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Tungurahua

October 27, 2023

Tungurahua (/tʊŋɡʊˈrɑːwə/; from Quichua tunguri (throat) and rahua (fire), "Throat of Fire")[5] is an active stratovolcano located in the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador. The volcano gives its name to the province of Tungurahua. Volcanic activity restarted on August 19, 1999,[6] and is ongoing as of 2017, with several major eruptions since then, the last starting on 1 February 2014.[7][8]

Tungurahua
View from Riobamba (September 2011)
Highest point
Elevation5,023 m (16,480 ft)[1]
Prominence1,554 m (5,098 ft)
ListingUltra
Coordinates1°28′12″S 78°26′41″W / 1.4700°S 78.4447°W / -1.4700; -78.4447[2]
Naming
English translationThroat of fire
Language of nameQuechua
Geography
LocationEcuador
Parent rangeCordillera Oriental, Andes
Topo mapIGM, CT-ÑIV-D1[3]
Geology
Age of rockHolocene (Gomez 1994)
Mountain typeStratovolcano (active)
Volcanic arc/beltNorthern Volcanic Zone
Last eruption2000 to 2017[4]
Climbing
First ascent1873 by Alphons Stübel and Wilhelm Reiss
Easiest routeScrambling/Snow/Ice PD
False-color satellite image of Tungurahua (center right, with plume of ash emanating from it) and its neighbor Chimborazo (center left)

Etymology edit

According to one theory the name Tungurahua is a combination of the Quichua tunguri (throat) and rahua (fire) meaning "Throat of Fire".[5] According to another theory it is based on the Quichua uraua for crater.[9] Tungurahua is also known as "The Black Giant", and in local indigenous mythology it is allegedly referred to as Mama Tungurahua ("Mother Tungurahua").

Geography and geology edit

class=notpageimage|
Major volcanoes in Ecuador

Location edit

Tungurahua 5,023 metres (16,480 ft) is located in the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of central Ecuador, 140 kilometres (87 mi) south of the capital Quito. Nearby notable mountains are Chimborazo (6,263 metres (20,548 ft)) and El Altar (5,319 metres (17,451 ft)). It rises above the small thermal springs town of Baños de Agua Santa (1,800 metres (5,900 ft)) which is located at its foot 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the north. Other nearby towns are Ambato (30 kilometres (19 mi) to the northwest), Baños and Riobamba (30 kilometres (19 mi) to the southwest). Tungurahua is part of the Sangay National Park.

Glacier edit

With its elevation of 5,023 metres (16,480 ft), Tungurahua just over tops the snow line (about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft)). Tungurahua's top is snow-covered and did feature a small summit glacier which melted away after the increase of volcanic activity in 1999.

Volcanism edit

Today's volcanic edifice (Tungurahua III) is constructed inside its predecessor's (Tungurahua II) caldera which collapsed about 3000 (±90) years ago. The original edifice (Tungurahua I) collapsed at the end of the Late Pleistocene.[10]

Historical volcanic activity edit

Tungurahua's eruptions are strombolian. They produce andesite and dacite. All historical eruptions originated from the summit crater and have been accompanied by strong explosions, pyroclastic flows and sometimes lava flows. In the last 1,300 years Tungurahua entered every 80 to 100 years into an activity phase of which the major have been the ones of 1773, 1886 and 1916–1918.[11]

Study of volcanic ash layers deposited in the lakes of El Cajas National Park show that there were major eruptions 3,034±621, 2,027±41, 1,557±177, 733±112 years ago (cal BP).[12]

Recent volcanic activity edit

In 2000, after a long period of quiescence, the volcano entered an eruptive phase that continued until 2017. The renewed activity in October 1999 produced major ashfall and led to the temporary evacuation of more than 25,000 inhabitants from Baños and the surrounding area[13] Activity continued at a medium level until May 2006, when activity increased dramatically, culminating in violent eruptions on 14 July 2006 and 16 August 2006. The 16 August 2006 eruption has been the most violent since activity commenced in 1999. This eruption was accompanied by a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) high ash plume which spread over an area of 740 by 180 kilometres (460 by 110 mi),[14] depositing ash and tephra to the southwest of the volcano. Several pyroclastic flows were generated that killed at least five people, and destroyed a number of hamlets and roads on the eastern and northwestern slopes of the volcano.[15]

A further eruption and evacuation occurred on 4 December 2010. Ecuador's National Agency of Risk Control issued a "red alert", later downgraded to orange.[16] The Ecuadorean Institute for Geophysics reported a rapid increase in seismic activity, a number of explosions and an ash cloud reaching 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in height.[17] Another eruption occurred on 18 December 2012 forcing evacuation of those living on the volcano's slopes.[18] The volcano erupted again in July 2013,[19][20] and again on 1 February 2014.

