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List of national instruments (music)

October 31, 2023

For the company, see National Instruments.

This list contains musical instruments of symbolic or cultural importance within a nation, state, ethnicity, tribe or other group of people.

In some cases, national instruments remain in wide use within the nation (such as the Puerto Rican cuatro), but in others, their importance is primarily symbolic (such as the Welsh triple harp). Danish ethnologist Lisbet Torp has concluded that some national instrument traditions, such as the Finnish kantele, are invented, pointing to the "influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas".[1] Governments do not generally officially recognize national instruments; some exceptions being the Paraguayan harp,[2] the Japanese koto[3] and the Trinidadian steelpan.[4]

This list compiles instruments that have been alleged to be a national instrument by any of a variety of sources, and an instrument's presence on the list does not indicate that its status as a national instrument is indisputable, only that its status has been credibly argued. Each instrument on this list has a Hornbostel-Sachs number immediately below it. This number indicates the instrument's classification within the Hornbostel-Sachs system (H-S), which organizes instruments numerically based on the manner in which they produce sound.[5]

Images and recordings are supplied where available; note that there are often variations within a national musical tradition, and thus the images and recordings may not be accurate in depicting the entire spectrum of the given nation's music, and that some images and recordings may be taken from a region outside the core of the national instrument's home when such distinctions have little relevance to the information present in the image and recordings. A number of countries have more than one instrument listed, each having been described as a national instrument, not usually by the same source; neither the presence of multiple entries for one nation, nor for multiple nations for one instrument, on this list is reflective of active dispute in any instance. Alternative names and spellings are given. These mostly come from alternative spellings within English or alternative methods of transliterating from a foreign language to English, such as the Chinese yangqin, also transliterated yang ch'in and yang qin. Others reflect regions or subcultures within a given nation, such as the Australian didgeridoo which is or has been called didjeridu, yidaki, yiraki, magu, kanbi and ihambilbilg in various Australian Aboriginal languages. All non-English words are italicized.

Nation Instrument Description
Recording 		H-S number Image
Afghanistan rubab[6][7]
rabab 		Short-necked three-stringed lute with sympathetic and drone strings, fretted and plucked with a plectrum, with a double-chambered body, the lower part of which is covered in skin, and with three main strings 321.321-6
Albania Çiftelia
Gajde
Lahuta
Arab oud[8]
 Pear-shaped fretless stringed instrument, with five courses of two strings and a single eleventh string, a bent back and a bowl-shaped body, often with up to three soundholes, played with a pick 321.321-6
Argentina bandoneón[9][10]
 Button accordion with a box shape, played with both hands using buttons that produce two sets of notes per hand 412.132
Argentina guitar[11][12]
 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and a soundboard 321.322
Armenia duduk[7]
daduk 		Double-reed pipe with wide reeds made from pieces of cane in a duckbill-type assembly, generally diatonic and with a single octave range 421.211.12
Australian, Indigenous didgeridoo[13][14]
didjeridu, yidaki, yiraki, magu, kanbi, ihambilbilg 		Straight trumpet without fingerholes, traditionally made from a trunk or thick branch of a tree, sometimes with a rim of beeswax around the blowing end, requires circular breathing 423.121.11
Austria,

Czechia

Bock[15]
Bockpfeife 		Use of goatskins in constructing the bag, similar to the common use of other goat-terms for bagpipes in other nations 422.112.2-62
+
422.221.1-621
Azerbaijan balaban[16][17]
 Set of cylindrical shawm-like instruments, with an air reservoir like a bagpipe 422.121-62
Baganda peoples of Uganda endongo[18]
 Bowl lyre made of lizardskin with strings tied to a piece of wood inserted into two holes on two arms 321.21
Balochs suroz[19]
 Bowed string instrument with a long neck, similar to a fiddle or sarangi and played vertically 321.322 —
Bangladesh dotara[20]
 Small stringed instrument, with plucked metal strings, elongated belly as soundboard and narrow neck ending in a pegbox, decorated with carvings of animals and covered with skin 321.322
Bashkir kurai[21][22]
 Long open endblown flute with five fingerholes 421.111.12
Basotho lesiba[23]
 Stringed instrument, blown rather than plucked or strummed, with a single string and tuning noose attached both to a bow and a feather quill, with a frame made from a coconut shell 311.121.222
Bavaria zither[24][25]
Volkszither 		Stringed instrument with a soundbox, with strings stretched across it, originally with four melody strings and no more than fifteen accompaniment strings 314.122
Bhutan dranyen[26]
dranyen, dramnyen 		Seven-stringed lute, fretless, long-necked and double-waisted with rosette-shaped sound hole 321.321
Bolivia charango[27]
charanga 		Fretted, hollow-bodied bowl lute, usually with four or five doubled strings, with as many as eleven tunings, traditionally made from an armadillo shell 321.321-6
Brazil guitar[28]
violão 		Fretted six-stringed instrument with a soundboard and a hollow body, originally with steel strings, but now more commonly with nylon 321.322
Brazil berimbau[29]
 Single-stringed musical bow
Toque de Angola on unaccompanied berimbauⓘ 		311.121.221
Brazil pandeiro[30]
 Handheld frame drum with metal jingles (platinelas) attached, tuned through adjusting the tension of the head, can also be shaken or rasped 211.311
+
112.122
Bulgaria gaida[31]
 Bagpipe with three types of chanters, one a simple reed, open at one end, another a small, conical tube with eight fingerholes, one of which is the flea-hole (a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half-step), and the last is a long, no-holed drone 422.22-62
China guqin[32][33]
qin 		A plucked seven-string zither with open strings and a range of about four octaves 312.22
China guzheng[34]
zheng, gu-zheng 		Half-tube zither, rectangular with three sound holes on the bottom, now with twenty-one strings most typically, pentatonic tuning, strings are plucked by hand 312.22-5
China pipa[35]
 Pear-shaped bowl lute with a neck, played by plucking 321.321-5
China yangqin[7]
yang ch'in, yang qin 		Hammered dulcimer, with a trapezoidal sounding board and traditionally bronze strings, struck with rubber-tipped bamboo hammers 314.122-4
Colombia cuatro[36]
 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and with four strings 321.322
Colombia Tiple Colombiano[37]
 Small guitar-like fretted instrument with twelve strings arranged in four triple-strung courses. 321.322
Costa Rica marimba[38]
 Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators, two sets of overlapping keys, struck with mallets 111.222-4
Corsica cetera
ceterina, cetara 		A musical instrument of the cittern family, common in Corsica. 111.224-4
Crete lyra[39]
 Three-stringed fretted, pear-shaped instrument with a hollow body and a vaulted back, propped up on the knee 321.21
Croatia tamburica and Lijerica[40][41]
tamburitza 		Lute-like stringed instrument with a long neck, picked or strummed, variable number of strings 321.321
Cuba tres[42]
 Guitar-like instrument with a neck and three courses of two strings each 321.322
Dagara peoples of Ghana gyil[43]
 Xylophone-like calabash gourd with holes covered in spider silk, wooden frame, struck with a hammer 111.222-4
Ecuador rondador[44][45]
 Set of chorded bamboo panpipes that produces two tones simultaneously, consisting of pieces of cane, placed side by side in order by size and closed at one end, played by blowing across the top of the instrument 421.112.11
Egypt, Ancient harp[46]
 Open harp, used in widely varying forms, though originally semi-circular and with five to seven strings, number of strings increased over time, while the size decreased 322.12
Egypt, Ancient sistrum[47]
 U-shaped frame drum with small rings that make sound when shaken 112.112
England English concertina[7]
 A small free reed instrument, usually hexagonal in shape. The instrument is played by moving bellows between the hands to blow air over reeds, each note being sounded by a button. 412.132
England Northumbrian smallpipes[48]
 Bellows-blown bagpipes from North East England consisting of a single chanter (generally with keys) and usually four drones. 422.112
Etruria kithara[49]
 Stringed instrument with a deep soundbox made of two tables, connected by ribs, with strings attached to a tuning bar, played with a plectrum 321.22
Finland kantele[1][50][51][52][53]
kannel 		Zither–harp, traditionally with five strings, now with up to thirty, held in the lap 314.122
Finland, especially Swedish-speaking Finns violin[53][54]
 Four stringed instrument, bowed, hourglass-shape and an arched top and back
chords on a violinⓘ 		321.322
Fula tambin[55][56]
sereendu, fulannu 		Diagonal diatonic flute without a bell, made from a conical vine, with three finger-holes and a rectangular embouchere with two wings on either side 411.111.22
Galicia gaita[57][58]
gaita de fole, gaita galega 		Diatonic bagpipe with a conical chanter and at least one bass drone, used to accompany both spiritual and secular, as well as lyric and dance music, usually accompanied by a drum (tambour) 422.211.2-62
Germany waldzither[59]
German lute, also applied to the lute guitar 		Cittern with nine steel strings; tuned C, G G, C C, E E, G G; famous for allegedly been played by Martin Luther at the Wartburg 321.322
Greece, Ancient aulos[60]
auloi 		Highly variant double-shawm with a cylindrical bore 422.121
Greece, Ancient lyre[61][62]
 Stringed instrument, strummed with a plectrum, with the free hand silencing unwanted strings, traditionally made from a tortoise shell 321.21
Greece, Modern bouzouki[1]
 String instrument with a pear-shaped body and a long neck, played with plectrum 321.321
Guatemala marimba[63][64]
 Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators, struck with mallets, with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale 111.222-4
Hawaii ukulele[65]
 String instrument derived from the Portuguese braguinha, from the Hawaiian uku lele, jumping flea, referring to the swift fingerwork the instrument requires
chords on a ukuleleⓘ 		321.322
Hungary cimbalom[66]
czimbalom, cymbalom, cymbalum, ţambal, tsymbaly, tsimbl, santouri, santur 		Chromatic hammered dulcimer with four legs 314.122-4
India saraswati veena[67]
vina 		Semitonically fretted lute with a long, cylindrical shape, resting on two gourds 311.222
Indonesia angklung[68][69]
 Two bamboo tubes, closed at one end and with tongues, attached to a square frame, played by shaking from side to side, causing the tongues to vibrate 112.122
Iran tar[70]
 The musical instrument, which has 6 wires and is the main instrument in traditional Iranian music, is produced by Mazzrab. 314.122-4
Ireland Irish Harp (Cruit or Cláirseach)
 Polychord wire-strung harp with a fore-pillar 322.221
Ireland Great Irish Warpipes Píob Mhór
 In modern times this instrument is essentially identical to the Great Highland Bagpipe {{{Number}}}
Ireland Uilleann Pipes Píobaí Uilleann, Union Pipes
 Pump blown Bagpipe {{{Number}}}
Israel kinnor[71]
David's harp 		Biblically described historic instrument, probably a cithara; in modern Hebrew, refers to the violin 321.22
Italy mandolin[72]
 Stringed instrument
Mandolin performanceⓘ 		321.321
Japan koto[73]
 Long and hollow thirteen-stringed instrument 312.22-7
Jewish shofar[74]
 Horn, flattened by heat and hollowed, used for more religious than purely secular purposes, made from the horn of an animal, most typically a ram or kudu 423.121.1
Kazakhstan dombra[75][76]
 Fretted, long-necked lute with a round body, played by plucking with a plectrum 321.321-6
Kenya nyatiti[77][78][79]
 3-foot-long (0.91 m) harp, plucked with both hands, made of wood and goat or antelope skin 321.21-5
Khoikhoi goura[80]
 Single stringed instrument, blown rather than plucked or strummed, with the string attached to a coconut shell resonator and with a tension noose wrapped around the string to adjust the pitch 311.121.222 —
Korea gayageum[81][82]
kayagum, kayago 		zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings. 312.22-5
Kyrgyzstan komuz[83][84]
 Three-stringed fretless lute, made from wood with gut strings 321.321
Lanna (Northern Thailand) pin pia[85]
 Chest-resonated stick zither with two to five strings 311.221 —
Laos khene[86]
khaen 		Mouth organ with bamboo tubes, attached in pairs to the mouthpiece, and with fixed free reeds 412.132
Latvia kokles[87][88]
kūkles 		Diatonic, lute-like string instrument 314.122
Lebanon darbuka[89]
debakeh 		Goblet-shaped hand drum 211.261.21
Lithuania birbyne[90]
 Aerophone, can be single- or double-reed, with or without a mouthpiece 422
Lithuania kanklė[91]
 Stringed instrument 314.122
Lobi peoples of Ghana gyil[43]
 Keyed calabash gourds with holes covered in spider silk, wooden frame 111.222-4
Madagascar valiha[92][93]
 Tubular zither 312.11
Mandinka of West Africa balo[94][95]
balafon, bala, balafo, bala, balaphone, balaphon, balaphong, balphone, balangi, balani, gyil 		Set of wooden pieces, mounted on gourds, in a frame and played using two rubber-tipped mallets, held in hands with iron cylinders and rings attached to add a jingling sound 111.212
+
112.111 		—
Maroons of Jamaica abeng[96]
 Aerophone made from the end of a cow horn with the tip broken off on the side, which is blown into 423.122.2
Mexico marimba[97]
 Xylophone-like instrument with wooden square tubes resonators, struck with mallets, with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale 111.222-4
Mongolia morin khuur[98][99]
horse-head fiddle, igil 		Two-stringed instrument, held between the legs, with a trapezoidal body and a horse's head typically carved on the upper edge of the pegbox 321.322
Montenegro gusle[100]
 Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg 321.321-71
Myanmar saung-gauk[101]
saung, Burmese harp 		Arched harp with sixteen strings, attached to the harp with red cotton tassels 322.11
Nepal madal[102]
 Double-headed cylindrical drum, slightly bulging at the waist, held horizontally and played double-handed 211.212.1
Netherlands fiddle[103]
 Four-stringed instrument, bowed 321.322
Nicaragua marimba[104]
 Xylophone-like instrument with gourd resonators 111.222-4
Norway Hardingfele[50][105][106]
Hardanger fiddle 		Ornately decorated fiddle with four main strings and four resonating strings beneath them, which are not touched by the bow 321.322-71
Norway langeleik[50]
 Rectangular zither with five or six strings, one melody string and several drone strings 314.122
Pakistan Daf[107]
dafli, dap, def, tef, defi, gaval, duf, duff, dof 		It is a Pakistani version of frame drum musical instrument 211.311
Paraguay harp, Paraguayan[108][109][110]
 Diatonic harp with 32, 36, 38 or 40 strings, made from tropical wood and with songs in the Guarani language, with an exaggerated neck-arch, played with the fingernail 322.211


Peru cajón[111][112]
 Wooden box with a hole in one side, derived from containers used to transport agricultural products by portworkers 111.221
Peru charango[113]
charanga, chillador 		Guitar-like instrument, most commonly with ten strings in two courses and made from an armadillo back 321.321-6
Philippines Kudyapi[114]
 rondalla plucked chordophone with 14 strings tuned F# B E A D G. 321.321
Polynesia nose flute[115]
 Flute, made from a single piece of bamboo, with three holes to blow into from the nostrils, with fingerholes 421.111.22
Portugal Portuguese guitar[116]
 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body 321.322
Puerto Rico cuatro[117]
 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body, derived from the Spanish tiple and other stringed instruments, made from carved wood with strings (ten, in five sets of two) of leather strips or dried animal gut 321.322
Rome, Ancient tibiae[118]
aulos (Greek name) 		Double-reed shawm, played paired 422.122
Russia Garmon[119]
 Garmon, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow
chords on an accordionⓘ 		412.132
Russia balalaika[7]
 Family of triangle-shaped lute-type instruments 321.32
Russia gusli[120]
 Zither-like instrument with between eleven and thirty-six strings, tuned diatonically 314.122
Russia spoons[121]
 Painted wooden teaspoons, used as a percussion instrument 111.141
Ryukyus of Japan sanshin[122]
 Three stringed banjo-like instrument, covered with snakeskin 321.312-6
