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Mayon

March 23, 2023

For the hamlet in the United Kingdom, see Mayon, Cornwall.

Mayon (Central Bikol: Bulkan Mayon; Tagalog: Bulkang Mayon, IPA: [mɐjɔn]), also known as Mount Mayon and Mayon Volcano (Spanish: Monte Mayón, Volcán Mayón),[4] is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay in Bicol, Philippines. A popular tourist spot, it is renowned for its "perfect cone" because of its symmetric conical shape, and is regarded as very sacred in Philippine mythology.[5]

Mayon
Mayon Volcano in 2020
Highest point
Elevation2,463 m (8,081 ft)[1]
Prominence2,447 m (8,028 ft)[1]
Listing
Coordinates13°15′24″N 123°41′06″E / 13.25667°N 123.68500°E / 13.25667; 123.68500Coordinates: 13°15′24″N 123°41′06″E / 13.25667°N 123.68500°E / 13.25667; 123.68500
Geography
Mayon
Mayon
Mayon
CountryPhilippines
RegionBicol Region
ProvinceAlbay
Cities and
municipalities
List
Geology
Age of rock> 20,000 years[2] has
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Volcanic arc/beltBicol Volcanic Chain
Last eruption2019
Climbing
First ascentScotsmen Paton & Stewart (1858)[3]

The volcano with its surrounding landscape was declared a national park on July 20, 1938, the first in the nation. It was reclassified as a natural park and renamed the Mayon Volcano Natural Park in 2000.[6] It is the centerpiece of the Albay Biosphere Reserve, declared by UNESCO in 2016,[7] and is currently being nominated as a World Heritage Site.

Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines, and its activity is regularly monitored by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) from their provincial headquarters on Ligñon Hill, about 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the summit.[8]

Geography

 
Mayon is shared by eight cities and municipalities of Albay province.

Mayon is the main landmark and highest point of the province of Albay and the whole Bicol Region in the Philippines, rising 2,463 meters (8,081 ft) from the shores of Albay Gulf about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) away.[9][10] The volcano is geographically shared by the eight cities and municipalities of Legazpi, Daraga, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao, Tabaco, Malilipot, and Santo Domingo (clockwise from Legazpi), which divide the cone like slices of a pie when viewing a map of their political boundaries.

Geology

Mayon is a classic stratovolcano with a small central summit crater. It is one of the world's most symmetric volcanic cones.[11]

The concave profile, a hyperbolic sine curve of the volcano is due to the balance between erosion and eruption, defined by the angle of repose of ash. The steepest upper slopes of the volcano reach an average slope gradient of 75%, while the lower foot slope is only an average of 3%. The volcanic crater is about 250 m in diameter. At least 85 lava flows have been identified, and consist mainly of lava augite-hypersthene-andesite, generally fed from the crater. Pyroclastic flows, characterized as a St. Vincent nuee' ardente, leave behind block and ash deposits, and breadcrust bombs in an ash and lapilli matrix. The farthest flow reached 8.5 km along Fidel Surtida, Santo Domingo. Mayon lahars were formed by rainstorms during eruptions, or by torrential rain afterwards. Averaging 230 m in height and 710 m in diameter, 7 cinder cones are found on the southern and southwestern lower slopes. Composed of olivine-augite basalt, these cones have an angle of repose of 34%, with Ligñon Hill as an example.[12][better source needed]

Like other volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean, Mayon is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is on the southeast side of Luzon. The Bicol Arc is one of 7 oceanic trench subduction zones defining the Philippine Mobile Belt. Volcanism in the Bicol Arc is related to the westward subduction of the Philippine Plate along the Philippine Trench. The 12 active and inactive volcanoes within the arc include the Mayon Volcano, Mount Bulusan, Mount Isarog, Mount Iriga, Malinao Volcano, and Mount Masaraga. In general, these are calc-alkali basalts, basaltic andesites, and andesites.[12]

In August 2021, soils from Mayon have been found containing bacterial species with antibiotic and anti-cancer properties.[13]

Recorded eruptions

Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines, erupting over 47 times in the past 500 years.[14] Historical observations accounted its first eruption in 1616.[15] The first eruption for which an extended account exists was the six-day event of July 20, 1766.[16][17]

1814 eruption

 
An old photograph of the Cagsawa ruins with the façade still standing. The church was largely destroyed during the 1814 eruption of Mayon. Only the bell tower exists today.

Its most destructive recorded eruption occurred on February 1, 1814 (VEI=4).[15][18] Lava flowed but less than the 1766 eruption. The volcano belched dark ash and eventually bombarded the town of Cagsawa with tephra that buried it.[15][18] Trees burned, and rivers were certainly damaged. Proximate areas were also devastated by the eruption, with ash accumulating to 9 m (30 ft) in depth. In Cagsawa town, about 1,200 locals perished in what is considered to be the most lethal eruption in Mayon's history according to PHIVOLCS.[15][18] The eruption is believed to have contributed to the accumulation of atmospheric ash together with the catastrophic 1815 eruption of other volcanoes like Indonesia's Mount Tambora, leading to the Year Without a Summer in 1816.[19]

1881–1882 eruption

From July 6, 1881, until approximately August 1882, Mayon underwent a strong (VEI=3) eruption. Samuel Kneeland, a naturalist, professor and geologist, personally observed the volcanic activity on Christmas Day, 1881, about five months after the start of the activity:

At the date of my visit, the volcano had poured out, for five months continuously, a stream of lava on the Legaspi side from the very summit. The viscid mass bubbled quietly but grandly, and overran the border of the crater, descending several hundred feet in a glowing wave, like red-hot iron. Gradually, fading as the upper surface cooled, it changed to a thousand sparkling rills among the crevices, and, as it passed beyond the line of complete vision behind the woods near the base, the fires twinkled like stars or the scintillations of a dying conflagration. More than half of the mountain height was thus illuminated.[20]

1897 eruption

 
Mount Mayon erupting on July 21, 1928

Mayon's longest uninterrupted eruption occurred on June 23, 1897 (VEI=4), which rained fire for seven days. Lava once again flowed down to civilization. eleven kilometers (6.8 miles) eastward, the village of Bacacay was buried 15 m (49 ft) beneath the lava. In Santo Domingo 100 people were killed by steam and falling debris or hot rocks. Other villages like San Roque, Sta. Misericordia and Santo Niño became deathtraps. Ash was carried in black clouds as far as 160 kilometers (99 mi) from the catastrophic event, which killed more than 400 people.[10]

1984 and 1993 eruptions

 
The eruption on September 23, 1984

No casualties were recorded from the 1984 eruption after more than 73,000 people were evacuated from the danger zones as recommended by PHIVOLCS scientists.[21] But in 1993, pyroclastic flows killed 79[15] people, mainly farmers, during the eruption[22] that also forced 50,000 residents evacuated, according to the Albay provincial government.[18]

1999 eruption

Mayon began its increasing activity in May 1999, with hazard status associated raised to Alert Level 1.[23][24] On June 22, 1999, Mayon emitted an ash column that rose to approximately 10 km above the vent; the status was later raised to Alert Level 2.[18][23][24] The emission was recorded by the seismic network of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology as an explosion that lasted for 10 minutes. No volcanic earthquakes nor other visible signs of abnormal activity were observed before the explosion.[25]

2000 eruptions

Mayon had experienced continuous emissions since 1999 and followed by a series of eruptions in the next two consecutive years.[18]

On January 5, 2000, a 5-km-high ash column was produced by an explosion. Growth of summit-crater dome and intensifying eruptions later signaled evacuations.[23]

Past emissions had led to the growth of the lava dome beginning on February 12.[24][26] On February 23, series of eruptions began.[26][27] PHIVOLCS then recommended evacuation even beyond the permanent danger zone.[24] On February 24, PHIVOLCS raised its status to the highest, Alert Level 5, with at least eight towns and one city warned of possible explosions with ash and lava flows, and several thousands forced to evacuate even outside identified danger zones.[15][24][27][28] The most violent eruptions were occurred from February 28 to March 1, and since then, declining activity was observed until April.[26][27]

NDCC reported that the 2000 eruption displaced 14,114 families (68,426 persons) and damaged at least ₱89-million worth of property and crops.[18]