  •  

    Tungurahua eruption
    February 1, 2014

  •  

    Tungurahua at night
    2011

  •  

    Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night, 1999

First ascent edit

In June 1802, the Prussian-born explorer Alexander von Humboldt tried without success to reach the summit.[21] During their seven-year-long South America expedition (1868 to 1876), the German volcanologists Alphons Stübel and Wilhelm Reiss climbed Cotopaxi (Reiss with Angel Escobar; 28 November 1872) and Tungurahua (Stübel with Eusebio Rodríguez; 9 February 1873).[9]

 
Panorama of Tungurahua from Baños, one week before the 2012 eruptions

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Several elevation data between 5,016 and 5,029 m are used, 5,023 m is the one used on IGM maps. Used extremes are: 5,087 m (Stübel 1897) and 5,005 m (Neate 1994).
  2. ^ "Tungurahua". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  3. ^ IGM (Instituto Geografico Militar, Ecuador) (1989). . Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  4. ^ "Tungurahua volcano". 19 Feb 2018.
  5. ^ a b "In the shadow of the Tungurahua volcano". BBC News. 7 September 2006.)
  6. ^ "Tungurahua volcano erupts in Ecuador". NBC News. 19 Aug 2012.
  7. ^ "Ecuador's Tungurahua Volcano shoots ash and lava". Associated Press. 2014-02-01.
  8. ^ Broad, William J. (2015-08-24). "A Volcanic Eruption That Reverberates 200 Years Later". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  9. ^ a b Schmudlach, Günter (2001). Bergführer Ecuador. Panico Alpinverlag. ISBN 3-926807-82-2.
  10. ^ . Volcán Tungurahua. IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2006-01-16.
  11. ^ . Volcán Tungurahua. IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2005-12-16.
  12. ^ Arcusa, Stéphanie H.; Schneider, Tobias; Mosquera, Pablo V.; Vogel, Hendrik; Kaufman, Darrell; Szidat, Sönke; Grosjean, Martin (2020). "Late Holocene tephrostratigraphy from Cajas National Park, southern Ecuador". Andean Geology. 47 (3): 508–528. doi:10.5027/andgeoV47n3-3301.
  13. ^ "Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes". New York Times. 1999-11-28.
  14. ^ . IGEPN. Archived from the original on 2005-09-07.
  15. ^ Kramer, Jack (2006-08-16). "Volcano Erupts". National Ledger.
  16. ^ CNN Wire Staff (5 December 2010). "Volcano known as the 'Throat of Fire' erupts in Ecuador". CNN Wire. Retrieved 5 December 2010. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  17. ^ "Tungurahua volcano prompts evacuation in Ecuador". BBC News. 4 December 2010.
  18. ^ "Ecuador's Tungurahua volcano threatens local villages". BBC News. 18 December 2012.
  19. ^ "Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador spews huge ash plume forcing hundreds from their homes". Daily Telegraph. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  20. ^ "Eruption of the Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador". CIMSS Satellite Blog. 14 July 2013.
  21. ^ Daum, Andreas (2019). Alexander von Humboldt. Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 56‒57. ISBN 978-3-406-73436-6.

Further reading edit

  • Gómez, Nelson (1994). Atlas del Ecuador. Editorial Ediguias. ISBN 9978-89-009-2.
  • IG-EPN (Instituto Geofisico Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Ecuador). . Archived from the original on 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2006-08-18.
  • Neate, Jill (1994). Mountaineering in the Andes. Expedition Advisory Centre. ISBN 0-907649-64-5.
  • Ruiz, M; et al. (2006). "Source constraints of Tungurahua volcano explosion events". Bulletin of Volcanology. Springer-Verlag. 68 (5): 480–490. doi:10.1007/s00445-005-0023-8. S2CID 129877389.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Tungurahua at Wikimedia Commons
  • (in Spanish) Instituto Geofisico del Ecuador
  • Climbing information for Tungurahua on summitpost.org