Sakha khomus[123]
 jaw harp, made from a reed attached to a frame, plucked 121.221
Scotland bagpipe, highland[1][124][125]
 Bagpipe with a chanter, blowpipe, two tenor drones and a bass drone 422.112.2-62
+
422.221.1-621
Serbia Accordion[126]
 Accordion, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow
chords on an accordionⓘ 		412.132
Serbia frula[127]
svirala, jedinka 		End-blown wooden flute with six fingerholes 421.211.12
Serbia gajda[31]
Surle 		Bagpipe with three types of chanters, one a simple reed, open at one end, another a small, conical tube with eight fingerholes, one of which is the flea-hole (a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half-step), and the last is a long, no-holed drone 422.22-62
Serbia gusle[128]
 Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg
Serbian gusleⓘ 		321.321-71
Slovakia fujara[129][130]
 Endblown long bass diatonic fipple flute 421.211.12
Slovenia accordion[131]
 Accordion, bellow-driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flow
chords on an accordionⓘ 		412.132
South Africa lesiba
rattle stick 		The lesiba, and gora or goura, are members of a class of "unbraced mouth-resonated bow[s]" with a flattened quill attached to a long string, stretched over a hard stick, acting as the main source of vibration 423.121.12 —
Spain guitar[12][132]
 Fretted stringed instrument, long-necked with a flat soundboard and back, and incurved sides 321.322
Sweden drejelire[50][53]
 Hurdy-gurdy that uses a rosined wheel to create sound 321.322-72
Sweden nyckelharpa[50][133]
 Bowed keyed fiddle 321.322-71
Swedish Estonia talharpa[134]
 Bowed lyre with no fingerboard 321.22-71
Switzerland alphorn[135][136]
 Long wooden conical trumpet, bent at the end, with turned boxwood mouthpieces, traditionally used by herdsmen 423.121.12
Trinidad and Tobago steelpan[4][137][138]
 Barrel-shaped percussion instruments, tuned chromatically, originally made from discarded 55 gallon drums 111.241.2
Turkey saz[139][140]
bağlama, kopuz 		Fretted lute with a long neck, pear-shaped body, and three courses of seven steel strings 321.321-6
Turkmenistan dutar[141]
 Plucked string instrument with two strings and a long neck, strummed or plucked 321.322
Tuva igil[142]
Horse-head fiddle 		Small fiddle 321.322
Tuva khomus[143]
 Jaw harp, made from a reed attached to a frame, plucked 121.221
Tuva morin khuur[142]
Horse-head fiddle 		Large fiddle with a wooden sound box and two strings attached to tuning pegs in the neck 321.322
Ukraine bandura[144]
 Diatonic, unfretted lute-like string instrument, traditionally carved from a single block of wood 321.321
United States Appalachian dulcimer[145][146]
dulcimer, mountain dulcimer, lap dulcimer, fretted dulcimer, dulcimore, et al. 		Fretted string instrument of the zither family, typically with three or four strings, originally played in the Appalachian region of the United States. The body extends the length of the fingerboard, and its fretting is generally diatonic. 321.312-5
United States banjo[147][148]
 Membrane-topped four or five string fretted instrument, plucked or strummed with fingers or a plectrum. Probably African American in origin. 321.312-5
Uzbekistan doira[149]
 Round, flat drum with shakers made of metal inside and a horse-skin head 211.311
+
112.113
Uzbekistan karnay[150][151]
 Long brass trumpet with a mouthpiece 423.121.12
Venezuela cuatro[36][152][153]
 Guitar-like lute with four strings, usually strummed 321.322
Venezuela harp, Venezuelan[153]
 Diatonic harp, with an exaggerated neck arch, similar to the Paraguayan harp 322.211
Vietnam đàn bầu[154]
 321.22
Wales crwth[154]
 Six-stringed instrument with a flat fingerboard, fretless 321.22
Wales harp, triple[155][156][157]
telyn 		Harp with no blades or levers, with three rows of strings, the outer two tuned in a diatonic scale and the inner one tuned to the extra semitones of the chromatic scale 322.212.1
Yugoslavia gusle[158]
 Stringed instrument, round, typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg
Serbian gusleⓘ 		321.321-71
Zimbabwe mbira[159][160]
thumb piano 		Plucked lamellophone, consisting of staggered keys attached to a board, with a halved calabash gourd as resonator 122.12

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Grahn, Göran (April 1999). "Review of Musikkens Tjenere - Instrument - Forsker - Musiker by Mette Müller and Lisbet Torp". The Galpin Society Journal. 52: 367–368. doi:10.2307/842547. JSTOR 842547. One of the most interesting articles is that by Lisbet Torp about invented traditions in creating a national instrument, such as the Highland bagpipe in Scotland, the kantele in Finland, the bouzouki in Greece etc. She takes the reader through a tour of Europe, in a journey through time and space, beginning in the British Isles at the end of the 18th century with the Irish harp and the Scottish highland bagpipe. She then points to the influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas. The conclusion is that Denmark never developed any national instrument, though, 'at the beginning of the 20th century, the prehistoric bronze lurs were treated as a national symbol.'
  2. ^ (PDF). Quad City Arts. October 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-23. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  3. ^ . KotoWorld. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  4. ^ a b Dudley, Shannon; Stuempfle, Stephen (Spring–Summer 1998). "Review of The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago by Stephen Stuempfle". Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 42 (2): 366–368. doi:10.2307/3113905. JSTOR 3113905. (The book) uses an appropriate approach for the first major work on Trinidad and Tobago's national instrument.
  5. ^ von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". Galpin Society Journal. Galpin Society. 14: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. JSTOR 842168.
  6. ^ Doubleday, Veronica (2000). "Afghanistan: Red Light at the Crossroads". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. pp. 3–7. ISBN 1-85828-636-0. Afghans have a special feeling for the rubab, describing it as the 'lion' of instruments and their 'national instrument'.
  7. ^ a b c d e ARC music; Peter McClelland. "Glossary of Folk Instruments". Hobgoblin Music. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
  8. ^ Project Results (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved December 26, 2007. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ Peiro, Teddy; Jan Fairley (2000). "Argentina: Vertical Expression of Horizontal Desire". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides Ltd. p. 305. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
  10. ^ Troop, William (2007). "Global Hit: Dino Saluzzi" (mp3). The World. PRI. Retrieved December 17, 2007. (Dino Saluzzi) is a master of Argentina's national instrument, the button accordion known as the bandoneon.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ Fink, Michael (February 2, 2003). . Archived from the original (program notes) on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Another folk element is a reference to the guitar, considered a national instrument associated with the gauchos of the Pampas region.
  12. ^ a b Pinnell, Richard T.; Ricardo Zavadivker (1993). The Rioplatense Guitar. Bold Strummer. ISBN 0-933224-42-7.
  13. ^ Neuenfeldt, Karl; Cited to Moyle, 1981 (see Further reading) (1998). "The Quest for a "Magical Island": The Convergence of the Didjeridu, Aboriginal Culture, Healing and Cultural Politics in New Age Discourse" (Reprint). Social Analysis. 42 (2): 73–102. Retrieved December 17, 2007. It has not been a national instrument until quite recently, the previous range was primarily in the northern third of the continent.
  14. ^ Breen, Marcus (2000). Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 11. ISBN 1-85828-636-0. The aura and resonance of the continent the instrument carries means the didgeridoo will never lose its place as the instrument that best reflects the Aboriginals' 50,000 years of tradition and experience.
  15. ^ Lughofer, Rudolf; Wagner, Gotthard (2014). Grenzenlos - die Wiederkehr des Dudelsacks: Gedanken und Fakten über ein europäisches Instrument. Weitra, Austria: Bibliothek der Provinz. ISBN 978-3-99028-407-0.
  16. ^ Heumann, Michael (August 16, 2004). "Azerbaijan". Almaty or Bust!. Stylus Magazine. Retrieved December 26, 2007. (T)he Azeri national instrument is a type of bagpipe called a balaban.
  17. ^ Umid, Aysel; Translated by Afina Yagizarova. "Guba: Music". Azerbaijan: The Land of Arts. TUTU Children's Cultural Center. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  18. ^ Wachsmann, Klaus (1964). "The Migration of Musical Instruments: Human Migration and African Harps". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 16: 84–88. doi:10.2307/835087. JSTOR 835087.
  19. ^ Badalkhan, Sabir (October 2003). "Balochi Oral Tradition". Oral Tradition. 18 (2): 229–235. doi:10.1353/ort.2004.0049. S2CID 162760376. Notwithstanding the emergence of a strong nationalistic feeling among the Baloch population both in Iran and Pakistan, the existence of pahlawan (professional singers of verse narratives), and the love for suroz (a bowed instrument played as an accompaniment to narrative songs and considered to be the national instrument of the Baloch) among the educated classes, there seems to be no future for the oral tradition in Balochistan.
  20. ^ Begum, Rumena Mohima. "Musicians Stories". World on Your Street. BBC. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The dotara is the national instrument of Bangladesh.
  21. ^ Seryogina, Olesya (October 24, 2007). . Culture. BASHvest. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Music performed on this wonderful Bashkir national instrument is understandable and dear to all.
  22. ^ Belaiev, Victor (1963). "The Formation of Folk Modal Systems". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. International Council for Traditional Music. 15: 4–9. doi:10.2307/836227. JSTOR 836227.
  23. ^ "Traditional Music & Dance". The Drum Cafe. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Discover the sounds of the lesiba, the Basotho national instrument with its harsh, bird-like sounds.
  24. ^ Grove, George (1954). Dictionary of Music and Musicians. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1-147-22765-9. The zither may be considered the national instrument of Bavaria
  25. ^ "The Concert Zither: A Brief History". Zithers-USA. Zither Newsletter USA. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  26. ^ Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham (2000). World Music. James McConnachie. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
  27. ^ Baumann, Max Peter (1997). "Review of Bolivie: Charangos et guitarrillas du Norte Potosi by Florindo Alvis and Jean-Marc Grassler". Yearbook for Traditional Music. 29 (1997): 200–201. doi:10.2307/768327. JSTOR 768327. S2CID 192949503. Among chordophones, the charango has become the Bolivian national instrument par excellence.
  28. ^ "Chamber Recital Programme". The Annual Glebe Music Festival. Glebe Music Festival. November 25, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Born in Brazil, Murilo Tanouye began his musical pursuit by learning Jazz and Bossa Nova (sic) on the guitar, his country's national instrument.
  29. ^ Graham, Richard (Spring–Summer 1991). "Technology and Culture Change: The Development of the "Berimbau" in Colonial Brazil". Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana. University of Texas Press. 12 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/780049. JSTOR 780049. Although this metamorphosis insured the emerging berimbau a higher social status as a Brazilian national instrument.
  30. ^ Ya Salaam, Kalamu. "When Brazil Came Calling" (Reprint). The New Black Magazine. Kalamu. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
  31. ^ a b "Bagpipes: A blast from the past". Independent.ie. November 30, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
  32. ^ "The Qin". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Endowed with cosmological and metaphysical significance and empowered to communicate the deepest feelings, the qin is the most prestigious of China's instruments.
  33. ^ Beijing Review, Issues 27-52. Beijing Review, original from the University of Michigan. 1981. p. 30.
  34. ^ "Dong Yi in Zheng Recital at the Great Hall of the People". Link Chinese. Retrieved December 21, 2007. As the most popular national instrument in China, zheng (also known as gu-zheng) is one of the eldest Chinese string instruments with a history of at least 2,500 years.
  35. ^ Millward, James. "From Camelback to Carnegie Hall: the Global Journey and Modern Makeover of the Pipa". AAS Annual Meeting. Retrieved December 22, 2007. I note the irony of this transformation: the modernization of the pipa as a Chinese national instrument entailed reworking it to fit the musical standards and contexts of polyphonic Western music.
  36. ^ a b Vandervort, Leland. . Musica Andina. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The cuatro has a very dry sound and is often strummed in syncopation with the rhythm of many musical forms originating from Colombia and Venezuela. The cuatro is also considered the "national instrument" of these two countries.
  37. ^ Pinnell, Richard; Zuluaga, David Puerta (Autumn 1993). "Review of Los Caminos del Tiple by David Puerta Zuluaga". Ethnomusicology. 37 (3): 446–448. doi:10.2307/851728. JSTOR 851728.
  38. ^ Marrs, Stuart. (PDF). Percussion Studies. University of Maine. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2007. After all, the marimba is the "national instrument" of Costa Rica.
  39. ^ Dawes, Kevin (October 2003). "Lyres and the body politic: studying musical instruments in the Cretan musical landscape". Popular Music and Society. 26.3 (21): 263–283. doi:10.1080/0300776032000116950. S2CID 191621845. The island's "national" instrument, the lyra has become emblematic of the struggle that many Cretans experience in their attempt to retain a sense of a local identity.
  40. ^ . National Geographic World Music. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The tamburica is a lute-like instrument similar to the turkish saz and is the national instrument of Croatia.
  41. ^ Erdely, Stephen (1979). "Ethnic Music in the United States: An Overview". Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council. International Council for Traditional Music. 11: 114–137. doi:10.2307/767568. JSTOR 767568. The tamburitza... is the national instrument of the Croatians.
  42. ^ McSweeney, Jim. . Congahead. Archived from the original on November 4, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The tres is the national instrument of Cuba, and at first glance you'd probably call it a guitar.
  43. ^ a b . El Taller Latino Americano. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Gyil,... the grandmother of the keyboard family, is the national instrument of the Dagara and Lobi nations of Ghana in West Africa.
  44. ^ Bishop, Douglas. "A Worldwide History of the Panflute". Retrieved December 26, 2007. This family of pan flutes has many representatives: antara (Quechua) or siku (Aymara), chuli, sanka, malta (the most common variety of siku), toyo (bass siku), and rondador (Ecuador's national instrument, a chorded pan flute).
  45. ^ Sargeant, Winthrop (April 1934). "Types of Quechua Melody". The Musical Quarterly. 20 (2): 230–245. doi:10.1093/mq/XX.2.230. JSTOR 738763.
  46. ^ Gilman, Daniel; Coit, Harry; Thurston Peck; Frank Moore Colby), eds. (1906). "Egyptian Music". The New International Encyclopedia. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 712. Although the harp always remained a national instrument, its popularity was later eclipsed by the lyre.
  47. ^ Peck, Harry Thurston (1897). Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities. Harper & Brothers. ISBN 0-8154-0176-0.
  48. ^ Whittaker, W. G. (1940). "Eleven Northumbrian Folk Tunes". Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society. 4 (1): 1–7. JSTOR 4521169.
  49. ^ Lawergren, Bo (January–June 1985). "Musikarchäologie als Traditionsforschung - A Lyre Common to Etruria, Greece, and Anatolia: The Cylinder Kithara". Acta Musicologica. International Musicological Society. 57 (Fasc. 1): 25–33. doi:10.2307/932686. JSTOR 932686.
  50. ^ a b c d e Isaacson, Lanae H. (Winter 1995). "Folk og Kultur: Arbog for Dansk Etnologi og Folkemindevidenskab". Scandinavian Studies. 67.n1 (2): 142. Mette Muller's initial essay on the folk musical instruments of Denmark and Scandinavia ("Folk - Folkelig - Folkelige musikinstrumenter i Danmark") circles around the central question of why Denmark did not develop a uniquely national instrument in the same way as Norway (hardingfele and langeleik), Finland (kantele), and Sweden (nyckelharpa and drejelire).