2001 eruption

NDCC reported that another eruption in 2001 affected 11,529 families (56,853 persons) and damaged at least ₱48-million worth of property and crops.[18]

2006 eruptions

 
Mayon in satellite image

Mayon's 48th modern-era eruption was on July 13, 2006, followed by quiet effusion of lava that started on July 14, 2006.[17][8] Nearly 40,000 people were evacuated from the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) danger zone on the southeast flank of the volcano.[29]

After an ash explosion of September 1, 2006, a general decline in the overall activity of Mayon was established. The decrease in key parameters such as seismicity, sulfur dioxide emission rates and ground inflation all indicated a waning condition. The slowdown in the eruptive activity was also evident from the decrease in intensity of crater glow and the diminishing volume of lava extruded from the summit. PHILVOLCS Alert Level 4 was lowered to Level 3 on September 11, 2006; to Level 2 on October 3, 2006; and to Level 1 on October 25, 2006.[30]

2008 eruption

On August 10, 2008, a small summit explosion ejected ash 200 meters (660 ft) above the summit, which drifted east-northeast. In the weeks prior to the eruption,[17] a visible glow increased within the crater and increased seismicity.[31]

2009–2010 eruptions

On July 10, 2009, PHIVOLCS raised the status from Alert Level 1 (low level unrest) to Alert Level 2 (moderate unrest) because the number of recorded low frequency volcanic earthquakes rose to the same level as those prior to the 2008 phreatic explosion.[32][33]

At 5:32 a.m. on October 28, 2009, a minor ash explosion lasting for about one minute occurred in the summit crater. A brown ash column rose about 600 meters (2,000 ft) above the crater and drifted northeast. In the prior 24 hours, 13 volcanic earthquakes were recorded. Steam emission was at moderate level, creeping downslope toward the southwest. PHIVOLCS maintained the Alert Status at Level 2, but later warned that with the approach of tropical cyclone international codename Mirinae, the danger of lahars and possible crater wall collapse would greatly increase and all specified precautions should be taken.[34]

After dawn, field investigation showed ashfall had drifted southwest of the volcano. In the 24-hour period, the seismic network recorded 20 volcanic earthquakes. Alert Status was kept at Level 2.[35]

 
Mayon with ash explosion at dawn on December 18, 2009

At 8 pm on December 14, 2009, after 83 volcanic quakes in the preceding 24 hours[36] and increased sulfur dioxide emissions, PHIVOLCS raised the Alert status to Level 3.[37]

Early in the morning of December 15, 2009, a moderate ash explosion occurred at the summit crater and "quiet extrusion of lava" resulted in flows down to about 500 meters (1,600 ft) from the summit.[38] By evening, Albay Province authorities evacuated about 20,000 residents out of the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) danger zone and into local evacuation centres. About 50,000 people live within the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) zone.[39][40]

On December 17, 2009, five ash ejections occurred, with one reaching 500 meters (1,600 ft) above the summit. Sulfur dioxide emission increased to 2,758 tonnes per 24 hours, lava flows reached down to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) below the summit, and incandescent fragments from the lava pile continuously rolling down Bonga Gully reached a distance of 3–4 km below the summit. By midday, a total of 33,833 people from 7,103 families had been evacuated, 72 percent of the total number of people that needed to be evacuated, according to Albay Governor Joey Salceda.[41]

On December 20, 2009, PHIVOLCS raised Mayon's status level to alert level 4 because of an increasing lava flow in the southern portion of the volcano and an increase in sulfur dioxide emission to 750 tonnes per day. Almost 460 earthquakes in the volcano were monitored. In the border of the danger zone, rumbling sounds like thunder were heard. Over 9,000 families (44,394 people) were evacuated by the Philippine government from the base of the volcano.[42] No civilian was permitted within the 8 km danger zone, which was cordoned off by the Philippine military who actively patrolled to enforce the "no-go" rule and to ensure no damage or loss of property of those evacuated.[43]

 
Mayon erupting on December 29, 2009.

Alert level 4 was maintained as the volcano remained restive through December, prompting affected residents to spend Christmas and the New Year in evacuation centers.[44] On December 25, sulfur dioxide emissions peaked at 8,993 tons per day.[45][46] On December 28, PHIVOLCS director Renato Solidum commented on the status of the volcano, "You might think it is taking a break but the volcano is still swelling."[43] On the next day December 29, a civil aviation warning for the airspace near the summit was included in the volcano bulletins.[47] The ejected volcanic material since the start of the eruption was estimated to have been between 20 million to 23 million cubic meters of rocks and volcanic debris, compared to 50 million to 60 million cubic meters in past eruptions.[48]

On January 2, 2010, PHIVOLCS lowered the alert level of the volcano from level 4 to level 3, citing decreasing activity observed over the prior four days.[49] The state agency noted the absence of ash ejections and relative weakness of steam emissions and the gradual decrease in sulfur dioxide emissions from a maximum of 8,993 tonnes per day to 2,621 tonnes per day.[46] 7,218 families within the 7–8 km danger zones returned to their homes, while 2,728 families residing in the 4–6 km danger zone remained in the evacuation centers pending a decision to further lower the alert level.[50]

On January 13, 2010, PHIVOLCS reduced the Alert Level from 3 to 2 due to a further reduction in the likelihood of hazardous eruption.[51]

Government response

 
Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines

Albay governor Joey Salceda declared the disaster zone an 'open city' area to encourage aid from external groups. Potential donors of relief goods were not required to secure clearance from the Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council, and were coordinated directly with support groups at the local government level.[52]

The restiveness of the volcano also stimulated the tourism industry of the province. Up to 2,400 tourists per day arrived in the area in the two weeks after the volcano started erupting on December 14, filling local hotels, compared to a more modest average of 200 in the days prior. However, it was reported that some tourists lured by local "guides" ignored government warnings not to venture into the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) danger zone. "It's a big problem. I think the first violation of the zero casualty (record) will be a dead tourist," said Salceda.[53]

Speaking about thrill-seekers finding their way into the area, Salceda warned, "At the moment of the eruption, the local guides will have better chance of getting out. The helpless tourist will be left behind."[53]

International response

Following the declaration of alert level 3 for the volcano, the United States issued an advisory cautioning its nationals from traveling to Mayon. Canada and the United Kingdom also posted advisories discouraging their nationals from visiting the volcano.[54]

The United States government committed $100,000 in financial aid for the evacuees of Mayon. In cooperation with the Philippine government the assistance was delivered through the Philippine National Red Cross and other NGOs by USAID.[55]

The Albay provincial government ordered the local military to add more checkpoints, place roadblocks and arrest tourists caught traveling inside the 8-kilometer (5.0 mi) danger zone.[56]

Power and water supply were cut off within the danger zone to further discourage residents from returning. The Commission on Human Rights allowed the use of emergency measures and gave the authorities clearance to forcibly evacuate residents who refused to leave.[57]

When the alert level around the volcano was lowered from alert level 4 to alert level 3 on January 2, 2010, the Albay provincial government ordered a decampment of some 47,000 displaced residents from the evacuation centers.[58] Power and water supply in the danger zones were restored.[44] Military vehicles were used to transport the evacuees back to their homes, while food supplies and temporary employment through the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) were provided to the heads of each family.[58][59] As of January 3, 2010, the National Disaster Coordinating Council reported the overall cost of humanitarian aid and other assistance provided by the government and non-government organizations (NGOs) has reached over 61 million pesos since the start of the eruption.[60]

The United Nations World Food Programme (UN-WFP) delivered 20 tons of high energy biscuits to the evacuees to complement supplies provided by the DSWD, with more allocated from emergency food stocks intended for relief from the effects of the 2009 Pacific typhoon season.[61] When the alert level was downgraded to level 3 on January 2, 2010, UN-WFP provided three days worth of food for evacuees returning to their homes who will continue to receive supplies already set aside for them.[49]

2013 phreatic eruption

 
Mount Mayon in 2013.