October 27, 2023
tungurahua, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, october, 2020, ɑː, from, quichua, tunguri, throat, rahua, fire, throat, fire, active, stratovolcano, located, cordillera, or. This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2020 Tungurahua t ʊ ŋ ɡ ʊ ˈ r ɑː w e from Quichua tunguri throat and rahua fire Throat of Fire 5 is an active stratovolcano located in the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador The volcano gives its name to the province of Tungurahua Volcanic activity restarted on August 19 1999 6 and is ongoing as of 2017 update with several major eruptions since then the last starting on 1 February 2014 7 8 TungurahuaView from Riobamba September 2011 Highest pointElevation5 023 m 16 480 ft 1 Prominence1 554 m 5 098 ft ListingUltraCoordinates1 28 12 S 78 26 41 W 1 4700 S 78 4447 W 1 4700 78 4447 2 NamingEnglish translationThroat of fireLanguage of nameQuechuaGeographyLocationEcuadorParent rangeCordillera Oriental AndesTopo mapIGM CT NIV D1 3 GeologyAge of rockHolocene Gomez 1994 Mountain typeStratovolcano active Volcanic arc beltNorthern Volcanic ZoneLast eruption2000 to 2017 4 ClimbingFirst ascent1873 by Alphons Stubel and Wilhelm ReissEasiest routeScrambling Snow Ice PDFalse color satellite image of Tungurahua center right with plume of ash emanating from it and its neighbor Chimborazo center left Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography and geology 2 1 Location 2 2 Glacier 2 3 Volcanism 2 3 1 Historical volcanic activity 2 3 2 Recent volcanic activity 3 First ascent 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymology editAccording to one theory the name Tungurahua is a combination of the Quichua tunguri throat and rahua fire meaning Throat of Fire 5 According to another theory it is based on the Quichua uraua for crater 9 Tungurahua is also known as The Black Giant and in local indigenous mythology it is allegedly referred to as Mama Tungurahua Mother Tungurahua Geography and geology edit nbsp nbsp Sangay nbsp Tungurahua nbsp Quilotoa nbsp Cotopaxi nbsp Illiniza nbsp Antisana nbsp Pichincha nbsp Reventador nbsp Cayambe nbsp Chimborazoclass notpageimage Major volcanoes in Ecuador Location edit Tungurahua 5 023 metres 16 480 ft is located in the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes of central Ecuador 140 kilometres 87 mi south of the capital Quito Nearby notable mountains are Chimborazo 6 263 metres 20 548 ft and El Altar 5 319 metres 17 451 ft It rises above the small thermal springs town of Banos de Agua Santa 1 800 metres 5 900 ft which is located at its foot 8 kilometres 5 0 mi to the north Other nearby towns are Ambato 30 kilometres 19 mi to the northwest Banos and Riobamba 30 kilometres 19 mi to the southwest Tungurahua is part of the Sangay National Park Glacier edit With its elevation of 5 023 metres 16 480 ft Tungurahua just over tops the snow line about 4 900 metres 16 100 ft Tungurahua s top is snow covered and did feature a small summit glacier which melted away after the increase of volcanic activity in 1999 Volcanism edit Today s volcanic edifice Tungurahua III is constructed inside its predecessor s Tungurahua II caldera which collapsed about 3000 90 years ago The original edifice Tungurahua I collapsed at the end of the Late Pleistocene 10 Historical volcanic activity edit Tungurahua s eruptions are strombolian They produce andesite and dacite All historical eruptions originated from the summit crater and have been accompanied by strong explosions pyroclastic flows and sometimes lava flows In the last 1 300 years Tungurahua entered every 80 to 100 years into an activity phase of which the major have been the ones of 1773 1886 and 1916 1918 11 Study of volcanic ash layers deposited in the lakes of El Cajas National Park show that there were major eruptions 3 034 621 2 027 41 1 557 177 733 112 years ago cal BP 12 Recent volcanic activity edit In 2000 after a long period of quiescence the volcano entered an eruptive phase that continued until 2017 The renewed activity in October 1999 produced major ashfall and led to the temporary evacuation of more than 25 000 inhabitants from Banos and the surrounding area 13 Activity continued at a medium level until May 2006 when activity increased dramatically culminating in violent eruptions on 14 July 2006 and 16 August 2006 The 16 August 2006 eruption has been the most violent since activity commenced in 1999 This eruption was accompanied by a 10 kilometres 6 2 mi high ash plume which spread over an area of 740 by 180 