  51. ^ Asplund, Anneli (December 2001). . Virtual Finland. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved December 17, 2007. (T)he kantele is an essential part of the power of (the Kalevala and thus became), in the 19th century, the Finns' national instrument.
  52. ^ Moisala, Pirkko (Autumn 1994). "The Wide Field of Finnish Ethnomusicology". Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 38 (3): 417–422. doi:10.2307/852108. JSTOR 852108. (Researchers) have run a long-term campaign to introduce the kantele, which has been branded the national instrument of Finland, into every school.
  53. ^ a b c Andersson, Otto (October–December 1911). "On Violinists and Dance-Tunes among the Swedish Country-Population in Finland towards the Middle of the Nineteenth Century". Sammelbände der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft. 13 (1): 107–114. JSTOR 929299. While in Sweden the hurdy-gurdy occupies the rank of a national instrument, like the kantele among the Finns, the Swedish country-population has not adopted either of these instruments, but has instead chosen the violin.
  54. ^ Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge. pp. 95. ISBN 0-415-96800-3.
  55. ^ Rouget, Gilbert; James Porter (January 1978). "Review of The Peuls by Simha Arom". Ethnomusicology. 22 (1): 224–225. doi:10.2307/851392. JSTOR 851392. This proportion is an accurate reflection of the importance of the flute among the Fula; it is, in a sense, their national instrument.
  56. ^ Calabash Music. . National Geographic. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  57. ^ El-Shawan, Salwa; Dorothe Schubarth (1991). "Review of Galicia: Derradeira Polavila". Yearbook for Traditional Music. International Council for Traditional Music. 23: 157–158. doi:10.2307/768420. JSTOR 768420. The record also features the gaita... which Galicians consider their national instrument
  58. ^ Trend, J. B. (January 1924). "Music in Spanish Galicia". Music & Letters. 5 (1): 15–32. doi:10.1093/ml/V.1.15. JSTOR 726256.
  59. ^ "Waldzither - Bibliography of the 19th century". Studia Instrumentorum. Retrieved March 23, 2014. Es ist eine unbedingte Notwendigkeit, dass der Deutsche zu seinen Liedern auch ein echt deutsches Begleitinstrument besitzt. Wie der Spanier seine Gitarre, der Italiener seine Mandoline, der Engländer das Banjo, der Russe die Balalaika usw. sein Nationalinstrument nennt, so sollte der Deutsche seine Laute, die Waldzither, welche schon von Dr. Martin Luther auf der Wartburg im Thüringer Walde (daher der Name Waldzither) gepflegt wurde, zu seinem Nationalinstrument machen. - Liederheft von C. H. Böhm (Hamburg, March 1919)
  60. ^ Herzka, H. S. . Instruments and Info. Reed Music Tradition. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2007. For the Greeks, it was the most important of wind instruments, a national instrument. It belonged to the entourage of the god Dionysus, god of fertility, wine, frenzy, ecstasy and rebirth.
  61. ^ "Review of Midiaeval Music: An Historical Sketch by Robert Charles Hope" (pdf). Saturday Review of Books and Art. New York Times. December 16, 1899. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
  62. ^ Roberts, Helen (February 1981). "Reconstructing the Greek Tortoise-Shell Lyre". Archaeology and Musical Instruments. 12 (3): 303–312. doi:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979805. JSTOR 124242.
  63. ^ Stone, Matthew (February 6, 2002). "Indigenous Music of Caribbean Central America". World Beat: Music From Somewhere Else. PopMatters. Retrieved December 17, 2007. (T)he marimba... has become Guatemala's national instrument.
  64. ^ Yurchenco, Henrietta (January 1966). "Review of The Marimbas of Guatemala by Vida Chenoweth". Ethnomusicology. 10 (1, Latin American Issue): 105–106. doi:10.2307/924197. JSTOR 924197. (The marimba) is truly a national instrument, enjoyed as much by primitive Indian as by sophisticated urbanite.
  65. ^ Cooper, Mike (2000). "Hawaii: Steel and Slide Hula Baloos". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 56. ISBN 1-85828-636-0. (Hawaiian craftsmen) began to use local kou and koa wood (in the manufacture of the braguinha) and before long the (ukulele) became a national instrument.
  66. ^ Hartmann, Arthur (1916). "The Czimbalom, Hungary's National Instrument". The Musical Quarterly. II (4): 590–600. doi:10.1093/mq/II.4.590. JSTOR 737942. (The cimbalom) is the one instrument which so deeply speaks to (the heart of the Hungarian people) which translates the melancholy of the deserts and which in every way expresses (the Hungarian) world of emotions.
  67. ^ Frishmuth, Sarah S. (July 1905). "Stringed Instruments". Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 3 (11): 45–48. doi:10.2307/3793687. JSTOR 3793687. India has an infinite variety of lutes, the vina, her national instrument, having a...
  68. ^ . Campus Flash. Kyoto Sangyo University. July 3, 2007. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2007. KSU students also enjoyed a performance with the Indonesian national instrument, the Angklung.
  69. ^ Perris, Arnold B. (September 1971). "The Rebirth of the Javanese angklung". Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 15 (3): 403–407. doi:10.2307/850641. JSTOR 850641.
  70. ^ Norouzi, Khateren (September 16, 2006). "Iranian Music With Norwegian Radio-Television Symphony Orchestra". Iran Press Service. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
  71. ^ "David's Harp". Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved December 21, 2007. In Hebrew kinnor, also known as David's harp, is the national instrument of Israel.
  72. ^ Jahnel, Franz; Nicholas Clarke (2000). Manual of Guitar Technology: Chords Especially for Lefties. Bold Strummer. ISBN 0-933224-99-0. During the 18th Century (sic), the mandolin became associated with particular Italian districts or regions, and became the national instrument.
  73. ^ "Koto". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
  74. ^ Wulstan, David (May 1973). "The Sounding of the Shofar". The Galpin Society Journal. Galpin Society. 26: 29–46. doi:10.2307/841111. JSTOR 841111. S2CID 192528689. It is clear that the word shofar was not used as the name of the Jewish national instrument until comparatively late.
  75. ^ Levin, Theodore C. . National Geographic World Music. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. (The dombra) has become the national instrument of Kazakhstan.
  76. ^ Mirseitova, Sapargul (2005). (PDF). WLT Kids. World Literature Today. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
  77. ^ Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge. pp. 58. ISBN 0-415-96800-3. Much of Kenya's music is derivative of other Afropop forms, most obviously Congolese, but the singing, high-pitched guitar work, use of the national instrument, the nyatiti (a seven-stringed harp), and bottle percussion give it a unique, identifiable sound.
  78. ^ Verjee, Zain (August 30, 1999). "Journey through a rhythm nation". Kenya. BBC News. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  79. ^ Radano, Ronald Michael; Philip Vilas Bohlman (2000). Music and the Racial Imagination. Houston A Baker, Jr. and Houston A. Baker. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-70199-9.
  80. ^ Balfour, Henry (January–June 1902). "The Goura, a Stringed-Wind Musical Instrument of the Bushmen and Hottentots". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 32: 156–176. doi:10.2307/2842910. JSTOR 2842910.
  81. ^ "Kayagum 3". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  82. ^ "Kayagum". University of Washington Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  83. ^ "Cobza". Eliznik. 2005. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
  84. ^ Golos, George S. (January 1961). "Kirghiz Instruments and Instrumental Music". Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 5 (1): 42–48. doi:10.2307/924307. JSTOR 924307.
  85. ^ McGraw, Andrew (Summer–Fall 2007). "The Pia's Subtle Sustain: Contemporary Ethnic Identity and the Revitalization of the Lanna 'Heart Harp'". Asian Music. 38 (2): 115–142. doi:10.1353/amu.2007.0035. S2CID 194111957.
  86. ^ Morton, David; Brunet, Jacques (September 1974). "Review of Traditional Music of Southern Laos by Jacques Brunet". Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 18 (3): 472. doi:10.2307/850536. JSTOR 850536. The "national instrument" of Laos is the khene.
  87. ^ Sheeter, Laura (October 29, 2005). "Latvia celebrates national instrument". BBC News. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Latvia's national instrument (is) the kokle... (which) is reasserting its place at the heart of contemporary Latvian culture.
  88. ^ Erdely, Stephen (1979). "Ethnic Music in the United States: An Overview". Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council. International Council for Traditional Music. 11: 114–137. doi:10.2307/767568. JSTOR 767568. Its revival was initiated (among Latvian-Americans in the United States) in the 1930s by Latvian folklorists, who claimed it to be their true national instrument.
  89. ^ Kerbaj, Mazen (March 2006). "Live in Beirut" (liner notes). Peter Brötzmann and Michael Zerang. Al Maslakh Records. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Zerang ensorcelled the crowd, especially when he played hard-core rhythms and extended techniques on the Lebanese national percussion instrument, the darbuka (or debakeh).
  90. ^ . Baltic and Finno-Ugric. Digelius Nordic Gallery. February 29, 2004. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
  91. ^ . Lithuanian-American Community. August 24, 1998. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2007. A wooden stringed instrument, similar to the zither, is considered a "national" instrument for all three countries. The Estonian kannel, the Latvian kokle, and the Lithuanian kankle, though similar in design, have distinctive styles.
  92. ^ . Afropop. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. zither, national instrument of Madagascar, similar in sound to the kora
  93. ^ . Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
  94. ^ . Royal Commonwealth Society Library. Cambridge University Library. University of Cambridge. November 5, 2004. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  95. ^ "Balo". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  96. ^ DjeDje, Jacqueline Cogdell (Spring–Autumn 1998). "Remembering Kojo: History, Music, and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons". Black Music Research Journal. Center for Black Music Research - Columbia College Chicago. 18 (1/2): 67–120. doi:10.2307/779395. JSTOR 779395.
  97. ^ "New England Conservatory Presents the World Premiere of Robert Xavier Rodriguez's El Día de los Muertos". Sequenza21. November 15, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Eschewing all drums except timpani, the score "utilizes a rich assortment of pitched percussion instruments, with prominent use of two marimbas (the marimba being the national instrument of Mexico as well as an apt musical representation of skeletons)," according to the composer.
  98. ^ Pegg, Carole (2000). "Mongolia and Tuva: Sixty Horses in My Herd". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). World Music: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. pp. 191–192. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
  99. ^ Bayarsaikhan, B.; Jeremy Stoun. Morinkhuur: The Mongolian Horse-head Fiddle (Reprint). Retrieved December 17, 2007. (The morin khuur) is the instrument most associated with Mongolian traditions and culture... (W)e hope this book will help foreigners learn to play the Morin Khuur and spread the word about Mongolia's national instrument throughout the world. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  100. ^ "Montenegrin Music". Visit Montenegro. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The beginnings of vocal – instrumental music in Montenegro are neither extravagant nor mystical... the warm sound of fife (reed), patriotic singing of players of gusle (Montenegrin national instrument) or simply a song of the shepherdess in the mountain – were the first, but for Montenegrin music most significant melodic expression.
  101. ^ "Arched Harp". Annotated Checklist of Musical Instruments From East Asia on Display at the National Music Museum. National Music Museum. Retrieved December 21, 2007. This highly decorative harp, formerly associated with the Buddhist dynasties that ruled Burma for centuries, is the national instrument of Myanmar.
  102. ^ "Dance & Music". Nepal Dance School. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The madal is the national instrument of Nepal.
  103. ^ Dwight, John Sullivan (1859). Dwight's Journal of Music: A Paper of Art and Literature.
  104. ^ "Nicaragua Information". World InfoZone. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The marimba, an instrument similar to a xylophone, is the national instrument.
  105. ^ . UMUC News. University of Minnesota, Crookston. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The Hardanger fiddle is considered Norway's national instrument.
  106. ^ Bjorndal, Arne (1956). "The Hardanger Fiddle: The Tradition, Music Forms and Style". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. International Council for Traditional Music. 8: 13–15. doi:10.2307/834737. JSTOR 834737. In Norway, the national instrument has come to be the Hardanger fiddle.
  107. ^ Ali, Ayesha (11 May 2018). "What is the National Musical Instrument of Pakistan?". Pakistan General Knowledge. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  108. ^ "The Harp: A Latin American Reinvention". BBC. July 6, 2001. Retrieved December 17, 2007. In Paraguay, (the harp) became the national instrument.
  109. ^ Schechter, John M.; Daniel E. Sheehy; Ronald R. Smith (Spring–Summer 1985). "The New Grove: Latin America". Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 29 (2): 317–330. doi:10.2307/852145. JSTOR 852145. The distinctive Paraguayan harp... is featured as lead instrument in hundreds of ensembles in that country, where it is the national instrument.
  110. ^ "Paraguayan Harp". Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved December 21, 2007. (C)haracterized by a large soundbox with a rounded base, very light weight, closely spaced light tension strings (usually nylon), a relatively flat harmonic curve, and with the strings running up through the centre of the neck, which are tuned with gear-style tuners (like a guitar). Almost all harps of this style are played with the fingernails, in very rhythmically intricate music. This is the national instrument of Paraguay, and is commonly found throughout South America, Central America, and in parts of Mexico
  111. ^ Rosenberg, Dan. . Afropop. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. These wooden boxes were soon developed into the cajon, the large wooden box that today is the national instrument of Peru.
  112. ^ Fairley, Jan (2000). "Andean Music: Beyond the Ponchos". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; McConnachie, James; Duane, Orla (eds.). World Music: The Rough Guide. Based on an interview with Susana Baca, a Peruvian singer. Rough Guides Ltd. pp. 284–285. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
  113. ^ Bennett, Caroline. "Music in Peru". Viva Travel Guides. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Native music consists primarily of stringed instruments reminiscent of mandolins and Spanish guitars, including the charanga—Peru's national instrument.
  114. ^ Aning, Jerome (November 23, 2007). . Inquirer Entertainment. Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2007. A respected rondalla maestro is pushing for the adoption of the banduria as the country's national musical instrument to stimulate interest in its study and cultivation.
  115. ^ Person, Adam; Brant Himes; Mike Harris. (PDF). Ethnic Instruments Catalog. Seattle Pacific University. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2011. These flutes are found in other regions but particularly in Polynesia where the nose flute is the "national" instrument.
  116. ^ . XVII Macao Internacional Music Festival. Instituto Cultural do Governo da R.A.E. de Macau. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2007. His book, The Portuguese Guitar, Lisbon 1999, is the first monograph on this national instrument's origins and historical evolution, iconography, organological study and repertoire.
  117. ^ Figueroa, Frank M. (June–July 2002). . Latin Beat Magazine. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. (F)irst and foremost, the cuatro is Puerto Rico's national instrument.
  118. ^ Ginsberg-Klar, Maria E. (February 1981). "The Archaeology of Musical Instruments in Germany during the Roman Period". World Archaeology. 12 (3, Archaeology and Musical Instruments): 313–320. doi:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979806. JSTOR 124243. The tibiae (is) an instrument that may be characterized as the national instrument of the Romans.
  119. ^ Von Busack, Richard (August 21–27, 2003). "Accordion Manifesto!" (Reprint). Metroactive. North Bay Bohemian. Retrieved February 17, 2007. In Russia, the accordion is practically the national instrument.
  120. ^ Hoerburger, Felix (1952). "Proceedings of the Fourth Conference Held at Opatija, Yugoslavia: Correspondence between Eastern and Western Folk Epics". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 4: 23–26. doi:10.2307/835837. JSTOR 835837.
  121. ^ "Spoons as Russian Folk Music Instrument". Russia-IC. June 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007.