On May 7, 2013, at 8 a.m. (PST), the volcano produced a surprise phreatic eruption lasting 73 seconds. Ash, steam and rock were produced during this eruption. Ash clouds reached 500 meters above the volcano's summit and drifted west southwest.[62] The event killed five climbers, of whom three were German, one was a Spaniard living in Germany,[63][64] and one was a Filipino tour guide. Seven others were reported injured.[65][66] The bodies of the hikers were soon located by the authorities.[67] However, due to rugged and slippery terrain, the hikers' remains were slowly transferred from Camp 2 to Camp 1, the site of the rescue operations at the foot of the volcano. According to Dr. Butch Rivera of Bicol Regional Training and Teaching Hospital, the hikers died due to trauma in their bodies, and suffocation.[68] Authorities were also able to rescue a Thai national who was unable to walk due to fatigue and had suffered a broken arm and burns on the neck and back.[69] Despite the eruption, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology stated that the alert level would remain at 0.[66] No volcanic earthquake activity was detected in the 24 hours prior to the eruption as no indication of further intensification of volcanic activity was observed,[70] and no evacuation was being planned.[71]

International response

The government of the United Kingdom advised its nationals to follow the advisories given by the local authorities, and respect the 6 km permanent danger zone.[72] The advisory was given a day after the May 7, 2013 phreatic explosion.[73]

2014 renewed activity

On August 12, 2014, a new 30m-50m high lava dome appeared in the summit crater. This event was preceded by inflations of the volcano (measured by precise leveling, tilt data, and GPS), and increases in sulfur dioxide gas emissions.[74] On September 14, 2014, rockfall events at the southeastern rim of the crater and heightened seismic activity caused PHIVOLCS to increase the alert level for Mayon from 2 to 3, which indicates relatively high unrest with magma at the crater, and that hazardous eruption is possible within weeks.[75]

The rockfalls and visible incandescence of the crater from molten lava and hot volcanic gas both indicated a possible incipient breaching of the growing summit lava dome.[76] On September 15, 2014, NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) detected thermal anomalies near Mayon's summit, consistent with magma at the surface.[77] On September 16, 2014, provincial governor Joey Salceda said that the government would begin to "fast-track the preparation to evacuate 12,000 families in the 6–8 km extended danger zone", and soldiers would enforce the no-go areas.[78]

On September 18, 2014, PHIVOLCS reported 142 VT earthquake events and 251 rockfall events. White steam plumes drifted to the south-southwest and rain clouds covered the summit. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission was measured at a 757 tonnes after a peak of 2,360 tonnes on September 6. Deformation (precise leveling and tiltmeters) during the 3rd week of August 2014 recorded edifice inflation.[79]

2018 activity

 
Mount Mayon erupting in the early morning of January 23, 2018.

On January 13, 2018, at 4:21 pm (PST), a phreatic eruption occurred that propelled a grayish steam and ash plume approximately 2500 meters high that drifted to the southwest side of the volcano.[80] The activity lasted approximately 1 hour and 47 minutes and traces of ash fell in Barangay Anoling, Daraga, Barangays Sua, Quirangay, Tumpa, Ilawod and Salugan of Camalig and in Barangays Tandarora, Maninila, and Travesia in Guinobatan. Sulfuric odor was noted by residents of Camalig town proper. Rumbling sounds were also heard by residents of Brgy. Anoling, Daraga and rockfall events were intermittently recorded. Faint crater glow was first observed at 10:16 pm. The event prompted PHIVOLCS-DOST to raise the Alert Level of Mayon Volcano from Alert Level 1 (abnormal) to Alert Level 2- (increasing unrest for the people's safety).[81] About 40,000 residents were displaced in the resulting evacuation.[82]

On January 14, 2018, Mayon Volcano's alert status was upgraded to Alert Level 3 (increased tendency towards a hazardous eruption) after 3 phreatic eruptions and 158 rockfall events were recorded. The summit crater also exhibited a bright glow signifying the growth of a new lava dome and the start of lava flows towards its slopes.[83]

On January 16, 2018, the province of Albay declared a state of calamity as lava flows reached the limits of the 6-kilometer evacuation zone.[84]

On January 22, 2018, Alert Level 4 was raised after Mayon spewed a 3-kilometer tall ash column at around 12:45 pm. Classes in all levels in private and public schools were suspended in the whole province of Albay. By evening, lava fountains were spewed from the crater with pyroclastic flows and ash plumes. Lava bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and rumbling sounds from the eruptions could be heard. The eruption type was classified as a Strombolian eruption.[85]

On January 23, 2018, Mayon spewed 300 to 500-meter lava fountains and ash plumes with a 4 to 5-hour interval. Lava bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the volcano could be heard. Classes in all levels, both public and private were still suspended, work in some places were suspended as well. The danger zone was expanded up to 9 kilometers despite remaining at Alert Level 4 and residents from the expanded danger zone were evacuated.[86]

On January 24, 2018, column of ashes and lava fountains were spewed again with an interval of 4 to 5 hours. Fire bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the eruptions could be heard. Classes remained suspended in some places in Albay.[87]

On January 25, 2018, column of ashes and lava fountains were spewed again. Fire bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the eruptions could be heard. The eruptions had an interval of 3 to 5 hours. Classes still remained suspended in some places in Albay.[88]

Alert Level 4 was maintained at the volcano for the rest of January and all throughout the month of February as it remained restive. On March 6, 2018, after observing a decline in volcanic activity, PHIVOLCS-DOST downgraded the alert level back to Alert Level 3. On March 29, 2018, after observing a further decline in activity, PHIVOLCS-DOST lowered the alert level back to Alert Level 2 signifying the end of Mayon's eruptive activity and the volcano's decline to a moderate level of unrest.[89]

On December 26, 2018, Mayon caused two phreatic explosions but maintains Alert Level 2.[90]

2020 crater glow

 
2020 Mayon Volcano Crater Glow

On the evening of February 4, 2020, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported to the public that the crater of Mayon Volcano showed crater glow, attributed to magma which was still present slightly underneath the surface of the volcano. Even though this phenomenon alerted the officials and the public, the Mayon Volcano remained at an Alert Level 2 out of 5.[91][92] The Alert Level 2 was lowered to Alert Level 1 on July 17, 2020.[93] And on July 30, 2021, PHIVOLCS-DOST lifted the alert level status of the volcano.[94]

2022 activity

On October 1, Mayon has released 391 tons of sulfur dioxide, and its edifice is also slightly inflated.

A faint crater glow is observed at the summit of the Mayon Volcano, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) said on Wednesday. PHIVOLCS said that it has produced one volcanic earthquake in the last 24-hour observation period. Plumes were also seen drifting west-northwest and westward.[95]

On October 7, The status of the Mayon Volcano in Albay was raised to Alert Level 2 by State volcanologists, due to exhibiting "increasing unrest" as stated.[96]

Deadly lahars

 
The church tower is what remains of the Cagsawa Church, which was damaged by the 1814 eruption of Mayon. It withstood the damage done by Typhoon Durian (Reming) in 2006.

On November 30, 2006, strong rainfall which accompanied Typhoon Durian produced lahars from the volcanic ash and boulders of the last eruption killing at least 1,266 people. The precise figure may never be known since many people were buried under the mudslides.[97] A large portion of the village of Padang (an outer suburb of Legazpi City) was covered in mud up to the houses' roofs.[98][99] Students from Aquinas University (now University of Santo Tomas-Legazpi) in Barangay Rawis, also in Legazpi, were among those killed as mudslides engulfed their dormitory. Central Legazpi escaped the mudslide but suffered from severe flooding and power cuts.

Parts of the town of Daraga were also devastated, including the Cagsawa area, where the ruins from the eruption of 1814 were partially buried once again. Large areas of Guinobatan, Albay were destroyed, particularly Barangay Maipon.

