbachik 24 Russia 19754 Volcan de Fuego 25 Guatemala 19744 Tyatya 26 Russia 19734 Fernandina 27 Ecuador 19684 Mount Awu 28 Indonesia 19664 Kelud 8 Indonesia 19664 Taal 29 Philippines 19654 Shiveluch 30 Russia 19645 Mount Agung 31 Indonesia 1963 1 5845 Bezymianny 32 Russia 1955 19574 Carran Los Venados 33 Chile 19554 Mount Spurr 5 Alaska United States 19534 Bagana 34 Papua New Guinea 19524 Kelud 8 Indonesia 19514 Mount Lamington 35 Papua New Guinea 1951 2 942 The only recorded eruption of Mount Lamington devastated Oro Province Pyroclastic flows caused extreme destruction north of the volcano Its effects were extensively studied by volcanologist Tony Taylor and his report was published in 1958 36 4 Ambrym 37 Vanuatu 19504 Hekla 38 Iceland 19474 Sarychev Peak 39 Russia 19464 Avachinsky 40 Russia 19454 Paricutin 41 Mexico 1943 1952 3 1943 1952 eruption of Paricutin4 Rabaul 2 Papua New Guinea 1937 507 42 4 Kuchinoerabu jima 43 Japan 1933 1934 8 8 people were killed and 26 others were injured Nanakama Village was burned by fire from glowing blocks 44 4 Suoh 45 Indonesia 1933 Occurred two weeks after the 1933 Sumatra earthquake which produced a surface rupture on the volcano 46 5 Kharimkotan 47 Russia 19335 Cerro Azul 48 Chile 1932 It is the largest recorded eruption in the history of Chile the eruption threw ash between the cities of Rancagua and Chillan leaving them in the dark in broad daylight The explosions were noticeable in Santiago 245 km away The ashes arrived in Buenos Aires capital of Argentina Montevideo capital of Uruguay the south of Brazil and South Africa 49 4 Volcan de Fuego 25 Guatemala 19324 Mount Aniakchak 50 Alaska United States 19314 Klyuchevskaya Sopka 10 Russia 19314 Hokkaidō Koma ga take 51 Japan 19294 Avachinsky 40 Russia 19265 Submarine Volcano NNE of Iriomote Island 52 Japan 1924 Submarine Volcano4 Raikoke 53 Russia 19244 Manam 54 Papua New Guinea 19194 Kelud 8 Indonesia 1919 5 160 Lahars killed over 5 000 people 55 4 Katla 56 Iceland 19184 Tungurahua 57 Ecuador 19164 Sakurajima 58 Japan 1914 58 Most powerful eruption in Japan in the twentieth century The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914 59 Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days several large earthquakes had warned them that an eruption was imminent Initially the eruption was very explosive generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows but after a very large earthquake on January 13 1914 which killed 58 people it became effusive generating a large lava flow 59 4 Volcan de Colima 60 Mexico 19136 Novarupta 61 Alaska United States 1912 Largest eruption of the 20th century4 Lolobau 62 Papua New Guinea 19115 Ksudach 63 Russia 19074 Mount Vesuvius 64 Italy 1875 1906 2164 Lolobau 62 Papua New Guinea 19044 THordarhyrna 65 Iceland 19036 Santa Maria 66 Guatemala 1902 6 000 1902 eruption of Santa Maria4 Mount Pelee 67 France 1902 33 000 Deadliest eruption of the 20th century and the deadliest natural disaster in the history of France Destroyed Saint Pierre Martinique Only 2 people survived this eruption with 1 being held as a prisoner and was locked underground avoiding the pyroclastic flows 4 La Soufriere 68 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1902 1 700 1 700 people were killed and a further 600 people were injured or burned At least 4 000 people were left homeless 69 19th Century editVEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes4 Dona Juana 70 Colombia 18994 Mount Mayon 71 Philippines 1897 350 400 72 4 Calbuco 73 Chile 1893 18944 Suwanosejima 74 Japan 18894 Volcan de Colima 60 Mexico 18894 Mount Bandai 75 Japan 1888 477 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai4 Niuafo ou 76 Tonga 18865 Mount Tarawera 77 New Zealand 1886 108 Largest historical eruption in New Zealand4 Tungurahua 57 Ecuador 1886 24 Augustine 12 Alaska United States 1883 1884 Augustine has had six significant eruptions 1812 1883 1884 1935 1963 1964 1976 and 1986 Only the 1883 eruption produced a tsunami 78 6 Krakatoa 79 Indonesia 1883 36 417 The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa was one of the loudest explosions ever recorded and was heard at least 3 000 miles 4 800 km away Caused a 5 year volcanic winter The island had three volcanoes Perboewatan 410 ft and Danan 1 480 ft were destroyed during the eruption and