  122. ^ Tokita, Alison McQueen; David Hughes. "Context and Change in Japanese Music" (PDF). Retrieved December 17, 2007. (I)n the Ryukyus... the sanshin – the Ryukyuan 'national instrument' and direct ancestor of the shamisen – will be favoured.
  123. ^ Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam (June 1996). "Flights of the Sacred: Symbolism and Theory in Siberian Shamanism". American Anthropologist. New Series. 98 (2): 305–318. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.2.02a00070. JSTOR 682889.
  124. ^ Moore, John Weeks (1880) [1854]. "Bagpipe" . Complete Encyclopaedia of Music. New York: C. H. Ditson & Company.
  125. ^ Lysloff, René T. A.; Jim Matson (Spring–Summer 1985). "A New Approach to the Classification of Sound-Producing Instruments". Ethnomusicology. Society for Ethnomusicology. 29 (2): 213–236. doi:10.2307/852139. JSTOR 852139.
  126. ^ Broughton, Simon; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (2000). World Music. Rough Guides. pp. 274. ISBN 1-85828-635-2. Its place is now occupied by the accordion which has become the foremost national instrument since its introduction.
  127. ^ "Meeting of the Flute - Frula Festival Of Morava". Cultural Corridors of South East Europe. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Indigenous music performed on the frula – a Serbian national instrument
  128. ^ "'Spinning Out of Control': Rhetoric and Violent Conflict" (PDF). June 1, 2006. p. 4. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The cartoon shows a minuscule Cosic sitting on Milosevic's lap, while the latter is playing the gusle, the Serbian national instrument.[permanent dead link]
  129. ^ . Chancery of the President of Latvia. July 8, 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2008. van Gasparovič presented Vaira Vike-Freiberga with the Slovakian national instrument fujara that has been included in the UNESCO List of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005.
  130. ^ Randy Raine-Reusch (May 2002). . World Instrument Gallery. Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  131. ^ Gobetz, Edward. "Acculturation and Assimilation". Slovenian Americans. Multicultural America. Retrieved December 26, 2007. Since the 1970s there has been an unprecedented surge of interest in Slovenian music (especially the accordion as the national instrument), language, genealogy, history, culture, customs, folklore, and other aspects of Slovenian heritage.[permanent dead link]
  132. ^ Jensen, Melton (September 1994). "Review of Iberia 1990: Otto fantasie per chitarra di autori spagnoli contemporanei by Alís, Bertomeu Salazar, Fernández Alvez, García Abril, Juliá, Marco, Prieto, Ruiz López, Gabriel Estarellas, Angelo Gilardino". Notes. 51 (1): 423–426. doi:10.2307/899279. JSTOR 899279.
  133. ^ Flores, Gypsy (August 3, 2005). "Swirling and Whirling on the Swedish Dance Floor". PopMatters. Retrieved December 21, 2007. The nyckelharpa is considered Sweden's national instrument.
  134. ^ Andersson, Otto (August 1970). "The Bowed Harp of Trondheim Cathedral and Related Instruments in East and West". The Galpin Society Journal. Galpin Society. 23: 4–34. doi:10.2307/842060. JSTOR 842060.
  135. ^ Helgelson, Rachel (April 28, 2003). "Switzerland's Music: An Annotated Bibliography". Retrieved December 21, 2007. The alphorn is considered Switzerland's national instrument.
  136. ^ "The Swiss National Instrument". Swiss Alpine Music. Retrieved December 21, 2007. In 1827 the musicologist Joseph Fétis pronounced the alphorn to be the Swiss national instrument.
  137. ^ "NIU Steel Band leaders Teague, Alexis, share honors, dream big about steelpan's place in music world". Northern Illinois University. September 13, 2005. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2007. (In Trinidad and Tobago), the steel pan was invented and remains the national instrument.
  138. ^ Montagu, Jeremy (January–February 1965). "What is a Gong?". Man. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 65: 18–21. doi:10.2307/2796036. JSTOR 2796036.
  139. ^ . Glossary. National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2007. Considered the national instrument of Turkey.
  140. ^ Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad; Devin DeWeese (2006). Early Mystics in Turkish Literature. Translated by Leiser, Gary; Robert Dankoff. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36686-0.
  141. ^ . Washington Folk Festival. June 2, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. There was great admiration for his virtuosity on their national instrument
  142. ^ a b Wilson, Sue (June 2, 2003). "Yat-Kha, The Ferry, Glasgow". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on December 1, 2013. Tiuliush also plays the morinhuur and the igil, daddy and baby versions of the Tuvans' national instrument, the horse-headed fiddle, held like a small cello and with two strings, each comprising up to 130 hairs from a horse's tail.
  143. ^ Pareles, John (July 10, 1993). "Review of From Half a World Away, Tuva's Unearthly Songs". Review/Music. New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2007. The national instrument of Tuva, the khomuz (jaw harp), also depends on a drone and virtuosically shaped overtones, as a solo piece demonstrated on Thursday night.
  144. ^ Jarosewich, Irene. . Ukraine Weekly. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The bandura will always be known as Ukraine's national instrument.
  145. ^ Long, Lucy M. (2001). "Appalachian dulcimer". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.‎
  146. ^ Marcuse, Sibyl; Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary; W.W. Norton & Co.; New York: 1975. Appalachian Dulcimer.
  147. ^ Hill, Errol; James Vernon Hatch (2003). A History of African American Theatre. Don B. Wilmeth. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62443-6.
  148. ^ Bailey, Jay (January–March 1972). "Historical Origin and Stylistic Developments of the Five-String Banjo". Journal of American Folklore. American Folklore Society. 85 (335): 58–65. doi:10.2307/539129. JSTOR 539129.
  149. ^ Corneli, Zoe (February 22, 2007). . The World. PRI. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Abbos Kasimov, the premier percussionist from Uzbekistan, is playing his national instrument, the doira.
  150. ^ . Event Listings. Festival of World Culture. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  151. ^ IA Jahon (August 9, 2007). "'Tashkent' Musicians Capture Attention In UK, Gain Appraisal". Embassy of Uzbekistan in Korea. Retrieved April 26, 2008. the magic sound of karnay (the Uzbek national music instrument)[permanent dead link]
  152. ^ Lloyd, A. L. (March 1965). "Folklore Tachirense by L. F. Ramon y Rivera and Isabel Aretz". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 17 (1): 14–15. doi:10.2307/942277. JSTOR 942277. This small, four-stringed, guitar-like lute, the national instrument of Venezuela...
  153. ^ a b Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge. pp. 349. ISBN 0-415-96800-3. The cuatro rivals the harp as the national instrument
  154. ^ a b Edgerly, Beatrice (1942). From the Hunter's Bow: The History and Romance of Musical Instruments. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  155. ^ Chorley, Henry Fothergill; Henry G. Hewlett (May 1, 1880). "The National Music of the World". The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular. Musical Times Publications Ltd. 21 (447): 240–241. doi:10.2307/3357258. JSTOR 3357258. Much is said... about Welsh airs and the national instrument, the harp
  156. ^ Marson, John (October 1970). "Reviews of Harp Music". The Musical Times. 111 (1532): 1029–1030. doi:10.2307/957286. JSTOR 957286. A people which could cherish the triple harp so long after the rest of the world had dismissed it as obsolete must have more than mere tradition to guide its composers to the national instrument
  157. ^ "Triple Harp". Dolmetsch Online. Retrieved December 21, 2007. Today the triple harp is the national instrument of Wales
  158. ^ Lord, Albert B. (1936). "Homer and Huso I: The Singer's Rests in Greek and Southslavic Heroic Song". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 67: 106–113. doi:10.2307/283230. JSTOR 283230.
  159. ^ . Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2007. The instrument is, in slightly varying forms, several centuries old and is found in many parts of Africa, but only in Zimbabwe has it risen to become something of a national instrument
  160. ^ Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge. pp. 81. ISBN 0-415-96800-3. The mbira is inextricably associated with Zimbabwean traditional music, and is truly the national instrument.

Further reading edit

The following are specifically referenced above or are book-length or extended scholarly works documenting a specific national instrument, not including collections of songs.
  • African American: Conway, Cecelia (1995). African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia : A Study of Folk Traditions (1st ed.). Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-893-2.
  • African American: Gura, Philip F.; James F. Bollman (1999). America's Instrument: The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2484-4.
  • African American: Linn, Karen (1994). That Half-Barbaric Twang: The Banjo in American Popular Culture. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06433-X.
  • Argentina: Muñoz, R. (1952). Technology of the Argentina Guitar. Buenos Aires.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Argentina: Penón, Arturo; Javier García Méndez; Manuel Román; Marcelle Guertin (1988). The Bandonion: A Tango History, A Memoir of Arturo Penón (Petite histoire du bandonéon et du tango). Translated by Tim Barnard. London, Ontario: Nightwood Editions. ISBN 0-88971-111-9.
  • Argentina: Pinnell, Richard T.; Ricardo Zavadivker (1993). The Rioplatense Guitar. Bold Strummer Guitar Study Series: No. 3. Westport, Connecticut: Bold Strummer. ISBN 0-933224-42-7.
  • Arab: Bilezikjian, John (2006). Hal Leonard Oud Method. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-634-07786-4.
  • Armenia: Nercessian, Andy (2001). The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4075-8.
  • Australia: Schellberg, Dirk (1994). Didgeridoo: Ritual Origins and Playing Techniques. Binkey Kok. ISBN 90-74597-13-0.
  • Australia: Moyle, A. (1981). "The Australian Didjeridu: A Late Musical Intrusion". World Archaeology. 12 (3): 321–331. doi:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979807.
  • Baganda (Uganda): Makubuya, James Kika (1995). Endongo: The Role and Significance of the Baganda Bowl Lyre of Uganda. Los Angeles: University of California.
  • Bavaria: Alpenfolklorismus, Volksmusik, Bayern-Pop. Niederbayerische Blätter für Volksmusik; Nr. 7 (in German). Dingolfing: Wälischmiller'sche Buchdruckerei. 1986.
  • Brazil: Crowdy, Denis (2001). "Hybridity and Segregation in the Guitar Cultures of Brazil". In Andy Bennett; Kevin Dawe (eds.). Guitar Cultures. Oxford, New York: Berg. ISBN 1-85973-429-4.
  • Brazil: Gregory, Jonathan (2007). A Comprehensive Guide to Brazilian Pandeiro. Booksurge. ISBN 978-1-4196-7284-2.
  • China: Gao, Ming (1980). The Lute: Gao Ming's Pipa Ji (Pi pa ji). Translations from the Oriental Classics. Translated by Jean Mulligan. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04760-6.
  • China: Myers, John (1992). The Way of the Pipa: Structure and Imagery in Chinese Lute Music. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-455-5.
  • Finland: Rahkonen, Carl John (1989). The Kantele Traditions of Finland. Indiana University.
  • Ancient Greece: Schlesinger, Kathleen; J.F. Mountford (1970). The Greek Aulos. Groningen: Bouma's Boekhuis. ISBN 90-6088-027-7.
  • Guatemala: Armas Lara, Marcial (1964). El renacimiento de la danza guatemalteca y el origen de la marimba. José de Pineda Ibarra (in Spanish). Guatemala, Centro Editorial: Ministerio de Educación Pública.
  • Guatemala: Chenoweth, Vida (1964). The Marimbas of Guatemala. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.
  • Guatemala: Pellicer, Sergio Navarrete (2005). Maya Achi Marimba Music in Guatemala. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-59213-292-8.
  • Hawaii: Beloff, Jim (1997). The Ukulele: A Visual History. Emeryville, California: Miller Freeman Books. ISBN 0-87930-454-5.
  • India: Annapoorna, L. (1996). Veena Tradition in Indian Music. Kanishka. ISBN 81-7391-140-1.
  • Ireland: Armstrong, Robert Bruce (1970). The Irish and Highland Harps. Introduction by Seóirse Bodley. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-7165-0073-6.
  • Ireland: Clark, Nora Joan (2003). The Story of the Irish Harp: Its History and Influence. North Creek Press. ISBN 0-9724202-0-7.
  • Ireland: Rimmer, Joan (1969). The Irish Harp. Cork: Mercier Press for the Cultural Relations Committee. ISBN 0-85342-151-X.
  • Japan: Adriaansz, Willem (1973). The Kumiuta and Danmono Traditions of Japanese Koto Music. Los Angeles: University of California. ISBN 0-520-01785-4.
  • Japan: Johnson, Henry (2004). The Koto: A Traditional Instrument in Contemporary Japan. Hotei. ISBN 90-74822-63-0.
  • Japan: Kubota, Hideki (1986). Yakumogoto no shirabe: Shinwa to sono kokoro (八雲琴の調べ : 神話とその心 / 窪田英樹) (in Japanese). Ōsaka-shi: Tōhō Shuppan. ISBN 4-88591-144-3.
  • Japan: Wade, Bonnie C. (1976). Tegotomono: Music for the Japanese Koto. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-8908-X.
  • Latvia: Niles, Christina Jaremko (1980). The Baltic Folk Zithers: An Ethnological and Structural Analysis (M.A.). UCLA.
  • Lithuania: Niles, Christina Jaremko (1980). The Baltic Folk Zithers: An Ethnological and Structural Analysis (M.A.). UCLA.
  • Mexico: Kaptain, Laurence (1992). The Wood That Sings: The Marimba in Chiapas, Mexico. Everett, Pennsylvania: HoneyRock. ISBN 0-9634060-0-0.
  • Mexico: Solís, Ted (1983). The Marimba in Mexico City: Contemporary Contexts of a Traditional Regional Ensemble (Ph. D.). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  • Mongolia: Marsh, Peter K. (2004). Horse-Head Fiddle and the Cosmopolitan Reimagination of Mongolia. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-00551-1.
  • Mongolia: Santaro, Mikhail (2005). Strings That Conquered the World: Morin Khuur, the Mongolian Horse-head Fiddle. Admon. ISBN 99929-0-376-7.
  • Norway: Een, Andrea Ruth (1977). Comparison of Melodic Variants in the Hardingfele Repertoire of Norway. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  • Norway: Goertzen, Chris (1997). Fiddling for Norway: Revival and Identity. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30049-8.
  • Norway: Hopkins, Pandora (1986). Aural Thinking in Norway: Performance and Communication With the Hardingfele. Foreword by Jan-Petter Blom. Appendix by Magne Myhren. New York: Human Sciences Press. ISBN 0-89885-253-6.
  • Portugal: Cabral, Pedro Caldeira (1999). The Portuguese Guitar. Lisbon.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Sardinia: Bentzon, Andreas Fridolin Weis (1969). The Launeddas: A Sardinian Folk-music Instrument. University of Michigan. Akademisk forlag.
  • Scotland: Cannon, Roderick David (2002). The Highland Bagpipe and Its Music. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-549-0.
  • Scotland: Donaldson, William (2000). The Highland Pipe and Scottish Society, 1750-1950: Transmission, Change and the Concept of Tradition. East Linton, East Lothian, Scotland: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1-86232-075-6.
  • Scotland: MacNeill, Seumas; Frank Richardson (1987). Piobaireachd and Its Interpretation: Classical Music of the Highland Bagpipe. Donald. ISBN 0-85976-176-2.
  • Scotland: Manson, Wiliam Laird (1901). The Highland Bagpipe: Its History, Literature, and Music. Harvard University. A. Gardner. ISBN 0-7158-1213-0.
  • Spain: Schirmer, G. (1986). Spanish Guitar Music: Guitar Solo. Hal Leonard. ISBN 0-7935-3583-2.
  • Spain: Gupta, Rahul (2001). The Symphony Spanish Guitar Book. Gyan Sagar Publication. ISBN 81-7685-015-2.