A similar post-eruption lahar occurred in October 1766, months after the July eruption of that year. The heavy rainfall also accompanying a violent typhoon carried down disintegrated fragmental ejecta, burying plantations and whole villages. In 1825, the event was repeated in Cagsawa killing 1,500 people.[100]

Monitoring

Three telemetric units are installed on Mayon's slopes, which send information to the seven seismometers in different locations around the volcano. These instruments relay data to the Ligñon Hill observatory and the PHIVOLCS central headquarters on the University of the Philippines Diliman campus.[101]

PHIVOLCS also deploys electronic distance meters (EDMs), precise leveling benchmarks, and portable fly spectrometers to monitor the volcano's daily activity.[102][103]

Mythology

 
Mayon as viewed from Sumlang Lake in Daraga in May 2020

It is said that the volcano grew from the burial grounds of lovers Magayon and Panganoron. Thus, the ancient Bicolanos named it after the legendary princess-heroine Daragang Magayon (English: Beautiful Lady). After some time, the volcano was chosen as the abode of the supreme god of the Bicolano people, Gugurang, who also chose Mayon as the repository of the sacred fire of Ibalon.[5] Numerous festivals and rituals are associated with the volcano and its landscape.[97]

Incidents and accidents

On 23 February 2023, a twin engine Cessna 340 airplane owned by the Energy Development Corporation departed Bicol International Airport in the early morning on an executive flight to the capital Manila. A few minutes after takeoff, while climbing to an altitude of 6,000 ft (1,800 m), it impacted the rocky slope of Mt Mayon located about 16 km (9.9 mi) north of the airport. The wreckage was found the next day near the crater of the volcano. The airplane disintegrated on impact and all four occupants, including two Australians, were killed.[104]

See also

   [top]

References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayon Volcano.
  • Climbing Mayon Volcano
  • Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Mayon Volcano Page
  • Mayon Volcano Observatory
  • – images by Jenny Exconde.
  • NASA Earth Observatory page
  • "Mayon". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  • Smithsonian Institution page on Mayon
  • Mocha Uson apologizes for Mayon location mistake