kilometres 460 by 110 mi 14 depositing ash and tephra to the southwest of the volcano Several pyroclastic flows were generated that killed at least five people and destroyed a number of hamlets and roads on the eastern and northwestern slopes of the volcano 15 A further eruption and evacuation occurred on 4 December 2010 Ecuador s National Agency of Risk Control issued a red alert later downgraded to orange 16 The Ecuadorean Institute for Geophysics reported a rapid increase in seismic activity a number of explosions and an ash cloud reaching 2 kilometres 1 2 mi in height 17 Another eruption occurred on 18 December 2012 forcing evacuation of those living on the volcano s slopes 18 The volcano erupted again in July 2013 19 20 and again on 1 February 2014 nbsp Tungurahua eruptionFebruary 1 2014 nbsp Tungurahua at night2011 nbsp Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night 1999First ascent editIn June 1802 the Prussian born explorer Alexander von Humboldt tried without success to reach the summit 21 During their seven year long South America expedition 1868 to 1876 the German volcanologists Alphons Stubel and Wilhelm Reiss climbed Cotopaxi Reiss with Angel Escobar 28 November 1872 and Tungurahua Stubel with Eusebio Rodriguez 9 February 1873 9 nbsp Panorama of Tungurahua from Banos one week before the 2012 eruptionsSee also edit nbsp Geography portal nbsp Ecuador portal nbsp Mountains portal nbsp Volcanoes portal nbsp Andes portalLists of volcanoes List of volcanoes in Ecuador List of stratovolcanoesReferences edit Several elevation data between 5 016 and 5 029 m are used 5 023 m is the one used on IGM maps Used extremes are 5 087 m Stubel 1897 and 5 005 m Neate 1994 Tungurahua Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved 2009 01 01 IGM Instituto Geografico Militar Ecuador 1989 Banos Ecuador CT NIV D1 Archived from the original on 2008 12 19 Retrieved 2008 01 26 Tungurahua volcano 19 Feb 2018 a b In the shadow of the Tungurahua volcano BBC News 7 September 2006 Tungurahua volcano erupts in Ecuador NBC News 19 Aug 2012 Ecuador s Tungurahua Volcano shoots ash and lava Associated Press 2014 02 01 Broad William J 2015 08 24 A Volcanic Eruption That Reverberates 200 Years Later The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 05 12 a b Schmudlach Gunter 2001 Bergfuhrer Ecuador Panico Alpinverlag ISBN 3 926807 82 2 Geologia Volcan Tungurahua IGEPN Archived from the original on 2006 01 16 Historia Volcan Tungurahua IGEPN Archived from the original on 2005 12 16 Arcusa Stephanie H Schneider Tobias Mosquera Pablo V Vogel Hendrik Kaufman Darrell Szidat Sonke Grosjean Martin 2020 Late Holocene tephrostratigraphy from Cajas National Park southern Ecuador Andean Geology 47 3 508 528 doi 10 5027 andgeoV47n3 3301 Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes New York Times 1999 11 28 Volcan Tungurahua Ecuador IGEPN Archived from the original on 2005 09 07 Kramer Jack 2006 08 16 Volcano Erupts National Ledger CNN Wire Staff 5 December 2010 Volcano known as the Throat of Fire erupts in Ecuador CNN Wire Retrieved 5 December 2010 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a author has generic name help Tungurahua volcano prompts evacuation in Ecuador BBC News 4 December 2010 Ecuador s Tungurahua volcano threatens local villages BBC News 18 December 2012 Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador spews huge ash plume forcing hundreds from their homes Daily Telegraph 15 July 2013 Retrieved 15 July 2013 Eruption of the Tungurahua volcano in Ecuador CIMSS Satellite Blog 14 July 2013 Daum Andreas 2019 Alexander von Humboldt Munich C H Beck pp 56 57 ISBN 978 3 406 73436 6 Further reading editGomez Nelson 1994 Atlas del Ecuador Editorial Ediguias ISBN 9978 89 009 2 IG EPN Instituto Geofisico Escuela Politecnica Nacional Ecuador Tungurahua Archived from the original on 2006 08 24 Retrieved 2006 08 18 Neate Jill 1994 Mountaineering in the Andes Expedition Advisory Centre ISBN 0 907649 64 5 Ruiz M et al 2006 Source constraints of Tungurahua volcano explosion events Bulletin of Volcanology Springer Verlag 68 5 480 490 doi 10 1007 s00445 005 0023 8 S2CID 129877389 External links edit nbsp Media related to Tungurahua at Wikimedia Commons in Spanish Instituto Geofisico del Ecuador Climbing information for Tungurahua on summitpost org Banos Ecuador Weather Daily Report Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tungurahua amp oldid 1169562094, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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