  • Sweden: Ling, Jan (1979). Nyckelharpan: studier i ett folkligt musikinstrument (in Swedish). Prisma.
  • Switzerland: Bachmann-Geiser, Brigitte (1999). Das Alphorn : vom Lock- zum Rockinstrument (in German). Bern: P. Haupt. ISBN 3-258-05640-4.
  • Trinidad and Tobago: Adams, Norman Darway; Austin O Agho (2005). Stories in Steel: The True Account of the Invention of the Steelpan. Morvant, Trinidad: Jhullian Graphics. ISBN 976-8194-50-2.
  • Trinidad and Tobago: Hayward, Rachel (1993). The Steelpan Handbook. Piper Publications.
  • Wales: Andersson, Otto Emanuel (1973). The Bowed-Harp: A Study in the History of Early Musical Instruments. Additional footnotes by Kathleen Schlesinger. New York: AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-56503-4.
  • Wales: Ellis, Osian (1991). The Story of the Harp in Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales. ISBN 0-7083-1104-0.
  • Zimbabwe: Berliner, Paul (1981). The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-226-04379-7.
  • Zimbabwe: Brenner, Klaus-Peter (1997). Chipendani und Mbira: Musikinstrumente, nicht-begriffliche Mathematik und die Evolution der harmonischen Progressionen in der Musik der Shona in Zimbabwe. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse: 3. Folge, Nr. 221 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-82372-X.

October 31, 2023
list, national, instruments, music, company, national, instruments, this, list, contains, musical, instruments, symbolic, cultural, importance, within, nation, state, ethnicity, tribe, other, group, people, some, cases, national, instruments, remain, wide, wit. For the company see National Instruments This list contains musical instruments of symbolic or cultural importance within a nation state ethnicity tribe or other group of people In some cases national instruments remain in wide use within the nation such as the Puerto Rican cuatro but in others their importance is primarily symbolic such as the Welsh triple harp Danish ethnologist Lisbet Torp has concluded that some national instrument traditions such as the Finnish kantele are invented pointing to the influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas 1 Governments do not generally officially recognize national instruments some exceptions being the Paraguayan harp 2 the Japanese koto 3 and the Trinidadian steelpan 4 This list compiles instruments that have been alleged to be a national instrument by any of a variety of sources and an instrument s presence on the list does not indicate that its status as a national instrument is indisputable only that its status has been credibly argued Each instrument on this list has a Hornbostel Sachs number immediately below it This number indicates the instrument s classification within the Hornbostel Sachs system H S which organizes instruments numerically based on the manner in which they produce sound 5 Images and recordings are supplied where available note that there are often variations within a national musical tradition and thus the images and recordings may not be accurate in depicting the entire spectrum of the given nation s music and that some images and recordings may be taken from a region outside the core of the national instrument s home when such distinctions have little relevance to the information present in the image and recordings A number of countries have more than one instrument listed each having been described as a national instrument not usually by the same source neither the presence of multiple entries for one nation nor for multiple nations for one instrument on this list is reflective of active dispute in any instance Alternative names and spellings are given These mostly come from alternative spellings within English or alternative methods of transliterating from a foreign language to English such as the Chinese yangqin also transliterated yang ch in and yang qin Others reflect regions or subcultures within a given nation such as the Australian didgeridoo which is or has been called didjeridu yidaki yiraki magu kanbi and ihambilbilg in various Australian Aboriginal languages All non English words are italicized Nation Instrument DescriptionRecording H S number ImageAfghanistan rubab 6 7 rabab Short necked three stringed lute with sympathetic and drone strings fretted and plucked with a plectrum with a double chambered body the lower part of which is covered in skin and with three main strings 321 321 6Albania CifteliaGajdeLahutaArab oud 8 Pear shaped fretless stringed instrument with five courses of two strings and a single eleventh string a bent back and a bowl shaped body often with up to three soundholes played with a pick 321 321 6Argentina bandoneon 9 10 Button accordion with a box shape played with both hands using buttons that produce two sets of notes per hand 412 132Argentina guitar 11 12 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and a soundboard 321 322Armenia duduk 7 daduk Double reed pipe with wide reeds made from pieces of cane in a duckbill type assembly generally diatonic and with a single octave range 421 211 12Australian Indigenous didgeridoo 13 14 didjeridu yidaki yiraki magu kanbi ihambilbilg Straight trumpet without fingerholes traditionally made from a trunk or thick branch of a tree sometimes with a rim of beeswax around the blowing end requires circular breathing 423 121 11Austria Czechia Bock 15 Bockpfeife Use of goatskins in constructing the bag similar to the common use of other goat terms for bagpipes in other nations 422 112 2 62 422 221 1 621Azerbaijan balaban 16 17 Set of cylindrical shawm like instruments with an air reservoir like a bagpipe 422 121 62Baganda peoples of Uganda endongo 18 Bowl lyre made of lizardskin with strings tied to a piece of wood inserted into two holes on two arms 321 21Balochs suroz 19 Bowed string instrument with a long neck similar to a fiddle or sarangi and played vertically 321 322 Bangladesh dotara 20 Small stringed instrument with plucked metal strings elongated belly as soundboard and narrow neck ending in a pegbox decorated with carvings of animals and covered with skin 321 322Bashkir kurai 21 22 Long open endblown flute with five fingerholes 421 111 12Basotho lesiba 23 Stringed instrument blown rather than plucked or strummed with a single string and tuning noose attached both to a bow and a feather quill with a frame made from a coconut shell 311 121 222Bavaria zither 24 25 Volkszither Stringed instrument with a soundbox with strings stretched across it originally with four melody strings and no more than fifteen accompaniment strings 314 122Bhutan dranyen 26 dranyen dramnyen Seven stringed lute fretless long necked and double waisted with rosette shaped sound hole 321 321Bolivia charango 27 charanga Fretted hollow bodied bowl lute usually with four or five doubled strings with as many as eleven tunings traditionally made from an armadillo shell 321 321 6Brazil guitar 28 violao Fretted six stringed instrument with a soundboard and a hollow body originally with steel strings but now more commonly with nylon 321 322Brazil berimbau 29 Single stringed musical bowToque de Angola on unaccompanied berimbau 311 121 221Brazil pandeiro 30 Handheld frame drum with metal jingles platinelas attached tuned through adjusting the tension of the head can also be shaken or rasped 211 311 112 122Bulgaria gaida 31 Bagpipe with three types of chanters one a simple reed open at one end another a small conical tube with eight fingerholes one of which is the flea hole a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half step and the last is a long no holed drone 422 22 62China guqin 32 33 qin A plucked seven string zither with open strings and a range of about four octaves 312 22China guzheng 34 zheng gu zheng Half tube zither rectangular with three sound holes on the bottom now with twenty one strings most typically pentatonic tuning strings are plucked by hand 312 22 5China pipa 35 Pear shaped bowl lute with a neck played by plucking 321 321 5China yangqin 7 yang ch in yang qin Hammered dulcimer with a trapezoidal sounding board and traditionally bronze strings struck with rubber tipped bamboo hammers 314 122 4Colombia cuatro 36 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body and with four strings 321 322Colombia Tiple Colombiano 37 Small guitar like fretted instrument with twelve strings arranged in four triple strung courses 321 322Costa Rica marimba 38 Xylophone like instrument with gourd resonators two sets of overlapping keys struck with mallets 111 222 4Corsica ceteraceterina cetara A musical instrument of the cittern family common in Corsica 111 224 4Crete lyra 39 Three stringed fretted pear shaped instrument with a hollow body and a vaulted back propped up on the knee 321 21Croatia tamburica and Lijerica 40 41 tamburitza Lute like stringed instrument with a long neck picked or strummed variable number of strings 321 321Cuba tres 42 Guitar like instrument with a neck and three courses of two strings each 321 322Dagara peoples of Ghana gyil 43 Xylophone like calabash gourd with holes covered in spider silk wooden frame struck with a hammer 111 222 4Ecuador rondador 44 45 Set of chorded bamboo panpipes that produces two tones simultaneously consisting of pieces of cane placed side by side in order by size and closed at one end played by blowing across the top of the instrument 421 112 11Egypt Ancient harp 46 Open harp used in widely varying forms though originally semi circular and with five to seven strings number of strings increased over time while the size decreased 322 12Egypt Ancient sistrum 47 U shaped frame drum with small rings that make sound when shaken 112 112England English concertina 7 A small free reed instrument usually hexagonal in shape The instrument is played by moving bellows between the hands to blow air over reeds each note being sounded by a button 412 132England Northumbrian smallpipes 48 Bellows blown bagpipes from North East England consisting of a single chanter generally with keys and usually four drones 422 112Etruria kithara 49 Stringed instrument with a deep soundbox made of two tables connected by ribs with strings attached to a tuning bar played with a plectrum 321 22Finland kantele 1 50 51 52 53 kannel Zither harp traditionally with five strings now with up to thirty held in the lap 314 122Finland especially Swedish speaking Finns violin 53 54 Four stringed instrument bowed hourglass shape and an arched top and backchords on a violin 321 322Fula tambin 55 56 sereendu fulannu Diagonal diatonic flute without a bell made from a conical vine with three finger holes and a rectangular embouchere with two wings on either side 411 111 22Galicia gaita 57 58 gaita de fole gaita galega Diatonic bagpipe with a conical chanter and at least one bass drone used to accompany both spiritual and secular as well as lyric and dance music usually accompanied by a drum tambour 422 211 2 62Germany waldzither 59 German lute also applied to the lute guitar Cittern with nine steel strings tuned C G G C C E E G G famous for allegedly been played by Martin Luther at the Wartburg 321 322Greece Ancient aulos 60 auloi Highly variant double shawm with a cylindrical bore 422 121Greece Ancient lyre 61 62 Stringed instrument strummed with a plectrum with the free hand silencing unwanted strings traditionally made from a tortoise shell 321 21Greece Modern bouzouki 1 String instrument with a pear shaped body and a long neck played with plectrum 321 321Guatemala marimba 63 64 Xylophone like instrument with gourd resonators struck with mallets with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale 111 222 4Hawaii ukulele 65 String instrument derived from the Portuguese braguinha from the Hawaiian uku lele jumping flea referring to the swift fingerwork the instrument requireschords on a ukulele 321 322Hungary cimbalom 66 czimbalom cymbalom cymbalum ţambal tsymbaly tsimbl santouri santur Chromatic hammered dulcimer with four legs 314 122 4India saraswati veena 67 vina Semitonically fretted lute with a long cylindrical shape resting on two gourds 311 222Indonesia angklung 68 69 Two bamboo tubes closed at one end and with tongues attached to a square frame played by shaking from side to side causing the tongues to vibrate 112 122Iran tar 70 The musical instrument which has 6 wires and is the main instrument in traditional Iranian music is produced by Mazzrab 314 122 4Ireland Irish Harp Cruit or Clairseach Polychord wire strung harp with a fore pillar 322 221Ireland Great Irish Warpipes Piob Mhor In modern times this instrument is essentially identical to the Great Highland Bagpipe Number Ireland Uilleann Pipes Piobai Uilleann Union Pipes Pump blown Bagpipe Number Israel kinnor 71 David s harp Biblically described historic instrument probably a cithara in modern Hebrew refers to the violin 321 22Italy mandolin 72 Stringed instrumentMandolin performance 321 321Japan koto 73 Long and hollow thirteen stringed instrument 312 22 7Jewish shofar 74 Horn flattened by heat and hollowed used for more religious than purely secular purposes made from the horn of an animal most typically a ram or kudu 423 121 1Kazakhstan dombra 75 76 Fretted long necked lute with a round body played by plucking with a plectrum 321 321 6Kenya nyatiti 77 78 79 3 foot long 0 91 m harp plucked with both hands made of wood and goat or antelope skin 321 21 5Khoikhoi goura 80 Single stringed instrument blown rather than plucked or strummed with the string attached to a coconut shell resonator and with a tension noose wrapped around the string to adjust the pitch 311 121 222 Korea gayageum 81 82 kayagum kayago zither like string instrument with 12 strings 312 22 5Kyrgyzstan komuz 83 84 Three stringed fretless lute made from wood with gut strings 321 321Lanna Northern Thailand pin pia 85 Chest resonated stick zither with two to five strings 311 221 Laos khene 86 khaen Mouth organ with bamboo tubes attached in pairs to the mouthpiece and with fixed free reeds 412 132Latvia kokles 87 88 kukles Diatonic lute like string instrument 314 122Lebanon darbuka 89 debakeh Goblet shaped hand drum 211 261 21Lithuania birbyne 90 Aerophone can be single or double reed with or without a mouthpiece 422Lithuania kankle 91 Stringed instrument 314 122Lobi peoples of Ghana gyil 43 Keyed calabash gourds with holes covered in spider silk wooden frame 111 222 4Madagascar valiha 92 93 Tubular zither 312 11Mandinka of West Africa balo 94 95 balafon bala balafo bala balaphone balaphon balaphong balphone balangi balani gyil Set of wooden pieces mounted on gourds in a frame and played using two rubber tipped mallets held in hands with iron cylinders and rings attached to add a jingling sound 111 212 112 111 Maroons of Jamaica abeng 96 Aerophone made from the end of a cow horn with the tip broken off on the side which is blown into 423 122 2Mexico marimba 97 Xylophone like instrument with wooden square tubes resonators struck with mallets with a two level keyboard so it can play the full chromatic scale 111 222 4Mongolia morin khuur 98 99 horse head fiddle igil Two stringed instrument held between the legs with a trapezoidal body and a horse s head typically carved on the upper edge of the pegbox 321 322Montenegro gusle 100 Stringed instrument round typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning peg 321 321 71Myanmar saung gauk 101 saung Burmese harp Arched harp with sixteen strings attached to the harp with red cotton tassels 322 11Nepal madal 102 Double headed cylindrical drum slightly bulging at the waist held horizontally and played double handed 211 212 1Netherlands fiddle 103 Four stringed instrument bowed 321 322Nicaragua marimba 104 Xylophone like instrument with gourd resonators 111 222 4Norway Hardingfele 50 105 106 Hardanger fiddle Ornately decorated fiddle with four main strings and four resonating strings beneath them which are not touched by the bow 321 322 71Norway langeleik 50 Rectangular zither with five or six strings one melody string and several drone strings 314 122Pakistan Daf 107 dafli dap def tef defi gaval duf duff dof It is a Pakistani version of frame drum musical instrument 211 311Paraguay harp Paraguayan 108 109 110 Diatonic harp with 32 36 38 or 40 strings made from tropical wood and with songs in the Guarani language with an exaggerated neck arch played with the fingernail 322 211Peru cajon 111 112 Wooden box with a hole in one side derived from containers used to transport agricultural products by portworkers 111 221Peru charango 113 charanga chillador Guitar like instrument most commonly with ten strings in two courses and made from an armadillo back 321 321 6Philippines Kudyapi 114 rondalla plucked chordophone with 14 strings tuned F B E A D G 321 321Polynesia nose flute 115 Flute made from a single