March 23, 2023
mayon, hamlet, united, kingdom, cornwall, central, bikol, bulkan, tagalog, bulkang, mɐjɔn, also, known, mount, volcano, spanish, monte, mayón, volcán, mayón, active, stratovolcano, province, albay, bicol, philippines, popular, tourist, spot, renowned, perfect,. For the hamlet in the United Kingdom see Mayon Cornwall Mayon Central Bikol Bulkan Mayon Tagalog Bulkang Mayon IPA mɐjɔn also known as Mount Mayon and Mayon Volcano Spanish Monte Mayon Volcan Mayon 4 is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay in Bicol Philippines A popular tourist spot it is renowned for its perfect cone because of its symmetric conical shape and is regarded as very sacred in Philippine mythology 5 MayonMayon VolcanoMount MayonBulkan Mayon Central Bikol Mayon Volcano in 2020Highest pointElevation2 463 m 8 081 ft 1 Prominence2 447 m 8 028 ft 1 ListingPhilippines highest peaks28thPhilippines ultra peaks 5thBicol highest pointActive volcanoCoordinates13 15 24 N 123 41 06 E 13 25667 N 123 68500 E 13 25667 123 68500 Coordinates 13 15 24 N 123 41 06 E 13 25667 N 123 68500 E 13 25667 123 68500GeographyMayonShow map of AlbayMayonShow map of LuzonMayonShow map of PhilippinesCountryPhilippinesRegionBicol RegionProvinceAlbayCities andmunicipalitiesList CamaligDaragaGuinobatanLegazpiLigaoMalilipotSanto DomingoTabacoGeologyAge of rock gt 20 000 years 2 hasMountain typeStratovolcanoVolcanic arc beltBicol Volcanic ChainLast eruption2019ClimbingFirst ascentScotsmen Paton amp Stewart 1858 3 The volcano with its surrounding landscape was declared a national park on July 20 1938 the first in the nation It was reclassified as a natural park and renamed the Mayon Volcano Natural Park in 2000 6 It is the centerpiece of the Albay Biosphere Reserve declared by UNESCO in 2016 7 and is currently being nominated as a World Heritage Site Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines and its activity is regularly monitored by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology PHIVOLCS from their provincial headquarters on Lignon Hill about 12 kilometers 7 5 mi from the summit 8 Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Recorded eruptions 3 1 1814 eruption 3 2 1881 1882 eruption 3 3 1897 eruption 3 4 1984 and 1993 eruptions 3 5 1999 eruption 3 6 2000 eruptions 3 7 2001 eruption 3 8 2006 eruptions 3 9 2008 eruption 3 10 2009 2010 eruptions 3 10 1 Government response 3 10 2 International response 3 11 2013 phreatic eruption 3 11 1 International response 3 12 2014 renewed activity 3 13 2018 activity 3 14 2020 crater glow 3 15 2022 activity 4 Deadly lahars 5 Monitoring 6 Mythology 7 Incidents and accidents 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksGeography Edit Mayon is shared by eight cities and municipalities of Albay province Mayon is the main landmark and highest point of the province of Albay and the whole Bicol Region in the Philippines rising 2 463 meters 8 081 ft from the shores of Albay Gulf about 10 kilometers 6 2 mi away 9 10 The volcano is geographically shared by the eight cities and municipalities of Legazpi Daraga Camalig Guinobatan Ligao Tabaco Malilipot and Santo Domingo clockwise from Legazpi which divide the cone like slices of a pie when viewing a map of their political boundaries Geology EditMayon is a classic stratovolcano with a small central summit crater It is one of the world s most symmetric volcanic cones 11 The concave profile a hyperbolic sine curve of the volcano is due to the balance between erosion and eruption defined by the angle of repose of ash The steepest upper slopes of the volcano reach an average slope gradient of 75 while the lower foot slope is only an average of 3 The volcanic crater is about 250 m in diameter At least 85 lava flows have been identified and consist mainly of lava augite hypersthene andesite generally fed from the crater Pyroclastic flows characterized as a St Vincent nuee ardente leave behind block and ash deposits and breadcrust bombs in an ash and lapilli matrix The farthest flow reached 8 5 km along Fidel Surtida Santo Domingo Mayon lahars were formed by rainstorms during eruptions or by torrential rain afterwards Averaging 230 m in height and 710 m in diameter 7 cinder cones are found on the southern and southwestern lower slopes Composed of olivine augite basalt these cones have an angle of repose of 34 with Lignon Hill as an example 12 better source needed Like other volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean Mayon is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire It is on the southeast side of Luzon The Bicol Arc is one of 7 oceanic trench subduction zones defining the Philippine Mobile Belt Volcanism in the Bicol Arc is related to the westward subduction of the Philippine Plate along the Philippine Trench The 12 active and inactive volcanoes within the arc include the Mayon Volcano Mount Bulusan Mount Isarog Mount Iriga Malinao Volcano and Mount Masaraga In general these are calc alkali basalts basaltic andesites and andesites 12 In August 2021 soils from Mayon have been found containing bacterial species with antibiotic and anti cancer properties 13 Recorded eruptions EditMayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines erupting over 47 times in the past 500 years 14 Historical observations accounted its first eruption in 1616 15 The first eruption for which an extended account exists was the six day event of July 20 1766 16 17 1814 eruption Edit An old photograph of the Cagsawa ruins with the facade still standing The church was largely destroyed during the 1814 eruption of Mayon Only the bell tower exists today Its most destructive recorded eruption occurred on February 1 1814 VEI 4 15 18 Lava flowed but less than the 1766 eruption The volcano belched dark ash and eventually bombarded the town of Cagsawa with tephra that buried it 15 18 Trees burned and rivers were certainly damaged Proximate areas were also devastated by the eruption with ash accumulating to 9 m 30 ft in depth In Cagsawa town about 1 200 locals perished in what is considered to be the most lethal eruption in Mayon s history according to PHIVOLCS 15 18 The eruption is believed to have contributed to the accumulation of atmospheric ash together with the catastrophic 1815 eruption of other volcanoes like Indonesia s Mount Tambora leading to the Year Without a Summer in 1816 19 1881 1882 eruption Edit From July 6 1881 until approximately August 1882 Mayon underwent a strong VEI 3 eruption Samuel Kneeland a naturalist professor and geologist personally observed the volcanic activity on Christmas Day 1881 about five months after the start of the activity At the date of my visit the volcano had poured out for five months continuously a stream of lava on the Legaspi side from the very summit The viscid mass bubbled quietly but grandly and overran the border of the crater descending several hundred feet in a glowing wave like red hot iron Gradually fading as the upper surface cooled it changed to a thousand sparkling rills among the crevices and as it passed beyond the line of complete vision behind the woods near the base the fires twinkled like stars or the scintillations of a dying conflagration More than half of the mountain height was thus illuminated 20 1897 eruption Edit Mount Mayon erupting on July 21 1928 Mayon s longest uninterrupted eruption occurred on June 23 1897 VEI 4 which rained fire for seven days Lava once again flowed down to civilization eleven kilometers 6 8 miles eastward the village of Bacacay was buried 15 m 49 ft beneath the lava In Santo Domingo 100 people were killed by steam and falling debris or hot rocks Other villages like San Roque Sta Misericordia and Santo Nino became deathtraps Ash was carried in black clouds as far as 160 kilometers 99 mi from the catastrophic event which killed more than 400 people 10 1984 and 1993 eruptions Edit The eruption on September 23 1984 No casualties were recorded from the 1984 eruption after more than 73 000 people were evacuated from the danger zones as recommended by PHIVOLCS scientists 21 But in 1993 pyroclastic flows killed 79 15 people mainly farmers during the eruption 22 that also forced 50 000 residents evacuated according to the Albay provincial government 18 1999 eruption Edit Mayon began its increasing activity in May 1999 with hazard status associated raised to Alert Level 1 23 24 On June 22 1999 Mayon emitted an ash column that rose to approximately 10 km above the vent the status was later raised to Alert Level 2 18 23 24 The emission was recorded by the seismic network of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology as an explosion that lasted for 10 minutes No volcanic earthquakes nor other visible signs of abnormal activity were observed before the explosion 25 2000 eruptions Edit Mayon had experienced continuous emissions since 1999 and followed by a series of eruptions in the next two consecutive years 18 On January 5 2000 a 5 km high ash column was produced by an explosion Growth of summit crater dome and intensifying eruptions later signaled evacuations 23 Past emissions had led to the growth of the lava dome beginning on February 12 24 26 On February 23 series of eruptions began 26 27 PHIVOLCS then recommended evacuation even beyond the permanent danger zone 24 On February 24 PHIVOLCS raised its status to the highest Alert Level 5 with at least eight towns and one city warned of possible explosions with ash and lava flows and several thousands forced to evacuate even outside identified danger zones 15 24 27 28 The most violent eruptions were occurred from February 28 to March 1 and since then declining activity was observed until April 26 27 NDCC reported that the 2000 eruption displaced 14 114 families 68 426 persons and damaged at least 89 million worth of property and crops 18 2001 eruption Edit NDCC reported that another eruption in 2001 affected 11 529 families 56 853 persons and damaged at least 48 million worth of property and crops 18 2006 eruptions Edit Mayon in satellite image Mayon s 48th modern era eruption was on July 13 2006 followed by quiet effusion of lava that started on July 14 2006 17 8 Nearly 40 000 people were evacuated from the 8 kilometre 5 0 mi danger zone on the southeast flank of the volcano 29 After an ash explosion of September 1 2006 a general decline in the overall activity of Mayon was established The decrease in key parameters such as seismicity sulfur dioxide emission rates and ground inflation all indicated a waning condition The slowdown in the eruptive activity was also evident from the decrease in intensity of crater glow and the diminishing volume of lava extruded from the summit PHILVOLCS Alert Level 4 was lowered to Level 3 on September 11 2006 to Level 2 on October 3 2006 and to Level 1 on October 25 2006 30 2008 eruption Edit On August 10 2008 a small summit explosion ejected ash 200 meters 660 ft above the summit which drifted east northeast