Rakata 2 667 ft was half destroyed and the surviving half remains above sea level In 1928 a new volcano called Anak Krakatoa 1 063 ft grew above sea level forming a new island by Rakata s island 4 Volcan de Fuego 25 Guatemala 18804 Cotopaxi 80 Ecuador 1877 340 81 4 Suwanosejima 74 Japan 18775 Askja 82 Iceland 18754 Grimsvotn 65 Iceland 18734 Mount Merapi 83 Indonesia 1872 2004 Sinarka 84 Russia 18724 Makian 85 Indonesia 1861 309 3264 Katla 56 Iceland 18604 Volcan de Fuego 25 Guatemala 18574 Hokkaidō Koma ga take 51 Japan 1856 205 Shiveluch 30 Russia 18544 Mount Usu 86 Japan 18534 Fonualei 87 Tonga 18464 Hekla 38 Iceland 18455 Mount Agung 31 Indonesia 18435 Cosiguina 88 Nicaragua 18354 Babuyan Claro 89 Philippines 18314 Klyuchevskaya Sopka 10 Russia 18294 Avachinsky 40 Russia 18274 Kelud 8 Indonesia 18265 Galunggung 14 Indonesia 1822 4 011 Lahars killed more than 4 000 people 15 4 Mount Usu 86 Japan 1822 50 90 4 Volcan de Colima 60 Mexico 18184 Mount Raung 91 Indonesia 18177 Mount Tambora 92 Indonesia 1815 71 000 250 100 Largest and deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history Caused the Year Without a Summer in 1816 4 Mount Mayon 71 Philippines 1814 1 200 The town of Cagsawa was buried and approximately 1 200 people were killed 93 4 Suwanosejima 74 Japan 18134 Mount Awu 28 Indonesia 18124 La Soufriere 68 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1812 56 94 6 Unknown source Unknown 1808 Greenland and Antarctic ice samples suggest an undocumented eruption roughly half the magnitude of Mount Tambora occurred contributing to the 1810s being the coldest decade in at least 500 years 95 Recent searches of documents suggest that it may have taken place in South Western Pacific Ocean around Dec 4 1808 and observed in Colombia from December 11 1808 96 It is also known that the Chilean Putana volcano had a major eruption around this time with an approximate date of 1810 with a 10 year margin of error but is located 22 degrees south 97 4 Tutupaca 98 Peru 180218th Century editVEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes5 Mount St Helens 21 Washington United States 18004 Witori 99 Papua New Guinea 18004 Mount Westdahl 100 Alaska United States 17954 San Martin Tuxtla 101 Mexico 17934 Kilauea 102 Hawaii United States 1790 400 Keanakakoi eruption4 Mount Etna 103 Italy 17874 Laki 65 Iceland 1783 1784 10 000 1783 1784 eruption of Laki4 Mount Asama 104 Japan 1783 1 500 1 624 Tenmei eruption4 Raikoke 53 Russia 1778 15 105 4 Mount Usu 86 Japan 17694 Cotopaxi 80 Ecuador 17684 Hekla 38 Iceland 1766 17684 Miyake jima 106 Japan 17634 Mount Pavlof 107 Alaska United States 17624 Makian 85 Indonesia 1760 17614 El Jorullo 41 Mexico 1759 17745 Katla 56 Iceland 17555 Taal 29 Philippines 1754 50 60 Erupted continuously for 200 days and buried the Town of Taal on the shore of the lake4 Taal 29 Philippines 17494 Cotopaxi 80 Ecuador 17444 Oshima Ōshima 108 Japan 1741 1742 1 467 2 033 1741 eruption of Oshima Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami5 Mount Tarumae 109 Japan 17394 Volcan de Fuego 25 Guatemala 17374 Oraefajokull 110 Iceland 1727 17285 Katla 56 Iceland 17214 Cerro Bravo 111 Colombia 17204 Raoul Island 112 Kermadec Islands New Zealand 17204 Volcan de Fuego 25 Guatemala 17174 Taal 29 Philippines 17165 Mount Fuji 113 Japan 1707 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji17th Century editVEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes4 Hekla 38 Iceland 16935 Tangkoko 114 Indonesia 16805 Mount Gamkonora 115 Indonesia 16735 Mount Tarumae 109 Japan 16675 Mount Usu 86 Japan 16634 Katla 56 Iceland 1660 16614 Guagua Pichincha 116 Ecuador 16606 Long Island 117 Papua New Guinea 16605 Shiveluch 30 Russia 16524 Kolumbo 118 Santorini Greece 1650 70 119 4 Makian 85 Indonesia 16464 Kelud 8 Indonesia 16415 Mount Melibengoy 120 Philippines 1640 16415 Hokkaido Komagatake 51 Japan 1640 700 A partial summit collapse caused a tsunami that killed 700 people 121 4 Raung 91 Indonesia 16385 Mount Vesuvius 64 Italy 1631 4 000 1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius5 Furnas 122 Azores Portugal 16304 Raoul Island 112 Kermadec Islands New Zealand 16305 Katla 56 Iceland 16254 Volcan de Colima 60 Mexico 16224 Katla 56 Iceland 16124 Volcan de Colima 60 Mexico 160616th Century editVEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes4 