piece of bamboo with three holes to blow into from the nostrils with fingerholes 421 111 22Portugal Portuguese guitar 116 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body 321 322Puerto Rico cuatro 117 Fretted stringed instrument with a hollow body derived from the Spanish tiple and other stringed instruments made from carved wood with strings ten in five sets of two of leather strips or dried animal gut 321 322Rome Ancient tibiae 118 aulos Greek name Double reed shawm played paired 422 122Russia Garmon 119 Garmon bellow driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flowchords on an accordion 412 132Russia balalaika 7 Family of triangle shaped lute type instruments 321 32Russia gusli 120 Zither like instrument with between eleven and thirty six strings tuned diatonically 314 122Russia spoons 121 Painted wooden teaspoons used as a percussion instrument 111 141Ryukyus of Japan sanshin 122 Three stringed banjo like instrument covered with snakeskin 321 312 6Sakha khomus 123 jaw harp made from a reed attached to a frame plucked 121 221Scotland bagpipe highland 1 124 125 Bagpipe with a chanter blowpipe two tenor drones and a bass drone 422 112 2 62 422 221 1 621Serbia Accordion 126 Accordion bellow driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flowchords on an accordion 412 132Serbia frula 127 svirala jedinka End blown wooden flute with six fingerholes 421 211 12Serbia gajda 31 Surle Bagpipe with three types of chanters one a simple reed open at one end another a small conical tube with eight fingerholes one of which is the flea hole a small hole made out of a tube that can raise any note a half step and the last is a long no holed drone 422 22 62Serbia gusle 128 Stringed instrument round typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning pegSerbian gusle 321 321 71Slovakia fujara 129 130 Endblown long bass diatonic fipple flute 421 211 12Slovenia accordion 131 Accordion bellow driven free reed with keys or buttons to modify the air flowchords on an accordion 412 132South Africa lesibarattle stick The lesiba and gora or goura are members of a class of unbraced mouth resonated bow s with a flattened quill attached to a long string stretched over a hard stick acting as the main source of vibration 423 121 12 Spain guitar 12 132 Fretted stringed instrument long necked with a flat soundboard and back and incurved sides 321 322Sweden drejelire 50 53 Hurdy gurdy that uses a rosined wheel to create sound 321 322 72Sweden nyckelharpa 50 133 Bowed keyed fiddle 321 322 71Swedish Estonia talharpa 134 Bowed lyre with no fingerboard 321 22 71Switzerland alphorn 135 136 Long wooden conical trumpet bent at the end with turned boxwood mouthpieces traditionally used by herdsmen 423 121 12Trinidad and Tobago steelpan 4 137 138 Barrel shaped percussion instruments tuned chromatically originally made from discarded 55 gallon drums 111 241 2Turkey saz 139 140 baglama kopuz Fretted lute with a long neck pear shaped body and three courses of seven steel strings 321 321 6Turkmenistan dutar 141 Plucked string instrument with two strings and a long neck strummed or plucked 321 322Tuva igil 142 Horse head fiddle Small fiddle 321 322Tuva khomus 143 Jaw harp made from a reed attached to a frame plucked 121 221Tuva morin khuur 142 Horse head fiddle Large fiddle with a wooden sound box and two strings attached to tuning pegs in the neck 321 322Ukraine bandura 144 Diatonic unfretted lute like string instrument traditionally carved from a single block of wood 321 321United States Appalachian dulcimer 145 146 dulcimer mountain dulcimer lap dulcimer fretted dulcimer dulcimore et al Fretted string instrument of the zither family typically with three or four strings originally played in the Appalachian region of the United States The body extends the length of the fingerboard and its fretting is generally diatonic 321 312 5United States banjo 147 148 Membrane topped four or five string fretted instrument plucked or strummed with fingers or a plectrum Probably African American in origin 321 312 5Uzbekistan doira 149 Round flat drum with shakers made of metal inside and a horse skin head 211 311 112 113Uzbekistan karnay 150 151 Long brass trumpet with a mouthpiece 423 121 12Venezuela cuatro 36 152 153 Guitar like lute with four strings usually strummed 321 322Venezuela harp Venezuelan 153 Diatonic harp with an exaggerated neck arch similar to the Paraguayan harp 322 211Vietnam đan bầu 154 321 22Wales crwth 154 Six stringed instrument with a flat fingerboard fretless 321 22Wales harp triple 155 156 157 telyn Harp with no blades or levers with three rows of strings the outer two tuned in a diatonic scale and the inner one tuned to the extra semitones of the chromatic scale 322 212 1Yugoslavia gusle 158 Stringed instrument round typically with one string bound at the top of the neck with a tuning pegSerbian gusle 321 321 71Zimbabwe mbira 159 160 thumb piano Plucked lamellophone consisting of staggered keys attached to a board with a halved calabash gourd as resonator 122 12References edit a b c d Grahn Goran April 1999 Review of Musikkens Tjenere Instrument Forsker Musiker by Mette Muller and Lisbet Torp The Galpin Society Journal 52 367 368 doi 10 2307 842547 JSTOR 842547 One of the most interesting articles is that by Lisbet Torp about invented traditions in creating a national instrument such as the Highland bagpipe in Scotland the kantele in Finland the bouzouki in Greece etc She takes the reader through a tour of Europe in a journey through time and space beginning in the British Isles at the end of the 18th century with the Irish harp and the Scottish highland bagpipe She then points to the influence of intellectuals and nationalists in the nationwide promotion of selected musical instruments as a vehicle for nationalistic ideas The conclusion is that Denmark never developed any national instrument though at the beginning of the 20th century the prehistoric bronze lurs were treated as a national symbol Study Guide for Quad City Arts Visiting Artists Series PDF Quad City Arts October 2001 Archived from the original PDF on 2018 01 23 Retrieved December 23 2007 About the Japanese Koto KotoWorld Archived from the original on December 11 2007 Retrieved December 23 2007 a b Dudley Shannon Stuempfle Stephen Spring Summer 1998 Review of The Steelband Movement The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago by Stephen Stuempfle Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology 42 2 366 368 doi 10 2307 3113905 JSTOR 3113905 The book uses an appropriate approach for the first major work on Trinidad and Tobago s national instrument von Hornbostel Erich M Curt Sachs March 1961 Classification of Musical Instruments Translated from the original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P Wachsmann Galpin Society Journal Galpin Society 14 3 29 doi 10 2307 842168 JSTOR 842168 Doubleday Veronica 2000 Afghanistan Red Light at the Crossroads In Broughton Simon Ellingham Mark McConnachie James Duane Orla eds World Music The Rough Guide Rough Guides pp 3 7 ISBN 1 85828 636 0 Afghans have a special feeling for the rubab describing it as the lion of instruments and their national instrument a b c d e ARC music Peter McClelland Glossary of Folk Instruments Hobgoblin Music Retrieved December 17 2007 Project Results PDF p 2 Retrieved December 26 2007 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help permanent dead link Peiro Teddy Jan Fairley 2000 Argentina Vertical Expression of Horizontal Desire In Broughton Simon Ellingham Mark McConnachie James Duane Orla eds World Music The Rough Guide Rough Guides Ltd p 305 ISBN 1 85828 636 0 Troop William 2007 Global Hit Dino Saluzzi mp3 The World PRI Retrieved December 17 2007 Dino Saluzzi is a master of Argentina s national instrument the button accordion known as the bandoneon permanent dead link Fink Michael February 2 2003 Assad Duo guitars with Nadja Salerno Sonnenberg violin Archived from the original program notes on December 26 2007 Retrieved December 21 2007 Another folk element is a reference to the guitar considered a national instrument associated with the gauchos of the Pampas region a b Pinnell Richard T Ricardo Zavadivker 1993 The Rioplatense Guitar Bold Strummer ISBN 0 933224 42 7 Neuenfeldt Karl Cited to Moyle 1981 see Further reading 1998 The Quest for a Magical Island The Convergence of the Didjeridu Aboriginal Culture Healing and Cultural Politics in New Age Discourse Reprint Social Analysis 42 2 73 102 Retrieved December 17 2007 It has not been a national instrument until quite recently the previous range was primarily in the northern third of the continent Breen Marcus 2000 Broughton Simon Ellingham Mark McConnachie James Duane Orla eds World Music The Rough Guide Rough Guides p 11 ISBN 1 85828 636 0 The aura and resonance of the continent the instrument carries means the didgeridoo will never lose its place as the instrument that best reflects the Aboriginals 50 000 years of tradition and experience Lughofer Rudolf Wagner Gotthard 2014 Grenzenlos die Wiederkehr des Dudelsacks Gedanken und Fakten uber ein europaisches Instrument Weitra Austria Bibliothek der Provinz ISBN 978 3 99028 407 0 Heumann Michael August 16 2004 Azerbaijan Almaty or Bust Stylus Magazine Retrieved December 26 2007 T he Azeri national instrument is a type of bagpipe called a balaban Umid Aysel Translated by Afina Yagizarova Guba Music Azerbaijan The Land of Arts TUTU Children s Cultural Center Retrieved February 17 2008 Wachsmann Klaus 1964 The Migration of Musical Instruments Human Migration and African Harps Journal of the International Folk Music Council 16 84 88 doi 10 2307 835087 JSTOR 835087 Badalkhan Sabir October 2003 Balochi Oral Tradition Oral Tradition 18 2 229 235 doi 10 1353 ort 2004 0049 S2CID 162760376 Notwithstanding the emergence of a strong nationalistic feeling among the Baloch population both in Iran and Pakistan the existence of pahlawan professional singers of verse narratives and the love for suroz a bowed instrument played as an accompaniment to narrative songs and considered to be the national instrument of the Baloch among the educated classes there seems to be no future for the oral tradition in Balochistan Begum Rumena Mohima Musicians Stories World on Your Street BBC Retrieved December 17 2007 The dotara is the national instrument of Bangladesh Seryogina Olesya October 24 2007 Musician s Seven Kurais Culture BASHvest Archived from the original on July 22 2011 Retrieved December 26 2007 Music performed on this wonderful Bashkir national instrument is understandable and dear to all Belaiev Victor 1963 The Formation of Folk Modal Systems Journal of the International Folk Music Council International Council for Traditional Music 15 4 9 doi 10 2307 836227 JSTOR 836227 Traditional Music amp Dance The Drum Cafe Retrieved December 21 2007 Discover the sounds of the lesiba the Basotho national instrument with its harsh bird like sounds Grove George 1954 Dictionary of Music and Musicians St Martin s Press ISBN 1 147 22765 9 The zither may be considered the national instrument of Bavaria The Concert Zither A Brief History Zithers USA Zither Newsletter USA Retrieved February 17 2008 Broughton Simon Mark Ellingham 2000 World Music James McConnachie Rough Guides ISBN 1 85828 636 0 Baumann Max Peter 1997 Review of Bolivie Charangos et guitarrillas du Norte Potosi by Florindo Alvis and Jean Marc Grassler Yearbook for Traditional Music 29 1997 200 201 doi 10 2307 768327 JSTOR 768327 S2CID 192949503 Among chordophones the charango has become the Bolivian national instrument par excellence Chamber Recital Programme The Annual Glebe Music Festival Glebe Music Festival November 25 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 Born in Brazil Murilo Tanouye began his musical pursuit by learning Jazz and Bossa Nova sic on the guitar his country s national instrument Graham Richard Spring Summer 1991 Technology and Culture Change The Development of the Berimbau in Colonial Brazil Latin American Music Review Revista de Musica Latinoamericana University of Texas Press 12 1 1 20 doi 10 2307 780049 JSTOR 780049 Although this metamorphosis insured the emerging berimbau a higher social status as a Brazilian national instrument Ya Salaam Kalamu When Brazil Came Calling Reprint The New Black Magazine Kalamu Retrieved December 17 2007 a b Bagpipes A blast from the past Independent ie November 30 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 The Qin Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Endowed with cosmological and metaphysical significance and empowered to communicate the deepest feelings the qin is the most prestigious of China s instruments Beijing Review Issues 27 52 Beijing Review original from the University of Michigan 1981 p 30 Dong Yi in Zheng Recital at the Great Hall of the People Link Chinese Retrieved December 21 2007 As the most popular national instrument in China zheng also known as gu zheng is one of the eldest Chinese string instruments with a history of at least 2 500 years Millward James From Camelback to Carnegie Hall the Global Journey and Modern Makeover of the Pipa AAS Annual Meeting Retrieved December 22 2007 I note the irony of this transformation the modernization of the pipa as a Chinese national instrument entailed reworking it to fit the musical standards and contexts of polyphonic Western music a b Vandervort Leland Andean Instruments Musica Andina Archived from the original on December 25 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 The cuatro has a very dry sound and is often strummed in syncopation with the rhythm of many musical forms originating from Colombia and Venezuela The cuatro is also considered the national instrument of these two countries Pinnell Richard Zuluaga David Puerta Autumn 1993 Review of Los Caminos del Tiple by David Puerta Zuluaga Ethnomusicology 37 3 446 448 doi 10 2307 851728 JSTOR 851728 Marrs Stuart Percussion in Costa Rica 1972 82 PDF Percussion Studies University of Maine Archived from the original PDF on September 4 2006 Retrieved December 17 2007 After all the marimba is the national instrument of Costa Rica Dawes Kevin October 2003 Lyres and the body politic studying musical instruments in the Cretan musical landscape Popular Music and Society 26 3 21 263 283 doi 10 1080 0300776032000116950 S2CID 191621845 The island s national instrument the lyra has become emblematic of the struggle that many Cretans experience in their attempt to retain a sense of a local identity Croatia National Geographic World Music Archived from the original on December 26 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 The tamburica is a lute like instrument similar to the turkish saz and is the national instrument of Croatia Erdely Stephen 1979 Ethnic Music in the United States An Overview Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council International Council for Traditional Music 11 114 137 doi 10 2307 767568 JSTOR 767568 The tamburitza is the national instrument of the Croatians McSweeney Jim Nelson Gonzalez Congahead Archived from the original on November 4 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 The tres is the national instrument of Cuba and at first glance you d probably call it a guitar a b About the Artists El Taller Latino Americano Archived from the original on December 25 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 Gyil the grandmother of the keyboard family is the national instrument of the Dagara and Lobi nations of Ghana in West Africa Bishop Douglas A Worldwide History of the Panflute Retrieved December 26 2007 This family of pan flutes has many representatives antara Quechua or siku Aymara chuli sanka malta the most common variety of siku toyo bass siku and rondador Ecuador s national instrument a chorded pan flute Sargeant Winthrop April 1934 Types of Quechua Melody The Musical Quarterly 20 2 230 245 doi 10 1093 mq XX 2 230 JSTOR 738763 Gilman Daniel Coit Harry Thurston Peck Frank Moore Colby eds 1906 Egyptian Music The New International Encyclopedia Dodd Mead amp Company p 712 Although the harp always remained a national instrument its popularity was later eclipsed by the lyre Peck Harry Thurston 1897 Harper s Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities Harper amp Brothers ISBN 0 8154 0176 0 Whittaker W G 1940 Eleven Northumbrian Folk Tunes Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society 4 1 1 7 JSTOR 4521169 Lawergren Bo January June 1985 Musikarchaologie als Traditionsforschung A Lyre Common to Etruria Greece and Anatolia The Cylinder Kithara Acta Musicologica International Musicological Society 57 Fasc 1 25 33 doi 10 2307 932686 JSTOR 932686 a b c d e Isaacson Lanae H Winter 1995 Folk og Kultur Arbog for Dansk Etnologi og