In the weeks prior to the eruption 17 a visible glow increased within the crater and increased seismicity 31 2009 2010 eruptions Edit On July 10 2009 PHIVOLCS raised the status from Alert Level 1 low level unrest to Alert Level 2 moderate unrest because the number of recorded low frequency volcanic earthquakes rose to the same level as those prior to the 2008 phreatic explosion 32 33 At 5 32 a m on October 28 2009 a minor ash explosion lasting for about one minute occurred in the summit crater A brown ash column rose about 600 meters 2 000 ft above the crater and drifted northeast In the prior 24 hours 13 volcanic earthquakes were recorded Steam emission was at moderate level creeping downslope toward the southwest PHIVOLCS maintained the Alert Status at Level 2 but later warned that with the approach of tropical cyclone international codename Mirinae the danger of lahars and possible crater wall collapse would greatly increase and all specified precautions should be taken 34 After dawn field investigation showed ashfall had drifted southwest of the volcano In the 24 hour period the seismic network recorded 20 volcanic earthquakes Alert Status was kept at Level 2 35 Mayon with ash explosion at dawn on December 18 2009 At 8 pm on December 14 2009 after 83 volcanic quakes in the preceding 24 hours 36 and increased sulfur dioxide emissions PHIVOLCS raised the Alert status to Level 3 37 Early in the morning of December 15 2009 a moderate ash explosion occurred at the summit crater and quiet extrusion of lava resulted in flows down to about 500 meters 1 600 ft from the summit 38 By evening Albay Province authorities evacuated about 20 000 residents out of the 8 kilometre 5 0 mi danger zone and into local evacuation centres About 50 000 people live within the 8 kilometre 5 0 mi zone 39 40 On December 17 2009 five ash ejections occurred with one reaching 500 meters 1 600 ft above the summit Sulfur dioxide emission increased to 2 758 tonnes per 24 hours lava flows reached down to 1 500 metres 4 900 ft below the summit and incandescent fragments from the lava pile continuously rolling down Bonga Gully reached a distance of 3 4 km below the summit By midday a total of 33 833 people from 7 103 families had been evacuated 72 percent of the total number of people that needed to be evacuated according to Albay Governor Joey Salceda 41 On December 20 2009 PHIVOLCS raised Mayon s status level to alert level 4 because of an increasing lava flow in the southern portion of the volcano and an increase in sulfur dioxide emission to 750 tonnes per day Almost 460 earthquakes in the volcano were monitored In the border of the danger zone rumbling sounds like thunder were heard Over 9 000 families 44 394 people were evacuated by the Philippine government from the base of the volcano 42 No civilian was permitted within the 8 km danger zone which was cordoned off by the Philippine military who actively patrolled to enforce the no go rule and to ensure no damage or loss of property of those evacuated 43 Mayon erupting on December 29 2009 Alert level 4 was maintained as the volcano remained restive through December prompting affected residents to spend Christmas and the New Year in evacuation centers 44 On December 25 sulfur dioxide emissions peaked at 8 993 tons per day 45 46 On December 28 PHIVOLCS director Renato Solidum commented on the status of the volcano You might think it is taking a break but the volcano is still swelling 43 On the next day December 29 a civil aviation warning for the airspace near the summit was included in the volcano bulletins 47 The ejected volcanic material since the start of the eruption was estimated to have been between 20 million to 23 million cubic meters of rocks and volcanic debris compared to 50 million to 60 million cubic meters in past eruptions 48 On January 2 2010 PHIVOLCS lowered the alert level of the volcano from level 4 to level 3 citing decreasing activity observed over the prior four days 49 The state agency noted the absence of ash ejections and relative weakness of steam emissions and the gradual decrease in sulfur dioxide emissions from a maximum of 8 993 tonnes per day to 2 621 tonnes per day 46 7 218 families within the 7 8 km danger zones returned to their homes while 2 728 families residing in the 4 6 km danger zone remained in the evacuation centers pending a decision to further lower the alert level 50 On January 13 2010 PHIVOLCS reduced the Alert Level from 3 to 2 due to a further reduction in the likelihood of hazardous eruption 51 Government response Edit Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines Albay governor Joey Salceda declared the disaster zone an open city area to encourage aid from external groups Potential donors of relief goods were not required to secure clearance from the Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council and were coordinated directly with support groups at the local government level 52 The restiveness of the volcano also stimulated the tourism industry of the province Up to 2 400 tourists per day arrived in the area in the two weeks after the volcano started erupting on December 14 filling local hotels compared to a more modest average of 200 in the days prior However it was reported that some tourists lured by local guides ignored government warnings not to venture into the 8 kilometre 5 0 mi danger zone It s a big problem I think the first violation of the zero casualty record will be a dead tourist said Salceda 53 Speaking about thrill seekers finding their way into the area Salceda warned At the moment of the eruption the local guides will have better chance of getting out The helpless tourist will be left behind 53 International response Edit Following the declaration of alert level 3 for the volcano the United States issued an advisory cautioning its nationals from traveling to Mayon Canada and the United Kingdom also posted advisories discouraging their nationals from visiting the volcano 54 The United States government committed 100 000 in financial aid for the evacuees of Mayon In cooperation with the Philippine government the assistance was delivered through the Philippine National Red Cross and other NGOs by USAID 55 The Albay provincial government ordered the local military to add more checkpoints place roadblocks and arrest tourists caught traveling inside the 8 kilometer 5 0 mi danger zone 56 Power and water supply were cut off within the danger zone to further discourage residents from returning The Commission on Human Rights allowed the use of emergency measures and gave the authorities clearance to forcibly evacuate residents who refused to leave 57 When the alert level around the volcano was lowered from alert level 4 to alert level 3 on January 2 2010 the Albay provincial government ordered a decampment of some 47 000 displaced residents from the evacuation centers 58 Power and water supply in the danger zones were restored 44 Military vehicles were used to transport the evacuees back to their homes while food supplies and temporary employment through the Department of Social Welfare and Development DSWD were provided to the heads of each family 58 59 As of January 3 2010 the National Disaster Coordinating Council reported the overall cost of humanitarian aid and other assistance provided by the government and non government organizations NGOs has reached over 61 million pesos since the start of the eruption 60 The United Nations World Food Programme UN WFP delivered 20 tons of high energy biscuits to the evacuees to complement supplies provided by the DSWD with more allocated from emergency food stocks intended for relief from the effects of the 2009 Pacific typhoon season 61 When the alert level was downgraded to level 3 on January 2 2010 UN WFP provided three days worth of food for evacuees returning to their homes who will continue to receive supplies already set aside for them 49 2013 phreatic eruption Edit Mount Mayon in 2013 On May 7 2013 at 8 a m PST the volcano produced a surprise phreatic eruption lasting 73 seconds Ash steam and rock were produced during this eruption Ash clouds reached 500 meters above the volcano s summit and drifted west southwest 62 The event killed five climbers of whom three were German one was a Spaniard living in Germany 63 64 and one was a Filipino tour guide Seven others were reported injured 65 66 The bodies of the hikers were soon located by the authorities 67 However due to rugged and slippery terrain the hikers remains were slowly transferred from Camp 2 to Camp 1 the site of the rescue operations at the foot of the volcano According to Dr Butch Rivera of Bicol Regional Training and Teaching Hospital the hikers died due to trauma in their bodies and suffocation 68 Authorities were also able to rescue a Thai national who was unable to walk due to fatigue and had suffered a broken arm and burns on the neck and back 69 Despite the eruption the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology stated that the alert level would remain at 0 66 No volcanic earthquake activity was detected in the 24 hours prior to the eruption as no indication of further intensification of volcanic activity was observed 70 and no evacuation was being planned 71 International response Edit The government of the United Kingdom advised its nationals to follow the advisories given by the local authorities and respect the 6 km permanent danger zone 72 The advisory was given a day after the May 7 2013 phreatic explosion 73 2014 renewed activity Edit On August 12 2014 a new 30m 50m high lava dome appeared in the summit crater This event was preceded by inflations of the volcano measured by precise leveling tilt data and GPS and increases in sulfur dioxide gas emissions 74 On September 14 2014 rockfall events at the southeastern rim of the crater and heightened seismic activity caused PHIVOLCS to increase the alert level for Mayon from 2 to 3 which indicates relatively high unrest with magma at the crater and that hazardous eruption is possible within weeks 75 The rockfalls and visible incandescence of the crater from molten lava and hot volcanic gas both indicated a possible incipient breaching of the growing summit lava dome 76 On September 15 2014 NASA s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS detected thermal anomalies near Mayon s summit consistent with magma at the surface 77 On September 16 2014 provincial governor Joey Salceda said that the government would begin to fast track the preparation to evacuate 12 000 families in the 6 8 km extended danger zone and soldiers would enforce the no go areas 78 On September 18 2014 PHIVOLCS reported 142 VT earthquake events and 251 rockfall events White steam plumes drifted to the south southwest and rain clouds covered the summit Sulfur dioxide SO2 emission was measured at a 757 tonnes after a peak of 2 360 tonnes on September 6 Deformation precise leveling and tiltmeters