Suwanosejima 74 Japan 16006 Huaynaputina 123 Peru 1600 1 500 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina Russian famine of 1601 16034 Hekla 38 Iceland 15974 Nevado del Ruiz 124 Colombia 1595 636 This eruption caused lahars which traveled down the valleys of the nearby Guali and Lagunillas rivers clogging up the water killing fish and destroying vegetation More than 600 people died as a result of the lahar 125 5 Raung 91 Indonesia 15935 Kelud 8 Indonesia 1586 10 000 55 4 Volcan de Colima 60 Mexico 15854 Volcan de Fuego 25 Guatemala 15814 Katla 56 Iceland 15806 Billy Mitchell 126 Papua New Guinea 15805 Agua de Pau 127 Azores Portugal 15634 Katla 56 Iceland 15504 Cotopaxi 80 Ecuador 15344 Cotopaxi 80 Ecuador 15324 Hekla 38 Iceland 15104 Katla 56 Iceland 1500Smaller eruptions resulting in fatalities or significant damage editVEI Volcano Country Year Fatalities Notes3 Guagua Pichincha 116 Ecuador 2000 2 A phreatic eruption on March 12 killed two volcanologists working on the lava dome 128 3 Soufriere Hills 129 Montserrat 1997 19 A major eruption on 25 June 1997 caused pyroclastic flows to move at 60 100 mph which killed 19 people and destroyed towns 130 2 Kanlaon 131 Philippines 1996 3 24 mountain climbers hiked the volcano when it erupted without warning on August 10 1996 resulting in 3 fatalities 132 1 Yakedake 133 Japan 1995 4 Four people at a highway construction site were killed by a hydrothermal explosion on February 11 1995 134 2 Mount Merapi 83 Indonesia 1994 64 A pyroclastic flow on November 22 1994 killed 64 people 135 3 Rinjani 136 Indonesia 1994 30 A cold lahar from the summit of Rinjani on November 3 1994 travelled down the Kokok Jenggak River killing 30 people 137 2 Mayon 71 Philippines 1993 79 Pyroclastic flows killed 79 people 138 2 Galeras 139 Colombia 1993 9 Galeras tragedy2 Karangetang 140 Indonesia 1992 6 Six people were killed by a pyroclastic flow from an eruption on May 18 1992 141 1 Mount Unzen 142 Japan 1991 43 A destructive and fatal eruption on June 3 1991 at 4 08 pm caused the first large scale pyroclastic flow unprecedented at the time which killed 43 people in the evacuation zone Among these were French volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft as well as American geologist Harry Glicken The other 40 fatalities consisted largely of those involved in the mass media as well as firefighters police officers farmers and taxi drivers 143 3 Mount Redoubt 144 Alaska United States 1989 1990 Second costliest volcanic eruption in United States history Caused engine failure of all four engines on KLM Flight 867 after it flew through the ash cloud 3 Nevado del Ruiz 124 Colombia 1985 23 000 Armero tragedy3 Mount Etna 103 Italy 1979 9 A sudden phreatic explosion killed 9 tourists 145 2 Mount Marapi 146 Indonesia 1979 80 A landslide on April 30 1979 killed 80 people damaged five villages and destroyed farmland 147 1 Dieng Volcanic Complex 148 Indonesia 1979 149 149 people died of gas poisoning in Pekisaran Village on February 20 1979 149 1 Mount Nyiragongo 150 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1977 70 Lava flows killed 70 people and left 800 people homeless About 1 200 hectares of agricultural land was destroyed 151 3 Eldfell 152 Iceland 1973 1 153 154 155 2 Villarrica 156 Chile 1971 15 30 157 3 Mount Hudson 6 Chile 1971 5 Lahars killed 5 people and many more were evacuated 158 2 Didicas 159 Philippines 1969 3 Triggered a Volcanic tsunami that killed 3 fishermen 160 3 Volcan Arenal 161 Costa Rica 1968 87 On Monday July 29 1968 at 7 30 am the Arenal Volcano suddenly and violently erupted The eruptions continued unabated for several days burying over 15 square kilometers 5 8 sq mi under rocks lava and ash The eruptions killed 87 people and buried 3 small villages Tabacon Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis and affected more than 232 square kilometers 90 sq mi of land Crops were spoiled property was ruined and large numbers of livestock were killed 162 1 Dieng Volcanic Complex 148 Indonesia 1964 114 163 2 Villarrica 156 Chile 1964 25 164 3 Surtsey 152 Iceland 1963 19672 Bayonnaise Rocks 165 Japan 1952 31 An eruption on 18 September 1952 killed 31 researchers and crewmen aboard the Maritime Safety Agency survey ship No 5 Kaiyo Maru 166 3 Hibok Hibok 167 Philippines 1951 