Folkemindevidenskab Scandinavian Studies 67 n1 2 142 Mette Muller s initial essay on the folk musical instruments of Denmark and Scandinavia Folk Folkelig Folkelige musikinstrumenter i Danmark circles around the central question of why Denmark did not develop a uniquely national instrument in the same way as Norway hardingfele and langeleik Finland kantele and Sweden nyckelharpa and drejelire Asplund Anneli December 2001 The Kantele Finland s National Instrument Virtual Finland Archived from the original on 2008 05 14 Retrieved December 17 2007 T he kantele is an essential part of the power of the Kalevala and thus became in the 19th century the Finns national instrument Moisala Pirkko Autumn 1994 The Wide Field of Finnish Ethnomusicology Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology 38 3 417 422 doi 10 2307 852108 JSTOR 852108 Researchers have run a long term campaign to introduce the kantele which has been branded the national instrument of Finland into every school a b c Andersson Otto October December 1911 On Violinists and Dance Tunes among the Swedish Country Population in Finland towards the Middle of the Nineteenth Century Sammelbande der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft 13 1 107 114 JSTOR 929299 While in Sweden the hurdy gurdy occupies the rank of a national instrument like the kantele among the Finns the Swedish country population has not adopted either of these instruments but has instead chosen the violin Nidel Richard 2005 World Music The Basics Routledge pp 95 ISBN 0 415 96800 3 Rouget Gilbert James Porter January 1978 Review of The Peuls by Simha Arom Ethnomusicology 22 1 224 225 doi 10 2307 851392 JSTOR 851392 This proportion is an accurate reflection of the importance of the flute among the Fula it is in a sense their national instrument Calabash Music Fula Flute National Geographic Archived from the original on January 17 2008 Retrieved February 17 2008 El Shawan Salwa Dorothe Schubarth 1991 Review of Galicia Derradeira Polavila Yearbook for Traditional Music International Council for Traditional Music 23 157 158 doi 10 2307 768420 JSTOR 768420 The record also features the gaita which Galicians consider their national instrument Trend J B January 1924 Music in Spanish Galicia Music amp Letters 5 1 15 32 doi 10 1093 ml V 1 15 JSTOR 726256 Waldzither Bibliography of the 19th century Studia Instrumentorum Retrieved March 23 2014 Es ist eine unbedingte Notwendigkeit dass der Deutsche zu seinen Liedern auch ein echt deutsches Begleitinstrument besitzt Wie der Spanier seine Gitarre der Italiener seine Mandoline der Englander das Banjo der Russe die Balalaika usw sein Nationalinstrument nennt so sollte der Deutsche seine Laute die Waldzither welche schon von Dr Martin Luther auf der Wartburg im Thuringer Walde daher der Name Waldzither gepflegt wurde zu seinem Nationalinstrument machen Liederheft von C H Bohm Hamburg March 1919 Herzka H S Dissemination and History Instruments and Info Reed Music Tradition Archived from the original on January 22 2016 Retrieved December 21 2007 For the Greeks it was the most important of wind instruments a national instrument It belonged to the entourage of the god Dionysus god of fertility wine frenzy ecstasy and rebirth Review of Midiaeval Music An Historical Sketch by Robert Charles Hope pdf Saturday Review of Books and Art New York Times December 16 1899 Retrieved December 21 2007 Roberts Helen February 1981 Reconstructing the Greek Tortoise Shell Lyre Archaeology and Musical Instruments 12 3 303 312 doi 10 1080 00438243 1981 9979805 JSTOR 124242 Stone Matthew February 6 2002 Indigenous Music of Caribbean Central America World Beat Music From Somewhere Else PopMatters Retrieved December 17 2007 T he marimba has become Guatemala s national instrument Yurchenco Henrietta January 1966 Review of The Marimbas of Guatemala by Vida Chenoweth Ethnomusicology 10 1 Latin American Issue 105 106 doi 10 2307 924197 JSTOR 924197 The marimba is truly a national instrument enjoyed as much by primitive Indian as by sophisticated urbanite Cooper Mike 2000 Hawaii Steel and Slide Hula Baloos In Broughton Simon Ellingham Mark McConnachie James Duane Orla eds World Music The Rough Guide Rough Guides p 56 ISBN 1 85828 636 0 Hawaiian craftsmen began to use local kou and koa wood in the manufacture of the braguinha and before long the ukulele became a national instrument Hartmann Arthur 1916 The Czimbalom Hungary s National Instrument The Musical Quarterly II 4 590 600 doi 10 1093 mq II 4 590 JSTOR 737942 The cimbalom is the one instrument which so deeply speaks to the heart of the Hungarian people which translates the melancholy of the deserts and which in every way expresses the Hungarian world of emotions Frishmuth Sarah S July 1905 Stringed Instruments Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum Philadelphia Museum of Art 3 11 45 48 doi 10 2307 3793687 JSTOR 3793687 India has an infinite variety of lutes the vina her national instrument having a Visit by Indonesian Culture and Goodwill Delegate Campus Flash Kyoto Sangyo University July 3 2007 Archived from the original on May 9 2008 Retrieved December 26 2007 KSU students also enjoyed a performance with the Indonesian national instrument the Angklung Perris Arnold B September 1971 The Rebirth of the Javanese angklung Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology 15 3 403 407 doi 10 2307 850641 JSTOR 850641 Norouzi Khateren September 16 2006 Iranian Music With Norwegian Radio Television Symphony Orchestra Iran Press Service Retrieved December 26 2007 David s Harp Dolmetsch Online Retrieved December 21 2007 In Hebrew kinnor also known as David s harp is the national instrument of Israel Jahnel Franz Nicholas Clarke 2000 Manual of Guitar Technology Chords Especially for Lefties Bold Strummer ISBN 0 933224 99 0 During the 18th Century sic the mandolin became associated with particular Italian districts or regions and became the national instrument Koto Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved March 13 2008 Wulstan David May 1973 The Sounding of the Shofar The Galpin Society Journal Galpin Society 26 29 46 doi 10 2307 841111 JSTOR 841111 S2CID 192528689 It is clear that the word shofar was not used as the name of the Jewish national instrument until comparatively late Levin Theodore C Kazakhstan National Geographic World Music Archived from the original on December 14 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 The dombra has become the national instrument of Kazakhstan Mirseitova Sapargul 2005 Kazakhstan and Its People PDF WLT Kids World Literature Today Archived from the original PDF on May 25 2011 Retrieved February 18 2008 Nidel Richard 2005 World Music The Basics Routledge pp 58 ISBN 0 415 96800 3 Much of Kenya s music is derivative of other Afropop forms most obviously Congolese but the singing high pitched guitar work use of the national instrument the nyatiti a seven stringed harp and bottle percussion give it a unique identifiable sound Verjee Zain August 30 1999 Journey through a rhythm nation Kenya BBC News Retrieved February 19 2008 Radano Ronald Michael Philip Vilas Bohlman 2000 Music and the Racial Imagination Houston A Baker Jr and Houston A Baker University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 70199 9 Balfour Henry January June 1902 The Goura a Stringed Wind Musical Instrument of the Bushmen and Hottentots The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 32 156 176 doi 10 2307 2842910 JSTOR 2842910 Kayagum 3 Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 2008 05 31 Kayagum University of Washington Libraries Archived from the original on 2012 07 09 Retrieved 2008 05 31 Cobza Eliznik 2005 Retrieved December 21 2007 Golos George S January 1961 Kirghiz Instruments and Instrumental Music Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology 5 1 42 48 doi 10 2307 924307 JSTOR 924307 McGraw Andrew Summer Fall 2007 The Pia s Subtle Sustain Contemporary Ethnic Identity and the Revitalization of the Lanna Heart Harp Asian Music 38 2 115 142 doi 10 1353 amu 2007 0035 S2CID 194111957 Morton David Brunet Jacques September 1974 Review of Traditional Music of Southern Laos by Jacques Brunet Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology 18 3 472 doi 10 2307 850536 JSTOR 850536 The national instrument of Laos is the khene Sheeter Laura October 29 2005 Latvia celebrates national instrument BBC News Retrieved December 17 2007 Latvia s national instrument is the kokle which is reasserting its place at the heart of contemporary Latvian culture Erdely Stephen 1979 Ethnic Music in the United States An Overview Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council International Council for Traditional Music 11 114 137 doi 10 2307 767568 JSTOR 767568 Its revival was initiated among Latvian Americans in the United States in the 1930s by Latvian folklorists who claimed it to be their true national instrument Kerbaj Mazen March 2006 Live in Beirut liner notes Peter Brotzmann and Michael Zerang Al Maslakh Records Retrieved December 21 2007 Zerang ensorcelled the crowd especially when he played hard core rhythms and extended techniques on the Lebanese national percussion instrument the darbuka or debakeh Lithuania Baltic and Finno Ugric Digelius Nordic Gallery February 29 2004 Archived from the original on December 10 2007 Retrieved December 26 2007 The Baltic Countries Estonia Latvia and Lithuania Lithuanian American Community August 24 1998 Archived from the original on December 26 2007 Retrieved December 22 2007 A wooden stringed instrument similar to the zither is considered a national instrument for all three countries The Estonian kannel the Latvian kokle and the Lithuanian kankle though similar in design have distinctive styles Afropop Glossary Afropop Archived from the original on December 18 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 zither national instrument of Madagascar similar in sound to the kora Like a God When He Plays Archived from the original on November 20 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 The Behlanjeh the national musical instrument of the Mandingos Royal Commonwealth Society Library Cambridge University Library University of Cambridge November 5 2004 Archived from the original on June 27 2007 Retrieved April 26 2008 Balo Metropolitan Museum of Art Retrieved April 26 2008 DjeDje Jacqueline Cogdell Spring Autumn 1998 Remembering Kojo History Music and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons Black Music Research Journal Center for Black Music Research Columbia College Chicago 18 1 2 67 120 doi 10 2307 779395 JSTOR 779395 New England Conservatory Presents the World Premiere of Robert Xavier Rodriguez s El Dia de los Muertos Sequenza21 November 15 2006 Retrieved December 21 2007 Eschewing all drums except timpani the score utilizes a rich assortment of pitched percussion instruments with prominent use of two marimbas the marimba being the national instrument of Mexico as well as an apt musical representation of skeletons according to the composer Pegg Carole 2000 Mongolia and Tuva Sixty Horses in My Herd In Broughton Simon Ellingham Mark McConnachie James Duane Orla eds World Music The Rough Guide Rough Guides pp 191 192 ISBN 1 85828 636 0 Bayarsaikhan B Jeremy Stoun Morinkhuur The Mongolian Horse head Fiddle Reprint Retrieved December 17 2007 The morin khuur is the instrument most associated with Mongolian traditions and culture W e hope this book will help foreigners learn to play the Morin Khuur and spread the word about Mongolia s national instrument throughout the world a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Montenegrin Music Visit Montenegro Retrieved December 21 2007 The beginnings of vocal instrumental music in Montenegro are neither extravagant nor mystical the warm sound of fife reed patriotic singing of players of gusle Montenegrin national instrument or simply a song of the shepherdess in the mountain were the first but for Montenegrin music most significant melodic expression Arched Harp Annotated Checklist of Musical Instruments From East Asia on Display at the National Music Museum National Music Museum Retrieved December 21 2007 This highly decorative harp formerly associated with the Buddhist dynasties that ruled Burma for centuries is the national instrument of Myanmar Dance amp Music Nepal Dance School Retrieved December 21 2007 The madal is the national instrument of Nepal Dwight John Sullivan 1859 Dwight s Journal of Music A Paper of Art and Literature Nicaragua Information World InfoZone Retrieved December 17 2007 The marimba an instrument similar to a xylophone is the national instrument Norwegian Hardanger Music and Dance at UMC Feb 15 UMUC News University of Minnesota Crookston Archived from the original on December 25 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 The Hardanger fiddle is considered Norway s national instrument Bjorndal Arne 1956 The Hardanger Fiddle The Tradition Music Forms and Style Journal of the International Folk Music Council International Council for Traditional Music 8 13 15 doi 10 2307 834737 JSTOR 834737 In Norway the national instrument has come to be the Hardanger fiddle Ali Ayesha 11 May 2018 What is the National Musical Instrument of Pakistan Pakistan General Knowledge Retrieved June 3 2021 The Harp A Latin American Reinvention BBC July 6 2001 Retrieved December 17 2007 In Paraguay the harp became the national instrument Schechter John M Daniel E Sheehy Ronald R Smith Spring Summer 1985 The New Grove Latin America Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology 29 2 317 330 doi 10 2307 852145 JSTOR 852145 The distinctive Paraguayan harp is featured as lead instrument in hundreds of ensembles in that country where it is the national instrument Paraguayan Harp Dolmetsch Online Retrieved December 21 2007 C haracterized by a large soundbox with a rounded base very light weight closely spaced light tension strings usually nylon a relatively flat harmonic curve and with the strings running up through the centre of the neck which are tuned with gear style tuners like a guitar Almost all harps of this style are played with the fingernails in very rhythmically intricate music This is the national instrument of Paraguay and is commonly found throughout South America Central America and in parts of Mexico Rosenberg Dan Afro Peruvian Afropop Archived from the original on October 31 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 These wooden boxes were soon developed into the cajon the large wooden box that today is the national instrument of Peru Fairley Jan 2000 Andean Music Beyond the Ponchos In Broughton Simon Ellingham Mark McConnachie James Duane Orla eds World Music The Rough Guide Based on an interview with Susana Baca a Peruvian singer Rough Guides Ltd pp 284 285 ISBN 1 85828 636 0 Bennett Caroline Music in Peru Viva Travel Guides Retrieved December 17 2007 Native music consists primarily of stringed instruments reminiscent of mandolins and Spanish guitars including the charanga Peru s national instrument Aning Jerome November 23 2007 Rondalla maestro makes strong pitch for banduria Inquirer Entertainment Inquirer Archived from the original on May 27 2008 Retrieved December 22 2007 A respected rondalla maestro is pushing for the adoption of the banduria as the country s national musical instrument to stimulate interest in its study and cultivation Person Adam Brant Himes Mike Harris Aerophones PDF Ethnic Instruments Catalog Seattle Pacific University p 6 Archived from the original PDF on June 10 2011 These flutes are found in other regions but particularly in Polynesia where the nose flute is the national instrument Biographical Notes XVII Macao Internacional Music Festival Instituto Cultural do Governo da R A E de Macau Archived from the original on June 9 2011 Retrieved December 26 2007 His book The Portuguese Guitar Lisbon 1999 is the first monograph on this national instrument s origins and historical evolution iconography organological study and repertoire Figueroa Frank M June July 2002 The Cuatro Puerto Rico s National Instrument Latin Beat Magazine Archived from the original on December 26 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 F irst and foremost the cuatro is Puerto Rico s national instrument Ginsberg Klar Maria E February 1981 The Archaeology of Musical Instruments in Germany during the Roman Period World Archaeology 12 3 Archaeology and Musical Instruments 313 320 doi 10 1080 00438243 1981 9979806 JSTOR 124243 The tibiae is an instrument that may be characterized as the national instrument of the Romans Von Busack Richard August 21 27 2003 Accordion Manifesto Reprint Metroactive North Bay Bohemian Retrieved February 17 2007 In Russia the accordion is