during the 3rd week of August 2014 recorded edifice inflation 79 2018 activity Edit Mount Mayon erupting in the early morning of January 23 2018 On January 13 2018 at 4 21 pm PST a phreatic eruption occurred that propelled a grayish steam and ash plume approximately 2500 meters high that drifted to the southwest side of the volcano 80 The activity lasted approximately 1 hour and 47 minutes and traces of ash fell in Barangay Anoling Daraga Barangays Sua Quirangay Tumpa Ilawod and Salugan of Camalig and in Barangays Tandarora Maninila and Travesia in Guinobatan Sulfuric odor was noted by residents of Camalig town proper Rumbling sounds were also heard by residents of Brgy Anoling Daraga and rockfall events were intermittently recorded Faint crater glow was first observed at 10 16 pm The event prompted PHIVOLCS DOST to raise the Alert Level of Mayon Volcano from Alert Level 1 abnormal to Alert Level 2 increasing unrest for the people s safety 81 About 40 000 residents were displaced in the resulting evacuation 82 On January 14 2018 Mayon Volcano s alert status was upgraded to Alert Level 3 increased tendency towards a hazardous eruption after 3 phreatic eruptions and 158 rockfall events were recorded The summit crater also exhibited a bright glow signifying the growth of a new lava dome and the start of lava flows towards its slopes 83 On January 16 2018 the province of Albay declared a state of calamity as lava flows reached the limits of the 6 kilometer evacuation zone 84 On January 22 2018 Alert Level 4 was raised after Mayon spewed a 3 kilometer tall ash column at around 12 45 pm Classes in all levels in private and public schools were suspended in the whole province of Albay By evening lava fountains were spewed from the crater with pyroclastic flows and ash plumes Lava bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and rumbling sounds from the eruptions could be heard The eruption type was classified as a Strombolian eruption 85 On January 23 2018 Mayon spewed 300 to 500 meter lava fountains and ash plumes with a 4 to 5 hour interval Lava bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the volcano could be heard Classes in all levels both public and private were still suspended work in some places were suspended as well The danger zone was expanded up to 9 kilometers despite remaining at Alert Level 4 and residents from the expanded danger zone were evacuated 86 On January 24 2018 column of ashes and lava fountains were spewed again with an interval of 4 to 5 hours Fire bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the eruptions could be heard Classes remained suspended in some places in Albay 87 On January 25 2018 column of ashes and lava fountains were spewed again Fire bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the eruptions could be heard The eruptions had an interval of 3 to 5 hours Classes still remained suspended in some places in Albay 88 Alert Level 4 was maintained at the volcano for the rest of January and all throughout the month of February as it remained restive On March 6 2018 after observing a decline in volcanic activity PHIVOLCS DOST downgraded the alert level back to Alert Level 3 On March 29 2018 after observing a further decline in activity PHIVOLCS DOST lowered the alert level back to Alert Level 2 signifying the end of Mayon s eruptive activity and the volcano s decline to a moderate level of unrest 89 On December 26 2018 Mayon caused two phreatic explosions but maintains Alert Level 2 90 2020 crater glow Edit 2020 Mayon Volcano Crater Glow On the evening of February 4 2020 the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology PHIVOLCS reported to the public that the crater of Mayon Volcano showed crater glow attributed to magma which was still present slightly underneath the surface of the volcano Even though this phenomenon alerted the officials and the public the Mayon Volcano remained at an Alert Level 2 out of 5 91 92 The Alert Level 2 was lowered to Alert Level 1 on July 17 2020 93 And on July 30 2021 PHIVOLCS DOST lifted the alert level status of the volcano 94 2022 activity Edit On October 1 Mayon has released 391 tons of sulfur dioxide and its edifice is also slightly inflated A faint crater glow is observed at the summit of the Mayon Volcano the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology PHIVOLCS said on Wednesday PHIVOLCS said that it has produced one volcanic earthquake in the last 24 hour observation period Plumes were also seen drifting west northwest and westward 95 On October 7 The status of the Mayon Volcano in Albay was raised to Alert Level 2 by State volcanologists due to exhibiting increasing unrest as stated 96 Deadly lahars Edit The church tower is what remains of the Cagsawa Church which was damaged by the 1814 eruption of Mayon It withstood the damage done by Typhoon Durian Reming in 2006 On November 30 2006 strong rainfall which accompanied Typhoon Durian produced lahars from the volcanic ash and boulders of the last eruption killing at least 1 266 people The precise figure may never be known since many people were buried under the mudslides 97 A large portion of the village of Padang an outer suburb of Legazpi City was covered in mud up to the houses roofs 98 99 Students from Aquinas University now University of Santo Tomas Legazpi in Barangay Rawis also in Legazpi were among those killed as mudslides engulfed their dormitory Central Legazpi escaped the mudslide but suffered from severe flooding and power cuts Parts of the town of Daraga were also devastated including the Cagsawa area where the ruins from the eruption of 1814 were partially buried once again Large areas of Guinobatan Albay were destroyed particularly Barangay Maipon A similar post eruption lahar occurred in October 1766 months after the July eruption of that year The heavy rainfall also accompanying a violent typhoon carried down disintegrated fragmental ejecta burying plantations and whole villages In 1825 the event was repeated in Cagsawa killing 1 500 people 100 Monitoring EditThree telemetric units are installed on Mayon s slopes which send information to the seven seismometers in different locations around the volcano These instruments relay data to the Lignon Hill observatory and the PHIVOLCS central headquarters on the University of the Philippines Diliman campus 101 PHIVOLCS also deploys electronic distance meters EDMs precise leveling benchmarks and portable fly spectrometers to monitor the volcano s daily activity 102 103 Mythology Edit Mayon as viewed from Sumlang Lake in Daraga in May 2020 It is said that the volcano grew from the burial grounds of lovers Magayon and Panganoron Thus the ancient Bicolanos named it after the legendary princess heroine Daragang Magayon English Beautiful Lady After some time the volcano was chosen as the abode of the supreme god of the Bicolano people Gugurang who also chose Mayon as the repository of the sacred fire of Ibalon 5 Numerous festivals and rituals are associated with the volcano and its landscape 97 Incidents and accidents EditOn 23 February 2023 a twin engine Cessna 340 airplane owned by the Energy Development Corporation departed Bicol International Airport in the early morning on an executive flight to the capital Manila A few minutes after takeoff while climbing to an altitude of 6 000 ft 1 800 m it impacted the rocky slope of Mt Mayon located about 16 km 9 9 mi north of the airport The wreckage was found the next day near the crater of the volcano The airplane disintegrated on impact and all four occupants including two Australians were killed 104 See also Edit Volcanoes portal Philippines portalCagsawa Ruins List of volcanoes in the Philippines List of active volcanoes in the Philippines List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines List of volcanic eruptions by death toll List of protected areas of the Philippines List of Southeast Asian mountains List of mountains in the Philippines List of Ultras of the Philippines Geography of the Philippines top References Edit a b de Ferranti Jonathan Aaron Maizlish Philippine Mountains 29 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1 500 meters or greater Retrieved January 31 2011 Mirabueno M H T Okuno M Nakamura T Newhall C G Kobayashi T 2006 AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Paleosols Intercalated with Tephra Layers from Mayon Volcano Southern Luzon Philippines A Preliminary Report Bulletin of the Volcanological Society of Japan Volcanological Society of Japan 36 2 23 28 ISSN 0386 118X the oldest eruptive event must have taken place shortly before 20 cal kyr BP Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 18 9th Ed pg 749 Henry G Allen amp Company New York Salao Renzo August 31 2018 Mayon Volcano s History Has A Story To Tell Deal Grocer Retrieved August 28 2019 a b Ancient Bicolano Pantheon of Deities and Creatures Philippine Mythology The Aswang Project February 8 2016 Retrieved August 28 2019 Protected Areas in Region 5 Archived December 19 2013 at the Wayback Machine Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau Retrieved on October 15 2011 Albay United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization a b Mayon Volcano Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology Archived from the original on December 2 2008 Retrieved December 14 2009 Mayon Volcano Philippines Philippines Department of Tourism Volcano und edu Archived from the original on October 12 2007 Retrieved November 20 2007 a b David Lee 2008 Natural Disasters pp 416 417 Infobase Publishing Norini G Lagmay A M F 2005 Deformed symmetrical volcanoes Geology 33 7 605 Bibcode 2005Geo 33 605N doi 10 1130 G21565 1 a b Van Westen Cees Dayao Arlene Voskuil Robert 1994 Geomorphology of the Mayon Volcano and its Relation to Hazards pp 1 30m doi 10 13140 RG 2 2 11764 14723 Potentially antibiotic bacterial species found in Mt Mayon soils ABS CBN News August 3 2021 Retrieved August 4 2021 Oliphant Vickiie January 16 2018 Mayon volcano eruption update Will the Philippines volcano erupt Threat level RISES Express Retrieved November 30 2018 a b c d e f Mayon Volcano Retrieved May 8 2019 Ocampo Ambeth R May 7 2013 The Mayon eruption of 1814 Philippine Daily Inquirer Retrieved May 7 2013 a b c Mayon Eruptive History Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved June 25 2021 a b c d e f g h Mayon eruption first in 5 years last episode occurred in 2001 GMA News August 7 2006 Retrieved August 5 2019 contributor Gladys Pike Decatur County Bicentennial Series 1816 The Year Without a Summer Greensburg Daily News Retrieved February 15 2023 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a last has generic name help Samuel Kneeland 1888 Volcanoes and earthquakes D Lothrop Co p 116 USGS Archived from the original on July 15 2012 Retrieved June 25 2008 Ominous quiet at Mayon volcano BBC August 10 2006 Retrieved May 12 2013 a b c Report on Mayon Philippines