500 2 000 This eruption was a turning point for the Philippine government to establish a dedicated agency to focus on volcanoes and its activities It led to the creation of COMVOL Commission on Volcanology which would later be PHILVOLCS 168 169 3 Villarrica 156 Chile 1948 23 Mudflows buried 1000 hectares of arable land and forest and destroyed numerous buildings 23 people were killed and 31 others were missing 170 2 Dieng Volcanic Complex 148 Indonesia 1944 117 163 3 Mount Vesuvius 64 Italy 1944 20 Most recent eruption of Mount Vesuvius Eruption took place during liberation of Italy by American and British soldiers 171 Destroyed original village of San Sebastiano al Vesuvo Extreme damage to the city of Naples in form of ash and building collapses 1 Dieng Volcanic Complex 148 Indonesia 1939 10 163 3 Mount Merapi 83 Indonesia 1930 1931 1 369 172 2 Stromboli Italy 1930 4 173 3 Paluweh 174 Indonesia 1928 160 A volcanic landslide triggered a tsunami 5 10 m high killing more than 160 people 175 2 Dieng Volcanic Complex 148 Indonesia 1928 40 163 1 Mount Etna 103 Italy 1928 Effusive eruption resulting in the complete destruction of the municipality of Mascali 176 3 Lassen Peak 177 California United States 1915 First volcano in the Cascades Volcanic Arc heading northwards possibly the first volcanic eruption recorded using motion picture camera Pyroclastic flows caused massive fires and evidence of the eruption still present in form of unusual growth patterns of trees as of 2020 105 years later and charred trees Area now forbidden to settle in as it is now Lassen Volcanic National Park 3 Taal 29 Philippines 1911 1 335 Base surge and tsunami inside the Taal lake caldera killed thousands of people living near the Taal Volcano island The ash reached as far as Manila 178 3 Tori shima 179 Japan 1902 150 180 3 Mount Awu 28 Indonesia 1892 1 532 181 2 Ritter Island 182 Papua New Guinea 1888 500 3000 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami2 Ruang 183 Indonesia 1871 416 1871 Ruang eruption and tsunami3 Dubbi 184 Eritrea 1861 106 181 3 Mount Awu 28 Indonesia 1856 2 806 181 3 Nevado del Ruiz 124 Colombia 1845 1 000 125 2 Mount Etna 103 Italy 1843 56 181 2 Mount Unzen 142 Japan 1792 15 000 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami2 Dieng Volcanic Complex 148 Indonesia 1786 38 Ground fissuring destroyed the village of Jamping killing 38 people 163 3 Gamalama 185 Indonesia 1775 1 300 186 3 Mount Papandayan 187 Indonesia 1772 3 000 An eruption in 1772 caused the northeast flank to collapse producing a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages and killed nearly 3 000 people 188 Tseax Cone Canada 1700 2 000 189 190 3 Mount Etna 103 Italy 1669 1669 eruption of Mount Etna3 Monte Nuovo Phlegraean Fields 191 Italy 1538 24 192 See also editList of volcanic eruptions in the 21st century List of natural disasters by death toll List of volcanic eruptions by death toll Lists of volcanoesReferences edit Ulawun Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution a b Rabaul Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Report on Rabaul Papua New Guinea Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution 19 9 1994 doi 10 5479 si GVP BGVN199409 252140 Lascar Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution a b Spurr Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution a b Cerro Hudson Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Pinatubo Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution a b c d e f g Kelud Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Report on Kelud Indonesia January 1990 Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution doi 10 5479 si GVP BGVN199001 263280 a b c Klyuchevskaya Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Chikurachki Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution a b c Augustine Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Colo Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution a b Galunggung Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution a b Galunggung Volcano Volcano Live John Seach El Chichon Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Looking Back at the 1982 eruption of el Chichon in Mexico Wired Robock Alan 2002 Volcanic eruption El Chichon PDF The 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