practically the national instrument Hoerburger Felix 1952 Proceedings of the Fourth Conference Held at Opatija Yugoslavia Correspondence between Eastern and Western Folk Epics Journal of the International Folk Music Council 4 23 26 doi 10 2307 835837 JSTOR 835837 Spoons as Russian Folk Music Instrument Russia IC June 26 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 Tokita Alison McQueen David Hughes Context and Change in Japanese Music PDF Retrieved December 17 2007 I n the Ryukyus the sanshin the Ryukyuan national instrument and direct ancestor of the shamisen will be favoured Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam June 1996 Flights of the Sacred Symbolism and Theory in Siberian Shamanism American Anthropologist New Series 98 2 305 318 doi 10 1525 aa 1996 98 2 02a00070 JSTOR 682889 Moore John Weeks 1880 1854 Bagpipe Complete Encyclopaedia of Music New York C H Ditson amp Company Lysloff Rene T A Jim Matson Spring Summer 1985 A New Approach to the Classification of Sound Producing Instruments Ethnomusicology Society for Ethnomusicology 29 2 213 236 doi 10 2307 852139 JSTOR 852139 Broughton Simon Mark Ellingham Richard Trillo 2000 World Music Rough Guides pp 274 ISBN 1 85828 635 2 Its place is now occupied by the accordion which has become the foremost national instrument since its introduction Meeting of the Flute Frula Festival Of Morava Cultural Corridors of South East Europe Retrieved December 26 2007 Indigenous music performed on the frula a Serbian national instrument Spinning Out of Control Rhetoric and Violent Conflict PDF June 1 2006 p 4 Retrieved December 21 2007 The cartoon shows a minuscule Cosic sitting on Milosevic s lap while the latter is playing the gusle the Serbian national instrument permanent dead link Presidents of Latvia and Slovakia unveil Detva Folklore Festival Chancery of the President of Latvia July 8 2006 Archived from the original on July 16 2011 Retrieved April 26 2008 van Gasparovic presented Vaira Vike Freiberga with the Slovakian national instrument fujara that has been included in the UNESCO List of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005 Randy Raine Reusch May 2002 Fujara Slovakia World Instrument Gallery Archived from the original on May 25 2008 Retrieved April 26 2008 Gobetz Edward Acculturation and Assimilation Slovenian Americans Multicultural America Retrieved December 26 2007 Since the 1970s there has been an unprecedented surge of interest in Slovenian music especially the accordion as the national instrument language genealogy history culture customs folklore and other aspects of Slovenian heritage permanent dead link Jensen Melton September 1994 Review of Iberia 1990 Otto fantasie per chitarra di autori spagnoli contemporanei by Alis Bertomeu Salazar Fernandez Alvez Garcia Abril Julia Marco Prieto Ruiz Lopez Gabriel Estarellas Angelo Gilardino Notes 51 1 423 426 doi 10 2307 899279 JSTOR 899279 Flores Gypsy August 3 2005 Swirling and Whirling on the Swedish Dance Floor PopMatters Retrieved December 21 2007 The nyckelharpa is considered Sweden s national instrument Andersson Otto August 1970 The Bowed Harp of Trondheim Cathedral and Related Instruments in East and West The Galpin Society Journal Galpin Society 23 4 34 doi 10 2307 842060 JSTOR 842060 Helgelson Rachel April 28 2003 Switzerland s Music An Annotated Bibliography Retrieved December 21 2007 The alphorn is considered Switzerland s national instrument The Swiss National Instrument Swiss Alpine Music Retrieved December 21 2007 In 1827 the musicologist Joseph Fetis pronounced the alphorn to be the Swiss national instrument NIU Steel Band leaders Teague Alexis share honors dream big about steelpan s place in music world Northern Illinois University September 13 2005 Archived from the original on August 5 2012 Retrieved December 17 2007 In Trinidad and Tobago the steel pan was invented and remains the national instrument Montagu Jeremy January February 1965 What is a Gong Man Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 65 18 21 doi 10 2307 2796036 JSTOR 2796036 Saz Glossary National Geographic Archived from the original on December 26 2007 Retrieved December 22 2007 Considered the national instrument of Turkey Koprulu Mehmed Fuad Devin DeWeese 2006 Early Mystics in Turkish Literature Translated by Leiser Gary Robert Dankoff Routledge ISBN 0 415 36686 0 Puppet Theatre Washington Folk Festival June 2 2007 Archived from the original on October 12 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 There was great admiration for his virtuosity on their national instrument a b Wilson Sue June 2 2003 Yat Kha The Ferry Glasgow The Independent London Archived from the original on December 1 2013 Tiuliush also plays the morinhuur and the igil daddy and baby versions of the Tuvans national instrument the horse headed fiddle held like a small cello and with two strings each comprising up to 130 hairs from a horse s tail Pareles John July 10 1993 Review of From Half a World Away Tuva s Unearthly Songs Review Music New York Times Retrieved December 26 2007 The national instrument of Tuva the khomuz jaw harp also depends on a drone and virtuosically shaped overtones as a solo piece demonstrated on Thursday night Jarosewich Irene Roman Hrynkiv hopes to give the bandura international stature Ukraine Weekly Archived from the original on December 19 2006 Retrieved December 17 2007 The bandura will always be known as Ukraine s national instrument Long Lucy M 2001 Appalachian dulcimer In Sadie Stanley Tyrrell John eds The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2nd ed London Macmillan Publishers ISBN 978 1 56159 239 5 Marcuse Sibyl Musical Instruments A Comprehensive Dictionary W W Norton amp Co New York 1975 Appalachian Dulcimer Hill Errol James Vernon Hatch 2003 A History of African American Theatre Don B Wilmeth Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 62443 6 Bailey Jay January March 1972 Historical Origin and Stylistic Developments of the Five String Banjo Journal of American Folklore American Folklore Society 85 335 58 65 doi 10 2307 539129 JSTOR 539129 Corneli Zoe February 22 2007 Stanford Pan Asian Musical Festival The World PRI Archived from the original on October 31 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 Abbos Kasimov the premier percussionist from Uzbekistan is playing his national instrument the doira Rhythms of Uzbekistan Featuring Shod amp Lyazgi Event Listings Festival of World Culture Archived from the original on March 8 2008 Retrieved April 26 2008 IA Jahon August 9 2007 Tashkent Musicians Capture Attention In UK Gain Appraisal Embassy of Uzbekistan in Korea Retrieved April 26 2008 the magic sound of karnay the Uzbek national music instrument permanent dead link Lloyd A L March 1965 Folklore Tachirense by L F Ramon y Rivera and Isabel Aretz Journal of the International Folk Music Council 17 1 14 15 doi 10 2307 942277 JSTOR 942277 This small four stringed guitar like lute the national instrument of Venezuela a b Nidel Richard 2005 World Music The Basics Routledge pp 349 ISBN 0 415 96800 3 The cuatro rivals the harp as the national instrument a b Edgerly Beatrice 1942 From the Hunter s Bow The History and Romance of Musical Instruments G P Putnam s Sons Chorley Henry Fothergill Henry G Hewlett May 1 1880 The National Music of the World The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular Musical Times Publications Ltd 21 447 240 241 doi 10 2307 3357258 JSTOR 3357258 Much is said about Welsh airs and the national instrument the harp Marson John October 1970 Reviews of Harp Music The Musical Times 111 1532 1029 1030 doi 10 2307 957286 JSTOR 957286 A people which could cherish the triple harp so long after the rest of the world had dismissed it as obsolete must have more than mere tradition to guide its composers to the national instrument Triple Harp Dolmetsch Online Retrieved December 21 2007 Today the triple harp is the national instrument of Wales Lord Albert B 1936 Homer and Huso I The Singer s Rests in Greek and Southslavic Heroic Song Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association The Johns Hopkins University Press 67 106 113 doi 10 2307 283230 JSTOR 283230 Music in Zimbabwe Nordiska Afrikainstitutet March 16 2006 Archived from the original on December 26 2007 Retrieved December 17 2007 The instrument is in slightly varying forms several centuries old and is found in many parts of Africa but only in Zimbabwe has it risen to become something of a national instrument Nidel Richard 2005 World Music The Basics Routledge pp 81 ISBN 0 415 96800 3 The mbira is inextricably associated with Zimbabwean traditional music and is truly the national instrument Further reading editThe following are specifically referenced above or are book length or extended scholarly works documenting a specific national instrument not including collections of songs African American Conway Cecelia 1995 African Banjo Echoes in Appalachia A Study of Folk Traditions 1st ed Knoxville University of Tennessee Press ISBN 0 87049 893 2 African American Gura Philip F James F Bollman 1999 America s Instrument The Banjo in the Nineteenth Century University of North Carolina Press ISBN 0 8078 2484 4 African American Linn Karen 1994 That Half Barbaric Twang The Banjo in American Popular Culture University of Illinois Press ISBN 0 252 06433 X Argentina Munoz R 1952 Technology of the Argentina Guitar Buenos Aires a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Argentina Penon Arturo Javier Garcia Mendez Manuel Roman Marcelle Guertin 1988 The Bandonion A Tango History A Memoir of Arturo Penon Petite histoire du bandoneon et du tango Translated by Tim Barnard London Ontario Nightwood Editions ISBN 0 88971 111 9 Argentina Pinnell Richard T Ricardo Zavadivker 1993 The Rioplatense Guitar Bold Strummer Guitar Study Series No 3 Westport Connecticut Bold Strummer ISBN 0 933224 42 7 Arab Bilezikjian John 2006 Hal Leonard Oud Method Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 0 634 07786 4 Armenia Nercessian Andy 2001 The Duduk and National Identity in Armenia Scarecrow Press ISBN 0 8108 4075 8 Australia Schellberg Dirk 1994 Didgeridoo Ritual Origins and Playing Techniques Binkey Kok ISBN 90 74597 13 0 Australia Moyle A 1981 The Australian Didjeridu A Late Musical Intrusion World Archaeology 12 3 321 331 doi 10 1080 00438243 1981 9979807 Baganda Uganda Makubuya James Kika 1995 Endongo The Role and Significance of the Baganda Bowl Lyre of Uganda Los Angeles University of California Bavaria Alpenfolklorismus Volksmusik Bayern Pop Niederbayerische Blatter fur Volksmusik Nr 7 in German Dingolfing Walischmiller sche Buchdruckerei 1986 Brazil Crowdy Denis 2001 Hybridity and Segregation in the Guitar Cultures of Brazil In Andy Bennett Kevin Dawe eds Guitar Cultures Oxford New York Berg ISBN 1 85973 429 4 Brazil Gregory Jonathan 2007 A Comprehensive Guide to Brazilian Pandeiro Booksurge ISBN 978 1 4196 7284 2 China Gao Ming 1980 The Lute Gao Ming s Pipa Ji Pi pa ji Translations from the Oriental Classics Translated by Jean Mulligan New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 04760 6 China Myers John 1992 The Way of the Pipa Structure and Imagery in Chinese Lute Music Kent Ohio Kent State University Press ISBN 0 87338 455 5 Finland Rahkonen Carl John 1989 The Kantele Traditions of Finland Indiana University Ancient Greece Schlesinger Kathleen J F Mountford 1970 The Greek Aulos Groningen Bouma s Boekhuis ISBN 90 6088 027 7 Guatemala Armas Lara Marcial 1964 El renacimiento de la danza guatemalteca y el origen de la marimba Jose de Pineda Ibarra in Spanish Guatemala Centro Editorial Ministerio de Educacion Publica Guatemala Chenoweth Vida 1964 The Marimbas of Guatemala Lexington University of Kentucky Press Guatemala Pellicer Sergio Navarrete 2005 Maya Achi Marimba Music in Guatemala Temple University Press ISBN 1 59213 292 8 Hawaii Beloff Jim 1997 The Ukulele A Visual History Emeryville California Miller Freeman Books ISBN 0 87930 454 5 India Annapoorna L 1996 Veena Tradition in Indian Music Kanishka ISBN 81 7391 140 1 Ireland Armstrong Robert Bruce 1970 The Irish and Highland Harps Introduction by Seoirse Bodley New York Praeger Publishers ISBN 0 7165 0073 6 Ireland Clark Nora Joan 2003 The Story of the Irish Harp Its History and Influence North Creek Press ISBN 0 9724202 0 7 Ireland Rimmer Joan 1969 The Irish Harp Cork Mercier Press for the Cultural Relations Committee ISBN 0 85342 151 X Japan Adriaansz Willem 1973 The Kumiuta and Danmono Traditions of Japanese Koto Music Los Angeles University of California ISBN 0 520 01785 4 Japan Johnson Henry 2004 The Koto A Traditional Instrument in Contemporary Japan Hotei ISBN 90 74822 63 0 Japan Kubota Hideki 1986 Yakumogoto no shirabe Shinwa to sono kokoro 八雲琴の調べ 神話とその心 窪田英樹 in Japanese Ōsaka shi Tōhō Shuppan ISBN 4 88591 144 3 Japan Wade Bonnie C 1976 Tegotomono Music for the Japanese Koto Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press ISBN 0 8371 8908 X Latvia Niles Christina Jaremko 1980 The Baltic Folk Zithers An Ethnological and Structural Analysis M A UCLA Lithuania Niles Christina Jaremko 1980 The Baltic Folk Zithers An Ethnological and Structural Analysis M A UCLA Mexico Kaptain Laurence 1992 The Wood That Sings The Marimba in Chiapas Mexico Everett Pennsylvania HoneyRock ISBN 0 9634060 0 0 Mexico Solis Ted 1983 The Marimba in Mexico City Contemporary Contexts of a Traditional Regional Ensemble Ph D University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Mongolia Marsh Peter K 2004 Horse Head Fiddle and the Cosmopolitan Reimagination of Mongolia Routledge ISBN 0 203 00551 1 Mongolia Santaro Mikhail 2005 Strings That Conquered the World Morin Khuur the Mongolian Horse head Fiddle Admon ISBN 99929 0 376 7 Norway Een Andrea Ruth 1977 Comparison of Melodic Variants in the Hardingfele Repertoire of Norway University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Norway Goertzen Chris 1997 Fiddling for Norway Revival and Identity University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 30049 8 Norway Hopkins Pandora 1986 Aural Thinking in Norway Performance and Communication With the Hardingfele Foreword by Jan Petter Blom Appendix by Magne Myhren New York Human Sciences Press ISBN 0 89885 253 6 Portugal Cabral Pedro Caldeira 1999 The Portuguese Guitar Lisbon a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Sardinia Bentzon Andreas Fridolin Weis 1969 The Launeddas A Sardinian Folk music Instrument University of Michigan Akademisk forlag Scotland Cannon Roderick David 2002 The Highland Bagpipe and Its Music John Donald ISBN 0 85976 549 0 Scotland Donaldson William 2000 The Highland Pipe and Scottish Society 1750 1950 Transmission Change and the Concept of Tradition East Linton East Lothian Scotland Tuckwell Press ISBN 1 86232 075 6 Scotland MacNeill Seumas Frank Richardson 1987 Piobaireachd and Its Interpretation Classical Music of the Highland Bagpipe Donald ISBN 0 85976 176 2 Scotland Manson Wiliam Laird 1901 The Highland Bagpipe Its History Literature and Music Harvard University A Gardner ISBN 0 7158 1213 0 Spain Schirmer G 1986 Spanish Guitar Music Guitar Solo Hal Leonard ISBN 0 7935 3583 2 Spain Gupta Rahul 2001 The Symphony Spanish Guitar Book Gyan Sagar Publication ISBN 81 7685 015 2 Sweden Ling Jan 1979 Nyckelharpan studier i ett folkligt musikinstrument in Swedish Prisma Switzerland Bachmann Geiser Brigitte 1999 Das Alphorn vom Lock zum Rockinstrument in German Bern P Haupt ISBN 3 258 05640 4 Trinidad and Tobago Adams Norman Darway Austin O Agho 2005 Stories in Steel The True Account of the Invention of the Steelpan Morvant Trinidad Jhullian Graphics ISBN 976 8194 50 2 Trinidad and Tobago Hayward Rachel 1993 The Steelpan Handbook Piper Publications Wales Andersson Otto Emanuel 1973 The Bowed Harp A Study in the History of Early Musical Instruments Additional footnotes by Kathleen Schlesinger New York AMS Press ISBN 0 404 56503 4 Wales Ellis Osian 1991 The Story of the Harp in Wales Cardiff University of Wales ISBN 0 7083 1104 0 Zimbabwe Berliner Paul 1981 The Soul of Mbira Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe Berkeley California University of California Press ISBN 0 226 04379 7 Zimbabwe Brenner Klaus Peter 1997 Chipendani und Mbira Musikinstrumente nicht begriffliche Mathematik und die Evolution der harmonischen Progressionen in der Musik der Shona in Zimbabwe Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen Philologisch Historische Klasse 3 Folge Nr 221 in German Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht ISBN 3 525 82372 X Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of national instruments music amp oldid 1182055109, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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