January 2000 Global Volcanism Program January 2000 doi 10 5479 si GVP BGVN200001 273030 Retrieved August 6 2019 a b c d e Report on Mayon Philippines February 2000 Global Volcanism Program February 2000 doi 10 5479 si GVP BGVN200002 273030 Retrieved August 6 2019 Global Volcanism Program 1999 Wunderman R ed Report on Mayon Philippines Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network 24 6 doi 10 5479 si GVP BGVN199906 273030 a b c Report on Mayon Philippines April 2000 Global Volcanism Program April 2000 doi 10 5479 si GVP BGVN200004 273030 Retrieved August 5 2019 a b c Corpuz Ernesto Punongbayan Raymundo March 27 2000 The February March 2000 Mayon Eruption ReliefWeb Retrieved July 8 2019 ACT Alert Philippines No 1 2000 Mayon Volcano Eruption Alert ReliefWeb February 24 2000 Retrieved August 5 2019 Tecson Manuel August 13 2006 Philippine volcano shows signs of imminent eruption Reuters Retrieved June 25 2019 Mayon Volcano Bulletin 10 25 2006 Archived from the original on April 20 2008 Retrieved May 6 2008 Mayon Volcano Advisory Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology August 10 2008 Retrieved December 24 2009 Mayon Volcano Bulletin Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology via Google cache July 10 2009 Retrieved December 31 2009 permanent dead link Mayon in state of unrest alert level raised ABS CBN News July 10 2009 Retrieved January 1 2010 Mayon spews ash anew Volcano Monitor Philippine Daily Inquirer October 28 2009 Archived from the original on August 7 2011 Retrieved December 5 2009 Mayon Volcano Advisory November 2009 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology November 11 2009 Retrieved December 11 2009 Papa Alcuin December 15 2009 6 7 km from Mayon volcano off limits to people Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on August 7 2011 Retrieved December 15 2009 Lava flows from Mayon Volcano ABS CBN News December 15 2009 Retrieved December 24 2009 Mayon Volcano Bulletin 3 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology December 16 2009 Archived from the original on July 6 2015 Retrieved November 17 2015 20 000 Evacuated as Philippine Volcano Oozes Lava Fox News Associated Press December 15 2009 Archived from the original on October 17 2015 Retrieved June 7 2013 Residents flee as Philippines volcano threatens to erupt CNN World December 15 2009 Retrieved December 24 2009 Volcano Monitor PHIVOLCS warns Mayon to blow its top in a few weeks Philippine Daily Inquirer December 18 2009 Archived from the original on August 7 2011 Retrieved December 18 2009 Volcano spews lava as eruption looms CNN World December 22 2009 Retrieved December 24 2009 a b Inquirer Volcano Monitor 2009 12 27 Philippine Daily Inquirer December 27 2009 Archived from the original on August 7 2011 Retrieved December 27 2009 a b Papa Alcuin amp Nasol Rey M January 1 2010 Mayon quieting down Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on January 3 2010 Retrieved January 2 2010 Mayon Volcano Bulletin 13 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology December 26 2009 Archived from the original on September 29 2015 Retrieved November 17 2015 a b Mayon Volcano Bulletin 20 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology January 2 2010 Archived from the original on September 29 2015 Retrieved November 17 2015 Mayon Volcano Bulletin 16 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology December 29 2009 Archived from the original on September 29 2015 Retrieved November 17 2015 Flores Helen January 2 2010 Phivolcs may lower Mayon alert level The Philippine Star Archived from the original on September 9 2012 Retrieved January 2 2010 a b Philippine volcano calming thousands head home The Hindu Chennai India Associated Press January 2 2010 Retrieved June 7 2013 Alert level around Mayon lowered to 3 GMA News TV January 2 2010 Retrieved January 2 2010 Mayon Volcano Bulletin 31 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology January 13 2010 Archived from the original on September 29 2015 Retrieved November 17 2015 MA Loterte December 28 2009 PGMA visits Mayon evacuees assures government aid Philippine Information Agency Retrieved December 30 2009 a b Thrill seeking tourists flock to Philippine volcano Agence France Presse December 30 2009 Retrieved December 30 2009 UK Canada to nationals Stay away from Mayon Volcano GMA News December 19 2009 Retrieved January 2 2010 Zhang Xiang December 30 2009 U S provides financial aid to Mayon Volcano evacuees Xinhua News Agency Archived from the original on June 9 2011 Retrieved December 30 2009 Authorities want hardheaded Mayon tourists arrested GMA News December 28 2009 Retrieved December 30 2009 Dedace Sophia Regine December 31 2009 Albay govt to cut power in Mayon danger zones GMA News Retrieved December 31 2009 a b Recuenco Aaron B January 2 2010 Worst is over at Mayon Manila Bulletin Archived from the original on June 7 2011 Jerusalem Evelyn E Mayon evacuees avails of the cash for work project Department of Social Welfare and Development Retrieved January 2 2010 dead link Rabonza Glenn J January 3 2010 NDCC Update Sitrep No 22 re Mayon Volcano PDF National Disaster Coordinating Council Archived from the original PDF on July 4 2011 Retrieved January 3 2010 UN WFP sends aid for Mayon Volcano evacuees Philippine Information Agency December 29 2009 Retrieved January 1 2010 Mayon Volcano Advisory 07 May 2013 8 30 am Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology May 7 2013 Archived from the original on January 23 2018 Retrieved May 7 2013 Bodies of 4 Mayon volcano hikers arrive in Manila InterAksyon com Archived from the original on June 18 2013 Vulkanausbruch auf den Philippinen Leichen deutscher Bergsteiger am Vulkan Mayon geborgen stern de Philippine volcano Mount Mayon in deadly eruption BBC News Asia May 7 2013 Retrieved May 7 2013 a b Aaron B Recuenco May 7 2013 Death toll at Mayon rises to five seven injured Manila Bulletin Retrieved May 7 2013 Bodies of 5 missing hikers spotted in Mayon Volcano Interaksyon May 8 2013 Archived from the original on May 17 2013 Retrieved May 8 2013 Rescuers unable to bring down remains of 5 Mayon mountaineers Philippines News Agency Interaksyon May 9 2013 Archived from the original on June 9 2013 Retrieved May 9 2013 Last Thai survivor rescued from Mayon Philippines News Agency Interaksyon May 8 2013 Archived from the original on May 11 2013 Retrieved May 9 2013 5 dead 7 hurt in Mayon Volcano ash eruption The Philippine Star May 7 2013 Retrieved May 7 2013 Mayon Volcano Erupts Spewing Rocks And Ash And Killing 5 Climbers in Philippines The Huffington Post Associated Press May 6 2013 Retrieved May 7 2013 UK urged citizens to heed warnings on Mayon SunStar May 8 2013 Archived from the original on June 28 2013 Retrieved May 9 2013 UK tells nationals in PHL to follow authorities advice on Mayon GMA News GMA News and Public Affairs May 8 2013 Retrieved May 9 2013 PHIVOLCS Mayon volcano bulletin of Friday 15 August 2014 06 49 local time Archived January 25 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 15 2014 PHIVOLCS Mayon volcano bulletin of Friday 15 September 2014 14 02 local time Archived January 25 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 15 2014 Global Volcanism Program Report on Mayon Philippines March 2016 volcano si edu doi 10 5479 si gvp bgvn201603 273030 Retrieved June 1 2022 MODVOLC detection of MODIS band 21 thermal pixels at Mayon s summit Retrieved September 19 2014 Reuters news article Retrieved September 16 2014 Mayon volcano bulletin of Friday 18 August 2014 08 00 local time Archived February 13 2019 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 18 2014 Filipina Tingkatkan Status Gunung Mayon Warga Dievakuasi Okezone January 14 2018 Retrieved January 18 2022 Mayon Volcano Bulletin 14 January 2018 12 30 AM Retrieved January 14 2017 Mayon volcano alert raised again hazardous eruption believed imminent NBC News January 23 2018 Retrieved January 24 2018 Alert Level 3 raised over Mount Mayon Philippine province declares calamity as volcano lava spreads Reuters January 16 2018 PHIVOLCS raises alert level 4 over Mayon Volcano CNN Philippines January 22 2018 WATCH Mayon Volcano spews lava anew ABS CBN News January 22 2018 Phivolcs warns Intense rain could trigger lahar flows from Mayon Retrieved February 15 2023 Mayon Volcano Bulletin 25 January 2018 8 00AM Mayon Volcano Bulletin 29 March 2018 08 00AM Alert level 2 still up over Mayon Volcano after volcanic earthquake Philstar com Retrieved February 15 2023 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology February 5 2020 MAYON VOLCANO BULLETIN 05 February 2020 08 00 A M Retrieved February 1 2021 Dyan Zarzuela February 6 2020 LOOK PHIVOLCS Reports Mayon Volcano Crater Glow COSMO PH Retrieved February 1 2021 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology July 17 2020 MAYON VOLCANO BULLETIN 17 July 2020 09 30 A M Retrieved June 12 2021 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology July 30 2021 MAYON VOLCANO BULLETIN 30 July 2021 08 00 A M Retrieved July 30 2021 Mayon shows faint crater glow INQUIRER net October 6 2022 Retrieved October 7 2022 Cabico Gaea Katreena Mayon Volcano s alert status raised to level 2 Philstar com Retrieved October 7 2022 a b England Vaudine December 14 2009 Mount Mayon a tale of love and destruction BBC News Retrieved December 25 2009 Typhoon sends red hot boulders into villages CNN com archived from the original on January 25 2008 Yahoo News Retrieved June 25 2008 dead link Maso Saderra 1902 Seismic and Volcanic Centers of the Philippine Archipelago pp 13 14 Bureau of Public Printing Manila Oliphant Vickiie January 25 2018 Mayon volcano map Where is Mount Mayon in Philippines Volcano ERUPTS Express co uk Retrieved February 15 2023 Nasol Rey M December 27 2009 Mayon instruments intact despite eruption Philippine Daily Inquirer Archived from the original on December 27 2009 Retrieved December 30 2009 Dedace Sophia R December 30 2009 Mayon watch An inside look at the Phivolcs headquarters GMA News Retrieved December 30 2009 Passengers of crashed Cessna plane on Mayon confirmed dead Philstar com February 23 2023 Retrieved February 24 2023 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint url status link External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayon Volcano Climbing Mayon Volcano Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology PHIVOLCS Mayon Volcano Page Mayon Volcano Observatory Majestic Mt Mayon Cagsawa Ruin Park images by Jenny Exconde NASA Earth Observatory page Mayon Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution Retrieved June 25 2021 Smithsonian Institution page on Mayon Mocha Uson apologizes for Mayon location mistake Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mayon amp oldid 1142531918, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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